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Aristoteles. Metaphysik. Die Substanzb{"u}cher, Kommentar", + publisher = "Akademie, Berlin ", + year = "1996,4", + edition = "", + isbn = "" +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ws2014/Philosophie/u2/bib/texput.log b/ws2014/Philosophie/u2/bib/texput.log new file mode 100644 index 00000000..42a63072 --- /dev/null +++ b/ws2014/Philosophie/u2/bib/texput.log @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +This is pdfTeX, Version 3.1415926-1.40.11 (MiKTeX 2.9) (preloaded format=pdflatex 2014.10.29) 5 NOV 2014 02:50 +entering extended mode +**literature.tex + +! 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Aristoteles. Metaphysik. Die Substanzb{"u}cher, Kommentar}. +\newblock Akademie, Berlin, 1996,4. + +\bibitem{book:metaphysik_entstehung} +{Hans Reiner}. +\newblock {\em Die Entstehung und urspr{"u}ngliche Bedeutung des Namens + Metaphysik}. +\newblock Zeitschrift f{"u}r philosophische Forschung, 8 (1954), 210-237, 1954. + +\bibitem{wiki:akzidenz} +{Wikipedia}. +\newblock {Akzidenz (Philosophie)}. +\newblock URL \url{https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akzidenz_(Philosophie)} + (abgerufen am 3.4.2014), 2014. + +\bibitem{wiki:grundlagenforschung} +{Wikipedia}. +\newblock {Grundlagenforschung}. +\newblock URL \url{http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundlagenforschung} (abgerufen + am 3.4.2014), 2014. + +\bibitem{wiki:metaphysik} +{Wikipedia}. +\newblock {Metaphysik (Aristoteles)}. +\newblock URL \url{https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysik_(Aristoteles)} + (abgerufen am 3.4.2014), 2014. + +\bibitem{wiki:staunen} +{Wikipedia}. +\newblock {Staunen}. +\newblock URL \url{https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunen} (abgerufen am + 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+%\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc} %unter Linux muss latin9 durch utf8 ersetzt werden!! +\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{enumitem} +\usepackage{lineno} +\usepackage{wasysym} +\usepackage{latexsym} +\usepackage{cite} +%reihenfolge von "hyperref" und "glossaries" ist wichtig!!!! nicht aendern! +\usepackage[pdftitle={Fragen zu Aristoteles: Metaphysik}]{hyperref} + +\begin{document} + +\title{Fragen zu Aristoteles: Metaphysik} +\subtitle{Wintersemester 14/15 Einführung in die Philosophie I - Methoden und Begriffe\\ +Übung 2 - Aufgaben 1-7\\ +Name: Ulf Gebhardt, Matrn: 1574373\\ +Nebenfach-Student(Master Informatik)} +\author{Ulf Gebhardt} +\maketitle + +\newpage +\section{Aufgabe 1} +Erläutern Sie den Titel von Aristoteles' Werk 'Metaphysik'. (1P) +\begin{quote} +Unter der Sammelbezeichnung Metaphysik haben Aristoteles' Schüler, vermutlich der Peripatetiker Andronikos von Rhodos im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr., unterschiedliche, zum Teil unabhängige Schriften in 14 Büchern zusammengefasst. Der Titel, so eine verbreitete, jedoch veraltete Theorie, bezeichne daher schlicht die Position in dieser Edition: Die Bücher, die der Physik nachgeordnet sind. Aristoteles selbst nannte den Gegenstand seiner Wissenschaft 'Erste Philosophie' [..] oder auch 'Theologische Wissenschaft' [..]. Neuere Forschungen vertreten die Auffassung, dass der Name schon vor Andronikos, möglicherweise bereits im frühen Peripatos inhaltlich verwendet wurde\cite{book:metaphysik_entstehung}, weil der Gegenstand sich auf das bezieht, was hinter den Dingen steht, auf den ersten Urgrund. Diese Auffassung findet sich schon bei Alexander von Aphrodisias, einem frühen Aristoteles-Kommentator.\cite{book:metaphysik_kommentar} +\end{quote}\cite{wiki:metaphysik} + +\section{Aufgabe 2} +'Zum Zweck des Handelns' ist laut Aristoteles Erfahrung offenbar wichtiger als Kunst oder Wissenschaft. Warum ist das so? Antworten Sie nicht einfach nur mit einem Zitat, sondern erläutern Sie in eigenen Worten. (2P) +\begin{quote} +[Die höchste Wissenschaft jedoch] ist die, welche den Zweck erkennt, weshalb jedes zu tun ist; dies ist aber das Gute für jedes Einzelne und im ganzen das Beste in der gesamten Natur. +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{I 2, 982 b 6 - 10}\\ +\\ +Aristoteles ist der Auffassung, das diejenige Wissenschaft am wichtigsten ist, welche die Ursachen aller Dinge untersucht, sowie sich auf die Grundprinzipien bezieht, da diese sehr akkurat seien. Er sagt weiterhin, das eben diese höchste Wissenschaft sich mit den Ursachen des Weswegen(das in höchstem Maß Wissbare) beschäftigt und diese untersucht. +\begin{quote} +Denn Verwunderung war den Menschen jetzt wie vormals der Anfang des Philosophierens, indem sie sich anfangs über das nächstliegende ungeklärte verwunderten, dann allmählich fortschritten und auch über Größeres Fragen aufwarfen, z. B. über die Erscheinungen an dem Mond und der Sonne und den Gestirnen und über die Entstehung des Alls.? +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(I 2, 982 b 17 - 22)}\\ +\\ +Weiterhin schlussfolgert Aristoteles, dass das in höchstem Maß Wissbare eben das Göttliche sei. +\begin{quote} +denn Gott gilt allen für eine Ursache und Prinzip, und diese Wissenschaft möchte wohl allein oder doch am meisten Gott besitzen.? +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(I 2, 983, 12 - 17)}\\ +\section{Aufgabe 3} +Der Arzt heile nicht einen Menschen überhaupt, 'außer in einem akzidentellen Sinn'. Erläutern Sie, was Aristoteles damit meint. Was heißt das überhaupt 'akzidentiell'? Schlagen Sie dies bzw. den entsprechenden philosophischen Terminus sowie mindestens einen Gegenbegriff in einem philosophischen Lexikon nach und zitieren Sie daraus knapp eine Definition. Finden Sie ein eigenes Beispiel für etwas, das in gewisser Hinsicht akzidentiell ist. (3P) +\begin{quote} +Der Begriff Akzidenz (auch: Akzidens) (lat. accidens) bezeichnet das nicht Wesentliche (das nicht Essentielle), das sich Verändernde, das Zufällige (griech. symbebêkos) im Gegensatz zur Substanz. Akzidentiell sind hierbei alle der Substanz anhaftenden, ihr jedoch nicht wesentlichen oder notwendigen Bestimmungen. +\end{quote}\cite{wiki:akzidenz}\\ +\\ +Der entsprechende Gegenbegriff ist die 'Substanz' +\begin{quote} +Substanz ist nach dem lateinischen Wort substantia ?das, woraus etwas besteht?. In der Philosophie ist ?Substanz? der Begriff für das selbstständige Seiende. [Der Begriff lässt sich] auf Aristoteles zurückführen, der dafür den Namen ousia einführte und neben den Einzeldingen auch eine materia prima als Substanz erwogen hatte. +\end{quote}\cite{wiki:substanz} +\begin{quote} +Die Ursache davon liegt darin, dass die Erfahrung Erkenntnis des Einzelnen ist, die Kunst des Allgemeinen, alles Handeln und Geschehen aber am Einzelnen vorgeht. Denn nicht einen Menschen überhaupt heilt der Arzt, außer im akzidentellen Sinne, sondern den Kallias oder den Sokrates oder irgendeinen anderen Einzelnen, für welche es ein Akzidens ist, dass er auch Mensch ist. Wenn nun jemand den Begriff besitzt ohne Erfahrung und das Allgemeine weiß, das darin enthaltene Einzelne aber nicht kennt, so wird er das rechte Heilverfahren oft verfehlen; denn Gegenstand des Heilens ist vielmehr das Einzelne. +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(Met. 981a 15-23)}\\ +\\ +Aristoteles meint mit seiner Aussage, dass ein Arzt zwar einen bestimmten(substanziellen) Menschen(Hans, Peter, Otto, ...) heilen kann, aber nicht 'den Menschen'(alle Menschen). Der Arzt ist ein 'Menschenheiler', damit er arbeiten kann muss das zu behandelnde Subjekt das Akzident(Zusatzbezeichnung) Mensch tragen/gerecht werden.\\ +\\ +Etwas akzidentielles benötigt eine Substanz, der es beigeheftet, zu dem es zugeordnet ist. Ein Beispiel ist der Mond; er ist der Erde beigefügt. Ohne die Erde wäre er kein Mond, sondern ein eigenständiger Planet/Komet/... Er kann folglich nicht ohne Mutterplanet existieren, da er sonst seinen Status als Mond verliert. + +\section{Aufgabe 4} +Wann besitzt jemand Weisheit, und was ist laut Aristoteles das 'Zeichen' des Wissens? Handelt es sich dabei um ein gutes Zeichen? Warum (nicht)? Könnte es noch andere (bessere?) Zeichen des Wissens geben? (3P)\\ +\\ +\begin{quote} +Überhaupt ist es ein Zeichen des Wissens, dass man den Gegenstand lehren kann, und darum sehen wir die Kunst mehr für Wissenschaft an als die Erfahrung; denn die Künstler können lehren, die Erfahrenen aber nicht. +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(Met. 981b 8-10)}\\ +\\ +Für Aristoteles ist Weisheit die Erkenntnis, die die Dinge in Zusammenhang setzt. Er nennt als Beispiel das Feuer. Die Sinne können feststellen, dass es brennt. Aber nur der Geist/Weisheit kann erklären warum.\\ +\\ +Ich denke schon das das gut ist ??? Erkenntnis ist nunmal gut; hilft beim verstehen.\\ +\\ +Ein weiteres Zeichen des Wissens könnte Meinung sein, welche aufgrund von Beobachtungen das Streben nach Wissen fördert. Sowie das Staunen, welches die Neugier anregt. +\cite{wiki:staunen} + +\section{Aufgabe 5} +Inwiefern ist die Wissenschaft nach Aristoteles 'frei'? (1P) +\begin{quote} +[..] So ist auch diese Wissenschaft[Philosophie] alleine unter allen frei; denn sie allein ist um ihrer selbst willen. +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(Met. 983a 25-27)}\\ +\\ +Nur die Philosophie ist frei, laut Aristoteles, da nur Sie um ihrer selbst willen existiert. +\section{Aufgabe 6} +Wäre ein heutiger Naturwissenschaftler, der reine Grundlagenforschung betreibt, als 'Freund der sophia', als 'Philosoph', anzusehen oder nicht? Warum (nicht)? (2P)\\ +\\ +\begin{quote} +Am genausten aber sind unter den Wissenschaften die, welche am meisten auf das Erste[Substanz] sich beziehen; denn auf eine geringe Zahl von Prinzipien bezogene Wissenschaften sind genauer als diejenigen, bei denen noch bestimmte Zusätze hinzukommen. +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(I 1, 982a 26-28)}\\ +\\ +Ein Grundlagenforscher wäre ein Philosoph nach Aristoteles, da er sich über die Prinzipien einer Wissenschaftsdisziplin Gedanken macht. Er untersucht die Gründe der Ursachen. +\begin{quote} +Die Grundlagenforschung (englisch meist: Basic Research, teilweise auch Fundamental Research) im engeren Sinne ist die wissenschaftliche Aufstellung, Nachprüfung und Diskussion der Prinzipien einer Wissenschaft, etwa in den Naturwissenschaften, in der Medizin und der Mathematik. +\end{quote}\cite{wiki:grundlagenforschung} +\section{Aufgabe 7} +Aristoteles behauptet schon im ersten Satz: 'Alle Menschen streben von Natur nach Wissen'. Was meint er damit und wie begründet er diese These? Rekonstruieren/erläutern Sie in eigenen Worten (und möglichst knapp und präzise), wie Aristoteles hier argumentiert. (3P)\\ +\\ +Die ersten Erkenntnisse zieht der Mensch aus der Wahrnehmung. Dabei spielt das Sehen eine vordergründige Rolle.\\ +Der Mensch habe weiterhin die Fähigkeit aus Erfahrung und Gewohnheit mithilfe von Überlegen eine Kunst zu entwickeln. Wobei es Kunst sei die Ursache angeben zu können, wodurch etwas entstanden ist.\\ +Wissenschaft ist nach Aristoteles die Anwendung von Kunst auf Fragen, die nicht der Erfüllung von Grundbedürfnissen gewidmet sei. +\begin{quote} +[Weisheit ist das] Wissen von gewissen Prinzipien und Ursachen +\end{quote}\cite{book:metaphysik} \textsc{(I 1, 982a 2-3)} + +\addtocounter{section}{1} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{\thesection}Bibliographie} +\bibliographystyle{is-abbrv} +\bibliography{bib/literature} +\newpage + +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file