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Ulf Gebhardt 2013-08-08 17:23:22 +02:00
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\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Visualisierung des Graphen}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Visualisierung des Graphen mit Geoinformationen}{14}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}Validierung}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Testdatenmenge}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Verkehrszählung}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}Validierung der Verkehrsaufkommensvorhersage}{15}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}Ausblick}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Abbiegewahrscheinlichkeiten}{8}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Modell}{9}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Modell der Ministadt}{9}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}Modell als Graph}{10}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Kreuzungs\active@dq \dq@prtct {u}bersicht}{10}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}Kreuzung}{10}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Modell als Matrix}{10}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.3.1}Verbindungsmatrizen}{10}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.3.2}Berechnungsmatrizen}{10}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Modell im Computer}{11}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Graph für Kreuzungen}{11}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Graph für die Kreuzungs\active@dq \dq@prtct {u}bersicht}{11}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Daten f\"ur das Modell aufbereiten}{12}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Aufbereitung der Daten}{12}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.1}Aufbereiten der Induktionsschleifenwerte}{12}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.2}Aufbereiten der Abbiegewahscheinlichkeiten}{12}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.1.3}Geographischer Ausschnitt der Daten}{13}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Berechnung}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.1}Das Zeitproblem}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2}Ans\"atze}{14}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.2.1}Markov-Ketten HMM}{14}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.2.2}Neuronale Netze}{14}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.2.3}Gleichungssystem}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.3}Lineares Gleichungssystem}{14}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.3.1}Gleichungen innerhalb einer Kreuzung}{14}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {8.3.2}Gleichungen zwischen Kreuzungen}{14}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.4}Lineares Gleichungssystem als Graph}{14}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {9}Visualisierung}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.1}Visualisierung des Graphen}{15}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {9.2}Visualisierung des Graphen mit Geoinformationen}{15}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {10}Validierung}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.1}Testdatenmenge}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.2}Verkehrszählung}{16}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {10.3}Validierung der Verkehrsaufkommensvorhersage}{16}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {11}Ausblick}{17}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {12}Anhang}{19}

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! LaTeX Error: \caption outside float.
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Type H <return> for immediate help.
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l.4 \caption
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Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.5 \end{figure}
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! LaTeX Error: Environment figure undefined.
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Type H <return> for immediate help.
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l.7 \begin{figure}
[htbp!]
Your command was ignored.
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
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! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.7 \begin{figure}[
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The control sequence at the end of the top line
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and I'll forget about whatever was undefined.
Missing character: There is no [ in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no w in font nullfont!
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<to be read again>
]
l.9 ...le]{ext/MessgruppentabelleSued-2013-01-08}}
A number should have been here; I inserted `0'.
(If you can't figure out why I needed to see a number,
look up `weird error' in the index to The TeXbook.)
! Illegal unit of measure (pt inserted).
<to be read again>
]
l.9 ...le]{ext/MessgruppentabelleSued-2013-01-08}}
Dimensions can be in units of em, ex, in, pt, pc,
cm, mm, dd, cc, nd, nc, bp, or sp; but yours is a new one!
I'll assume that you meant to say pt, for printer's points.
To recover gracefully from this error, it's best to
delete the erroneous units; e.g., type `2' to delete
two letters. (See Chapter 27 of The TeXbook.)
Missing character: There is no ] in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont!
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! LaTeX Error: \caption outside float.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.10 \caption
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You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed.
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! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{figure}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.11 \end{figure}
Your command was ignored.
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
or <return> to continue without it.
Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 7--12
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Overfull \hbox (6.79999pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 7--12
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! LaTeX Error: Environment figure undefined.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
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l.13 \begin{figure}
[htbp!]
Your command was ignored.
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
or <return> to continue without it.
! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.13 \begin{figure}[
htbp!]
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! Undefined control sequence.
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The control sequence at the end of the top line
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and I'll forget about whatever was undefined.
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! Missing number, treated as zero.
<to be read again>
]
l.15 ...xsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/Kreuzungsuebersicht}}
A number should have been here; I inserted `0'.
(If you can't figure out why I needed to see a number,
look up `weird error' in the index to The TeXbook.)
! Illegal unit of measure (pt inserted).
<to be read again>
]
l.15 ...xsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/Kreuzungsuebersicht}}
Dimensions can be in units of em, ex, in, pt, pc,
cm, mm, dd, cc, nd, nc, bp, or sp; but yours is a new one!
I'll assume that you meant to say pt, for printer's points.
To recover gracefully from this error, it's best to
delete the erroneous units; e.g., type `2' to delete
two letters. (See Chapter 27 of The TeXbook.)
Missing character: There is no ] in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no e in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no x in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no t in font nullfont!
Missing character: There is no / in font nullfont!
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! LaTeX Error: \caption outside float.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.16 \caption
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You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed.
If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit.
Missing character: There is no K in font nullfont!
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! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{figure}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.17 \end{figure}
Your command was ignored.
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
or <return> to continue without it.
Overfull \hbox (20.0pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--18
[]
[]
Overfull \hbox (6.79999pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 13--18
[]
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! LaTeX Error: Environment figure undefined.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.19 \begin{figure}
[htbp!]
Your command was ignored.
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
or <return> to continue without it.
! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.19 \begin{figure}[
htbp!]
You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed.
If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit.
Missing character: There is no [ in font nullfont!
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! Undefined control sequence.
<argument> \includegraphics
[width=0.95\textwidth -2\fboxsep -2\fboxrule ]{e...
l.21 ...dth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA3}}
The control sequence at the end of the top line
of your error message was never \def'ed. If you have
misspelled it (e.g., `\hobx'), type `I' and the correct
spelling (e.g., `I\hbox'). Otherwise just continue,
and I'll forget about whatever was undefined.
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! Missing number, treated as zero.
<to be read again>
]
l.21 ...dth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA3}}
A number should have been here; I inserted `0'.
(If you can't figure out why I needed to see a number,
look up `weird error' in the index to The TeXbook.)
! Illegal unit of measure (pt inserted).
<to be read again>
]
l.21 ...dth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA3}}
Dimensions can be in units of em, ex, in, pt, pc,
cm, mm, dd, cc, nd, nc, bp, or sp; but yours is a new one!
I'll assume that you meant to say pt, for printer's points.
To recover gracefully from this error, it's best to
delete the erroneous units; e.g., type `2' to delete
two letters. (See Chapter 27 of The TeXbook.)
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! LaTeX Error: \caption outside float.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.22 \caption
{Kreuzung A3}
You're in trouble here. Try typing <return> to proceed.
If that doesn't work, type X <return> to quit.
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! LaTeX Error: \begin{document} ended by \end{figure}.
See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.23 \end{figure}
Your command was ignored.
Type I <command> <return> to replace it with another command,
or <return> to continue without it.
)
! Emergency stop.
<*> anhang.tex
*** (job aborted, no legal \end found)
Here is how much of TeX's memory you used:
10 strings out of 494019
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48862 words of memory out of 3000000
3398 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+200000
3640 words of font info for 14 fonts, out of 3000000 for 9000
714 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191
6i,5n,6p,120b,45s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,50000s
! ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced!

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\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/MessgruppentabelleNord-2013-01-08}}
\caption{Abbiegewahrscheinlichkeiten Darmstadt Nord}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/MessgruppentabelleSued-2013-01-08}}
\caption{Abbiegewahrscheinlichkeiten Darmstadt Süd}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/Kreuzungsuebersicht}}
\caption{Kreuzungsübersicht Stadt Darmstadt}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA3}}
\caption{Kreuzung A3}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA4}}
\caption{Kreuzung A4}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA5}}
\caption{Kreuzung A5}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA12}}
\caption{Kreuzung A12}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA23}}
\caption{Kreuzung A23}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA28}}
\caption{Kreuzung A28}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA29}}
\caption{Kreuzung A29}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA46}}
\caption{Kreuzung A46}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA59}}
\caption{Kreuzung A59}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp!]
\centering
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule]{ext/KreuzungA104}}
\caption{Kreuzung A104}
\end{figure}

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In diesem Kapitel wird beschrieben welchen Verkehrsdaten für diese Arbeit zur Verfügung standen. Zum einen sind das die Induktionsschleifenwerte 'load' und 'count' aller Induktionsschleifen auf den Straßen der Stadt Darmstadt.
In diesem Kapitel wird beschrieben welchen Verkehrsdaten für diese Arbeit zur Verfügung standen. Zum einen sind das die Induktionsschleifenwerte 'load' und 'count' aller Induktionsschleifen auf den Straßen der Stadt Darmstadt. Diese Daten werden von Induktionsschleifen auf den Straßen der Stadt Darmstadt erfasst.\\
Desweiteren stehen gemittelte Abbiegewahrscheinlichkeiten für einige der Induktionsschleifen zur Verfügung. Diese Daten wurden von der Stadt Darmstadt ermitteln lassen, für die Planungsabteilung des Verkehrsamtes. Ermittelt wurden die Daten laut Herrn [] des Verkehrsamtes der Stadt Darmstadt mithilfe einer externen Firma, welche die zu untersuchenden Kreuzungen Video Überwacht. Außerdem seien alle Werte über alle Messungen die vorgenommen wurden gemittelt. Sie liegen in PDF-Format vor.\\
\subsection{Induktionsschleifenwerte}{
Die Induktionsschleifen der Stadt Darmstadt sind fast ausschließlich an den Kreuzungseingängen in den Straßen verbaut. Sie dienen dabei dem sog. 'adaptivem steuern' des Verkehrs. Die Ampelphasen, konkret die Länge der Ampelphasen, wird duch die Sensorwerte beeinflusst. Stellt das System etwa fest, dass kein Auto auf der Spur steht, kann es eine Ampelphase verkürzen. Dabei bezieht dieses System keine Informationen der Nachbarkreuzungen mit ein.\\
Die Induktionsschleifen der Stadt Darmstadt sind fast ausschließlich an den Kreuzungseingängen in den Straßen verbaut. Sie dienen dabei dem sog. 'adaptivem steuern' des Verkehrs. Die Ampelphasen, konkret die Länge der Ampelphasen, wird durch die Sensorwerte beeinflusst. Stellt das System etwa fest, dass kein Auto auf der Spur steht, kann es eine Ampelphase verkürzen. Dabei bezieht dieses System keine Informationen der Nachbarkreuzungen mit ein.\\
Diese Daten werden im Minutentakt gemessen und stehen in CSV-Format zur Verf"ugung.
Diese Daten werden im Minutentakt gemessen und stehen in CSV-Format zur Verf"ugung. Dabei ist der Zeitstempel das Ende des jeweiligen Messzeitraumes, welcher in Darmstadt eine Minute beträgt.
\begin{itemize}
\item{load: Der Loadwert zeigt an wie viel Prozent des Messintervalls der Sensor von einem Auto belegt war.}
\item{count: Der Countwert zeigt an wie viele Autos den Sensor innerhalb des Messintervalls passiert haben.}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
W"urde ein Sensor einen load von 30 und einen count von 5 melden, bedeutet dass dieser Sensor 30 prozent einer Minute (18 Sekunden) belegt war und 5 Autos ihn passiert haben.
[BILDCSV]
[Zuordnungsbeschreibung für csv]
Das Projekt [] von [] und [] verwendet die Daten der Stadt Darmstadt bereits und hat die CSV Dateien bereits in eine MYSQL-Datenbank überführt. Sie liegen im folgenden Format vor:
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{pic/csv}
\caption{Ausschnitt einer CSV Datei der Induktionsschleifenwerte der Stadt Darmstadt}
\end{figure}
Die CSV Dateien geben folgende Daten her:
\begin{itemize}
\item{Datum und Uhrzeit der Messung}
\item{Die Bezeichnung der Kreuzung}
\item{Die Intervallänge der Messung in Minuten}
\item{Die Werte 'load' und 'count' für jeden Sensor}
\end{itemize}
Dabei bezeichnen Sensorspalten, welche auf Z enden den 'count'-Wert des Sensors, solche die auf B enden den 'load'-Wert. Jede Zeile in der CSV-Datei repräsentiert dabei eine Kreuzung, welche in der Stadt Darmstadt mit einem großem A und einer Nummer Bezeichnet werden. Für jede Kreuzung sind Werte für alle Sensoren aufgeführt. Diejenigen, welche nicht zu der entsprechenden Kreuzung gehören sind mit Nullwerten gefüllt.
Ein Datensatz ist in zwei Teile aufgeteilt. Den Südlichen Teil und den Nördlichen Teil von Darmstadt.
[Bild der Teilung]
Der ausgewählte Ausschnitt der 'Ministadt' welcher im Rahmen dieser Arbeit betrachtet wird liegt dabei im [] Teil der Stadt.
Das Projekt zur Verkehrsvisualisierung von Christian Müller und [] verwendet die Daten der Stadt Darmstadt bereits und hat die CSV Dateien bereits in eine MYSQL-Datenbank überführt. Sie liegen im folgenden Format vor:
[SQL]
[Zuordnungsbeschreibung für sql]