web mining: u4 abgabe

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/G22_predictions.txt

@@ -1,165 +1,112 @@
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ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/G22_predictions.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
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ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/code/PorterStemmer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""Porter Stemming Algorithm
+This is the Porter stemming algorithm, ported to Python from the
+version coded up in ANSI C by the author. It may be be regarded
+as canonical, in that it follows the algorithm presented in
+
+Porter, 1980, An algorithm for suffix stripping, Program, Vol. 14,
+no. 3, pp 130-137,
+
+only differing from it at the points maked --DEPARTURE-- below.
+
+See also http://www.tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer
+
+The algorithm as described in the paper could be exactly replicated
+by adjusting the points of DEPARTURE, but this is barely necessary,
+because (a) the points of DEPARTURE are definitely improvements, and
+(b) no encoding of the Porter stemmer I have seen is anything like
+as exact as this version, even with the points of DEPARTURE!
+
+Vivake Gupta (v@nano.com)
+
+Release 1: January 2001
+
+Further adjustments by Santiago Bruno (bananabruno@gmail.com)
+to allow word input not restricted to one word per line, leading
+to:
+
+release 2: July 2008
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+class PorterStemmer:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """The main part of the stemming algorithm starts here.
+        b is a buffer holding a word to be stemmed. The letters are in b[k0],
+        b[k0+1] ... ending at b[k]. In fact k0 = 0 in this demo program. k is
+        readjusted downwards as the stemming progresses. Zero termination is
+        not in fact used in the algorithm.
+
+        Note that only lower case sequences are stemmed. Forcing to lower case
+        should be done before stem(...) is called.
+        """
+
+        self.b = ""  # buffer for word to be stemmed
+        self.k = 0
+        self.k0 = 0
+        self.j = 0   # j is a general offset into the string
+
+    def cons(self, i):
+        """cons(i) is TRUE <=> b[i] is a consonant."""
+        if self.b[i] == 'a' or self.b[i] == 'e' or self.b[i] == 'i' or self.b[i] == 'o' or self.b[i] == 'u':
+            return 0
+        if self.b[i] == 'y':
+            if i == self.k0:
+                return 1
+            else:
+                return (not self.cons(i - 1))
+        return 1
+
+    def m(self):
+        """m() measures the number of consonant sequences between k0 and j.
+        if c is a consonant sequence and v a vowel sequence, and <..>
+        indicates arbitrary presence,
+
+           <c><v>       gives 0
+           <c>vc<v>     gives 1
+           <c>vcvc<v>   gives 2
+           <c>vcvcvc<v> gives 3
+           ....
+        """
+        n = 0
+        i = self.k0
+        while 1:
+            if i > self.j:
+                return n
+            if not self.cons(i):
+                break
+            i = i + 1
+        i = i + 1
+        while 1:
+            while 1:
+                if i > self.j:
+                    return n
+                if self.cons(i):
+                    break
+                i = i + 1
+            i = i + 1
+            n = n + 1
+            while 1:
+                if i > self.j:
+                    return n
+                if not self.cons(i):
+                    break
+                i = i + 1
+            i = i + 1
+
+    def vowelinstem(self):
+        """vowelinstem() is TRUE <=> k0,...j contains a vowel"""
+        for i in range(self.k0, self.j + 1):
+            if not self.cons(i):
+                return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def doublec(self, j):
+        """doublec(j) is TRUE <=> j,(j-1) contain a double consonant."""
+        if j < (self.k0 + 1):
+            return 0
+        if (self.b[j] != self.b[j-1]):
+            return 0
+        return self.cons(j)
+
+    def cvc(self, i):
+        """cvc(i) is TRUE <=> i-2,i-1,i has the form consonant - vowel - consonant
+        and also if the second c is not w,x or y. this is used when trying to
+        restore an e at the end of a short  e.g.
+
+           cav(e), lov(e), hop(e), crim(e), but
+           snow, box, tray.
+        """
+        if i < (self.k0 + 2) or not self.cons(i) or self.cons(i-1) or not self.cons(i-2):
+            return 0
+        ch = self.b[i]
+        if ch == 'w' or ch == 'x' or ch == 'y':
+            return 0
+        return 1
+
+    def ends(self, s):
+        """ends(s) is TRUE <=> k0,...k ends with the string s."""
+        length = len(s)
+        if s[length - 1] != self.b[self.k]: # tiny speed-up
+            return 0
+        if length > (self.k - self.k0 + 1):
+            return 0
+        if self.b[self.k-length+1:self.k+1] != s:
+            return 0
+        self.j = self.k - length
+        return 1
+
+    def setto(self, s):
+        """setto(s) sets (j+1),...k to the characters in the string s, readjusting k."""
+        length = len(s)
+        self.b = self.b[:self.j+1] + s + self.b[self.j+length+1:]
+        self.k = self.j + length
+
+    def r(self, s):
+        """r(s) is used further down."""
+        if self.m() > 0:
+            self.setto(s)
+
+    def step1ab(self):
+        """step1ab() gets rid of plurals and -ed or -ing. e.g.
+
+           caresses  ->  caress
+           ponies    ->  poni
+           ties      ->  ti
+           caress    ->  caress
+           cats      ->  cat
+
+           feed      ->  feed
+           agreed    ->  agree
+           disabled  ->  disable
+
+           matting   ->  mat
+           mating    ->  mate
+           meeting   ->  meet
+           milling   ->  mill
+           messing   ->  mess
+
+           meetings  ->  meet
+        """
+        if self.b[self.k] == 's':
+            if self.ends("sses"):
+                self.k = self.k - 2
+            elif self.ends("ies"):
+                self.setto("i")
+            elif self.b[self.k - 1] != 's':
+                self.k = self.k - 1
+        if self.ends("eed"):
+            if self.m() > 0:
+                self.k = self.k - 1
+        elif (self.ends("ed") or self.ends("ing")) and self.vowelinstem():
+            self.k = self.j
+            if self.ends("at"):   self.setto("ate")
+            elif self.ends("bl"): self.setto("ble")
+            elif self.ends("iz"): self.setto("ize")
+            elif self.doublec(self.k):
+                self.k = self.k - 1
+                ch = self.b[self.k]
+                if ch == 'l' or ch == 's' or ch == 'z':
+                    self.k = self.k + 1
+            elif (self.m() == 1 and self.cvc(self.k)):
+                self.setto("e")
+
+    def step1c(self):
+        """step1c() turns terminal y to i when there is another vowel in the stem."""
+        if (self.ends("y") and self.vowelinstem()):
+            self.b = self.b[:self.k] + 'i' + self.b[self.k+1:]
+
+    def step2(self):
+        """step2() maps double suffices to single ones.
+        so -ization ( = -ize plus -ation) maps to -ize etc. note that the
+        string before the suffix must give m() > 0.
+        """
+        if self.b[self.k - 1] == 'a':
+            if self.ends("ational"):   self.r("ate")
+            elif self.ends("tional"):  self.r("tion")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'c':
+            if self.ends("enci"):      self.r("ence")
+            elif self.ends("anci"):    self.r("ance")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'e':
+            if self.ends("izer"):      self.r("ize")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'l':
+            if self.ends("bli"):       self.r("ble") # --DEPARTURE--
+            # To match the published algorithm, replace this phrase with
+            #   if self.ends("abli"):      self.r("able")
+            elif self.ends("alli"):    self.r("al")
+            elif self.ends("entli"):   self.r("ent")
+            elif self.ends("eli"):     self.r("e")
+            elif self.ends("ousli"):   self.r("ous")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'o':
+            if self.ends("ization"):   self.r("ize")
+            elif self.ends("ation"):   self.r("ate")
+            elif self.ends("ator"):    self.r("ate")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 's':
+            if self.ends("alism"):     self.r("al")
+            elif self.ends("iveness"): self.r("ive")
+            elif self.ends("fulness"): self.r("ful")
+            elif self.ends("ousness"): self.r("ous")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 't':
+            if self.ends("aliti"):     self.r("al")
+            elif self.ends("iviti"):   self.r("ive")
+            elif self.ends("biliti"):  self.r("ble")
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'g': # --DEPARTURE--
+            if self.ends("logi"):      self.r("log")
+        # To match the published algorithm, delete this phrase
+
+    def step3(self):
+        """step3() dels with -ic-, -full, -ness etc. similar strategy to step2."""
+        if self.b[self.k] == 'e':
+            if self.ends("icate"):     self.r("ic")
+            elif self.ends("ative"):   self.r("")
+            elif self.ends("alize"):   self.r("al")
+        elif self.b[self.k] == 'i':
+            if self.ends("iciti"):     self.r("ic")
+        elif self.b[self.k] == 'l':
+            if self.ends("ical"):      self.r("ic")
+            elif self.ends("ful"):     self.r("")
+        elif self.b[self.k] == 's':
+            if self.ends("ness"):      self.r("")
+
+    def step4(self):
+        """step4() takes off -ant, -ence etc., in context <c>vcvc<v>."""
+        if self.b[self.k - 1] == 'a':
+            if self.ends("al"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'c':
+            if self.ends("ance"): pass
+            elif self.ends("ence"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'e':
+            if self.ends("er"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'i':
+            if self.ends("ic"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'l':
+            if self.ends("able"): pass
+            elif self.ends("ible"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'n':
+            if self.ends("ant"): pass
+            elif self.ends("ement"): pass
+            elif self.ends("ment"): pass
+            elif self.ends("ent"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'o':
+            if self.ends("ion") and (self.b[self.j] == 's' or self.b[self.j] == 't'): pass
+            elif self.ends("ou"): pass
+            # takes care of -ous
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 's':
+            if self.ends("ism"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 't':
+            if self.ends("ate"): pass
+            elif self.ends("iti"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'u':
+            if self.ends("ous"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'v':
+            if self.ends("ive"): pass
+            else: return
+        elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'z':
+            if self.ends("ize"): pass
+            else: return
+        else:
+            return
+        if self.m() > 1:
+            self.k = self.j
+
+    def step5(self):
+        """step5() removes a final -e if m() > 1, and changes -ll to -l if
+        m() > 1.
+        """
+        self.j = self.k
+        if self.b[self.k] == 'e':
+            a = self.m()
+            if a > 1 or (a == 1 and not self.cvc(self.k-1)):
+                self.k = self.k - 1
+        if self.b[self.k] == 'l' and self.doublec(self.k) and self.m() > 1:
+            self.k = self.k -1
+
+    def stem(self, p, i, j):
+        """In stem(p,i,j), p is a char pointer, and the string to be stemmed
+        is from p[i] to p[j] inclusive. Typically i is zero and j is the
+        offset to the last character of a string, (p[j+1] == '\0'). The
+        stemmer adjusts the characters p[i] ... p[j] and returns the new
+        end-point of the string, k. Stemming never increases word length, so
+        i <= k <= j. To turn the stemmer into a module, declare 'stem' as
+        extern, and delete the remainder of this file.
+        """
+        # copy the parameters into statics
+        self.b = p
+        self.k = j
+        self.k0 = i
+        if self.k <= self.k0 + 1:
+            return self.b # --DEPARTURE--
+
+        # With this line, strings of length 1 or 2 don't go through the
+        # stemming process, although no mention is made of this in the
+        # published algorithm. Remove the line to match the published
+        # algorithm.
+
+        self.step1ab()
+        self.step1c()
+        self.step2()
+        self.step3()
+        self.step4()
+        self.step5()
+        return self.b[self.k0:self.k+1]

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/code/confusion_matrix.py

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import os
+
+actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
+dataDir   = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
+trainDir  = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
+testDir   = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_test')
+predfile  = os.path.join(actualDir, '../G22_predictions.txt')
+classes   = [['adventure',0],['belles_lettres',1],['editorial',2],['fiction',3],['government',4],['hobbies',5],['learned',6],['lore',7],['mystery',8],['news',9],['romance',10]]
+classes_n = 11
+
+preds      = []
+#each [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] = 1 column -> 1 column = adventure
+conf_matr = [[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]]            
+accuracy = 0
+document_count = 0
+precision = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
+precision_micro = 0
+precision_macro = 0
+recalls = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
+recall_micro = 0
+
+def load_predictionfile(file):
+    global document_count
+    for line in open(file,'r'):
+        document_count += 1
+        str = line.split("\t")
+        preds.append([str[0],str[1].split("\n")[0]])
+    
+def confusion_matrix():     
+    '''
+         c1 c2 ... c11
+    is c1
+    is c2
+    is c3
+    ...
+    is c11
+    '''
+    for pred in preds:
+        for c in classes:
+            if os.path.isfile(trainDir +"/"+ c[0]+"/"+ pred[0]):
+                for p in classes:
+                    if pred[1] == p[0]:
+                        conf_matr[p[1]][c[1]] += 1            
+                
+def accuracy():
+    #alle werte auf der diagonale addiert / n (anzahl der dokumente)
+    global accuracy
+    global document_count
+    i = 0
+    ok_recognized = 0
+    wrong_recognized = 0
+    for conf in conf_matr:
+        j = 0
+        for c in conf:
+            if i == j:
+                ok_recognized += c
+            else:
+                wrong_recognized += c    
+            j += 1
+        
+        i += 1
+
+    #print ok_recognized
+    #print document_count  
+    if wrong_recognized + ok_recognized != 0:      
+        accuracy = float(ok_recognized) / float(ok_recognized+wrong_recognized)
+    else:
+        accuracy = 0
+    
+def prec():
+    #per class -> positive matches / alle matches auf class
+    i = 0
+    global precision
+    for conf in conf_matr:
+        j = 0
+        ok_values = 0
+        not_ok_values = 0
+        for c in conf:
+            if j == i:
+                ok_values = c
+            else:
+                not_ok_values += c
+            j += 1
+        if not_ok_values + ok_values > 0:
+            precision[i] = float(ok_values) / float(ok_values + not_ok_values)
+        else:
+            precision[i] = 0 #division by zero
+        i += 1
+
+def macro_prec():
+    global precision_macro
+    global precision
+    for p in precision:
+        precision_macro += p
+    precision_macro = float(precision_macro) / 11
+
+       
+def pp_confusionmatrix():
+    print "is\classed\t"+classes[0][0]+"\t"+classes[1][0]+"\t"+classes[2][0]+"\t"+classes[3][0]+"\t\t"+classes[4][0]+"\t"+classes[5][0]+"\t\t"+classes[6][0]+"\t\t"+classes[7][0]+"\t\t"+classes[8][0]+"\t\t"+classes[9][0]+"\t\t"+classes[10][0]
+    lines = [classes[0][0]+"\t",classes[1][0]+"\t",classes[2][0]+"\t",classes[3][0]+"\t\t",classes[4][0]+"\t",classes[5][0]+"\t\t",classes[6][0]+"\t\t",classes[7][0]+"\t\t",classes[8][0]+"\t\t",classes[9][0]+"\t\t",classes[10][0]+"\t\t"]
+    for column in conf_matr:
+        lines[0] += str(column[0]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[1] += str(column[1]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[2] += str(column[2]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[3] += str(column[3]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[4] += str(column[4]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[5] += str(column[5]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[6] += str(column[6]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[7] += str(column[7]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[8] += str(column[8]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[9] += str(column[9]) + "\t\t"
+        lines[10] += str(column[10]) + "\t\t"
+
+    for l in lines:
+        print l
+
+def pp_accuracy():
+    print "Accuracy: "+str(round(accuracy*100,4))+"%"
+    
+def pp_prec():
+    line = "Precision per class: "
+    i = 0
+    for p in precision:
+        line += classes[i][0]+":"+str(round(p*100,4))+"% "
+        i += 1
+    print line
+    
+def pp_macroprec():
+    print "Precision Macroavg: "+str(round(precision_macro*100,4))+"%"
+
+def recall():
+    i = 0
+    for c in classes:
+        ok_values = 0
+        not_okvalues = 0
+        j = 0
+        for conf in conf_matr:
+            if j == i:
+                ok_values = conf[i]
+            else:
+                not_okvalues += conf[i]            
+            j += 1
+        if not_okvalues + ok_values != 0:
+            recalls[i] = float(ok_values) / float(ok_values+not_okvalues)
+        #else:
+        #    recalls[i] = 0        
+        i += 1
+        
+def pp_recall():
+    i = 0
+    line = "Recall per class: "
+    for c in classes:
+        line += c[0]+":"+str(round(recalls[i]*100,4))+"% "
+        i += 1
+    print line
+    
+def prec_micro():
+    i = 0
+    result = [0,0,0,0]
+    for c in classes:
+        res = conf_micro_class(i)
+        result[0] += res[0]
+        result[1] += res[1]
+        result[2] += res[2]
+        result[3] += res[3]
+        i += 1
+    
+    global precision_micro
+    if result[0]+result[1] != 0:
+        precision_micro = float(result[0]) / float(result[0]+result[1])
+    else:
+        precision_micro = 0
+        
+def conf_micro_class(class_):
+    i = 0
+    ok_values = 0 #class ok, is ok
+    wrong_values = 0 # class ok, is not ok
+    wrong_values_others = 0 # class not ok, is not ok
+    ok_values_others = 0 # class not ok, is ok    
+    for conf in conf_matr:
+        j = 0
+        for c in conf:
+            if i == class_:
+                if i == j:
+                    ok_values += c
+                else:
+                    wrong_values += c
+            else:
+                if i == j:
+                    ok_values_others += c
+                else:
+                    wrong_values_others += c                                    
+            j += 1 
+        i += 1
+    return [ok_values,wrong_values,wrong_values_others,ok_values_others]
+    
+def pp_microprec():
+    print "Precision Microavg: "+str(round(precision_micro*100,4))+"%"
+    
+def recall_micro():
+    i = 0
+    result = [0,0,0,0]
+    for c in classes:
+        res = conf_micro_class(i)
+        result[0] += res[0]
+        result[1] += res[1]
+        result[2] += res[2]
+        result[3] += res[3]
+        i += 1
+    
+    global recall_micro
+    if result[0]+result[2] != 0:
+        recall_micro = float(result[0]) / float(result[0]+result[2])
+    else:
+        recall_micro = 0
+
+def pp_microrecall():
+    print "Recall Microavg: "+str(round(recall_micro*100,4))+"%"
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    load_predictionfile(predfile)
+    #print preds
+    confusion_matrix()
+    pp_confusionmatrix()
+    
+    accuracy()
+    pp_accuracy()
+    
+    prec()
+    pp_prec()    
+    macro_prec()
+    pp_macroprec()
+    prec_micro()
+    pp_microprec()
+    
+    
+    recall()
+    pp_recall()
+    recall_micro()
+    pp_microrecall()    
+    
+    

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/code/naive_bayes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# imports
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import random
+import sys
+import math
+import re
+from PorterStemmer import PorterStemmer
+
+
+# config variables
+actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
+dataDir   = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
+trainDir  = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
+testDir   = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_test')
+stopwords = os.path.join(dataDir, 'stopwords/english')
+
+
+
+'''
+################################################################################################################################
+           --> CLASS Trainingsset <--
+################################################################################################################################
+'''
+
+class trainingsset:
+    
+    #def __init__(self):
+    
+    
+    def createTrainingsset(self):
+        self.splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self) # first split our data into trainings- and testdata
+                        
+        
+    # copies files randomly to new directories. Each directory will contain fileCount / 2 numbers of files
+    # If fileCount is uneven /trainingsdata will contain one file more than /testdata
+    def splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self):
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(trainDir, topdown=False):
+            newTrainDir = dirpath+'/trainingsdata'
+            newTestDir  = dirpath+'/testdata'
+            fileCount = len(filenames)
+            
+            if(fileCount > 0):                
+                #remove old dirs if they already exist
+                if os.path.isdir(newTrainDir):
+                    shutil.rmtree(newTrainDir)                    
+                if os.path.isdir(newTestDir):
+                    shutil.rmtree(newTestDir)
+                    
+                # create new directories
+                os.mkdir(newTestDir)                    
+                os.mkdir(newTrainDir)
+                numberOfFilesInTraining = 0
+                numberOfFilesInTest     = 0
+                
+                for actualFile in filenames:
+                    fileCopied = False
+                                 
+                    while(fileCopied == False):
+                        randomBool = bool(random.getrandbits(1))
+                        if(randomBool and numberOfFilesInTraining <= fileCount / 2):
+                            numberOfFilesInTraining += 1
+                            shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/trainingsdata/'+actualFile)
+                            fileCopied = True
+                        else:
+                            if numberOfFilesInTest < fileCount / 2:
+                                numberOfFilesInTest += 1
+                                fileCopied = True
+                                shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/testdata/'+actualFile)
+
+
+
+
+'''
+################################################################################################################################
+           --> CLASS MulticlassClassifier <--
+################################################################################################################################
+'''
+class multiclassClassifier:
+        
+        filesToPrediction = {}
+        termfrequenciesOfClasses = {};
+        countClasses = {}
+        percentage = {}
+        
+        def writePredictionFile(self):
+            with open(actualDir+'/../G22_predictions.txt', 'w') as f:
+                for k in sorted(self.filesToPrediction.iterkeys()):
+                    f.write(str(k)+'\t'+str(self.filesToPrediction[k])+'\n')                    
+            f.closed
+            return
+        
+        # calculates all necessary stuff for multiclass classifier
+        def getTermfrequenciesOfClasses(self):
+            listing = os.listdir(trainDir)              
+            for classes in listing: # classes
+                self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = {}
+            for classes in self.termfrequenciesOfClasses.keys():
+                currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes
+                listing = os.listdir(currentPath)  
+                for infile in listing:
+                    if self.countClasses.has_key(classes):
+                        self.countClasses[classes] += 1
+                    else:
+                        self.countClasses[classes] = 1
+                    currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/'+infile 
+                    # update termfrequency for specific class:
+                    self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = self.updateDictonary(currentPath, self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes])
+                    
+                    
+                                    
+        # "incudludes" a file into the termfrequency dictonary
+        def updateDictonary(self, pathToFile, dictonary):
+            f = open(pathToFile, 'r')
+            lines = f.readlines();
+            for line in lines:
+                thisline = line.split(" ");                
+                for word in thisline:                    
+                    word = self.clean_word(word)
+                    if word != "":
+                        if dictonary.has_key(word):
+                            dictonary[str(word)] += 1
+                        else:
+                            dictonary[str(word)] = 1    
+            f.close()
+            return dictonary      
+        
+       
+        def bayes(self, text, termfrequenciesOfClasses, termCount, percentage, cl):
+            result = 1.0
+            wordcount = 0.0
+            notwordcount = 0.0
+            for line in text:
+                thisline = line.split(" ");
+                for word in thisline:                    
+                    word = self.clean_word(word)                    
+                    if word != "":
+                        '''
+                        Accuracy: 21.2121%
+                        Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:22.2222% editorial:17.6471% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:11.1111% learned:0.0% lore:17.5439% mystery:0.0% news:23.4043% romance:0.0% 
+                        Precision Macroavg: 15.2993%
+                        Precision Microavg: 21.2121%
+                        Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:14.8148% editorial:30.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:7.6923% learned:0.0% lore:55.5556% mystery:0.0% news:68.75% romance:0.0% 
+                        Recall Microavg: 2.6217%
+                        
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
+                        ...
+                        return result
+                        
+                        Accuracy: 21.8182%
+                        Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:22.2222% editorial:20.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:20.0% learned:0.0% lore:17.5439% mystery:0.0% news:22.9167% romance:0.0% 
+                        Precision Macroavg: 16.2769%
+                        Precision Microavg: 21.8182%
+                        Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:14.8148% editorial:30.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:15.3846% learned:0.0% lore:55.5556% mystery:0.0% news:68.75% romance:0.0% 
+                        Recall Microavg: 2.7149%
+                        
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            wordcount += 1
+                            result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
+                        ...
+                        result += math.log(percentage)
+                        result += math.log(wordcount)
+                        return result
+                        
+                        Accuracy: 33.9394%
+                        Precision per class: adventure:0.0% belles_lettres:36.8421% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:20.0% hobbies:0.0% learned:38.9831% lore:0.0% mystery:36.8421% news:0.0% romance:52.9412% 
+                        Precision Macroavg: 16.8735%
+                        Precision Microavg: 33.9394%
+                        Recall per class: adventure:0.0% belles_lettres:25.9259% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:90.9091% hobbies:0.0% learned:76.6667% lore:0.0% mystery:87.5% news:0.0% romance:81.8182% 
+                        Recall Microavg: 4.8866%
+                        
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            wordcount += 1                            
+                            result += termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1)
+                            #print "known word: "+word
+                        else:
+                            result -= 1./(termCount+1)
+                            #print "new word: "+word
+                        ...    
+                        result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
+                        print cl +" "+str(result)
+                        return math.log(result)
+                        
+                        Accuracy: 37.5758%
+                        Precision per class: adventure:66.6667% belles_lettres:36.5385% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:28.0% hobbies:0.0% learned:36.8421% lore:0.0% mystery:50.0% news:100.0% romance:37.5% 
+                        Precision Macroavg: 32.3225%
+                        Precision Microavg: 37.5758%
+                        Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:70.3704% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:63.6364% hobbies:0.0% learned:70.0% lore:0.0% mystery:50.0% news:18.75% romance:54.5455% 
+                        Recall Microavg: 5.6777%
+                        
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            wordcount += 1
+                            result += termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1)
+                        else:
+                            result -= 1./(termCount+1)
+                        ...
+                        result *= wordcount
+                        result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
+                        #return result
+                        print cl +" "+str(result)
+                        return math.log(result)
+                        
+                        Accuracy: 40.6061%
+                        Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:44.7368% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:23.6842% hobbies:66.6667% learned:40.0% lore:0.0% mystery:46.1538% news:100.0% romance:47.3684% 
+                        Precision Macroavg: 37.1464%
+                        Precision Microavg: 40.6061%
+                        Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:62.963% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:81.8182% hobbies:15.3846% learned:60.0% lore:0.0% mystery:75.0% news:25.0% romance:81.8182% 
+                        Recall Microavg: 6.3992%
+                        
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            wordcount += 1
+                            result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))*(1-percentage)
+                        ...
+                        result *= wordcount
+                        result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
+                        print cl +" "+str(result)
+                        return math.log(result)
+                        
+                        Accuracy: 46.0606%
+                        Precision per class: adventure:25.0% belles_lettres:35.3846% editorial:0.0% fiction:31.25% government:40.0% hobbies:66.6667% learned:72.0% lore:20.0% mystery:66.6667% news:70.5882% romance:25.0% 
+                        Precision Macroavg: 41.1415%
+                        Precision Microavg: 46.0606%
+                        Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:85.1852% editorial:0.0% fiction:45.4545% government:36.3636% hobbies:46.1538% learned:60.0% lore:5.5556% mystery:50.0% news:75.0% romance:9.0909% 
+                        Recall Microavg: 7.8675%
+                        
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            wordcount += 1
+                            result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))
+                        else:
+                            notwordcount += 1
+                            result += (1./(termCount+1))
+                        ...    
+                        result *= (1-percentage)*wordcount
+                        result /= percentage*notwordcount                        
+                        print cl +" "+str(result)
+                        return math.log(result)
+                        '''
+                        #result = 1.0
+                        #for word in text:
+                        if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
+                            wordcount += 1
+                            #result += math.log(1./(termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.))
+                            #result += math.log((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1)) #gewichte häufig auftretende terme am stärksten
+                            #result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
+                            result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))
+                            #print "known word: "+word
+                        else:
+                            notwordcount += 1
+                            result += (1./(termCount+1))
+                            #result += math.log(1./(termCount+1))
+                            #result += math.log(1.)
+                            #print "new word: "+word
+            #result += math.log(percentage)
+            #result /= percentage
+            #result += math.log(wordcount)
+            #result *= (wordcount/(wordcount + notwordcount))            
+            result *= (1-percentage)*wordcount
+            result /= percentage*notwordcount
+            #result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
+            #return result
+            #print cl +" "+str(result)
+            return math.log(result)
+            
+        def clean_word(self, word):
+            #print word
+            word = word.lower()                                                 #lowercase
+            word = word.strip()                                                 # remove lineendings etc
+            #return word
+            word = "".join(re.findall("[a-z]+", word))                          #only characters
+            #return word
+            if len(word) <= 4:                                                  #only words longer 4
+                return ""            
+            #return word
+            if self.isStopWord(word):                                           #stopwordfilter
+                return ""
+            #print word
+            p = PorterStemmer()                                                 #stemming 
+            word = p.stem(word, 0,len(word)-1)
+            return word   
+            
+        def isStopWord(self,word):
+            for line in open(stopwords,'r').readlines():
+                if line.strip() == word:
+                    return True
+            return False
+            
+
+
+
+'''
+################################################################################################################################
+           --> Main method <--
+################################################################################################################################
+'''
+
+# main method
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    ts = trainingsset()
+    #ts.splitTrainingsdataRandomly();   already done -> specific folder structure
+    
+    mc = multiclassClassifier()
+    
+    # calculates a dictonary depending on all testdata with the form:
+    # dictonary[CLASSNAME][WORD] = Integer
+    mc.getTermfrequenciesOfClasses()
+    
+    
+    # calculates the percentage of P(C) for all given classes
+    sumOfClasses = 0.0
+    for v in mc.countClasses.values():            
+        sumOfClasses += v
+    
+    for classes in mc.countClasses.keys():
+        mc.percentage[classes] = mc.countClasses[classes]/sumOfClasses
+
+
+    #class_matches = []
+    listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
+    for classes in listing: # classes
+        path = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/testdata'
+        path = testDir
+        listing = os.listdir(path)
+        for infile in listing:
+            currentPath = testDir+'/'+infile 
+            #print currentPath
+            maxRes      = sys.maxint * -1
+            # check all possible classes
+            for cl in mc.percentage.keys():
+                f = open(currentPath, 'r')                
+                temp = mc.bayes(f.readlines(), mc.termfrequenciesOfClasses[cl], sumOfClasses, mc.percentage[cl], cl)
+                #class_matches.append([infile,cl,temp])
+                #print class_matches
+                if (temp >= maxRes):
+                    maxRes = temp
+                    mc.filesToPrediction[infile] = cl
+                f.close()
+            print currentPath + " " + mc.filesToPrediction[infile]
+                
+            
+    mc.writePredictionFile()
+            
+            
+            
+            
+    

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/README

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Stopwords Corpus
+
+This corpus contains lists of stop words for several languages.  These
+are high-frequency grammatical words which are usually ignored in text
+retrieval applications.
+
+They were obtained from:
+http://anoncvs.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/snowball/stopwords/
+

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/danish

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+og
+i
+jeg
+det
+at
+en
+den
+til
+er
+som
+på
+de
+med
+han
+af
+for
+ikke
+der
+var
+mig
+sig
+men
+et
+har
+om
+vi
+min
+havde
+ham
+hun
+nu
+over
+da
+fra
+du
+ud
+sin
+dem
+os
+op
+man
+hans
+hvor
+eller
+hvad
+skal
+selv
+her
+alle
+vil
+blev
+kunne
+ind
+når
+være
+dog
+noget
+ville
+jo
+deres
+efter
+ned
+skulle
+denne
+end
+dette
+mit
+også
+under
+have
+dig
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+thi
+jer
+sådan

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/dutch

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+de
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+van
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+iemand
+geweest
+andere

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/english

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+i
+me
+my
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+only
+own
+same
+so
+than
+too
+very
+s
+t
+can
+will
+just
+don
+should
+now
+

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/finnish

@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+olla
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+kun
+niin
+nyt
+itse

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/french

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+au
+aux
+avec
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+dans
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+eussiez
+eussent

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/german

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+aber
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ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/hungarian

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+a
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+volna

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/italian

@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+ad
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ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/norwegian

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+og
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ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/portuguese

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+de
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+são
+era
+éramos
+eram
+fui
+foi
+fomos
+foram
+fora
+fôramos
+seja
+sejamos
+sejam
+fosse
+fôssemos
+fossem
+for
+formos
+forem
+serei
+será
+seremos
+serão
+seria
+seríamos
+seriam
+tenho
+tem
+temos
+tém
+tinha
+tínhamos
+tinham
+tive
+teve
+tivemos
+tiveram
+tivera
+tivéramos
+tenha
+tenhamos
+tenham
+tivesse
+tivéssemos
+tivessem
+tiver
+tivermos
+tiverem
+terei
+terá
+teremos
+terão
+teria
+teríamos
+teriam

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/russian

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+и
+в
+во
+не
+что
+он
+на
+я
+с
+со
+как
+а
+то
+все
+она
+так
+его
+но
+да
+ты
+к
+у
+же
+вы
+за
+бы
+по
+только
+ее
+мне
+было
+вот
+от
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+еще
+нет
+о
+из
+ему
+теперь
+когда
+даже
+ну
+вдруг
+ли
+если
+уже
+или
+ни
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+был
+него
+до
+вас
+нибудь
+опять
+уж
+вам
+ведь
+там
+потом
+себя
+ничего
+ей
+может
+они
+тут
+где
+есть
+надо
+ней
+для
+мы
+тебя
+их
+чем
+была
+сам
+чтоб
+без
+будто
+чего
+раз
+тоже
+себе
+под
+будет
+ж
+тогда
+кто
+этот
+того
+потому
+этого
+какой
+совсем
+ним
+здесь
+этом
+один
+почти
+мой
+тем
+чтобы
+нее
+сейчас
+были
+куда
+зачем
+всех
+никогда
+можно
+при
+наконец
+два
+об
+другой
+хоть
+после
+над
+больше
+тот
+через
+эти
+нас
+про
+всего
+них
+какая
+много
+разве
+три
+эту
+моя
+впрочем
+хорошо
+свою
+этой
+перед
+иногда
+лучше
+чуть
+том
+нельзя
+такой
+им
+более
+всегда
+конечно
+всю
+между

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/spanish

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+de
+la
+que
+el
+en
+y
+a
+los
+del
+se
+las
+por
+un
+para
+con
+no
+una
+su
+al
+lo
+como
+más
+pero
+sus
+le
+ya
+o
+este
+sí
+porque
+esta
+entre
+cuando
+muy
+sin
+sobre
+también
+me
+hasta
+hay
+donde
+quien
+desde
+todo
+nos
+durante
+todos
+uno
+les
+ni
+contra
+otros
+ese
+eso
+ante
+ellos
+e
+esto
+mí
+antes
+algunos
+qué
+unos
+yo
+otro
+otras
+otra
+él
+tanto
+esa
+estos
+mucho
+quienes
+nada
+muchos
+cual
+poco
+ella
+estar
+estas
+algunas
+algo
+nosotros
+mi
+mis
+tú
+te
+ti
+tu
+tus
+ellas
+nosotras
+vosostros
+vosostras
+os
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+mías
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+tuya
+tuyos
+tuyas
+suyo
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+suyos
+suyas
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+esos
+esas
+estoy
+estás
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+están
+esté
+estés
+estemos
+estéis
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+estaré
+estarás
+estará
+estaremos
+estaréis
+estarán
+estaría
+estarías
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+estaríais
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+estabas
+estábamos
+estabais
+estaban
+estuve
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+estuvo
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+estuvieras
+estuviéramos
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+estuviésemos
+estuvieseis
+estuviesen
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+hemos
+habéis
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+hayamos
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+fuésemos
+fueseis
+fuesen
+sintiendo
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+sentidas
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+sentid
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+tendrá
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+tendréis
+tendrán
+tendría
+tendrías
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+tendríais
+tendrían
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+teníais
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+tuvieran
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+tuvieseis
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+teniendo
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+tenidos
+tenidas
+tened

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/swedish

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+och
+det
+att
+i
+en
+jag
+hon
+som
+han
+på
+den
+med
+var
+sig
+för
+så
+till
+är
+men
+ett
+om
+hade
+de
+av
+icke
+mig
+du
+henne
+då
+sin
+nu
+har
+inte
+hans
+honom
+skulle
+hennes
+där
+min
+man
+ej
+vid
+kunde
+något
+från
+ut
+när
+efter
+upp
+vi
+dem
+vara
+vad
+över
+än
+dig
+kan
+sina
+här
+ha
+mot
+alla
+under
+någon
+eller
+allt
+mycket
+sedan
+ju
+denna
+själv
+detta
+åt
+utan
+varit
+hur
+ingen
+mitt
+ni
+bli
+blev
+oss
+din
+dessa
+några
+deras
+blir
+mina
+samma
+vilken
+er
+sådan
+vår
+blivit
+dess
+inom
+mellan
+sådant
+varför
+varje
+vilka
+ditt
+vem
+vilket
+sitta
+sådana
+vart
+dina
+vars
+vårt
+våra
+ert
+era
+vilkas

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/data/stopwords/turkish

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+acaba
+ama
+aslında
+az
+bazı
+belki
+biri
+birkaç
+birşey
+biz
+bu
+çok
+çünkü
+da
+daha
+de
+defa
+diye
+eğer
+en
+gibi
+hem
+hep
+hepsi
+her
+hiç
+için
+ile
+ise
+kez
+ki
+kim
+mı
+mu
+mü
+nasıl
+ne
+neden
+nerde
+nerede
+nereye
+niçin
+niye
+o
+sanki
+şey
+siz
+şu
+tüm
+ve
+veya
+ya
+yani

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/naive_bayes.py

@@ -98,14 +98,14 @@ class multiclassClassifier:
             for classes in listing: # classes
                 self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = {}
             for classes in self.termfrequenciesOfClasses.keys():
-                currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/trainingsdata'
+                currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes
                 listing = os.listdir(currentPath)  
                 for infile in listing:
                     if self.countClasses.has_key(classes):
                         self.countClasses[classes] += 1
                     else:
                         self.countClasses[classes] = 1
-                    currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/trainingsdata/'+infile 
+                    currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/'+infile 
                     # update termfrequency for specific class:
                     self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = self.updateDictonary(currentPath, self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes])
                     
@@ -318,26 +318,26 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 
     #class_matches = []
-    listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
-    for classes in listing: # classes
-        path = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/testdata'
-        path = testDir
-        listing = os.listdir(path)
-        for infile in listing:
-            currentPath = testDir+'/'+infile 
-            #print currentPath
-            maxRes      = sys.maxint * -1
-            # check all possible classes
-            for cl in mc.percentage.keys():
-                f = open(currentPath, 'r')                
-                temp = mc.bayes(f.readlines(), mc.termfrequenciesOfClasses[cl], sumOfClasses, mc.percentage[cl], cl)
-                #class_matches.append([infile,cl,temp])
-                #print class_matches
-                if (temp >= maxRes):
-                    maxRes = temp
-                    mc.filesToPrediction[infile] = cl
-                f.close()
-            print currentPath + " " + mc.filesToPrediction[infile]
+    #listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
+    #for classes in listing: # classes
+    path = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/testdata'
+    path = testDir
+    listing = os.listdir(path)
+    for infile in listing:
+        currentPath = testDir+'/'+infile 
+        #print currentPath
+        maxRes      = sys.maxint * -1
+        # check all possible classes
+        for cl in mc.percentage.keys():
+            f = open(currentPath, 'r')                
+            temp = mc.bayes(f.readlines(), mc.termfrequenciesOfClasses[cl], sumOfClasses, mc.percentage[cl], cl)
+            #class_matches.append([infile,cl,temp])
+            #print class_matches
+            if (temp >= maxRes):
+                maxRes = temp
+                mc.filesToPrediction[infile] = cl
+            f.close()
+        print currentPath + " " + mc.filesToPrediction[infile]
                 
             
     mc.writePredictionFile()

ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/u4_train/adventure/testdata/15d5e6a3a826d0471c4dec0215169c94.txt

@@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
-Sake .
-At nightfall he had been able to sneak down a hillside and into the jungle , reeking of death .
-From the convulsive quivers of the man's shoulders it was plain he had resumed the weeping .
-His remembering the self-dictate brought no peace -- only a faint chill of doubt .
-He cupped his mouth and yelled .
-His fatigues made a streak of almost phosphorescent green in the mist .
-Wet also were the marine's fatigues and the face had an oily film .
-burned the other cheek ; ;
-And when this was gone , he hadn't even a little bitter tablet to purify other water if he were to discover some stagnant jungle pool .
-It was the marine : head lifted , he strained and called .
-It sounded as if the man were calling him : `` Hey , Japanese hey there , Japanese '' .
-As Matsuo climbed by using the vines and kicking his feet against the trunk , a mood of gloom immersed him like a jungle shadow .
-today ; ;
-He crossed the next meadow and climbed a tree where the jungle trail resumed .
-Gloom receded .
-Rifle leveled on the man , he made a rush .
-Cautious feet stepping on leafmold ; ;
-He had no doubt the marine was the lead scout of a column , and while his shot had probably bred indecision , they would soon come hunting .
-The callous marines had laughed at each other's retching , while stacking bodies .
-faint creaking of belts and slings ; ;
-He ceased weeping .
-Down the tree he scrambled and knelt at the edge of foliage .
-The marine commenced to weep and it blighted the sense of enjoyment .
-The marine , hands on cheeks , rolled by his unwounded side onto his stomach .
-The enemy came looming around a bend in the trail and Matsuo took a hasty shot , then fled without knowing the result , ran until breath was a pain in his chest and his legs were rubbery .
-Matsuo wrenched free and burned the hands into retreat ; ;
-Not only had he no canteen , but he lacked even the belt to hang one on .
-The marine's eyes opened , squeezed shut , then opened squinted in the glare .
-The man tilted back his head and went through the pantomime of drinking from a container .
-The man leaned against a tree and wiped a sleeve across his face .
-He wanted the arrogant marine to know fear , and so he aimed above the head .
-The marine blinked , soon dropping his hand .
-He would soon die .
-Matsuo laughed , slung the rifle .
-down in the broil of the sun he was becoming dried out .
-`` You came well equipped to die '' .
-The marine came to the edge of the green jungle mist and stayed , as though debating whether to brave the sunlight .
-First he barely touched the blade on the hand which shaded the eyes .
-Matsuo hustled the rifle off his shoulder .
-but jumping right up , he staggered in no particular direction .
-around the hole , blood glistened in a little patch .
-It ended when he tumbled ; ;
-Strange .
-Matsuo shook his head .
-Gradually he reached a conclusion .
-From its holder he took his own canteen .
-Matsuo repeatedly choked down his own nausea .
-he had no use any longer for exact time , even had the watch been running .
-In one : a package of cigarettes and a tinplated lighter , both sticky from the man's bleeding .
-Drunk on sake , he must have wandered off from his bivouac .
-He dropped the knife in its scabbard , hung the rifle behind a shoulder .
-At last he reached for the knife .
-He waited in his squat , gripping the hair .
-The pockets of his jacket bulged .
-The knife , an ammunition pouch , and a half-filled bottle of purified water hung on his belt .
-`` Marine .
-`` Sake '' ? ?
-`` None for you '' .
-Reflex ? ?
-In the hush that followed the echoes , Matsuo was tense .
-The marine slumped forward into a bow like a priest before an idol .
-The jungle did not retort .
-Now and again he murmured something that ended in a giggle .
-Humiliation made Matsuo tremble .
-Awkwardly with one hand Matsuo got the cap back on the water bottle .
-Whichever the way , he would rot in this vast choking green , his wife never to receive an urn of his ashes .
-There is nothing for you '' , Matsuo said .
-The marine tried to roll on his right side , and moaned .
-I've nothing for you '' .
-Apprehensively he peered to the left , to the right into the leafy , vine-crisscrossed maze .
-whispers : he heard none of these .
-What if the marines never came ? ?
-Too bad the marine had no water .
-He aimed , but listened .
-He murmured to himself , with firmness : `` No surrender '' .
-Matsuo put the bottle to his own lips .
-The marine shut his eyes .
-Yesterday ; ;
-He performed the act twice more , and the begging in his tone grew more distinct .
-`` Your superiors will certainly beat you for your desertion , besides the dishonor of it .
-Early that day Matsuo saw a marine .
-In the caves , with other supplies , they had kept cases of sake .
-The marine spun , clapping a hand high on his chest , and dived forward .
-Matsuo walked toward his tree , once glancing back .
-The sun was noon high and Matsuo perspired until his body was dripping .
-Taking aim at the man's face , Matsuo squeezed the trigger up to the point of discharge , and then he changed his mind .
-He must have saturated himself in the drink , for the bullet not to shock him out of his drunken haze .
-As he looked up from picking at a leg ulcer , he saw a marine in the jungle across the clearing .
-The marine was sprawled some thirty yards away , one arm extended .
-With a sudden decisiveness he lurched in Matsuo's direction , crossing the meadow in a zigzagging gallop .
-They had fought from caves , and the marines resorted to burning them out .
-In China it was a baby sitting on a railroad platform , smudged , blood-specked , with the village burning about him and shells exploding .
-For a while he was content to let events develop in their good time .
-Every so often he turned the knife .
-Besides the belt he wore a loin cloth .
-Matsuo jumped when the hidden arm flopped out .
-Maintaining his clutch on the hair , Matsuo watched the closed eyes while rummaging in the jacket pockets .
-In the jungle , birds were mute , while insects preserved only the monotony of living .
-He began to uncap the bottle , the rusty cap squealing on its threads .
-With a firm grip on the man's hair Matsuo applied the blade flat on a cheek .
-Before long the atmosphere reverted to its old normalcy , and insects hummed and birds occasionally called .
-He strained his hearing .
-A signal ? ?
-The upper part of his packet had stained dark .
-Then it would be a choice between starvation and suicide .
-The sitter remained seated hugging the tree .
-He sniffed and recognized it .
-The marine was alone , for they were impatient people and by now would have vied to knock him from the tree .
-The marines let him advance .
-His fingers touched the bone handle of a knife .
-A spectacle occurred across the meadow : the lone marine took a seat on the ground ; ;
-He squatted by the head , gently placing the rifle on the ground .
-Then he astonished Matsuo by pushing and dragging himself until he sat .
-A wave of flame rippling through their cave had reached Nagamo , his friend , and with a shriek the man bolted through the entrance , then slowed to the jerky walk of a puppet , his uniform blazing .
-`` Are you a thrower of flame , marine '' ? ?
-He reminded Matsuo of a similar thing he had witnessed in China .
-Five or so minutes later the marine abruptly pulled up and stepped into sunlight , immediately throwing his hands over his eyes .
-Then there was no saying how many times the marine had blown his nose on the handkerchief .
-His superiors had said that all marines were depraved .
-His years of campaigning had taught him the value of water discipline .
-Even now , like a ringing in his ears , he heard the wooooosh of flame-throwers squirting great orange billows .
-Heat , in the sunlight , pressed in like an invisible crowd .
-Before much longer the marine quieted down .
-A shrill yelp , kicked legs , and groping hands that circled Matsuo's wrist .
-One swallow was all he would have ; ;
-He didn't smoke and could not light fires with a flintless lighter ; ;
-The marine was still .
-In the other : a wristwatch with broken crystal wrapped in a dirty handkerchief .
-The marine shouted for it until it seemed that his voice had to crack .
-Hand grenades .
-When he got closer to the tree , Matsuo noted the wild look on his face .
-He wore no head cover of any kind and , more odd , had no visible weapon .
-He was bearded .
-How stupid to give his position away .
-When he sank on his knees , they had allowed him to char without administering the stroke of mercy .
-Because he couldn't hear them , he was more convinced they were there .
-Matsuo shook his head .
-The shot reverberated in diminishing whiplashes of sound .
-One by one he tossed the objects aside .
-His superiors had also preached this , saying it was the way for eternal honor .
-While his comrades cocked the trap , that one behaved as if it was some dull maneuver .
-leaning sidewise on a tree trunk , he embraced it .
-After all , he had less reason to desire it than the marine .
-Matsuo took the small knife from its scabbard and laid it on the ground , out of the marine's reach and away from their shadows .
-The marine nodded vigorously .
-He sighed and leaned for a moment against the trunk .
-Matsuo called .
-As his feet slowed , he felt ashamed of the panic and resolved to make a stand .
-burned each hand when they came groping again .
-`` A small measure of payment , marine '' .
-So , alive .
-His comrades were all dead .
-Remembering his own thirst , Matsuo took out his water bottle .
-Only the hum of insects and the distant fluttering call of a bird .
-The man had thrown the left hand over his eyes .
-`` Come out , come out in the meadow '' , Matsuo said under his breath .
-Matsuo had faked death and was pitched on a stack of corpses , both the burned and the unburned , the latter decomposing rapidly under the tropical sun .
-Even the bone handle scorched , and he retrieved the marine's handkerchief to wrap it .
-Matsuo shook his head .
-His superiors had emphasized that marines tortured others for the sheer pleasure .
-Fresh on his mind were events of the past day when his whole regiment was destroyed in the hills .
-His head slumped .
-When he rolled on the left side , propping on his left elbow , Matsuo seized his hair and pulled him back over .
-The marine was a winehead .
-Matsuo stood up .
-He decided that the marines must be deploying around the meadow , with the one left to distract him .
-With a snakestrike motion he grasped the hair , and , twisting , pulled the marine over on his back .
-Like a mischievous boy expecting punishment , Matsuo awaited reaction from the jungle .
-Its blade was dazzling in the intense sunlight .
-Matsuo puzzled and grew anxious over the complete passiveness , concluding that he was the butt of a devilish joke .
-In the leafiest part of the tree , straddling a broad horizontal limb , he could see over the meadow .
-`` Be a good turtle '' .
-They could come on him now without difficulty .
-he was very thirsty , but he must observe water discipline .
-The bobbing head was a poor target , so Matsuo shot him in the upper trunk .
-What now ? ?
-Someone called .
-He went into a whirling dance , a sort of blind chasing of the tail .
-Of course it was water he really craved ; ;
-It was best to die fighting the marines .
-So that had been his difficulty .
-He had no water for an enemy .
-The marine reached up a hand .
-Popping upright , the marine waved both hands and shouted .
-The marine yelled and flung the hand away .
-Hush followed .
-Once and for all he'd finish this marine who would not die .
-The bullet had penetrated in the area of the right collarbone ; ;
-The cap was stuck and made a thin rusty squeaking as he applied pressure .
-The smell of sake had freshened yesterday's events in his thoughts .
-He capped the bottle and replaced it .
-Some odor made him lean over the man .
-tomorrow : no surrender .
-He had no rice .
-Matsuo lifted his rifle , easing the sling under his left upper arm for steadiness .

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-`` Maybe you and me will , girlie , but these two ain't goin' nowhere '' .
-`` Where from '' ? ?
-C'mon , buddy , help me set up the kitchen and we'll have food in a minute or two '' .
-`` A charcoal pit , man '' , he said , indicating the slightly-smoking makeshift brazier .
-These two were going to be easy pickins .
-`` Come sit '' , said Feathertop , motioning them toward him .
-`` Well , now '' , he said , and reached into his pocket .
-Hot , that was the word , hot ! !
-Ernie stared at the man .
-`` Yeah , but what're we gonna eat ? ?
-Do something '' ! !
-`` No , I don't think so '' , said the big man , and it was the final clincher for Ernie .
-Out and out and never to return again .
-The fist went down into the pile of flesh , and Ernie heard the bigger man's deeper voice go , `` Aaawww '' ! !
-He had been conning the freights for a long , long time now .
-These are just another couple of characters to roll .
-`` Bastards '' , he would say , `` all I did was put a beat to that Vivaldi stuff , and the first chair clobbered me '' ! !
-He ripped down the cellophane carefully , and laid three dogs on the tin foil .
-`` I vowed to take care of you -- and that's what I'm gonna do .
-He was big , and filthy , and his toes stuck out of the flapping tops of his shoes .
-The girl still did not raise her eyes , but she added simply , `` I'm pregnant '' .
-Cappy looked wary , but he moved off the floorboards and followed the dirty ex-musician to the center of the refuse-littered boxcar .
-He thought , Pull out of it , old son .
-Kitty screamed insanely and her face was white .
-They lapsed into silence , and the freight wallowed up a hill , scooted down the other side , shaking and clanking to itself .
-He was big .
-`` Where'd you come from , Mr. -- uh -- Mr. Smith '' ? ?
-`` Now stay with me , Kitty '' , he snapped irritably .
-He was pressed far back into the corner of the car on his hay sacks , the rattling and tinning of the wheels on the rails almost covering the sound of his ocarina .
-Feathertop was a connoisseur .
-He took the bottle with undue belligerence , and making sucking noises with his thick lips , drained it completely .
-Certainly not , I mean , no that isn't what I said '' ! !
-He liked to savor his meat before he tasted it .
-He reached once more into the carpet bag and brought up a package of wieners .
-But nowhere ! !
-`` We're going to Philadelphia '' , Kitty said , pulling her skirt down around her legs all the more .
-Cappy looked down at his wide hands , and did not reply .
-His thoughts for the swanlike neck , the full , high breasts , the slim waist , and the long legs were less than poetic , however .
-He advanced on them , and abruptly there was a shocked electricity in the car .
-The train slowed at a road crossing , and the big door slid open ; ;
-`` Come sit '' , he repeated , motioning to the piled hay bags , over the pig leavings .
-The kid hit the bigger man with an audible thwump ! !
-`` What's the matter '' ? ?
-`` None of that .
-`` And you know -- you're right '' ! !
-Nice kid , Ernie thought , too bad .
-Ever since all that .
-She looked down at her hands , too .
-He held the black plastic kazoo lightly .
-`` Oh , come on , Cappy '' , the girl chided .
-The answer came from the open door of the boxcar .
-If I'd been careful it never woulda '' -- he stopped abruptly .
-He guzzled down three-quarters of the strong home-blend and proffered the remainder .
-And carried him backward in a footballer's tackle .
-We don't know this guy '' .
-`` Yeah .
-When they had licked the last of the wieners' taste from their fingers , they settled back , and Cappy offered Ernie a cigarette .
-Ernie hesitated a moment .
-This was a slightly different matter .
-He remembered Midge , and the child .
-Joviality suffused Feathertop Ernie Cargill's voice as he reached behind him , pulling out a battered carpet bag , with leather handles .
-Ever since the hooch , and the trouble with the Quartet , and Midge and the child .
-`` No ! !
-`` Now that is a very nice , a very nice '' , he murmured to himself , back in his corner .
-But that had been a time before all this , a time he didn't think about .
-The boy yanked her back hard , tugging her off her feet , and gathered her into the crook of his arm .
-it had been a long , hot while since he'd seen anything as nice as this within grabbin' distance .
-Curly hair , high cheekbones , wide gnomelike mouth , a pair of drummer's blocky hands , and a body that said well , maybe I can wrestle you for ten minutes -- but then I'm finished .
-Not the greatest , but they stick to your belly insides '' .
-Hmm -- diddle ! !
-They went down in a heap and for a long minute there was nothing to see but flailing arms and legs .
-Her scream split up the silence of the car , accompanied by the rattling of the freight , and then Cappy came off the floor , his legs driving him hard .
-So we ran away '' .
-They couldn't have much dough , but then none of the freight-bums Feathertop rolled had much .
-`` How come you're riding the rods , kids like you '' ? ?
-He held the knife aloft an instant -- an instant enough to press the stud .
-He held his elbows away from his body , and the little sweet potato trilled neatly and sweetly as he tickled its tune-belly .
-He had suspected this guy was trouble , and now he was sure of it .
-The freight car was cold , early in the morning .
-The boy scowled at him , and the girl looked shocked .
-We haven't had anything to eat all day '' .
-He belched again , and opening his eyes , threw the bottle out the open door .
-The newcomer stalked toward them , and Kitty shied back , her hand to her mouth .
-`` What is with this vow jazz '' ? ?
-His head came up and he said it defiantly .
-The big man asked again , taking a step into the boxcar .
-But surprisingly , Kitty's face came up and she said , `` My father .
-Hair like a morning-frightened sparrow's wings , with the sun shining down over them .
-Since then , and since the pure grain had gotten him divorced from every decent -- and even indecent -- group from Greenwich Village to the Embarcadero , he had become a sucker-rolling freight-jumper .
-She pulled her legs up under her , to rise , her full peasant skirt drawing up her thighs , and Feathertop's music pfffted away .
-He had it all doped , of course .
-Zingggg-O ! !
-Slug the kid , grab his dough -- at least enough to get to Philadelphia -- and then have a rockin' ball with the doll .
-Feathertop aimed a finger at him .
-What they got , you get .
-A time before the white lightning and the bumming had turned him inside out .
-He was -- as he told himself in the vernacular of a trade no longer his own -- riding the dark train out .
-It was my fault '' .
-Ernie nodded .
-Ernie found it immensely funny .
-Road gang , Ernie thought .
-He didn't want us to get married .
-There ain't nobody askin' for your ticket stub , neither '' .
-`` Out .
-The boy lifted the girl by the waist and set her on the lip of the floor .
-I been riding train for a ways now '' .
-Real big , with shoulders out to here , and hair all over him like a grizzly .
-Feathertop inquired , lounging against the freight's vibrating wall .
-You never heard nothin' like it : Kitty's gonna go have an abortion , and Kitty's gonna go away to a convent , and Kitty's this and Kitty's that like he was nuts or somethin' , y'know '' ? ?
-`` I'm just a poor ex-jazz man , name of -- uh -- Boyd Smith '' .
-Then the boy straight-armed himself up , twisting at the last moment so he landed sitting .
-Ernie offered , taking the pint of sweet lucy from his jacket pocket .
-`` We -- we eloped '' , Cappy said .
-She started to move toward the hay bags , dragging the reluctant Cappy behind her .
-She grabbed at Feathertop's sleeve and shrieked , `` Help him ! !
-He grinned at them wolfishly .
-A little thing , but the right twist for the action that counted .
-`` You gonna give me a drink , fella '' ? ?
-`` Your fault , hell ! !
-This guy was strictly from Outsville .
-From the man who had leaped in from the high bank outside , as the train had slowed on the grade .
-It had been a very long time that had no form and no end .
-The blade came out with a snick ! !
-But not just yet .
-`` Wanna drink '' ? ?
-He mused .
-The kid showed for an instant , and his arm was cocked back .
-`` Sure '' , he said , and lifted the pint to his own lips .
-at first gratingly , caught by grains of corn -- then with a clash into its slot .
-Ernie's eyebrows went up .
-Ernie crouched and opened the carpet bag .
-`` A Kroger's self-serve '' , he explained .
-Kitty inquired politely .
-He fisted the knife overhand , and drew back to plunge it into the kid's throat .
-He took out a small packet filled with bits of charcoal , a deep pot of thin metal , some sheets of newspaper , a book of matches and a wrinkled and many-times folded piece of tin foil with holes in it .
-Then they were tumbling again , and the big man reached into the same pocket he had gone for earlier , and came up with a vicious switchblade .
-But these kids weren't like him .
-Feathertop made an elaborate motion with his hand .
-After a while , Kitty murmured something to Cappy , and he held her close , answering , `` We'll just have to wait till we pull into Philly , honey '' .
-`` Well , congratulations '' .
-`` That ain't your name , Mister '' , the boy accused .
-Almost immediately they began to sizzle .
-He cleared his throat ; ;
-He looked up and grinned .
-And besides , the chick had a little something the others didn't have .
-`` Fan it '' , he told Cappy , handing him a sheet of newspaper .
-The man stalked toward them , his big boots heavy on the wooden flooring .
-`` Oooo , square bit '' , Feathertop screwed his face up .
-`` Ah-ah '' ! !
-`` I didn't know I was gonna have company in this car '' .
-A poet , yet ! !
-Cappy raged at himself .
-That was gonna be fun collecting ! !
-Feathertop interrupted , standing up , brushing the pig offal from his dirty pants .
-`` Oh he was stupid , her old man ! !
-This character could break him in half .
-`` Yeah , seems so , don't it '' , the boy laughed , hugging her close .
-Oh crap ! !
-`` Why didn't he want you to get hitched '' ? ?
-`` Fella '' , Ernie waggled a dirty finger at the younger man , `` you try my ever-lovin' patience '' .
-Ernie asked .
-`` Hot dogs , man .
-`` I only said I was hungry .
-`` We made it , Cappy '' , the chick said .
-Now that you offer '' .
-Charcoal '' ? ?
-Now forget all this other .
-He's a nice guy '' .
-It was all my fault .
-Help him ! !
-`` I self-served '' .
-Cappy's head came around sharply .
-We run a respectable house here '' .
-The girl smiled , and started forward .
-`` What's the matter , she wanna go the bathroom '' ? ?
-`` He's okay .
-`` There ain't nothin' faster , or lonelier , or more direct than a cannonball freight when you wanna go someplace '' , Feathertop would say .
-Till one day the last freight had been jumped , the last pint had been killed , the last beat had been rapped .
-That was the day it ended .
-They whirled and saw him , standing there dim in the slatted light from the boarded freight wall .
-He threw his head back , closed his eyes , and belched ferociously .
-Why , we got dinner right here .
-`` Whyn't ya say so , fellow travelers ! !
-He put the charcoal in the pot , lit the paper with the matches , and carefully stretched the tin foil across the top of the pot .
-He was less to see , but Feathertop took him in , too , just to keep the records straight .
-After a few seconds , she said , `` Dad didn't like Cappy .
-Feathertop watched the smooth scissoring of her slim , trim legs as she walked to the bags , and tucked them beneath her , smoothing the skirt out in a wide circle .
-She snapped at him .
-This time even she did not answer .
-Ernie was screaming inside himself : No , damn you , you ain't gonna take my meal ticket away from me ! !
-`` That crap is softer over here '' .
-`` The accommodations may not be the poshest , but man ! !

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-Over his shoulder he could see Max's loose grin and the Burnsides' glowering faces .
-`` Honey '' , he whispered .
-Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy , as a mother always does when a marriage is made , did not prevent her from having the first carefree , dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley , way , way back there when they were crossing those other mountains .
-And she really tried to go a step further and say she hoped they'd be just as right as they now were for her and for Rod .
-But she couldn't , not yet .
-Seeing them waiting there at the foot of Emigrant Rock was so overwhelming that , for a good minute after they rounded the bend and started down the grade leading toward them , Matilda could not speak at all .
-Captain Clemens' signal shot sent the men hurrying to their waiting teams .
-No matter how many registry rocks they came to on this journey , each one exerted its own appeal .
-Sally left her choring to stand beside Dan .
-Mrs. Jackson's words recalled Dan to his lack of fitness for courting .
-Hez asked , who still believed they'd have them to lick .
-From then on , in keeping with the traditions they had followed since childhood , the whole group settled down to relish their food .
-Then , and only then , with the Jacksons and Dan as their true guests of honor , did the Harrows take time to catch up on the news .
-`` Reckon ye're right , Dan '' , Hez called back over his shoulder .
-Before Harmony had a chance to reply , Rod cracked his long whip over his thin oxen's backs .
-`` Me and you's trading hats so's you'll have something permanent to remember me by '' ! !
-He shouted .
-She replied .
-I can see Dan .
-Soon the child , the dog , the cat and even the cheese , all joined them out there in the circle .
-He looked down at his big hands and slowly flexed his long fingers .
-After their supper , the evening turned into a regular `` Hoe-Down '' .
-But his only hat was something else again .
-`` Golly '' , Rod exclaimed to Harmony as he dutifully stood by her side among the ringed spectators , `` don't that fiddle make you wish the Bible didn't say us Baptists can't dance '' ? ?
-Dan affirmed , feeling ten feet tall .
-`` How's Sally like rubbin' agin that thar little ticklebrush ye're a-raising '' ? ?
-Rod and Dan released their holds on the arms of her hickory rocker and exchanged embarrassed grins .
-`` Wonder what made them hurry so '' , Rod drawled , giving Dan a sly wink .
-Then , with a glory that almost wiped out the deep , downward sags in her careworn face , Matilda leaned over the wheel and shouted to Hez , who was stumbling along in the heat and the dust on the opposite side of the wagon `` Pa ! !
-And he's with the Jacksons '' ! !
-And now she could see him , looking uncommon handsome , standing there beside Sally Jackson and her folks in front of their trail-worn wagon .
-Only , they carefully substituted old country folk dances for the Virginia Reels and square dances that were so popular among more worldly trains in the great westward migration .
-Rod looked apprehensively ahead at the narrowing , precipice-walled gorge .
-Not with the memory of her folks and the lost Conestoga still holding her close .
-And she was deeply thankful that she could see her now , out there in the midst of a gay , youthful circle , skipping and singing , `` Farmer in the dell , Farmer in the dell , Heigh-ho the dairy-oh , the farmer in the dell '' .
-`` A body would swear I floated right up here on a cloud '' ! !
-`` What about Burnsides '' ? ?
-`` That wasn't nothing at all '' ! !
-But with Bill O'Connor on the fiddle , and Gran Harrow exuberantly shouting `` Glory Be '' and `` Hallelujah '' above their united chant of the lilting old ballads , they played their quaint folk games with all the fervor and abandon of a real celebration .
-`` I ain't ragging him '' ! !
-`` But honest-to-Betsy , I've seed more hair than that on a piece o' bacon '' .
-Pa ! !
-He stooped , picked up his ruined hat , and pursed his lips thoughtfully .
-`` Nate '' ! !
-`` Shucks , Gran '' , they said almost in unison .
-The wound in his scalp was examined , pronounced healing , and well doctored with simples , before they dished up the victuals .
-`` But the sun'll fry it out'n me onct we git to rolling '' .
-`` My right leg's stiff as a board this morning '' , he replied .
-Nate '' ! !
-He released her reluctantly for her enthusiastic reunion with Old Hap .
-Gran peered again at the week-old blond mustache shadowing Dan's upper lip .
-`` Nor Methodists , neither '' , she replied .
-Leaning forward in her chair , Gran nearsightedly scrutinized Dan's face .
-Jackson was doing most of the talking .
-`` They ain't even in sight '' ! !
-So long as Sally's pa was coming out best on the haggle , Dan didn't feel the need of putting in his two-bits' worth .
-At first Matilda could not believe her own eyes .
-`` I ain't going to fight you no more '' .
-Out of the corner of his eye , he could see his father's wheels beginning to turn .
-Nor could they stop and find out about all that had happened until they made circle , tended the cattle , tethered the horses , gathered fuel , carried water , and started their cooking fires .
-`` Got a lot to tend to , but I'll get back quick as I can '' , he assured her .
-`` Come spring , you'll be kicking up your heels and feeling coltish again too , gal '' .
-Already a few hardy folk from their own train were zealously chipping away at the register rocks , leaving their own records along with those made by the earlier trains .
-No sooner did they hear of Dan's injury than both Gran and Matilda went into immediate action .
-`` We'll double teams zigzagging up the mountain , Harmony '' , he spoke reassuringly , concerned by the pinched look around her mouth .
-At these words of sympathy and understanding , Harmony said generously , `` I don't mind setting here along with Gran while you go out and join in the games '' .
-By now Harmony could see that most of the adults in the train were winded and resting , or else siphoned off from the games by the challenging lure of the great cliff towering above them .
-He's got the tightest running gear in the train now .
-Soon she saw Rod and Hez moving over to join them .
-The Burnsides , now ready to roll , were purposefully deaf to his cry .
-With Rod on his way and Matilda visiting with Mrs. Jackson while they searched out familiar names on the face of the cliff , Harmony settled on the edge of the grub box , to ease the pressure of her swollen body on her bone-weary legs , and worried about all that might have happened to Sally .
-Slipping her hand in his , they silently watched the Burnsides make the bend in the road and disappear from sight .
-`` Not that it matters to me , being this far along '' .
-`` Quit ragging him , Gran '' , Rod protested .
-Dan asked Hez , who had limped back from his team to hold the notched-stick chair braces in place while his boys swung up the tailgate and tied it tight at the ends .
-Even Sally , in spite of her gaiety and obvious welcome , followed the old taboo of `` quitting the gab when wearing the nosebag '' .
-Next morning , they moved on again .
-Out in the center of the circle the farmer , who was Dan , wasted no time when they came to the line , `` The farmer choose his wife '' .
-Much as they had to look forward to , they didn't begrudge a moment of the time they spent seeing them go .
-`` Sally and her ma want to trade off on account of Harmony being so far along '' , Dan explained .
-`` From now on , Sally and me and her folks aim to give you our turn when it comes up and fall in behind you and Rod's outfit '' .
-Dan grinned , and changed the subject .
-What a spectacle he was , caked with dirt and sweat and blood , filthy as a pig and naked as an Indian , kissing the finest , the sweetest , the bravest , and absolutely the prettiest girl in this whole wonderful world .
-The two tall brothers waited silently while their mother handed Gran her cold snack and water jug , placed the chamber pot beside her feet , and returned to her place at the front of the wagon with Alice .
-Dan could hear Clayton Burnside and Eben Jackson summing up their final reckoning for rental on the oxen .
-With a swift swoop of his big arms , he grabbed Sally out of the circle surrounding him , and then kissed her soundly before setting her down so she could stand by his side while they jointly chose the rest of their `` outfit '' .
-`` My souls' a-gracious '' ! !
-His wounds need dressing now '' .
-Hez looked up at the high face of Emigrant Rock , official signboard for the Raft River turnoff , and gloated , `` Seems funny that them Burnsides never took time to leave their John-Henry up thar '' .
-Rod shifted his eager eyes from the milling group out in the circle long enough to reply , `` I ain't much of a hand for Dare-Base and Farmer-in-the-Dell , but I'd sure like to get in on the handhold and wrestles '' .
-Besides , 'tain't no more'n right for me to follow with my black oxen , so's I can unhook and pull up fast if either of you get in a pinch '' .
-`` I know you ain't '' ! !
-Rod gave her a warm pat on the shoulder before he replied .
-`` I'll shore be needing ye both on the pull out o' the canyon '' .
-`` Like enough we'll all be up on top by sundown '' .
-For Matilda , it was the first she had known in many a night .
-Soon they were all shouting greetings , exchanging smiles , and rejoicing to think that they were all back together again .
-`` Here's a present for you '' , he said , shoving his bullet-riddled hat down over Nate's purpling forehead .
-`` Nate ! !
-`` Sally '' , admonished her mother , `` you've got all evening to visit with Dan .
-Nate turned his head , attempting to speak in a soothing voice .
-She had spent too many hours looking ahead , hoping and longing to catch even a glimpse of Dan and finding nothing but emptiness .
-But even a reunion as joyous as this one did not make a break in the routines of the day .
-At the sight of Sally's happy face and carefree expression , Harmony's dark , brooding eyes quickly brightened with unshed tears .
-He bellowed to the retreating back directly in front of him .
-Even strange names seemed to make them feel closer to some kind of civilization when stumbled across out here in this wilderness .
-He moved in close , jerked the handsome , broad-brimmed beaver hat from Nate's head and clamped it on his own .
-By then Hez could see for himself , and so could the others .
-Soon as the Burnsides moved on , he'd lead Rex down by the river ; ;
-there he could shave and scrub himself up for the evening .
-From the way the wound in his head was itching , Dan knew that it would heal .
-She was glad , completely and unselfishly glad , to see that things were working out the right way for both Sally and Dan .
-If I hadn't got Nate stopped when I did , my duds'd all be shot plumb to hell ! !
-Damn it , he thought bitterly , picking up his shirt and staring at the fresh bullet hole in the sleeve .
-`` Rheumatics worse , Pa '' ? ?
-`` Soon as we send them on their way and make camp , let's you and me go for a walk down by the Snake -- all by ourselves '' .
-Gran Harrow exclaimed , watching their rippling muscles as Rod and Dan swung her up into the load .
-`` Jackson recruited his critters , and him and me fixed up his wagon while we was waiting for you to catch up .
-No sooner were they through and the guards posted , than the whole camp turned in for a night of sound sleep .
-`` Ain't no sense you eating our dust '' , Rod protested .
-The three men stepped out to the side to wait for Captain Clemens' signal .
-`` Don't reckon there's nobody out there , 'cept maybe Dan , who can outgrip me , Harmony '' .

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-`` We're going to Marshal Woods's house .
-`` I have a little job for you , Charlie .
-You killed him , didn't you '' ? ?
-Curt managed to duck beneath the man's flailing fist , and drove home a solid left to Jess's mid-section .
-`` You mean anyone who stood up for his rights '' , Curt said .
-Now start talking .
-Curt moved over beside the door and waited .
-Jess asked worriedly .
-Even Black's old crowbait began to snort , and from the house Black yelled , `` Jess ! !
-Jess caught his breath in surprise .
-If we was both armed , you wouldn't talk so tough '' .
-It was certain now that Jess was in the house , but also , presumably , was Stacey Black .
-He could hear horses moving around inside , and nothing else .
-About now he's probably having supper .
-We're going someplace '' .
-Curt circled the house and located a barn out back .
-`` Before you try anything '' , he said .
-Curt caught him flush on the nose with a blow which started at the floor .
-Turning his back , Curt crossed to the stall , reached over to untie the buckskin's halter rope , and waved his hand in the animal's face .
-`` One thing , Summers '' , Brenner said .
-He studied the problem for a few seconds and thought of a means by which it might be solved .
-A match flared , and he reached above his head to light a lantern which hung from a wire loop .
-`` Get up , Crouch .
-Tell her to hurry '' .
-Jess wasted a few seconds trying to yank them loose .
-You won't be needing this '' .
-If I don't come back in the house , Breed's going to '' --
-Horse smell was very strong , and he could hear the crunch of grain being ground between strong jaws .
-`` He found out about you and Arbuckle talking .
-Curt moved in and picked up his gun .
-Vastly relieved , Summers nodded and started toward the door .
-He reached out to pull the door shut and fasten it with a sliding bolt .
-`` Does this make it any easier , coward '' ? ?
-`` So help me , Crouch , I'd like to kill you where you stand , but , before I do , I'm going to hear you admit killing him .
-Curt followed , reaching behind him to shut the door and hook it .
-Curt was in almost as bad shape , but he wouldn't quit .
-He dropped his own beside it .
-Blood gushed from his nose , and he backed off as rapidly as he could , stumbling over his own feet in his frantic haste to get away from Curt's fists .
-Black called fearfully .
-He had found Curt's weakness , or what to Jess was a weakness , and was smart enough to take advantage of it .
-The horse continued to snort .
-''
-He slammed into the wall , bounced back , and caught Curt with a roundhouse right which sent him spinning .
-Curt , angry enough to be a little reckless , raised his hands shoulder high .
-Curt reached out and dropped Jess's pistol back into the holster .
-That long ride the four of you took must've given him a good appetite .
-`` No ? ?
-Tell her to come here to the hotel '' .
-`` What is it you want me to do , Mr. Brenner '' ? ?
-`` It's Ben Arbuckle we're going to talk about '' .
-He found a match in his pocket and lit it .
-They made Jess double over .
-You're coming along peacefully , or I'll put a bullet in your leg '' .
-He moistened his lips uneasily .
-The door swung open , and Jess said sourly , `` What the hell's the matter with you ? ?
-With a roar of pain and fury Jess made his attack .
-`` You know , Summers '' , he said thoughtfully .
-Maybe if the marshal hears this himself , it'll make a difference .
-Jess's coarse features twisted in a surprised grin which was smashed out of shape by Curt's fist .
-Summers pulled up short , and turned around .
-He had to make Jess talk , and he had to do it before Stacey Black got curious and came to investigate .
-The startled animal let out a terrified squeal and thrashed around in the stall .
-Somebody in this town must still have some backbone '' .
-`` We'll do it another way , then '' , he said harshly .
-so the pitchfork whistled over Curt's head .
-`` I heard how you outdrew Chico .
-His aim was hurried ; ;
-one with blood all over it , Arbuckle's blood '' .
-He let go of the shirt , and Jess slumped to the floor .
-Sweat bubbled out on Jess's swarthy face .
-Pain shot up Curt's arm clear to the shoulder , but Jess seemed hardly aware that he had been hit .
-As Curt had hoped , the house door banged open .
-`` Get out of here .
-I'm sure you won't mind doing me a small favor '' .
-I don't know what you're up to , but when Brenner '' --
-He started toward the stairway , then turned to add , `` Tell her to come to Adams's room , that Adams is in trouble .
-He stepped inside Jess's guard and landed two blows to the big man's belly , putting everything he had behind them .
-`` Having all the guns makes you a big man , don't it , Adams ? ?
-Tell her Curt Adams wants to see her '' .
-He opened the door and went in , pulling it shut behind him .
-`` Your trigger-happy brother isn't in the house .
-He turned and looked around at the lobby as though seeing things he hadn't before noticed .
-The buckskin bolted out of the stall .
-There was a light in Black's front room , but drawn curtains prevented any view of the interior .
-Apparently sensing this , and realizing that it gave him an advantage , Jess became bold .
-An inch lower and it would have knocked him out .
-`` It was Brenner's idea '' , Jess mumbled , dabbing at his nose .
-When several minutes had passed and Curt hadn't emerged from the livery stable , Brenner reentered the hotel and faced Summers across the counter .
-Black would have little trouble getting out , but it might delay him a few minutes .
-Curt was holding Jess's gun in his left hand .
-Couldn't I just '' -- His voice trailed off into silence .
-When his head came down , Curt grabbed him by the hair and catapulted him head first into the wall .
-His face pale , Summers headed for the street .
-Reaching across the side of the stall , he slapped the buckskin on the rump .
-There was raw fury in his eyes , and the veins of his neck were swollen .
-As he crossed to the side of the stall , Curt drew his gun and clicked back the hammer .
-Jess stiffened .
-There were two horses in the barn , a sway-backed dun and Jess Crouch's buckskin .
-Curt's fingers put a little more pressure on the trigger of his gun .
-`` Just hold it that way '' .
-What's going on out there '' ? ?
-The building shook , setting the lantern to swaying , and the buckskin to pitching again .
-`` Who's in there '' ? ?
-If someone were to drop a match in here , this place would go up like a haystack '' .
-Pistol-whipping an unarmed man might come easy to someone like Jess , but Curt couldn't bring himself to do it .
-Jess painfully got to his feet as someone rattled the door .
-He retreated a step and holstered his own .
-Brenner's voice was oily , but Summers wasn't fooled .
-He lurched drunkenly to his feet , lowered his head , and took one step away from the wall .
-Curt's visit to the livery stable had been merely a precaution in case anyone should be watching .
-He started to reach for his gun , but apparently thought better of it .
-From the back of the barn it was a simple matter to reach Black's house without using the street .
-`` You and I have a little talking to do , Jess .
-A man like Jess would want to have a ready means of escape in case it was needed .
-He moved ahead carefully , his left hand in front of him , and came to a wooden partition .
-`` I don't know nothin' about him '' .
-Curt twisted to one side , and the tines of the fork bit into the floor .
-Somewhere in the distance , a woman screamed .
-Curt wanted to get Jess alone , without interference from anyone , even as spineless a person as the store owner .
-`` Arbuckle '' ? ?
-`` It's very simple .
-Was it Dutch Brenner '' ? ?
-`` Yes sir '' .
-Again he stood in the darkness listening , but there was only the scrape of a shod hoof on a plank floor .
-He shoved Black toward the stall , and pointed his pistol at Jess .
-Presently he heard footsteps crossing the yard , and Jess's smothered curses .
-we're on even terms .
-Curt was too involved in his own problems to pay much attention .
-The tines broke off under Jess's twisting , and he swung the handle in an attempt to knock Curt's brains out .
-`` No '' ? ?
-`` Eagle's Nest ought to have a fire company .
-Curt doubted that any animal belonging to Jess would find much reassurance in its owner's voice .
-Brenner shrugged carelessly .
-You're the kind of bastard who sneaks up on a man from behind and hits him with a club .
-`` No .
-Brenner continued to smile , but his eyes were cold .
-`` Tell me about Arbuckle ! !
-I'm going to let him tell it to somebody else '' .
-Jess didn't seem too sure himself .
-I suppose you don't know anything about a piece of two-by-four , either ; ;
-`` That's the stuff '' , Curt said .
-When his eyes began to focus , he saw Jess charging at him with a pitchfork .
-He drew back his arm to slash the gunbarrel across Jess's face , but didn't finish the motion .
-He shook loose straw out of the action , and placed the gun in his holster .
-It was like hitting a sack of salt .
-`` You're not to mention my name .
-`` Where're you takin' me '' ? ?
-He paused only long enough to ascertain that Jess's buckskin was still missing and that his own gray was all right , then climbed through a back window and dropped to the ground outside .
-This dirty coward just admitted killing Arbuckle .
-`` You're staying right here for a while .
-`` We ain't got nothing to talk about .
-Curt approached the place cautiously , and watched it several minutes from the protection of a grove of trees .
-It gave Curt time to stagger to his feet .
-He slapped the buckskin again and it kicked wildly , its hoofs rattling the side of the stall .
-Curt snuffed out the match .
-`` You're about as dumb as they come , Adams .
-Leaving Jess's where it lay , he left the stall .
-`` All right , Crouch ; ;
-Now turn around so I can see your face '' .
-He wanted to show the town what happened to anyone who tried to start trouble '' .
-I just want you to take a message to Diane Molinari .
-Curt opened the door , grabbed Black by the shoulder , and pulled him into the barn .
-There was no lock on the door , only an iron hook which he unfastened .
-Probably his horse would be close to where he was hiding .
-Jess had had enough .
-Now draw '' ! !
-Jess turned .
-He backed Jess into a corner , grabbed a handful of the man's shirtfront , and drew back his right fist .
-`` Remember what happened to Gruller '' .
-By now Curt was seeing clearly again .
-`` It doesn't seem quite right , telling her a thing like that .
-Who told you to do it ? ?
-I ain't a gunslinger '' .
-Jess stumbled through the door .
-He moved up and lifted Jess's pistol out of its holster .
-Jess stared at him without answering and let his hands fall to his sides .
-I just wanted to hear you say so '' .
-`` You can forget about Brenner , too '' , Curt said .
-`` I don't know , Mr. Brenner '' , he said haltingly , beginning to get an inkling of Brenner's plans .
-The fingers of his right hand twisted into a claw , but he didn't reach for the gun .
-`` Damn you , Adams '' -- Jess was beginning to recover from his initial shock .
-`` I ain't drawin' against you '' , Jess said thickly .
-As it was , his vision blurred and for a moment he was unable to move .
-The fact that Jess's horse had not been returned to its stall could indicate that Diane's information had been wrong , but Curt didn't interpret it this way .
-Jess cursed again , and entered the barn .
-Once more he lifted Jess's gun from its holster , only this time he tossed it into the stall with the frightened buckskin .

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-At the same moment Wheeler Fiske fired the rifle Mike had given him and another guerrilla was hit .
-`` Why not you '' ? ?
-One struck the muzzle of one of the rifles that projected from the shoulder pack .
-He handed the bayonet to Dean and kept the pistol .
-The animals thundered away into the moonlight , heading for the ridges .
-The startled horses began rearing on their tethers .
-Mike turned away .
-They followed the others toward the east gate .
-One screeched .
-Shouldering the load he peered from the door .
-He picked up the powder canister and ran out .
-Durkin and Calhoun came running from the post .
-Light showed in the orderly room across the parade ground .
-`` Drag the wagons to the spring '' ! !
-Snatching the lantern from its peg , he shattered its globe with a blow against a post .
-Fiske joined them , unsteady on his feet .
-`` The way you were careful '' ? ?
-`` We'll stampede the rest .
-`` All right '' , he said .
-Then he was on his way at a gallop .
-The guerrillas realized they faced a new problem .
-They had pistols in their hands .
-`` There's no chance now of all of us getting away .
-Dean resisted Mike's attempt to push him toward the horse .
-Mike said frantically .
-`` Run 'em right into the spring ! !
-One wing stood open .
-Calhoun shouted .
-He had none here .
-Susan bounced to her feet and slammed the door .
-They realized the truth .
-Mike made a dash to the rear of the frame buildings .
-He looked at the looming hoods of the supply wagons , struck by a new inspiration .
-He handed the bayonet to Dean and kept the pistol .
-There's bound to be someone on guard , but the hat might fool them long enough for me to get close '' .
-All were carrying guns they had seized up , but they were half-clad or hardly clad at all .
-His shout had been taken up and repeated .
-He was partially uniformed in a cavalry tunic and hat .
-`` Apaches '' ! !
-It's our only chance now .
-The orderly room seemed to be deserted .
-He peered from a loophole .
-`` Stay well back of me '' , he said .
-`` Hurry ! !
-He was , in fact , showing signs of reviving .
-This time it connected solidly on the man's temple , felling him .
-A bayonet hung in a belt scabbard .
-They bawled questions that were not answered in the uproar .
-The guard stood in the shadow of the stockade wall just out of reach of the moonlight .
-Ducking inside , he found that three rifles were stacked in a corner .
-Just me '' , Mike said .
-The bullet went wide .
-Lew Durkin yelled .
-The bullet had torn through the flesh just above the knee , inflicting an ugly gash that was forming a pool of blood on the floor .
-Mike , off balance , managed to bat the muzzle away a moment before it exploded .
-Mike silenced them .
-I'll stampede the rest of these horses so they can't chase you '' .
-First , we've got to get out of here '' .
-And using him , Mike McLish , as a sop to her pride .
-Evidently this was a precaution so that mounts would be available in an emergency .
-`` There goes our grub an' ammunition '' ! !
-Mike rolled to Susan , grasped her around the knees , dragging her off her feet .
-The guerrillas were running across the parade ground and through the rear gate in the wake of the departing horses .
-`` We'll grab horses '' , Dean said .
-Mike kept walking and got within arm's reach before the man became suspicious and straightened from his lax slouch .
-`` Up you go '' ! !
-These poured through the gate and joined the flight .
-`` Are you hit '' ? ?
-`` Who's that '' ? ?
-Susan and Julia came from the door and dragged him with them .
-The iron hinges held , but the planks were in danger of being torn from the crossbars .
-He shouldered the blanket again , backed off , and tossed the lantern with its open wick beneath the wagon .
-`` Running around in the moonlight almost naked and slugging a man with a rock '' ? ?
-Mike yelled .
-Guerrillas were only a dozen yards away , charging the house .
-The three of them floundered through the door into the interior and fell in a heap .
-Someone evidently was on duty there .
-`` McLish '' , he said as he kicked the horse into motion , `` I'd be a mighty sad man if we never met again '' .
-An ammunition case stood open , containing canisters which contained powder cartridges .
-Mike passed through it and moved toward the dark mass of horses .
-Some tore entirely through the whipsawed post oak .
-`` You are very brave '' .
-Mike struck with the muzzle of the pistol .
-Bursting paper cartridges , he scattered powder beneath the nearest wagon and dumped the contents of the canister upon it .
-He turned to Susan and kissed her on the cheek .
-You might need it .
-Watch out for Apaches when it comes daylight .
-`` Is that you , Bill '' ? ?
-She too began to weep .
-He scuttled in shadow along the east wall of the stockade and then followed the south wall until he was at the rear of the two frame buildings .
-A man was standing in the open door of the lighted orderly room a few yards to Mike's left , but he , too , suddenly made up his mind and went racing to join the confused activity at the east end of the stockade .
-Dean leaned from the saddle and gave him a mighty whack on the back .
-He might say or do something foolish .
-Mike took the bayonet from Dean's hand and slashed the picket line .
-The stockade was brilliantly lighted and the guerrillas sighted him .
-`` Be careful , McLish '' ! !
-`` You're lighter than me .
-Its force spun him around , but he recovered and got into stride again .
-The roof of the command post began to buckle .
-You're the one that's taking the big chance '' .
-He lifted a screeching war whoop .
-It was pierced by a wagon gate built of two wings .
-The mudwagon had caught fire also .
-You stay with the ladies .
-The rest of us can fort up in the house and hang on until you get back .
-`` Favor him and save something in case you hit trouble .
-A sizable supply of powder had been touched off .
-About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade , as best Mike could make out in the moonlight .
-He kept going .
-`` I never felt better in my life '' , Fiske blustered .
-Mike only said , `` Later '' .
-He kissed her also , and with deep tenderness .
-Beyond the stockade rifles began to explode as some of the guerrillas fired at shadows that they imagined were Apaches .
-He located his man .
-He demanded .
-Julia , seeing the bandage , rushed to him .
-We'll still have the rifle , and I might be able to round up some more .
-Mike swung the pistol in a savage backlash .
-She breathed .
-But what few containers they found were inadequate .
-Powder flame gushed beneath the wagon .
-He crouched there .
-A voice spoke near-at-hand .
-That touched off a total stampede .
-She crouched aside as bullets beat at the portal , chewing into the planks .
-One of the wagons erupted a massive pillar of flame .
-All of you be ready to ride hell for leather '' .
-He dropped a man with the first bullet .
-He added , `` If this doesn't work out , the three of you barricade yourself in the house and talk terms with them '' .
-That halted the rush .
-Mike stripped these from him and donned them .
-The wagons were burning fiercely .
-`` You are hurt '' ! !
-He snorted .
-`` Gawdamighty '' ! !
-The guerrillas were swarming from their bivouac at the west end of the enclosure .
-The guard instinctively parried the blow with his rifle .
-The blaze was spreading to the frame buildings .
-No doubt there would be men guarding the horses .
-The wagons and the coach were beyond saving and so were the buildings .
-`` They're stealin' the stock '' ! !
-She clung to him , talking to him , and dabbing at her eyes .
-And , for the sake of Julia and Susan , it had to be tried .
-Both buildings were in flames .
-Something all of them would regret .
-`` No , but the fat's in the fire '' ! !
-A bullet tore the earth from beneath his foot when he was a stride or two from safety .
-Mike crawled to the door and peered in .
-Dean still hesitated , but Mike lifted him almost bodily into the saddle and thrust the reins in his hand .
-The guerrilla bivouac remained silent .
-The area was deserted .
-He wanted no more sentimental scenes with her .
-But the luck that had been running their way left him .
-The heat drove the guerrillas back .
-He protested .
-Susan halted Dean and kissed him .
-They dragged him inside the building .
-The guerrillas scattered for cover .
-The sentry's saddled horse stood picketed nearby , having been kept handy in case of need .
-He tried to veer the rifle around to fire into Mike's body .
-`` Dammit '' ! !
-He and Dean tied and gagged the man , using his belt and shirt for the purpose .
-Mike tested the leg and found that he was able to hobble around on it .
-Another struck him heavily in the thigh and he went down .
-`` We'll talk later .
-`` Get a bucket line going '' ! !
-Dean came rushing up .
-He turned and raced across the parade ground toward the rock house .
-Mike seized a blanket from a pallet in a corner , spread it on the floor and used it to form a bag in which he placed his booty .
-Mike snatched a pistol from the heap of scattered booty and fired .
-Try to find these Feds .
-`` Thank you , My dear '' , he said .
-Mike ran down the line , slashing picket ropes with the bayonet .
-`` The main bunch is outside , but there are some over there inside the wall '' .
-He might tell her how sorry a spectacle she was making of herself , pretending to be blind to the way Julia Fortune had taken Dean's affections from her .
-Many of them , in increasing panic , came running with water in their hats in a ludicrous effort .
-Bullets began to snap past him .
-He hovered over her to shield her , for spent bullets were thudding against the rear walls .
-Dean turned from Susan and took Julia Fortune in his arms .
-But it at least offered him a chance for living .
-Holding the pistol concealed , he walked to the rear wall of the stockade .
-He had been carrying an Enfield rifle and a holstered navy cap-and-ball pistol .
-The glow of the fire reached through the openings in the windows , giving light enough to examine Mike's wound .
-He darted inside the stockade and freed the horses there .
-`` No telling how good this horse is '' , Mike panted .
-He was thinking that the way she had responded to his own kiss hadn't meant what he had believed it had .
-Mike debated it , trying to decide whether Fiske was strong enough to ride .
-`` I'm going to walk up to the horses , bold as brass , pretending I'm one of the guerrillas .
-A brace of pistols , holstered on belts , hung from a peg , along with ammunition pouches .
-Hustle '' ! !
-Susan said fiercely .
-A lantern hung from a peg , giving light .
-Take the pistol .
-He released her and joined Mike .
-He felt unutterably weary .
-He handed the guard's rifle to Fiske .
-Mike said .
-You'll have to try it alone '' .
-The explosion of the rifle had crashed against the walls of the stockade and the deep echoes were still rolling in the hills .
-Susan and Julia ripped strips from their clothing and bound the injury .
-He said .
-Guerrillas were racing toward him .
-`` Ride '' ! !
-But it had missed the bone and had passed on through .
-The sentry was not dead .
-Hurry '' ! !
-His looting of the orderly room had taken only a minute or two and the vicinity was still clear of guerrillas .
-The guerrillas began a frantic search for pails in which to bring water from the spring .
-`` Dean and myself will try to cut out horses to ride '' , he said .
-They were tethered , army style , on stable lines .
-He set his bundle down .
-He crawled beneath the two supply wagons which stood between the buildings and peered around a corner .

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-Macklin balked again , not wanting to unlock and open the door .
-He was puffing on a cigar , and he was turning up his coat collar against the rain .
-Let Senora Brannon live in her father's house for a time .
-There was to be no gunplay .
-Brannon dismounted and climbed the steps .
-A lamp burned inside , but Brannon , peering through the window , saw that the office was empty .
-Miguel and Arturo Ramirez remained on the veranda to keep Harper from interfering .
-The seventh man was Red Hogan , a wiry little puncher with a wild streak and a liking for hell-raising .
-They trailed him across the wide hallway to the parlor , four roughly garbed and tough-looking men who probably had never before ventured into such a house .
-Supper would be ready within the hour .
-It was burning away , forgotten .
-They were silent for a little while , each looking glum .
-`` All right '' , Brannon said , rising .
-The others put on old coats or ducking jackets , whichever they carried behind their saddle cantles .
-Hank had gathered wood for a cookfire , and his wife was busy at it now .
-They reined in before the town marshal's office , a box-sized building on Main Street .
-His face was clouded with unhappiness .
-Two of the new hands , a Mexican named Jose Amado and a kid known only as Laredo , were picked for the first trick of riding night herd .
-Once the door was open , they crowded him inside the dark building .
-Ten ? ?
-Conchita nagged at the younger children , attempting without success to keep her thoughts off Tom Brannon .
-Brannon said , `` Now the key to the lockup , Marshal '' .
-They closed in fast , kept him from reaching inside his coat for his gun .
-`` We'll talk over at your office '' .
-He hardly noticed the blue-green flashes of lightning and the hard claps of thunder .
-The herd was watered and then thrown onto a broad grass flat which was to be the first night's bedground .
-`` Too much fooling around '' , he said .
-The door of the lockup was of oak planks and banded with strap iron .
-The Brannon outfit -- known as the Slash-B because of its brand -- reached Hondo Creek before sundown .
-Deputy Marshal Luke Harper still stood guard on the veranda , a forlorn , scarecrowish figure in the murky dark .
-He'd put on his old brown corduroy coat and it was already soaked .
-They escorted him down from the porch and through the rain to his office .
-I've got to take Danny away from Clayton before I lose him altogether .
-Like Luis , I can't see something like this happening to me .
-Conchita kept an eye on the twins and little Elena , trying to keep them from falling into the creek by which they persisted in playing .
-They were all good men .
-You too , Sean ! !
-They were considering it gravely , neither seeming to like what he planned .
-He'd been in an angry mood : Conchita had thought his face almost ugly with the anger in him .
-`` Maybe to have supper .
-And the boy will need his mother .
-It's here in my pocket '' .
-`` Don't start anything you can't finish '' .
-`` Maybe he's at the hotel '' .
-Tom Brannon had caught up with the outfit shortly after the Maguires joined it , which had been at midday .
-`` In my place , you'd follow such advice as you give me '' ? ?
-He looked at each of them in turn , Brannon last of all .
-It was dark early , because of the storm .
-Certainly , she wouldn't dare ask her father afterward .
-`` Maybe in a year , Tomas .
-But he felt no physical discomfort .
-`` Key '' ? ?
-`` Don't press your luck , badge-toter '' .
-Hell , in a year or five or ten , the boy will have forgotten me -- his own father '' ! !
-Brannon , you've assaulted a law officer and '' --
-If the bluff failed and they ran into trouble , Brannon had told the others , they would withdraw -- and he would come after his son another time .
-Even as she called to the children , Conchita let her gaze seek Tom Brannon .
-`` Don't get yourself killed for something that doesn't concern you '' .
-With Maria and me , there's never any problem .
-At the moment , the three men were not saying much of anything .
-Red Hogan's patience ran out .
-He was readying a batch of sourdough biscuits for the Dutch oven .
-`` Don't try it '' , Brannon told him , dismounting and starting up the steps with his men following .
-Get it out '' ! !
-Resignedly , Macklin turned to the back door .
-Finally Hernandez said , `` I could offer you advice , Tomas , but you wouldn't heed it '' .
-And Hank Maguire added , `` So am I , Tom '' .
-`` Damned if I will .
-Where I go , she goes -- and the kids with us .
-She wished that she could talk to her mother about it .
-He'd hoped to catch Jesse Macklin there .
-He'd come alone , without his wife and child .
-Elena , you'll get mud all over your dress '' ! !
-`` Every last one of you .
-`` Just come along '' , Brannon told him .
-Maybe she will then come to you .
-They crowded him in that threatening way once more , forced him to give in .
-`` And you ? ?
-The Ramirez brothers were also along .
-Conchita wondered .
-There was some idle talk , a listless discussion of this or that small happening during the day's drive .
-I am with you , of course , Tomas '' .
-`` That I can't answer , for I can't imagine something like this happening to me .
-They reined in there , Brannon remaining in the saddle while Hogan went to look for Jesse Macklin in the hotel dining room .
-But they deliberately avoided the one subject that had them all curious : the failure of the boss's wife and son to join the outfit .
-With him were Hank Maguire , Luis Hernandez , and Luis's son Pedro .
-Finally Luis Hernandez said , `` What must be , must be .
-He was uttering threats in a low but savage voice when they closed and padlocked the door .
-His face took on a sudden pallor , became beaded with sweat , and he seemed to have trouble with his breathing .
-`` But after a time away from you .
-Their presence fouled the elegance of that room .
-Lighted windows glowed jewel-bright through the downpour .
-`` And the boy will be too much under his influence by then .
-Then , as Macklin obeyed : `` Now let's go out back '' .
-They rode to the Rockfork House , a little farther along the opposite side of the street .
-`` Put your gun on the desk , Marshal '' .
-You're going to need your woman .
-He'd started a fire and put coffee on , and now was busy at the work board of his chuck wagon .
-Macklin said .
-The rest of the crew offsaddled their mounts and turned them into the remuda .
-`` I won't force Beth to come against her will .
-`` Let's go , Marshal '' , Brannon said , and took him by the arm .
-There were seven of them , enough for a show of strength -- to run a bluff .
-It especially bothered the older hands .
-During much of the fifteen-mile ride they had watched a lurid display of lightning in the sky to the east .
-But her mother would rebuke her if she mentioned it , and say that it was none of her concern .
-They followed him into the rain and across to the squat stone building fifty feet to the rear .
-Brannon said .
-Hogan got down from the saddle and had a look inside .
-He and Hogan waited by the door , one to either side .
-What would you do in my place '' ? ?
-`` Brannon , I warn you '' ! !
-It bothered her that she probably would never know .
-He held out a moment longer , then his nerve gave under the pressure .
-They tracked mud on the oaken floor , on the carpet .
-`` John Clayton will see to that '' .
-He would tell her not to pry into grownups' affairs -- as though she were a little kid like Elena ! !
-Brannon timed it so that they rode in an hour after nightfall .
-His face was stiff with anger when they let go of his arms .
-Whatever they are talking about ? ?
-`` Not there '' , he said , getting back onto his horse .
-''
-`` Now , listen '' -- Macklin began .
-He didn't want to put himself outside the law .
-He held a cigarette in his right hand .
-Later , they'd heard the rumble of thunder and then , just outside Rockfork , they ran into rain .
-He lifted the skirt of Macklin's coat , took his gun from its holster , tossed it onto the desk .
-Give her time to miss you .
-`` I don't know , Tom .
-If you take the one , you'd better take both '' .
-`` Sitting with a cup of coffee now .
-But I'm going to have my son '' .
-They had for cover both darkness and a summer storm .
-The other five Slash-B men followed them inside , crowding the small room .
-`` Can't you guess '' ? ?
-He was only vaguely aware of the sluicing rain .
-`` Get it out '' , Brannon ordered .
-No man laid a hand on him , but the threat of violence was there .
-`` She won't change her mind '' , Brannon said .
-Billie had unhitched the mules from both Tom Brannon's and his father's wagon .
-Hank shook his head .
-`` What for '' ? ?
-`` Pat , get out of that creek ! !
-`` But to take him and leave his mother behind is not good '' .
-`` We'll ride out as soon as we've had chuck '' .
-And their arrival caught John Clayton and Charles Ansley off guard .
-Brannon had no slicker .
-It was not until he moved across the porch that he became aware of them , and then it was too late .
-Brannon looked at Hank Maguire .
-It was to be nothing more than that .
-He strode past the now frightened man , entered the house .
-Five ? ?
-Its windows glowed with lamplight .
-Also because of the storm , the streets of Rockfork were deserted .
-''
-They brought to it all the odors that clung to men like themselves , that of their own sweat , of campfire smoke , of horses and cattle .
-`` We're putting you where you won't come to harm .
-With Red Hogan , he rode to the Welcome Cafe .
-He was in earnest conversation with her father and the old vaquero , Luis Hernandez .
-How long should I wait '' ? ?
-Hernandez looked suddenly uncertain .
-The others followed Brannon inside .
-As for you , Brannon '' --
-The cook , Mateo Garcia , had arrived there long before the herd .
-`` Wait a little while .
-`` I'll remember you '' , he said .
-The Maguire family was setting up a separate camp nearby .
-It was secured by an oversized padlock .
-It shouldn't be long '' .
-They returned to the street , mounted their horses , rode through the rain to the big house on Houston Street .
-He'd told Hank Maguire and Luis Hernandez about his wife's refusal to come with him and about what he now intended to do .
-Hogan reappeared , stopped on the hotel porch , lifted a hand in signal .
-Brannon was hunkered down with his broad back to the left rear wheel , with the other two facing him .
-Those who had slickers donned them .
-Red , come along .
-Hogan gripped the lawman's other arm .
-Macklin was the third man to come out , and he came unhurriedly .
-It seemed long , at least to Tom Brannon .
-Brannon shook his head .
-I won't '' --
-The rest of you wait here '' .
-Come on -- the key .
-They got tin cups of coffee from the big pot on the coosie's fire , rolled and lighted brown-paper cigarettes , lounged about .
-`` Let's hear it , anyway '' .
-They were sitting on their heels , rider-fashion , over by the still empty calf wagon .
-Maybe I should withdraw my advice -- no '' ? ?
-She wondered what had taken place in town , between him and his wife .
-`` He's finished eating '' , Hogan said .
-They moved in on him , crowded him from all sides .
-You need her even more than you need him '' .
-`` Now , hold on , damn it ; ;
-`` In a year she'll like living in Clayton's house too much to come back to me '' , Brannon said flatly .
-He came to the edge of the veranda , peered down at them with his hand on his gun .
-He swore , and said , `` All right .
-After all , you want the senora as much as you want the boy .
-`` Probably just stepped out '' , he said .
-Not that her mother knew what had happened , but they could speculate upon it .
-`` A year , Luis ? ?
-Tomas , she called him -- as the Mexican hands did .

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-Anyway , I wasn't down long enough to matter .
-I've been that far half a dozen times .
-`` Well , that's the only way to be '' , Mrs. Forsythe said , and gave her brassy laugh .
-`` Rob's not going to give up as easy as all that '' .
-It would be a colossal shame to throw away a story like this .
-`` You think I got you and Artie and Herr Schaffner all the way out here just for the boat ride ? ?
-He was frowning .
-He sloshed his drink around and drained it in a few large gulps .
-`` Our boy didn't chicken out , no sir .
-The German asked .
-`` Perhaps not in so many words '' , the German said .
-He and his safety man , Herr Schaffner , swam up to the boarding ladder together .
-Never , never did I offer him the exclusive rights .
-Fear and relief mingled in his churning emotions .
-He crossed himself again and rose .
-He took his mask from his forehead and threw it , unexpectedly , across the deck .
-We spoke of the need for advertising , and I agreed that the deep dive would be most useful for publicity .
-He asked .
-Robinson clambered heavily into the boat , sat down , and stripped off his triple-tank assembly .
-`` I do not drink so much , thank you '' .
-`` You know what they say about two deep dives in one day '' , Artie went on , still twirling the snorkle and studying it intently .
-`` Well , let's let him make up his own mind , OK '' ? ?
-went into the forward stateroom and locked the door behind him .
-`` I loused it '' , Rob said , with a savage note in his voice .
-`` I was down to 275 .
-It is not good , Mr. Waddell : you will do him great harm '' .
-Waddell had looked the man over , trying to size him up .
-crossed himself ; ;
-Aloud he had said , making conversation :
-He pressed his palms together and addressed himself to the patron saint of divers in a hurried and anxious whisper .
-He started out the door .
-Why , that's his main reason for making the dive '' .
-`` He has the distributorship for Florida , you say '' ? ?
-And when I make the dive again '' -- He paused ; ;
-`` I will give Mr. Roy his due for this dive .
-`` Well , I get it '' , Artie said , still on the ladder .
-`` Well , no '' , Herr Schaffner said .
-Make it come off all right .
-He went to Key West every fall and winter and was the only man in town who did not know that his title of `` Commodore '' was never used without irony .
-`` Nobody's giving anything up '' , Robinson said .
-`` Blessed Saint Nicholas , I thank thee for getting me out of that mess and sending me up instead of down when I was bewildered .
-`` What else '' ? ?
-Waddell came back from the door and sat on a bunk .
-You don't head back down again .
-Now I wish to enter the American market , where the competition is very strong .
-Now he was going to show how much he knew .
-It makes the diver feel drunk '' .
-`` Rob tells me he's using your Atlantis equipment on the dive '' .
-He had asked .
-I will make him distributor for all of Florida -- a big market .
-Waddell was not an eminently moral person , but he did not like what he had just heard .
-The story was shaping up nicely in his mind : the young pioneer , as of old , altruistically braving the unknown ; ;
-I came up maybe fifty feet before I knew what was happening '' .
-He went down the steps to the galley and sleeping quarters ; ;
-Old Commodore Forsythe , who had once lost a fifty-dollar bet on whether he could get both motors started and turn on the running lights without accidentally turning on something else first .
-Yes ! !
-I must have a powerful representative here , a firm with a national distribution and ten , twenty thousand dollars to advertise my products .
-But there is no use causing him to worry at this time '' .
-`` No thank you very much '' , Schaffner had answered in his accented English .
-`` At 200 , 300 , 400 feet under the water , when he must be paying very much attention , he will be thinking about what you are telling him .
-And you also got this little spark in your bird-brain that tells you to turn around before you drown yourself .
-He was disturbed by what had happened on the dive and by what he remembered of a conversation he had had the night before with the German , who had come out of the head while he was fixing himself a drink in the galley .
-As he reached for the door there was a knock on it and when he opened he found Artie , who came in and sat down on a bunk .
-I don't get it why this time I should pull such a stupid trick '' .
-Waddell asked .
-`` Please let me explain '' , the German said earnestly , his face still devoid of deceit .
-Mr. Roy is determined to make this dive .
-I'm going down again '' .
-and Robinson Roy , who had gone down this line ten minutes before to set a new depth record for the free dive , was already back on the surface .
-`` You will make him unhappy and anxious '' , the German said .
-Shaffner looked at him , altogether without guile , and shrugged his shoulders , making a little spreading gesture with his two hands .
-`` I don't think you should go down again '' .
-Waddell asked , frowning .
-With all respect to a fine young man , Mr. Roy is not able to provide these necessaries '' .
-`` I am an honest man '' , the German said with fervor .
-It can kill you .
-`` Well , I was a little bit confused .
-He stood there , towering over them all : gentle , mighty , determined , the moving force in the group ; ;
-Waddell said .
-Nitrogen narcosis .
-Whatever you tell him he will dive .
-`` Hi there , Schaffner '' , he had said .
-I like that kid '' .
-`` You know I know it '' , Robinson answered warily .
-There was the end of his front-page feature story , with byline .
-`` You intend to speak with Mr. Roy '' ? ?
-`` I have in Europe a gross business of seven million dollars the year .
-`` Excuse me '' , he said abruptly .
-`` One moment '' ! !
-`` Was it my equipment '' ? ?
-The German's words worked on the newspaperman like a reprieve from an odious duty .
-Not right away '' .
-`` That's right '' , Robinson said .
-The German courteously indicated that Robinson should mount first .
-He was most eager to make the dive ; ;
-Now , the next morning , they were anchored at The Elbow and the boat was riding directly over the underwater ledge where the green water turned to deepest blue and the cliff dropped straight down 600 fathoms , with the weighted line beside it ; ;
-`` Thank you '' , the German had said courteously .
-`` Anyway '' , Waddell went on .
-He asked .
-`` Yes '' , Herr Schaffner had said .
-Waddell had heard that he had been a commando in Rommel's Afrika Corps , and he said to himself : I'd hate to run into him in the desert on a dark night .
-He was in his early forties , rather short and very compactly built , and with a manner that was reserved and stiff despite his efforts to adapt himself to American ways .
-He ran into the rapture of the depths .
-`` Holy Mary , Mother of God , Star of the Sea , stay Thou with me on this next dive .
-Waddell muttered something about taking a look around and climbed up to the flying bridge .
-`` When I came up , damnit , I thought I was going down .
-`` No '' ? ?
-So instead I come up '' .
-`` Maybe not , if you're 200 feet under water '' , Artie said .
-His open face seemed to promise a sort of innocence , until one looked into his eyes , which had no warmth in them but only alert intelligence .
-`` Did you tell him all this '' ? ?
-Not me , anyway .
-`` I agree , yes '' .
-`` That's my boy '' ! !
-I've helped him along ever since he was a youngster hanging around his brother's tackle shop .
-and yet like a child among adults .
-I guess you're right '' .
-`` Yes '' , the German said .
-`` No , it wasn't that '' , Rob said .
-of course , I was willing .
-He was thinking , big deal : skipper on his drunken fishing parties for seven years and no better off than when I started .
-`` I was expecting it , sure .
-`` All I have to do to set the record is to go on down .
-`` The equipment was fine '' , Rob stated , standing up .
-Personally , I don't blame him for giving up the dive , much as I regret losing the story '' .
-Hell , I gave him the first decent job he ever had , six , seven -- how many years ago was it , Rob '' ? ?
-`` Well , damn '' , Waddell said .
-`` Seven years ago , Commodore '' , Rob said impassively .
-`` It's nothing to fool with .
-Now , in that same cabin , Robinson fell to his knees beside a bunk .
-He felt a good deal less shaky .
-Waddell , the newspaperman , was a fellow in his middle forties , with a graying crewcut , heavy-framed glasses , and a large jaw padded with fat .
-A note of awe came into his voice .
-Folding between his hands the cross that hung from his neck , he took his appeal direct to Headquarters .
-Waddell turned to face him .
-Now it did not occur to him even to wonder whether it was wise for Robinson to dive again : Rob was his boy , the kid he had rescued from the streets , the object of his pride .
-`` Join me in another '' ? ?
-`` At least for South Florida '' .
-`` You are a big muscle-bound ape and you got this idea about setting a record .
-Artie had picked up a snorkle and was twirling it on his forefinger .
-said a Hail Mary , slowly and with understanding .
-`` If you will pardon , I think it would be better if not .
-`` What do you mean '' ? ?
-A phony blonde hanging onto a bygone youth and beauty , but irreparably stringy in the neck , she was already working on her second gin and tonic , though it was not yet ten A.M.
-I know this from my talks with him '' .
-So you turn around '' .
-the rewards prompt and juicy in modern big-business America .
-`` Can I make you one '' ? ?
-`` He's one hell of a decent boy .
-There was no doubt that Herr Schaffner meant every word of what he said .
-`` But surely you have misunderstood Mr. Roy .
-`` You came straight up from 275 without a stop '' , Artie said .
-But there was no definite agreement about business arrangements '' .
-`` By God '' , Waddell said , `` we don't want to upset the boy at this time of all times .
-He was a huge young man of twenty-four , clothed in muscle , immensely strong , with a habitual gentleness and diffidence of manner that was submerged under his present agitation .
-Amen '' .
-He waited awhile before he said , `` Roy , you know your decompression table , don't you '' ? ?
-`` Pressure-happy '' , Artie said , and climbed in .
-He had his voice under control again : no one became aware that he was terrified by what had just happened to him .
-`` When you gotta go , you gotta go '' , Mrs. Forsythe said .
-`` And if the dive goes OK he has the exclusive import rights to your line for this country , is that right '' ? ?
-This will help him to get out of his little tackle shop .
-But when it happens to you like that , I tell you , and you're a hundred feet from where you thought you were -- well , it makes you think .
-`` Why '' , he went on , `` when Rob asked me if he could make his dive on this trip , I didn't think twice about it .
-He took a big swig of his drink .
-`` On the basis of the facts '' .
-Mr. Forsythe exclaimed .
-`` I do not drink so much '' .
-`` I think maybe you're right , Schaffner '' , he said .
-`` Was it something went bad with the breathing '' ? ?
-Herr Schaffner said .
-And make my life different and better from this time on .
-All tourists come to Florida .
-`` Temper , temper '' , Mrs. Forsythe said , laughing uneasily .
-`` But that's what he told me .
-He was a florid , puffy man in his early sixties , very natty in his yachting cap , striped jacket and white flannels .
-Let me set the record this time , and let me get back OK , so the German will give me the exclusive .
-You don't see me stretched out on the deck , do you '' ? ?
-He stared stonily at the floor .

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-Seven years they'd been married .
-It was a war of nerves , of stamina , of dogged endurance in which the stupid insistence of the British on their right to their own country became ultimately an unsurmountable obstacle to the Nazis , who were better organized and technically superior .
-And Keith's record of kills made him a man to listen to -- a man paradoxically , who might even survive .
-`` But knowing you , I know that you're glad to be alive , and grateful -- and sorry because I killed the snake , even though I had to .
-But her beauty always surprised him anew .
-`` We're all God's creatures , aren't we '' ? ?
-He stressed the wild beauty of the mountains , and the jungles .
-Mouse deer played around the feet of the elephants , or fled when the mighty legs thrashed too close .
-They came upon cheetal deer at woodland pools .
-No dates or hand-holding .
-The bomb was a solitary one .
-He enjoyed killing .
-The pretty little twittering WACS said he had the look of eagles -- and Penny , hating the cliche , had to admit that in this case it applied .
-There were fantastic flowers without perfume , and gaudy birds without song .
-But to Keith's London-bred mind , such acreage sounded rather invincible .
-But `` after the war '' was a luxury of a phrase he did not permit himself .
-They stood there , just the two of them , in the rocking , shattering blast .
-He even hunted elephant , although the Asian elephant is not quite as ferocious as his African cousin .
-This was the land of the sladang , the great water buffalo with horns forty inches across the spread .
-All of us , that is , except me .
-This time , they had been lucky .
-The bomb plunged into the ground near the Post , but not precisely into the Command room itself .
-But there are big rogues in both countries .
-Penny would not rise to his mood .
-Wing Commanders in the RAF do not imply survival in the future either in their orders or in their attitudes , to their men or to themselves .
-Peacocks strutted across their path , preening .
-Then he calmly and carefully slugged the remaining five shots into the venomous head -- caught in the wicker back of the chair , the eyes dead on him as the life finally went out of the brute .
-She was sitting on the edge of the bed again , back in the same position where the snake had found her .
-Asked Keith , his voice getting harsher in spite of himself , as he struggled to control his growing anger .
-When they got to Shillong , in Assam , he was happy .
-The Nazis knew this , of course , and while their chief quarry was the industrial centers , they let a few drop every time they went over , hoping for a lucky hit .
-He didn't tell her the truth he now freely admitted to himself .
-He smiled at her sincerity .
-You hate me , you hate my guts , because I like to hunt .
-didn't it ? ?
-And for the hundredth time that week , he was startled at her beauty .
-The RAF was Britain's weapon of attrition , and flying a fighter plane was the way her sons could serve her best at this point in the war .
-That was where he met Penny .
-The other half he didn't like to recognize , even to himself .
-Just as he knew that she had stopped loving him .
-He knew how to shoot down Nazis .
-The fear had not entirely gone from her face , but there were some other emotions now , crowding into her eyes and the lines of her mouth .
-Wild boar watched their progress with little pig eyes , and grunted derision when they didn't consider such game worthy of a shot from the .
-Keith told Penny about his dream to return to India and Burma .
-You love this village and these stinking brown people because they're God's creatures , too .
-It took a long time before the British tipped the balance .
-The great black leopards .
-The terrible power of a gun , the thing that blasted the soul out of a living body , man or beast , was one he never wanted to lose .
-Keith Sterling had looked down on the Brahmaputra more times than he could remember , during the war days when he flew over the Hump of the world , thinking it high adventure in those times before man was guiding himself through outer space .
-She came from Ohio , from what she called a `` small farm '' of two hundred acres , as indeed it was to farmer-type farmers .
-These were the ones Keith sought out -- the loners , the ones who killed for the joy of it , like himself .
-He had a war reputation , but this was the kind of man women like even without medals .
-Not defending England , or being an ace , or fighting for humanity .
-But her hands were calm , now .
-And you love Ahmiri , that black bastard of a servant even a little more , because he's a beautiful man .
-It was only then that he turned to look at Penny .
-Nowadays , we talk as though the blitz were just a short skirmish .
-He became a fighter pilot after the stint over the Hump in the big crates .
-`` All of us -- every goddam roach and worm and killer in that jungle .
-Thank you , Keith '' .
-He thought of the jungles below him , and of the wild , strange , untracked beauty there and he promised himself that someday he would return , on foot perhaps , to hunt in this last corner of the world where man is sometimes himself the hunted , and animals the lords .
-`` It was a king cobra , the largest you ever saw , and it deserved to live out its life in the jungle , didn't it ? ?
-There was a shattering , cracking sound as the concrete started to buckle , the air filled with dust and flying debris , and everyone in the room -- men and women hit the floor and used the desks as turtlebacks , as ordered .
-Not quite .
-Keith learned too much about air combat , and air killing , to be risked .
-Penny knew him better , on her part .
-Keith was snarling now .
-But there hadn't been enough time to build it for keeps .
-And , as the others began to crawl out from beneath the desks and tend to those wounded , and mark the several killed , he climbed across the debris to Penny and took her hand in his .
-For a brief period each year , the rays of the sun are warm enough to melt some of the snows piled a mile deep at the base of the headwalls , and then the pinnacles glisten in the daytime at high noon , and billions of gallons of water begin their slow seepage under the glaciers and across the rockstrewn hanging valleys on their long , meandering journey to the sea -- running east past the sky-carving massifs of Gurla Mandhata and Kemchenjunga , then turning south and curling down through the jungles of Assam , past the Khasi Hills , and into Bengal , past Sirinjani and Madaripur , until the hard water of the melting snows mingles with the soft drainage of fields and at length fans out to meld with the teeming salt depths of the Bay of Bengal .
-We're all God's creatures , aren't we , Penny ? ?
-Keith was an eagle .
-`` The snake was beautiful , wasn't it '' ? ?
-He knew her mind pretty well , by now , its quick perceptions and sympathies , its painful insistence on truth and directness , its capacity for love almost too deep for a man to reciprocate , even in part .
-But they met in one searing moment that gave them to one another instantly .
-But Keith looked down more than up .
-The body continued to lash , but now Keith used the legs of the chair to fork the loathsome , bloody mass out of the bungalow .
-That was true , but only half the truth .
-And he knew that the men talked about him behind his back , saying that he was one up on everybody else -- including the pilot of the plane with the swastika on it -- because he was chemically incapable of fear .
-I don't suppose a wife should be grateful to her husband for saving her life , but I am .
-He had strength in his six-foot frame , but it was like the tensile steel in a rapier .
-`` I realize that this is hardly the time to say it , Penny '' , said Keith .
-The Brahmaputra has its headwaters in the tableland of the world , the towering white headwalls of the Himalayas that are unknown to man as any other space on the planet .
-The chaplain married them , on the next day .
-His hair was black , already greying at the temples in the classic beauty-idiom , the only one permitted to a man .
-Penny did not answer .
-`` Yes '' , she said , almost in a whisper , as if admitting to a crime .
-Keith's eyes met Penny's as they stood there in this strange marriage of destruction .
-And he loves you because you're a beautiful woman .
-That is , everyone but Keith and Penny .
-She softly let herself into the bed , and took her regular side , away from the door , where she slept better because Keith was between her and the invader .
-You actually hate me -- and we both know it -- because I killed that filthy snake .
-Penny lowered her eyes .
-Strange .
-`` There isn't anything left to say , is there , Keith '' ? ?
-This is a paradise for hunters .
-That was his true love , not Penny .
-She's got guts , thought Keith .
-She's got more guts than any other woman in the world .
-And in the hunting land , this hunger was considered to be a noble thing .
-At first it had been just a romantic dream of his , the same as the idea of finishing Oxford after the war .
-And he would have enjoyed it just as much if he had been a Nazi .
-Now , she just sat there looking at him , without an expression except concern for him .
-He was on the thin side , with big hands , and the kind of wrists that give away the power in forearm and bicep .
-Keith was on his feet because he didn't care at all about life any more : Penny on her feet , proudly , because she cared too much .
-Isn't that so '' ? ?
-The blast damaged , but did not destroy the room .
-And while he was ever alert for game , and most particularly a tiger , Penny marvelled at the Eden they were traversing .
-They don't go for bull-like muscle , as a rule .
-''
-The Command post was underground , and well camouflaged .
-There was a measure of protection in its concrete walls and ceiling , but the engineers who hastily installed it were well aware that concrete is not much better than prayer , if as efficacious , when a direct hit comes along .
-He was aware of her as a frightfully good-looking American WAC , a second lieutenant assigned to do the paper work , ( regardless of how important she might have thought she was ) in the Command offices , but that was all .
-He heard their chattering , and then the sounds of hacking as they dismembered the snake right on the porch with wood axes .
-Penny and Keith had no romance .
-He knew she was not sulking , not even angry at him .
-The Nazis bombed Britain , so the RAF retaliated and shot them all down .
-Well , why don't you say something '' ? ?
-`` Keith '' , said Penny , `` Keith , you were wonderful .
-The Command offices were in the border country , up north , where the radar systems centralized their intelligence reports , and the fighters were dispatched to harry the enemy .
-He enjoyed the killing .
-He and Penny would go out on tame elephants , raised from babyhood in the keddah .
-This one was actually more of a `` near miss '' .
-The sambur buck , the jungle stag that is even more noble than the Scottish elk .
-He couldn't stop killing .
-It wasn't that , however , which decided them not to go to America .
-They grounded him ( over his protests -- not including his true reason for wanting to fly ) and put him in the Command offices .
-After the war , Penny had wanted Keith at least to visit her home with her .
-He slammed the door and listened as his servants ran up , alarmed at the sound of the shots .

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-Perhaps it was all a vividly conceived dream .
-But she was caught in it , and she faced the terrible possibility that , if it were a dream , it was one from which she might never awaken .
-She was bewildered .
-Unconcerned , indifferent , unmotivated , the forest was simply there -- fighting man's depredations with more abundant growth and man's follies with its own musical evening laughter .
-Then she turned the station wagon around and headed it back down the hill , with the village as her ostensible destination .
-She stood quite still , trying to focus upon a direction in which to turn , a path to follow , a clue to guide her .
-It enclosed her clammy hands and twined around her ankles .
-She could not scream , for even if a sound could take shape within her parched mouth , who would hear , who would listen ? ?
-She had been snared here by a vile sensuality that writhed around her throat in ever-tightening circles .
-Pamela felt calm and peaceful as she walked along .
-The slight flutter that had disturbed the motion of her heart when she entered the forest was gone now , and even the dim groves of trees through which she occasionally passed did not reawaken her fear .
-All of her movements were careful and methodical , partaking of the stealth of a criminal who has plotted his felony for months in advance and knows exactly which step to take next in the course of the final execution of his crime .
-She must not think about time .
-It was really quite simple .
-She did not pause to consider what she would do if her plan should fail ; ;
-It circled her thighs , exploring with its icy tentacles .
-She had to escape .
-Success depended upon maintaining her equanimity ; ;
-Perhaps it was insane , Pamela thought .
-She regarded them as signs that she was nearing the glen she sought , and she was glad to at last be doing something positive in her unenunciated , undefined struggle with the mountain and its darkling inhabitants .
-Slowly and thoughtfully , she slipped the ornament into the pocket of her slacks , moved down the stairs and out of the house .
-Her own body protested , aching painfully where the blood in her veins had congealed , where cold demon wisps still clung and caressed .
-She already knew this unwholesome , chilling atmosphere that was somehow grotesquely alive .
-A terrible chill swept through the grove .
-The earth smelled moist and pungent as it might in a cave deprived of the cleansing effect of the sun's rays .
-So simple , in fact , that it might even work -- although Pamela , now , in her new frame of mind , was careful not to pretend too much assurance .
-The shadows of the trees engulfed her , foreclosing every possible exit from the grove .
-It entered her body with the ghastly intimacy of an incubus , and its particles , spreading , creeping , crawling , joined themselves into steel bands that constricted her knees so tightly that they ached ; ;
-But she did not know which way to go .
-He had belonged to this land and , perhaps , had desecrated it -- and this was the only material symbol that remained of him .
-She looked around .
-She had the feeling that , under the mouldering leaves , there would be the bodies of dead animals , quietly decaying and giving their soil back to the mountain .
-Here , she dropped the keys on a small table beside the door and went upstairs to her bedroom .
-Pamela groped blindly .
-It was there that she would have to enact her renunciation , beg forgiveness .
-The trees huddled more closely together , their limbs and leaves intertwined in a coarse curtain against the sun .
-Perhaps she had no reason to fear these trees that whispered their secrets above her head as she passed .
-Not a breeze exactly , but a pocket of icy air that settled with a loathsome familiarity upon the deep confines of the grove , catching Pamela in a leering embrace .
-As she drove , she thought about her plan .
-Pamela was glad Jim was nowhere near .
-She seemed to have come such a long distance -- too far for her destination which had wilfully been swallowed up in the greedy gloom of the trees .
-The thought made Pamela shudder .
-stifled her lungs so that her breath came in harsh gasps ; ;
-How could he comprehend her need when he himself was innocent ? ?
-She would return this symbol to the mountain , as one pours seed back into the soil every Spring or as ancient fertility cults demand annual human sacrifice .
-She thrust forward through the shadows and the trees that resisted her and tried to fling her back .
-Where before had she felt or dreamt or imagined such a scene ? ?
-Nevertheless , she continued to move upward .
-Silence walked at Pamela's side , its presence numbingly close , yet too far for her to hear .
-After they had finished eating , Melissa took Sprite the kitten under her arm -- `` so that Auntie Grace can teach it about the whistle '' -- and climbed into the station wagon beside her mother .
-The mountainside grew steeper and she slipped once or twice on the smooth pine needles .
-Silence came into the forest -- a solid being that clapped its hand over the murmuring mouths of the birds and the whispered comfort of the trees .
-She started to brush the dirt and bits of leaves off her clothes .
-She was standing in a thick grove .
-she must be poised and proud and unafraid in order to prove to the mountain that she was in earnest .
-clutched her throat and sucked up the moisture in her mouth so that her tongue was dry and hard and stuck to the roof of her mouth and her teeth were clenched together in the rigid fixture of her jaws .
-In her grim pursuit of tranquillity , Pamela focused her thoughts on her husband .
-When the station wagon drew abreast of the dusty dirt road that led up to the porch of the Culver house , Pamela turned the wheel , guiding the car to its familiar parking spot close to the house , and stopped .
-It crawled across her breasts , suffocating the life in her nipples .
-The forest took on an impersonal aspect .
-Indian ghosts would not impinge upon his nights , nor would his days be haunted by the dimly-outlined , ill-conceived figure of her benighted ancestor .
-At one and the same time , she was within it but still searching for the drawbridge that would give her entry .
-She stumbled over the root of a tree that protruded maliciously above the earth .
-There was only one place where the mountain might receive her -- that unnamed , unnameable pool harbored in its secret bosom .
-There was a peculiar density about it , a thick substance that could be sensed but never identified , never actually perceived .
-Atonement , if atonement were possible , could only be made at that sacred , sacrificial basin .
-Facing the forest now , she who had not dared to enter it before , walked between two trees at random and headed in what she believed was the direction of the pool .
-Having persisted too long in deliberate ignorance and denial of the forces that threatened her , Pamela was relieved now to admit their potency and to be taking definite steps toward grappling with them .
-She had offered to walk , but Pamela knew she would not feel comfortable about her child until she had personally confided her to the care of the little pink woman who chose to be called `` Auntie '' .
-No wonder Melissa responded so completely to its beckoning .
-If , when this was all over , she found the words to tell him about it , she wondered if he would ever understand .
-Silence stood in front of her , waiting , and in back of her , blocking her retreat .
-A few days ago , she would have thought such an expedition as this utterly ridiculous ; ;
-Her arm bled slightly , and the offended skin cried out in pain .
-For a moment , she could not catch her breath and then , her breath returning in short , frightened spasms , she lifted herself to her feet laboriously .
-Every movement she made seemed unnecessarily noisy .
-That mistake , she thought , had cost her dearly these past few days , and she wanted to avoid falling into any more of the traps that the mountain might set for her .
-Red man or white man , pacifist or killer , the forest would accept them all -- knowing that it could thrive equally well on slaughter and beneficence ; ;
-Was it not possible , after all , that the forest was in league with her and her child that its sympathy lay with the Culvers that she had erred in failing to understand this ? ?
-bushes swished and scratched at her slacks ; ;
-If the slope grew steeper and the groves more dim , she tried not to heed .
-That was another one of those traps .
-Bushes and vines abetted the rocks in forming thorny detours for the struggling stranger , and without the direct light of the sun to act as compass , Pamela could no longer be positive of her direction .
-she directed all of her mental and physical energy toward achieving this one goal .
-On her bureau lay a small , brass ornament of simple design and faded engraving -- an object which , Pamela believed now , had been the property of her great-grandfather , Major Hiram Munroe Culver .
-The forest was open and freely welcoming , extending an enchanted hand .
-She must be cautious so as not to alert the scheming forest .
-It was a bold , dark castle of pine boughs that stood like a medieval fortress , eclipsing the sun and human time .
-In spite of her attempt to preserve her balance , she fell , bruising her arm on a naked stone .
-Does the mountain listen ? ?
-If , as she walked , her steps fumbled from time to time , she chose to ignore that omen .
-It was not , thought Pamela , such an evil place after all .
-tree branches snapped as she pushed them ruthlessly away from her .
-She remembered little of her previous journey there with Grace , and she could but hope that her dedication to her mission would enable her to accomplish it .
-they would not dare to face his scoffing .
-The trees were crowded so closely together that their branches overlapped , virtually shutting out the sun completely .
-She locked the ignition , removed the keys , stepped out of the car and went into the house .
-Pamela shook her head .
-Birds chirped and chattered in the trees and the sun , all dewy-eyed and soft , caressed her shoulders warmly from time to time .
-It did not care what sort of person prowled its woods , plucked at its bark or stripped the berries from its bushes .
-If she sensed any unusual preoccupation on the part of her mother , she did not comment upon it .
-If she , Pamela , were being held responsible for his crimes , then hers must be the final act of expiation .
-today , on the contrary , it seemed utterly reasonable .
-She had to get away from here before this demoniac possession swallowed up the liquid of her eyes and sank into the fibers of her brain , depriving her of reason and sight .
-The ground was covered with soft pine needles and the slope was gentle .
-The forest had become an alien world where she strove , alone , unprotected , unguided , to deal with whatever hindrances were offered .
-His presence would have interfered with her duty .
-His bright , daylight mind would whistle away such images ; ;
-When they reached their neighbor's house , Pamela said a few polite words to Grace and kissed Melissa lightly on the forehead , the impulse prompted by a stray thought -- of the type to which she was frequently subject these days -- that they might never see one another again .
-She had to move in some direction -- any direction that would take her away from this evil place .
-It crept into the open neck of her blouse and slid down her body , seeping into her flesh through all the quivering pores of her skin .
-Twigs cracked loudly under her feet ; ;
-knowing that its ageless mass would always dwarf the short span of time allotted to any man .
-She was sure she would reach the pool by climbing , and she clung to that belief despite the increasing number of obstacles .

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-No one was behind it , but in the rear wall of the office I noticed , for the first time , a door which had been left partially open .
-Though I doubted that he would understand me , I told the director my motives for applying .
-The hall , on the other hand , appeared lifeless and deserted on these long waterfront afternoons .
-His job simply consisted in registering new men .
-I was constantly searching for clues around the neighborhood of the hall .
-One afternoon , upon receiving permission and the necessary instructions from the clerk , I had visited the toilet adjoining the hall .
-I had signed it off on the forms .
-Now , here was something of obvious importance to me , yet when I reached for the tickets he snatched them away from my hand .
-These questions did not surprise me ; ;
-The director's office .
-When the phone rang he answered it .
-This impressed me , until I realized how limited was his sphere of influence .
-It was obvious that he wished himself different from the sort of person he thought he was .
-only the counter at one end was lighted by a long fluorescent tube suspended directly above it .
-He spoke , in a voice as immaculate as his appearance .
-This desire , I went on , growing voluble as my conviction was aroused , had mounted at such a rate recently that I now found its realization necessary not only to my physical but also to my spiritual wellbeing .
-I lived in a state of suspense because of it .
-I kept circling the block hoping to see , from the street behind it , the rear of the hall .
-under the circumstances I was only too willing to confess all .
-they somehow made me expect to see him launch into a vaudeville tapdance routine any moment .
-They , and the two large fans which I could dimly see as daylight filtered through their vents , down at the far end of the hall , could be turned on by a master switch situated inside the office .
-As I had expected , he insisted that my visits to the hall would do nothing to further the process of my application .
-It resembled nothing I'd ever seen before .
-The director came to the door .
-The sounds issuing from beyond -- winches whirring , men shouting -- indicated great activity and excited me .
-Since they could see me but I not them , their presence in the hall disturbed me .
-I could not cling to my past nor did I wish to .
-By counting the number of stalls and urinals I attempted to form a loose estimate of how many men the hall would hold at one time .
-I felt certain he was really a spineless little man .
-He wore perforated , white-topped shoes ; ;
-I decided to see no more of the clerk until the processing of my papers was completed .
-I withdrew my hand .
-He couldn't afford to have anyone mess around with them , he said .
-Having nothing else to do except wait for my forms to be processed , I gave myself over to speculations concerning the hall itself .
-He made a show of rearranging my forms on the shelf .
-Each of those tickets was of great value to its rightful recipient .
-No sooner would I turn my head away from the counter before he would address me , at times quite sharply , in order to bring back my attention .
-The river was only a few blocks away but an unbroken line of piers prevented me from seeing it .
-I went to the hall in the afternoons only , on these preliminary matters .
-The big fans were going , drawing from the large room the remnants of stale smoke which drifted about in pale strata underneath the ceiling .
-When I asked him what , if anything , I could do about it , he surprised me by referring me to the director of the hall .
-I had always , I said , hankered after working hard with my hands .
-I could observe the two fans down at the end , but their size in themselves meant nothing to me as long as I had no measure of comparison .
-Later I would remember what this pompous little man had told me about the worth of a ticket .
-Begging my pardon , he must express his astonishment over seeing a person of my background applying at the hall .
-I felt strongly attached to the hall , however , and hardly a day passed when I did not go to look at it from a distance .
-indeed , my scholastic qualifications were such that he , a college graduate himself , must envy me them .
-For although I had crossed a corner of the hall on my way to the toilet I still could not tell for sure how far to the rear the darkness extended .
-This sort of petty vigilance annoyed me .
-Large warehouses flanked the street on which the hall fronted .
-But it was not a tall structure and other buildings concealed it .
-But he came toward me sedately enough , showed me around the counter , offered me a seat inside his office , then walked to a file cabinet and got out my application .
-far from it ! !
-Meanwhile spring had passed well into summer .
-Noticing my disappointment he attempted to salvage what scraps and shreds of authority he felt might still be clinging to his person .
-) hung on a hook on the wall , and underneath it I could see his tie , knotted , ready to be slipped over his head , a black badge of frayed respectability that ought never to have left his neck .
-The morning's tabloids were on the counter , and a stack of dog-eared men's magazines .
-And I had hardly finished my business in the toilet on the aforementioned occasion when the lights in that place , like the hall lights controlled from the switch in the office , flicked off and on impatiently .
-Sometimes I was aware of people moving about in the darkness .
-I wished to prepare myself but did not even know what sort of clothes I ought to be wearing .
-He wore his white shirt open at the neck , revealing a bit of scrawny pale chest underneath .
-The clerk impressed this upon me : that I should not arrive in the hall before ten o'clock .
-Also the clerk appeared to disapprove of my frequent curious glances back over my shoulder .
-He was a man in his late forties , with graying hair , of medium height ; ;
-Drifting here and there .
-In the mornings , I was informed , fluorescent tubes , similar to the one above the counter , illuminated the entire hall .
-I did not despair , however ; ;
-I would turn away from my writing in the hope of getting a good look at them but I never quite succeeded .
-Past it I could see part part of a desk , a flag in a corner , a rug on the floor .
-he looked dapper in a lightweight summer suit , brown silk tie and green-tinted soft collar .
-His hat ( the cause of his baldness ? ?
-I was nearly thirty at the time .
-I could consult this personage on any weekday morning , though not before ten o'clock .
-He had looked over my forms and was impressed by what he had seen there ; ;
-When I went for my interview with the director I saw why .
-When he saw me coming he turned his radio off .
-When one of the men in the hall behind us spat on the floor and scraped his boot over the gob of spittle I noticed how the clerk winced .
-I was shown , instead , a batch of white tickets of the sort handed out , he told me , every morning .
-Although it was dark as usual I could see that the hall had only recently contained a great many people .
-What sort of men I would come into contact with , at the hall ? ?
-But it was not easy for him and he often slipped .
-When suitably lighted , what would it look like ? ?
-The staircase itself seemed still to be echoing the heavy footfalls of many men .
-I had felt the draft they were making while mounting the stairs .
-I returned to the hall , despite my dislike for the clerk .
-My future lay solely with the hall , yet what did I know about the hall at this point ? ?
-The pulsing glow of a cigarette .
-I had for some time been hoping , in vain , for one of the dim figures to pass between the fan vents and myself .
-This light did not penetrate very far back into the hall , and my eyes were hindered rather than aided by the dim daylight entering through the fan vents when I tried to pick out whatever might be lying , or squatting , on the floor below .
-Squatting , as if waiting .
-I rapped my knuckles on the counter .
-It sprang from a type of mentality I'd encountered often enough but certainly had not expected to find here .
-Sometimes I noticed the tops of ships' masts and funnels reaching above the pier roofs .
-I knew that three or four of them were almost always present in the hall , but what they were doing , and exactly where , I could not tell .
-Such was my state of mind that I did not question the possibility of this ; ;
-To this effect I had already severed all connections which bound me to my former existence .
-I felt certain it was self-appointed .
-Everything about the clerk was trivial .
-He spoke to me in a gruff voice , an affectation which quite belied his personality .
-Baldness was attacking his pate .
-He would pick up the ringing phone with studied negligence , then bark into it with gruff importance .
-I stopped by the counter .
-I was at once disappointed , although just what I had expected him to look like I could not have explained .
-Although I had been inside it I had not yet seen it functioning .
-It was , I felt , possible that they were men who , having received no tickets for that day , had remained in the hall , to sleep perhaps , in the corners farthest removed from the counter with its overhead light .
-His authority extended to the far edge of the counter , no further .
-Was I sure , he asked , that I knew what I was applying for ? ?
-A glimpse of three of four vague figures , at the most .
-It was dark and , I sensed , very large ; ;
-What limited knowledge he possessed he forced upon me .
-Once , pressing him , I learned that his job was only part-time , in the afternoons when nothing went on in the hall .
-None of the men hanging around the hall bothered to speak to him .
-As he lowered himself on the chair behind his desk I wondered what this dapper , slightly ridiculous man could possibly have to do with the workings of the hall .
-The clerk paid them no attention .
-For weeks I wandered about this neighborhood of warehouses and garages , truck terminals and taxi repair shops , gasoline pumps and longshoremen's lunch counters , yet never did I cease to feel myself a stranger there .
-He did not look at them now .
-At last , when I put it to him directly , the clerk was forced to admit that the delay in my case was unusual .
-He pointed out the switch to me and for a moment I foolishly believed that he would let deed follow words .
-Cigarette butts littered the floor .
-I had the impression that he had read my forms , perhaps several times .
-With distaste I saw him assume a pompous air .
-Though only a relatively short walk separated it from my own part of town , its character was wholly foreign to me .
-Why had I registered ? ?
-Its front was windowless , but irregularities in the masonry might be an indication that windows , now blinded , had once looked out upon the street .
-On a shelf in the office behind the counter was a small radio dialed permanently on a station which broadcast only vulgar commercials and cheap popular music .
-I felt certain that the director , like the afternoon clerk , seldom moved beyond the counter , that the hall , to them , was a jungle , a dark and unwelcome place .
-The presence of the two exhaust fans seemed to indicate that the hall could become crowded for air .

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-But worth waiting for .
-`` You know who the other man was '' ? ?
-It was a disturbingly familiar face , too , but I couldn't remember where we had met .
-`` Why , yes .
-`` I'll pick murder .
-She stood up , pulled the coat from her shoulders and started to slide it off , then let out a high-pitched scream and I let out a low-pitched , wobbling sound like a muffler blowing out .
-That was the new advertising angle -- something about a Lloyd's of London policy to insure the secrecy of the secret ingredient .
-I said , `` Do we know each other , Miss '' ? ?
-Would you like a drink , or coffee '' ? ?
-`` You got away , didn't you '' ? ?
-`` I forgive '' --
-She told me .
-So you'll have everything all to yourself , doggone ''
-`` Yes , indeed .
-He filled me in .
-But the scene was not the quiet , calm scene I'd expected .
-Eyes like hot honey , eyes that sizzled .
-Ah , you were splendid '' .
-There's a walk there that goes out to Quebec Drive .
-`` Don't hurry too much .
-Warmly .
-I cried .
-The PM might show he drowned instead , but that's what the once-over-lightly gives us .
-I guided her to the divan , turned off the TV , faced her .
-I looked at my watch .
-Mmmm , it sure itches '' .
-`` Oh , do forgive me .
-Lights blazed in the big house and surrounding grounds .
-He caught up with me once and grabbed me , but I was all covered with zing -- it's very slippery , you know '' .
-She was wearing nothing beneath the coat .
-`` I'm sorry .
-`` How'd you hear about this one '' ? ?
-`` Oh , you can count on that '' .
-She wouldn't be taking a cold shower .
-I could show what I can do '' .
-`` How would I know ? ?
-But suddenly those hot-honey eyes seemed to have everything but swarms of bees in them .
-`` Yes , he didn't .
-I said .
-That was all she said .
-`` Can't say yet .
-`` They were supposed to meet Thor at nine PM for a conference concerning the ad campaign for their soap , a new angle based on this SX-21 stuff '' .
-Rawlins worked out of Central Homicide and we'd been friends for years .
-Lieutenant Rawlins , one of the plain-clothesmen , spotted me and said , `` Hi , Shell '' , and walked toward me .
-Oh , yeah '' , I said .
-`` I really do have something important to tell you , Mr. Scott .
-, Inc. .
-`` And I so want the part '' , she said .
-`` Well , goodbye '' , I said .
-`` Zing '' ! !
-You'd better hurry '' .
-Then it hit me .
-But if Joyce got involved in murder or salacious scandal , the role would probably go to the sponsor's wife , Mrs. Oatnut Grits .
-`` According to Rose , he arrived here a couple minutes before nine and spotted Thor in the water , got a hooked pole from the pool-equipment locker and started hauling him out .
-She realized I'd have to notify the police , but fervently hoped I could avoid mentioning her name .
-Maybe Lou was only unconscious , but right then I thought he must be dead .
-I swam like mad , got out of the pool , grabbed my robe , and ran to the car .
-She sat quietly , staring at me from the wide eyes .
-Two uniformed officers , a couple of plain-clothesmen I knew , and two other men stood on a gray cement area next to the pool on my left .
-Doesn't it you '' ? ?
-He didn't push it ; ;
-`` No , thanks '' .
-Or at least not to Joyce .
-`` No , I remembered reading about you in the papers and that you lived here , and when it happened all I could think of was '' -- This time she stopped the rush of words herself .
-`` Yeah , I've heard more about SX-21 than space exploration lately .
-There I got my Colt Special and shoulder harness , slipped my coat on , and went back into the front room .
-The man shoved him into the water , then ran past the cabana .
-Joyce went on , `` When we'd finished , Lou -- Mr. Thor -- asked me to stay a little longer .
-As far as I was concerned , she had already and had dandily shown what she could do .
-I wouldn't have the stuff in the house .
-Their product had been endorsed by Good Housekeeping , the A.M.A. , and the Veterinary Journal , among other repositories of higher wisdom , and before much longer if you didn't have a cake of their soap in the john , even your best friends would think you didn't bathe .
-A few yards beyond the group of men , a man's nude body lay face down on a patch of thick green dichondra .
-`` Splendid .
-It wouldn't -- wouldn't seem fair , somehow '' .
-I grinned , but ignored the question .
-`` Itch '' ? ?
-`` I've done several filmed commercials for '' --
-While several yards from it , still concealed by the shrubbery , she'd seen two men on her left at the pool's edge .
-`` Tell me about the murder '' .
-`` Did leap into the pool , and didn't have anything on .
-Joyce squirmed a little on the divan .
-`` I'm starting to itch '' , she said .
-`` I couldn't agree with you more '' .
-`` That's what started all the trouble in the first place .
-`` No , I never did see his face .
-He wanted a few stills for magazine ads , he said .
-even to clean men and boys .
-Haven't we haven't I seen you .
-In fact , I was watching you on that little seventeen-inch screen when you rang my bell .
-However , when there's a job to be done , I'm a monstrosity of grim determination , I like to think .
-`` But one word at a time , O.K. '' ? ?
-`` Goodbye .
-Plus flawless skin , smooth brow and cheeks , lips that looked as if you could get a shock from them .
-`` A man was holding onto Lou , holding him up .
-She was still hugging the stained coat around her , so I said , `` Relax , let me take your things .
-The finished -- and drastically cut -- product would begin with a hazy longshot of Joyce entering the suds , then bursting above the pool's surface clad in layers of lavender lather , and I had a hunch this item was going to sell tons and tons of soap ; ;
-At the pool's far end was the little cabana Joyce had mentioned , and on the water's surface floated scattered lavender patches of limp-looking lather .
-I didn't get a good look at him at all , his back was to me , and I was so scared It was just somebody in a man's suit .
-I'll be soaking for at least half an hour '' .
-She smiled slightly .
-`` Oh , I'd love to '' .
-It'll probably be at least an hour or two before I can check back with you .
-Softly .
-Hell , she couldn't .
-`` I didn't know .
-How's it strike you , foul or fair '' ? ?
-Hot water .
-I was loaded with suds when I ran away , and I haven't had a chance to wash it off .
-I showed her the shower and tub , and she said , smiling , `` If you really don't mind , I think I'll get clean in the shower , then soak for a few minutes in your tub .
-`` The commercials have just been for money , there hasn't been any real incentive for me to do them , but in Underwater Western Eye I'd have a chance to act .
-`` That's the last one we did .
-It was fun for me , all right .
-I asked Rawlins .
-I shook my head .
-`` Soak as long as you want , Joyce .
-What's your name , anyway ? ?
-`` Sure '' .
-That was a fun one '' .
-Seeming much relieved , she smiled one of those worth-waiting-for smiles , and I smiled all the way into the bedroom .
-Actually , only two men know what the formula is , Blake and '' -- He stopped and looked at Thor's body .
-I mean , surely we've '' --
-Neither of them , I understood , had been present at the filming session earlier .
-`` Only when I do it '' .
-The water in Thor's big swimming pool had been covered with a blanket of thick , foamy soapsuds -- fashioned , of course , from zing -- Joyce had dived from the board into the pool , then swirled and cavorted in her luxurious `` bath '' while cameras rolled .
-She jerked the coat back on and squeezed it around her again , but not soon enough .
-`` You and me both , dear .
-About the murder '' .
-Did , I mean '' .
-What is the gunk '' ? ?
-I don't mean to pry , but do they hide the swimsuit with the bubbles ? ?
-She went on :
-Deputy coroner says it looks like he sucked in a big pile of those thick suds and strangled on 'em .
-Ten after nine .
-She'd driven around for a while , Joyce said , then , thinking Louis Thor would have calmed down by that time , she'd gone back to his home on Bryn Mawr Drive , parked in front , and walked toward the pool .
-Oh , dear , I'm all unstrung '' .
-I spun about and clattered through the front room to the door .
-But I'm sure the other one was Lou '' .
-She paused .
-As I went out , I could hear water pouring in the shower .
-`` I'll bet .
-I said , `` O.K. , so now only Blake knows .
-Bryn Mawr Drive is only two or three miles from the Spartan , and it took me less than five minutes to get there .
-`` You might as well wait here while I'm gone , so you can use my shower if you'd like '' .
-That always relaxes me .
-Zing was the creation of two men , Louis Thor and Bill Blake , partners in zing ! !
-It was her first smile .
-And what eyes they were .
-A call to the police had been placed from here a couple of minutes after nine P.M. , and the first police car had arrived two or three minutes after that -- 10 minutes ago now .
-In a waterfall and all that '' .
-`` Yes .
-Anyway , it was evident what he had in mind '' .
-I'm sorry '' ! !
-My lovely caller -- Joyce Holland was her name -- had previously done three filmed commercials for zing , and this evening , the fourth , a super production , had been filmed at the home of Louis Thor .
-But I'm pleased to hear '' --
-`` So I just scooted out of his clutches .
-I never wear anything at all .
-Time to go , I supposed .
-I mean : Is advertising honest ? ?
-One of my virtues or vices is a sort of three-dimensional imagination complete with sound effects and glorious living color .
-I sat by her on the divan .
-And you recognized me '' ? ?
-Man , you rang -- it was in color , too , Miss , and Miss ? ?
-`` It depends on who does it .
-There had been a good second or two during which my muffler had been blowing out , and now I was certain I'd seen her somewhere before .
-`` Murder ? ?
-Big and dark , a melting , golden brown .
-But I promised Joyce I would mention her name , if at all , only as a last resort .
-Accident , murder , suicide -- take your pick '' .
-`` He didn't '' ! !
-Her impact in the zing commercials had led to her being considered for an excellent part in an upcoming TV series , Underwater Western Eye , a documentary-type show to be sponsored by Oatnut Grits .
-Present at the scene -- in addition to the dead man , who was indeed Louis Thor -- had been Thor's partner Bill Blake , and Antony Rose , an advertising agency executive who handled the zing account .
-They'd peddled the soap virtually alone , and without much success , until about a year ago , when -- with the addition of `` SX-21 '' to their secret formula and the inauguration of a high-powered advertising campaign -- sales had soared practically into orbit .
-`` You may have seen me on TV '' , she said .
-She yelped .
-Four cars were parked at the curb , and two of them were police radio cars .
-Anything else '' ? ?
-It's a secret .
-I was so scared well , I just ran to my car and came here '' .
-She smiled .
-`` Yes , I'm still all covered with that soap .
-Everybody left and I stayed in the pool , then Lou came back alone and leaped into the pool too .
-`` I forgot '' ! !
-`` What were they doing here '' ? ?
-Shall I go on '' ? ?
-I followed a shrubbery-lined gravel path alongside the house to the pool .
-The keys were still in it , and I was miles away before I remembered that my clothes and purse and everything were still in the little cabana where I'd changed '' .
-What Joyce wanted me to do was go to Thor's house and `` do whatever detectives do '' , and get her clothes -- and handbag containing her identification .
-And he didn't have any clothes on '' .

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-Reverend Jason , looking worried , hurried toward us .
-The feathered lance was still above his head .
-Some gracefully soared from the backs of their wounded , screaming mounts to make one last defiant charge before the lead split their hearts or tore their guts .
-Montero's shot had caught him high in the chest ; ;
-Then Little Billy began shouting orders to round up the ponies and fill the water buckets and for the cooks to hurry up with the meal .
-But Oso replied calmly , `` Trouble ain't easy to dodge out in this country , rev'rend '' .
-Using his hands as a trumpet he shouted , `` Fort up ! !
-`` Let the savages kill each other .
-the square head fell over .
-They'll probably attack at dawn '' , Montero said .
-It sounded like a man kicking a melon .
-Mr. Manuel whispered in the ears of the Sioux that the Cheyennes were comin' to raid 'em for their horses .
-And here all the time you knew the Sioux would be using our rifles on them ! !
-There's a large war party on their way '' ! !
-He was riding between two warriors , who held him erect when he started to slump .
-Our camp was in the center of a wide valley .
-He brushed past the clergyman and walked into the center of the camp .
-Others , badly wounded , gripped hands in manes , knees in bellies , held on as long as possible and then , weak from ghastly wounds , slipped sideways , slowly , almost thoughtfully , to be broken under the slashing hoofs .
-It was a relief when they finally came .
-The charge , I tell you '' ! !
-The Aricaras broke under the devastating fire , wheeled and retreated .
-In my sights I watched him looming bigger and bigger .
-Lead up ! !
-Hell , they were fightin' each other so hard they had no time for anyone else .
-The circle came nearer and nearer .
-For , unlike the Sioux and the Crows , the Aricaras are not great horsemen , nor are they aggressive like the savage Blackfeet .
-He started to run but Oso's shot caught him on the wing .
-I'll shoot the first man who doesn't '' .
-They grew louder as the Indians charged again .
-I saw Little Billy rise and fire almost point blank and an Indian's face became shattered flesh and bone .
-I heard the whir of an ax and a Canadian's face burst apart in a bloody spray .
-Still , I was disgusted with myself for agreeing with Montero's methods .
-there was no doubt he was dying .
-And it's goin' to go on like this year after year until the white people take over this land '' .
-His eyes were dark , fluid , fearful , and he gave a sigh as my knife went in .
-I could see their faces glistening with sweat and bear grease , their mouths open , shouting their spine-chilling cries .
-Oso growled .
-The War Department wrote Mr. Manuel a letter and said he was a hero .
-`` Wait until my shot .
-`` Lead up ! !
-I could see them in my sights .
-He carried it in a little wallet made of fish skin '' .
-Once we get over the mountains others will come along .
-A rifle cracked ; ;
-I found his chest in my sights .
-`` That'll be a pleasure to see '' , the big black murmured as he stared down the barrel of his rifle .
-Oso slept unconcernedly , his rifle cradled in his arms ; ;
-The ponies were almost uncontrollable .
-`` Dirion found a large war party south of us .
-He jerked once in the grass and lay still .
-`` For Christ's sake , don't waste your powder on one of 'em '' ! !
-I remember being told it would happen so fast people would think it took place overnight .
-The Aricaras treated us like friends .
-I didn't catch a wink .
-28 .
-The Aricaras made one last desperate charge .
-I could smell woodsmoke , grease , and oil .
-Montero's rifle cracked .
-A small Indian dived at Montero , who caught him with a swift upward stroke of his rifle butt .
-the Rees undoubtedly would try to cut down as many of the animals as possible .
-Oso gave me an unruffled look .
-`` But that was war '' , I said .
-God , what a world you people live in '' .
-Wildly bucking horses would make the position difficult to defend against charging warriors .
-under me the ground quivered slightly .
-But a few reached our wall .
-`` Old Knife's got the largest war party ever seen on the river '' , he said calmly .
-jagged red and black medicine symbols covered his chest .
-In this country there's a war on every time the grass turns green .
-The pall of dust they raised made it difficult to see when the Aricaras charged again .
-Gray Eyes attacked our camp just as the first pink threads stitched together the hills and the sky .
-Coming over the wall he had seemed like a hideous devil .
-The morning air was filled with the sweetish odor of new-spilled blood , the acrid stench of frightened horses , and the bitterness of burned powder .
-At first they were only feathers and dark indistinguishable faces and bodies , hunched over their horses' heads .
-A horse screamed as it twisted from side to side in a frenzy .
-Again we waited for Montero .
-Buckets were filled , the herd fed and watered .
-`` No .
-Then he went on to the Cheyennes and told them that the Sioux was goin' to move up .
-At the last second I dropped my sights from the bare chest and bright red circle to the chest of his pony .
-I squeezed the trigger .
-His legs pumped furiously , his long black hair streamed out behind him .
-He was dead before he hit the ground .
-Reverend Jason was understandably bitter .
-`` Oso '' , Montero called `` I'll get Gray Eyes '' .
-Surprisingly , he had told the others what he had done .
-The worst part had been the waiting ; ;
-He did that with all the Nations .
-They were about a mile off ; ;
-Gray Eyes remained erect .
-`` That was a terrible thing to do '' , I said to Oso .
-A second leaped from his horse to the top of the bale , firing four arrows in such rapid succession it didn't seem possible they were in flight .
-The sharp cries at the end of the valley were faint .
-The cooks had prepared one of the best meals we'd had in a long time , and on Montero's orders had baked enough bread to last the day .
-Montero shouted furiously .
--- Old Knife's not the only chief he'll get to do his dirty work ! !
-There was a ragged volley .
-This time he delayed so long that some of the engages shouted frantically , but they held their fire .
-''
-Every time I closed my eyes , I saw Gray Eyes rushing at me with a knife .
-The few survivors grudgingly turned away .
-Let Old Knife come up and kill you and your people , or would you steer him on someone else '' ? ?
-At first I thought he had missed .
-He had ordered the ponies brought inside the fortified circle and had assigned Pierre and a band of picked engages the job of trying to keep them steady under fire .
-They'll be back '' ! !
-`` Anything wrong , cap'n ? ?
-Although my shot killed his horse , he rolled off the bale on top of me .
-The bullet flung Gray Eyes from his horse .
-Far up the valley I could see the Rees circling and reorganizing .
-I saw the clergyman kneel for a moment by the twitching body of the man he had shot , then run back to his position .
-Out in front of our walls the grass was covered with dead and dying men , war shields , lances , blankets and wounded and dead horses .
-`` If you're goin' to kill 'em -- ! !
-I saw the pony fall like a stone and the young warrior flew over its head , bouncing like a rubber ball .
-His face was split by a vermilion streak , his eyes were pools of white ; ;
-It had a red circle .
-I saw that letter .
-Gradually they emerged as men .
-`` I think Montero did right '' , Amy said firmly .
-That's why the British never got the tribes to fight for the King .
-That's why the Trust don't want us to make it .
-The pony herd was the one flaw in our defense ; ;
-Gray Eyes was in the lead .
-In the distance we could hear the drums and the wail of the death song .
-This time more of them hurdled the barrier .
-Montero had set up a strong position , using every bale and box we had in addition to barricades of logs and brush .
-The men seem to think so '' .
-Next to him was a young boy I was sure had sat near me at one of the trading sessions .
-Now under me I could see him for what he really was , a boy dressed up in streaks of paint .
-None of them reached our walls again .
-My God , how long is he going to wait , I thought .
-`` That's why this company's important .
-`` Gray Eyes is back , , Montero said .
-Men screamed .
-For a second , engages , cooks , voyageurs appeared struck dumb .
-Now dammit , I don't want to go into any more explanations .
-Well , talkin' ain't goin' to help -- let's fort up '' ! !
-What else he said was lost in the rattle of gunfire on all sides .
-He was naked except for a clout .
-Attack
-Other Indians were running at the ponies , shrilling and waving blankets .
-That bastard Chambers ! !
-The horses were only several lengths away when he fired .
-As he started to slump over , another warrior swung him onto his horse .
-Our rolling volley swept most of the other riders from their mounts .
-What do we care '' ? ?
-His mouth was open , his neck corded with the strain of his screams .
-although we didn't expect the attack before dawn , the long cloudy night , filled with the sounds of the industrious insects , seemed endless .
-The war captain had been badly wounded and was fighting to hold his seat .
-I could see the blood running down his chest .
-One of the warriors suddenly leaped to his feet and began running across the valley to the trees that lined the small creek .
-Before we get through he'll have the Blackfeet hankerin' for our hair and our goods .
-Oso reached up , jerked the buck from the bale and snapped his neck .
-`` What would you have done in Montero's moccasins ? ?
-Montero was shouting .
-`` You're wrong , Matt .
-As I dug in behind one of the bales we were using as protection , I grudgingly found myself agreeing with Oso's logic , especially when I imagined what would have happened to Missy if Old Knife's large party of screeching warriors had overrun our company .
-It was pitiful to see the thin ranks of warriors , old and young , wheeling and twisting their ponies frantically from side to side only to be tumbled bleeding from their saddles by the relentless slam , slam of the cruelly efficient Hawkinses .
-They poured through the opening in the valley , then spread out in a long line to come at us , brandishing their lances and filling the morning with their spine-chilling scalp cry .
-Coyotes and hunting wolves sounded like signaling Indian scouts , the whinny of a restless pony made one's skin crawl .
-`` It was a terrible thing to do .
-Above me a dark rider was whipping his pony with a quirt in an attempt to hurdle the bales .
-Those little children .
-First it was the Nations against themselves , then it was them against the whites .
-More of an agricultural nation , they have relied on their warriors only for defense and for survival in the endless wars of the plains .
-`` Hold your fire '' , Montero was shouting .
-In the brief moment I had to talk to them before I took my post on the ring of defenses , I indicated I was sickened by the methods men employed to live and trade on the river .
-`` So it wasn't the earthquake that made him return to his village '' ! !
-Reverend Jason got one , the Canadians the others .
-`` Mr. Manuel did that in the war .
-`` There's no war on now '' .
-Keep this to yourself '' .
-He shook his head .
-`` Wait for the charge ! !
-Here comes Jason .
-They all flew into action .
-Fort up ! !
-I forgot to aim .
-Kill 'em '' ! !

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-You figure it out .
-He already had that slow pace that comes over the elderly , while she herself had all the signs of one who appreciates the joys of living .
-`` I don't understand '' , she insisted .
-It was really a May and December combination .
-I must say the figure was well made up .
-I loved the city and I particularly loved the gaiety and spirit of Mardi Gras .
-A few minutes later I saw my Uncle's car drive up and a woman's figure emerge and walk to the corner .
-`` But now what '' ? ?
-`` You cheap , no good , two-timing bitch ! !
-In the half darkness I approached cautiously , making sure he did not see me .
-I was thinking about that .
-`` You cheap bitch '' ! !
-`` When I was in college '' , I grinned , `` I remember a poem I had to read in my lit class .
-In one hand he gripped firmly a parasol though there had been no indication of rain .
-Get thrown out ? ?
-And to prove what you tell him about me you suggest that he keep the date instead .
-When our eyes met the air was filled with an unuttered message of `` Me , too '' .
-If it were not that I knew who it was I could have mistaken it for my Aunt so well did her clothes fit him .
-I felt that her eyes were undressing me as if she were a painter and I a nude model .
-She raised a protesting hand with a startled air .
-My new Aunt was perhaps three or four years older than I and it had been a long time since I had seen as gorgeous a woman who oozed sex .
-As we expected , on the following day my Uncle was completely recovered and opened the store as usual at 10 in the morning .
-`` I know what we can do '' , I said .
-`` Don't worry about me .
-It did not take me long to slip the bolt securely and return to the rear and its couch .
-She looked more like twenty-five or six .
-I heard her murmur , `` We'd better lock the door '' .
-I think I have a way so we can carry on without his suspecting us '' .
-I don't even remember who wrote it but it was one of those 15th or 16th century poets .
-`` You're the man .
-`` I guess we both felt it '' .
-Her mouth , which had been so much in my thoughts , was warm and moist and tender .
-When my Uncle offered me a part-time job which would take care of my normal expenses and give me time to paint I accepted .
-The very faces of the people bore this expectation of fun and pleasure .
-He could use your clothes for a costume and a heavy veil for a mask .
-The rest of the time I devoted to painting or to those other activities a young and healthy man just out of college finds interesting .
-The cavernous depth , cluttered with antiques , echoed to her hard heels as she walked directly to the office in the rear and took the seat at his desk .
-You should -- smack ! !
-We made a rendezvous tomorrow evening at nine on some street near Lake Ponchartrain .
-those who wrote them knew people and what made people tick .
-`` He will not always be indisposed '' .
-I suspected why he brought it along .
-Sometimes I wondered vaguely what he did about women for my Aunt , by blood , had died some years ago , but neither of us said anything .
-As it is in so many affairs of the heart , a man and a woman meet and something clicks .
-Her form was silhouetted and with the strong light I could see the outlines of her body , a body that an artist or anyone else would have admired .
-There will be romance and flirtation .
-And then I became aware that she , too , glanced at me surreptitiously .
--- be ashamed of yourself .
-It was as if they could hardly wait to get into their costumes , cover their faces with masks and go adventuring .
-I bent and kissed the still pink neck and suddenly she jumped up , and her two arms encircled me in a bear-like crush .
-and , when you took a walk you never knew what adventure or pair of sparkling eyes were waiting around the next corner .
-She was standing with her back to the glass door .
-I had seen two of them and we would soon be in another city-wide , joyous celebration with romance in the air ; ;
-The artist looks at an ankle , a calf , a bosom and , in his mind's eye , the clothes drop away and he sees her as she really is .
-It will turn out all right '' .
-I myself was fond of him but what a young woman half his age saw in him was a mystery to me .
-True , she was my Aunt , married to an Uncle related to me only by marriage , but why she had married a man twice her age , and more , perhaps , I did not know or much care .
-If I even hint at it do you think it will matter that you are his nephew -- and not even a blood nephew '' ? ?
-They were married over the week-end , though he was easily sixty and she could not have been even thirty .
-I've noticed the way you've been looking at me ever since we met '' .
-this is not so , for education offers all kinds of dividends , including how to pull the wool over a husband's eyes while you are having an affair with his wife .
-I exclaimed .
-`` I don't know '' , she said .
-When she appeared at the store to help out for a few hours even my looking at her was surreptitious lest my Uncle notice it .
-You have probably experienced this .
-You get a good , loyal husband -- smack ! !
-The true artist is like one of those scientists who , from a single bone can reconstruct an animal's entire body .
-Tomorrow Mardi Gras opens officially .
-One Monday morning I saw him approach the store with a woman and introduce me to her as my new Aunt .
-the calf was magnificent , the ankle perfect .
-Even as she was telling me about it I became aware of a give-away flush that suffused her neck and moved upwards to her cheeks , and subconsciously I realized that when she entered the store she did not switch on the lights .
-How will we work it out '' ? ?
-I dismissed these feelings as wishful thinking but I could not get it out of my head that we had a strong physical attraction for one another and we both feared to dwell on it because of our relationship .
-Her legs were the full , sexy kind , full bodied like a rare wine and just as tantalizing to the appetite ; ;
-I was waiting in front of it when she showed up and told me of my Uncle's indisposition .
-She placed her palms , fingers outspread , on the desk in an odd gesture as if to say , `` Now , what next '' ? ?
-She said incredulously .
-`` By telling him you are making passes at me '' ? ?
-I was aware that when our eyes met we both quickly averted them .
-I heard subsequently that my Uncle and Aunt had dinner in a nearby restaurant in the French Quarter after which he went home to get into his costume to keep the date .
-In those days poems often told a story in verse and those boys had some corkers to tell ; ;
-or maybe she liked men old enough to be her father ; ;
-The arrangement turned out to be excellent .
-I felt that he looked at me coldly and appraisingly and seemed to be uncertain what his attitude towards me should be , but he did not say one word which might indicate that he had been told of advances to his wife .
-`` Are you trying to cut your throat '' ? ?
-You must forgive me if I seem to dwell too much on her physical aspects but I am an artist , accustomed to studying the physical body .
-And that is the way I first saw her when my Uncle brought her into his antique store .
-`` I know .
-When I show up he will know you are a good wife to have told him about it '' .
-Something clicked in this instance , but I treated her circumspectly and I felt that she knew it , for we both kept our distance .
-I thought I saw a faint surge of color rise to her neck and quickly suffuse her cheeks .
-That she impressed me instantly was obvious ; ;
-I had come to New Orleans two years earlier after graduating college , partly because I loved the city and partly because there was quite a noted art colony there .
-Too many people think that the primary purpose of a higher education is to help you make a living ; ;
-I said .
-The arrangement I had with him was to work four hours a day .
-A lot of people will roam the streets in costumes and masks , and having a ball .
-`` I guess so '' , she said .
-I was aware of a humid look in her eyes that told me the time was opportune .
-`` I don't want to be thrown out and I don't think I will .
-If it were not for an old professor who made me read the classics I would have been stymied on what to do , and now I understand why they are classics ; ;
-Even as I said it I realized that an education can be invaluable .
-Shortly before nine I drove my jalopy to the street facing the Lake and parked the car in shadows far enough away from the rendezvous corner but near enough to keep the corner in clear view .
-If you tell him I made a pass at you he might think you misunderstood something I said or did , so instead of just telling him I made a pass , say I tried to date you and that you agreed so you could prove to him what a louse I really am .
-`` What are you trying to do ? ?
-I worked for my Uncle ( an Uncle by marriage so you will not think this has a mild undercurrent of incest ) who ran one of those antique shops in New Orleans' Vieux Carre , the old French Quarter .
-When we opened the door again for business and switched on the lights she said :
-`` No '' , I chuckled , `` I'm just beginning to collect dividends on my investment in education '' .
-`` But you '' -- she began .
-Perhaps , with my Uncle , she found a measure of economic security that she needed ; ;
-some women with father fixations do .
-I quit work at my usual hour as if this day was no different from other days .
-You are both the same size .
-It is nothing you can put your fingers on but the air suddenly fills with a high charge of electricity .
-`` Tell him I made a pass at you '' .
--- and you fall for a pass by his own nephew ! !
-There was something about the contour of her face , her smile that was like New Orleans sunshine , the way she held her head , the way she walked -- there was scarcely anything she did which did not fascinate me .
-I had a one-room studio which overlooked an ancient courtyard filled with flowers and plants , blooming everlastingly in the southern sun .
-There was little likelihood of any customers walking in at that hour .
-He was looking out on the dark waters of the Lake when I came upon him and without wasting words I smacked him hard across the face .
-Why she married him I do not know .
-For several weeks we eyed one another almost like sparring partners , and then one day Uncle was slightly indisposed and stayed home ; ;
-and now I think we can use the knowledge they passed on to us .
-his bride opened the store .
-My Uncle and I were not too close socially because of the difference in our ages .
-I was standing beside her , watching the outspread palms and wondering about the old horsehair sofa against the wall on which he sometimes napped .

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-Well , maybe Manas wouldn't call .
-She set down her suitcase .
-But with her hand poem again .
-A thing he did not like doing , generally .
-`` I think the maids tipple in the afternoon '' .
-In the small gallery used as the guests' dining room , Meredith sat down at his place and , as always , began teasing the young waitress .
-His advice , his voice saying his poems , the fact that he had not so much as touched her -- on the contrary , he had put his head back and she had stroked his hair -- this was all new .
-Twenty minutes later she was at the desk of the Grafin's pension , her tears dried , signing a hotel form and asking for a bath .
-She was just not able to break the spell .
-His presence there , asleep in the grass , confirmed all that Mary Jane believed it was in his power to teach her : freedom from the tedium of needs such as hotels , the meaning of nature , how to live , simply , with the angels .
-Mary Jane might not be the most intelligent woman , but she was one of the most determined .
-And I will greatly appreciate it if you will not tell your husband .
-He half sat up and scratched at the hair on his forehead and then , more vigorously , between his legs .
-Mary Jane had made very little effort .
-`` Oh , it's that myth , about Orpheus and What is her name ? ?
-He spit .
-`` Those sweet girls ? ?
-`` His address '' , Walter added , `` is that great foundling home , the American Express .
-in reading , on platforms , even in the large auditorium of the Y.M.H.A. , Poetry Center nights , his voice was intimate , thoughtful , and a trifle shy .
-) Her Nicolas lay curled in the sun like a fawn , black hair falling over his eyes .
-Meredith's voice was always deep , with rough bass notes in it ; ;
-)
-Mary Jane took the page from him and began reading it , moving her lips with the words .
-Nicolas : `` Look , Nicolas doesn't go to bed with boys -- no sex , see ? ?
-but by a blond girl in a sweater and skirt who stood a few yards off and tenderly regarded him .
-What's its name ? ?
-Her white blond hair was clean and brushed long straight down to her shoulders .
-His new poem , a love poem , told of a young husband leading his wife upstairs to the bedroom when the lights in the house have failed .
-Mary Jane had smilingly said .
-He opened the myth book again and there ( along the margin next to Robert Graves' imaginative interpretation of the creation of the Dactyls from Rhea's fingertips ) were the names of four Munich bars and Meredith Wilder's address .
-Kissing her he whispered , several times , `` Eurydice '' .
-The bars were marked as Walter had marked them in a small black book kept in a nearly secret drawer .
-Should she wake him ? ?
-No .
-veal cutlets : `` Oh , I couldn't possibly eat all this '' ! !
-Before dinner , he shaved for the second time that day .
-Not by the 11:00 sun which had spread a warmth around his spot of grass in the English Gardens and sent him off to sleep ; ;
-Shall we allow her not to have a bath ? ?
-The voice crying in him was the voice of guilt .
-Soup : `` Only this morning '' ; ;
-The code , which had probably something to do with sex or some other interest , Nicolas was determined to find out and put to use .
-And when you get off this job tonight , well , you can gimme something to eat '' .
-He flexed his muscles for several minutes , got into the tub , and then grew self-conscious of splashing as he washed .
-The sun grew hotter as it approached the midday .
-Packing a small suitcase , informing her husband whom she found in Harry's Bar that she was taking a train to Germany to get away for a while , patting his arm , refusing a drink , getting on the train -- all this had only taken her two hours .
-And indeed , his postcard did draw from Walter a letter recommending his friend , the poet Nicolas Manas , to his friend Meredith Wilder .
-At her door , two or three hours later , Mary Jane whispered , `` Everyone is asleep '' .
-Having opened the windows onto the terrace , lit the fire , translated the motto , Meredith grinned and took down a little triplet of books bound together in old calfskin .
-It tastes a little like poppyseed .
-She confessed she was unhappy , he asked was it her husband ? ?
-It would be literary license calculated to glamorize life to say that he , oh , dropped his napkin , so startled was he by Mary Jane's beauty .
-Nicolas called on his muse , a line came back :
-`` Would you first read the poem aloud to me and then let me read it to myself '' ? ?
-He had better write a postcard to Walter .
-Dammit ! !
-The result was grace and modesty .
-She was telling herself that this might just be her reward at the end of a long meaningful search for truth .
-a smile .
-He had always known how to find a bed , and on his own terms .
-Mary Jane Lerner knew none of this .
-Meredith was irritated when the Grafin knocked at his door and told him , `` She is a great beauty ! !
-Oh you're joking .
-The husband points the steps out with his flashlight : `` Its white stare filling her pale eyes To the blind brim with appetite , Bleaching her hands that grazed my thighs And sent us from the table in surprise To let the dishes soak all night , '' ( Mary Jane asked herself if Meredith was blushing at this line , or was it the fire ? ?
-He half woke and rolled over with his face in the cooler grass .
-You shall see her at dinner '' .
-`` Dear girl '' , Walter had finally said , `` he writes me that he is sleeping in the English Gardens '' .
-Meredith's fingers slowed and stopped over a line before him : Sie lacheln , die Schwarzen Hexen .
-Mary Jane belonged to a world acquainted with small attractive hotels and pensions in all the major and minor cities .
-The third time rather urgently .
-That long night with Nicolas and marijuana in Venice had opened her eyes .
-He used the blanket for late morning naps when hosts of the night had gone off to jobs and proved reluctant to leave him in their small rooms with their few possessions .
-; ;
-Families are very interesting .
-She began to explain , `` There was this poet , in Italy '' He interrupted , `` Please don't judge all poets '' .
-Rather erotically he listened to the bath water running ; ;
-In his dream he cried , `` Slow down , for Chrissake '' ! !
-She raised her face and nodded , `` It's sweet , and very sad '' .
-But a young American has a bath next to his room and I shall ask him if you might use it this once .
-And he missed the point that the swarthy witches might be laughing at him for hoping to escape Nicolas Manas .
-He was determined to spend an industrious summer .
-He inwardly cried .
-Above a dark green skirt she wore a pale green cashmere sweater with , as he soon perceived , no brassiere beneath .
-Ballet dancer : Protests , tears , and `` take what you want , Nicolas , I am a dancer , you are a poet , it is all beautiful '' .
-when it stopped he began busily typing , sitting up in a virtuous way .
-He blew his nose expertly between his fingers .
-And then we shall see .
-He was asking had it been she who left the love note in his sheets ( she also served as maid ) when he saw the Grafin followed by a stately blond girl approaching his table .
-He belched , he stretched .
-; ;
-She didn't have the heart .
-And , as a matter of fact , Nicolas had slept in the park only part of one night , when he discovered that Munich's early mornings even in summer are laden with dew .
-Five days later , on receiving it , Meredith sat drumming his dactyls on his writing table .
-The third time rather urgently .
-Smiling , she sat down on the suitcase and waited and watched .
-'' ( The Grafin was partial to the word shall .
-Fruit compote : `` If you think I would understand it '' ; ;
-`` How like him '' ! !
-He began sweating .
-Singing into the mirror and his interested eyes , he was pleased to note , when he stripped for his own bath , that he still had the best part of his Italian sun tan .
-But with her hand softly on his cheek for a last moment , she closed the door and he went back down the hall and into his bed excited , expectant , and finally faintly grinning with the feel of her hand against his mouth .
-`` Squaresville , man , and all the palazzos are crummy Palasts '' .
-His four weeks in Italy had turned into nearer three months .
-The menace of Manas gradually faded as Meredith asked himself should he translate it , ' How the dark fates laughed ' ? ?
-Her eyes had opened , she had caught a glimpse of a new faith .
-Nevertheless , there is no bath .
-His hand was large and square and heavily tanned .
-Or , more rhythmically , ' The swarthy witches are laughing ' ? ?
-So if all these beers was to get me in bed , man , you just spent a lot of money '' .
-Wine : `` Then you were typing poems this afternoon '' ? ?
-'' For the last half hour Mary Jane had criss-crossed half the length of the Gardens and , at last , come upon her knight .
-In the bedroom before the husband and wife find their way to the bed , the lights go on : `` In dull domestic radiance I watch her staring face , still blind , Start wincing in obedience To dirty waters , counters , pots and pans , Waiting below stairs , in her mind '' .
-Perhaps her eyes were larger and more of a summer blue for all they had seen and wept that day .
-Should she wake him ? ?
-Meredith began falling in love .
-Opening these he brought out a schnapps bottle and small gold thimble-sized glasses hidden inside it .
-`` What a beautiful room .
-His nose was tickled .
-The Grafin , who was charmed by her , told her , `` Your sister who was here two years ago has quite dark hair .
-He had returned to the pension a week ago .
-He sneezed .
-She repeated `` Eurydice '' .
-She had touched her face , truly a noble and pure face , only with a lip salve which made her lips glisten but no redder than usual .
-Like as if it were built of books '' .
-As she was rather tired this evening , her simple `` Thank you for the use of your bath '' -- when she sat down opposite him -- spoken in a low voice , came across with coolnesses of intelligence and control .
-A card to Walter would get him an introduction to this Meredith , and that might be good for something .
-Her heart , her maternal feeling , in fact her being was too busy expressing itself , as quietly thrilled by this sight of her Nicolas curled asleep under a blanket , in a park like a scene from Poussin .
-Actually , she is a sad beauty , I believe .
-Steinhager '' She whispered Steinhager to herself , several times , memorizing it .
-I can never pronounce it '' .
-They smiled .
-Mary Jane got up , quietly , and walked away .
-The next day he was gone .
-She had retreated to this world .
-But Nicolas , too , was being interrupted , that morning .
-( Would she have been able to had she known that the blanket belonged to a young ballet dancer Nicolas had found his first night in one of Walter's marked bars ? ?
-Now , he was just in the late poems of Holderlin and therefore had most of the nineteenth century before him -- plus next semester's class preparation .
-To this meek conjugation Nicolas had replied , `` O.K. I can use this blanket .
-This was surely a reunion in art , it was all that poetry promised .
-Yet he did drop his badinage with the ordinary country girl as much in deference to the Grafin as acknowledgement that here , indeed , was something special .
-That ought to draw a laugh , Nicolas reasoned , as he stored the line away on the wax tape that was his mind .
-Even so , it took her several days to force Walter to tell her Nicolas's whereabouts .
-They finished the small bottle of Steinhager .
-Nicolas was dreaming he had his head pressed against the dashboard of a speeding car .
-She had arrived this morning and come straight to the English Gardens .
-) But he read on .
-They discussed the way people never tell each other the things on their minds .

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-It was a straight , solid , once-in-a-lifetime shot ; ;
-The man said , backing up a step , still looking down .
-The slightest twitch would have parted the shoe entirely from the foot , yet the toes were still inside .
-The laces were broken at the bottom of the eyelets but there was still a bow knot at the top .
-Whenever he saw someone lying in the dirt , Ramey wondered what the person had been thinking and he would try out thoughts in his own mind .
-Ramey smiled but he thought to himself , I always see me too .
-Just see it '' .
-The truck routes , the industrial areas with walls grimed with diesel smoke passed briefly through his mind -- back alleys were their access to a city and they could never stay .
-Them's brains '' .
-`` I'd like to know just which it is that those guys don't understand , the liquor or automobiles '' .
-It was a trick they used to try and conceal their identity when they followed trucks to check their speed .
-The two men in overalls stood just behind the blonde-headed man .
-he laid all four knuckles in between the man's cheekbone and his chin .
-Their work was lonely .
-It had always seemed strange to Ramey that to disguise himself as a tourist , an ex-truck driver like Horsely would merely pick something outlandish and put it on his head .
-`` Don't '' .
-Slender and tanned , her dark brown hair was drawn straight back , simply .
-The patrolman said to no one in particular as he pushed between the fat man in the baseball cap and a young boy in levis .
-`` You seen him yet '' ? ?
-For a moment his hatred toward drunken or careless drivers softened .
-The insurance man informed them that he had talked to Crumley who was all right and that he would watch the men's personal effects until they towed the rig back to town .
-`` I guess he spent the morning getting himself all organized , then headed for home .
-Somehow the thought of a simple man bewildered by things no one had ever really helped him understand moved the driver .
-`` There's a body you won't mind looking at '' , Benson said and they stopped .
-The girl looked around quickly at several of the people .
-He moaned and pulled the hand away .
-Anyway , he doesn't deserve to lie there in the sun and be stared at .
-`` What happened '' ? ?
-There was nothing in particular on the man's face .
-Her glance swung past the trailer where the two drivers were standing .
-All the drivers knew about the plates and they also knew about the big floppy straw hat with shredded edges , the kind natives in travel ads wear when they are out joyfully chopping cane .
-Ramey said nothing .
-With this realization , sometimes , he saw himself as he looked down .
-The man brought one hand up slowly and the fingers fumbled across his face until he touched his mouth .
-She begged .
-His brown face looked gray from dirt streaks where his hand had come off the dusty pavement and rubbed across it .
-Some of the ruddiness was gone from his face and he stared at Ramey .
-He walked straight up to the man sitting on the ground and bent over to look at him .
-It's all over now , the driver thought as he saw the patrolman turn and walk rapidly down along the trailer toward them .
-`` Ever see yourself spread out on the pavement , Benny '' ? ?
-`` Mough -- it's my mough '' , the man said , trying to talk without moving his lips .
-The girl kneeled by her husband with one arm at his back .
-A shine in her eyes suddenly became tears and she turned back to her husband again .
-Benson moved his arms , gesturing with an unfamiliar vigor and talking rapidly .
-She began to watch a blonde-haired man , also in shorts , standing right at the rear of the wrecked car in the one spot that most of the crowd had detoured slightly .
-The man seemed to sink a little as Ramey brought the tire iron down on his shoulder and it seemed that the blonde head was turning as he hit the man again , with his fist .
-The two drivers moved closer .
-Even yet there was no realization in his eyes .
-It was simply a matter of curiosity , a natural right to examine .
-Horsely , an agent on the east end , wore the hat , trying to look like a tourist .
-The girl took a couple of steps toward the man in shorts when Benson , in that barefoot courtliness Ramey could never decide was real , said , `` You don't want to go around there , Ma'am '' .
-She wore shorts and a loose terry-cloth shirt .
-The girl looked around at the countryside .
-She said , her voice rising .
-Ramey heard a cry from the girl and felt a slight pain somewhere in his hand .
-What had caught his attention was obscured by the car itself , so that neither the girl nor the truck drivers could see , but Benson knew what it was .
-He hadn't done it this time and he would never again hit anyone so hard .
-He stared at the shining , shining circles of hairs and heard the voice of his partner through trees , `` Don't do that , fella .
-Ramey caught a glimpse of the insurance man .
-The feeling subsided , it was only a small yearning .
-He wore tennis shorts and a white sweater with a red V at the neck , the sleeves pushed above the elbows .
-Behind Ramey feet scraped beneath sharp questioning whispers .
-`` Not exactly .
-`` What's she doing in this bunch '' ? ?
-Ramey's fist and the air expelled from the man's collapsing cheek made a hollow pop in the air like cupped hands clapping together .
-She might have been someone he had once loved .
-The man took two short steps backward then sat down heavily on the pavement .
-one of his hands flattened out on the pavement and supported him .
-`` What outfit does she drive for '' ? ?
-Never Benny .
-`` What's this '' ? ?
-`` He wasn't in the car '' , Ramey said .
-Every so often the diminishing sound of a car came under the trailer as it slowed down for the wreck then speeded up again as it got clear .
-The man had spoken only once .
-Maybe to beat up on his squaw '' .
-Ramey could hear the crowd coming up rapidly behind him and the questioning voices coming over his shoulder had no identity or importance to him .
-He did not look around .
-`` What does he want , a spoon '' ? ?
-Someone said .
-After what seemed several seconds , the open mouth grew dark inside then blood began to ooze from it .
-An incoherent , puzzled sound came from the red mouth .
-Maybe he was only doing the best he knew how , like any of us .
-`` But what is it '' ? ?
-He chatted with Ramey and Benson for a minute or so in the meager shade of the trailer .
-With Ramey it was a dusty work shoe that was half-off the Indian's foot that he would always remember .
-It made only a tiny bump over the two men like a tire over a piece of gravel then moved on .
-Maybe the Indian wasn't too much at fault , Ramey thought .
-Seeing her caused a lurch in Ramey , a recognition .
-Benson said .
-Benson said , and Ramey wondered how close their thoughts might have been .
-As he watched the man sit suddenly , a detached part of his mind observed how very difficult it was , really , to knock a man off his feet .
-Ramey watched him coming with a vision as clean as the glare on the metal sides of the trailer .
-Benson said to Ramey .
-She had driven up with her husband in a convertible with Eastern license plates , although the two drivers knew nothing at the moment about that .
-Then she saw Ramey and her face was misshapen with bewilderment .
-None of the crowd had stepped forward to help .
-The girl stopped but did not turn her head or acknowledge that someone had spoken to her .
-`` If you want to see something , he's back on the other side by the trunk of the car '' .
-`` Too long a waiting line '' , Ramey answered , pretending to joke .
-Ramey heard the words again inside , weakened , the way moving water sounds through a grove of trees , until he was not sure whether it was sound or light-headedness pressing in his ears .
-One tiny detail in a happening can clog the memory and stick like meat in a crooked tooth , while the rest of the occurrence will go hazy and uncertain .
-Benson looked up and saw Ramey's long head tilt forward to rub his chin on the stiff edge of the overall bib .
-`` Can you hear , can you talk to me '' ? ?
-`` Why did you do it -- why did you hit him '' ? ?
-Benson grinned and flipped a rock with his thumb like a marble .
-The sneaker reached out once more to tap against the mass and Ramey's vision darkened except for an unreasonable clarity of the man's leg .
-The man stood near the bent levi-clad body of the Indian who lay face down almost under the car .
-Ramey reached out with the tire iron and dislodged a chunk of mud that was caked on the spare tire rack .
-The man said .
-A few minutes later the insurance man , a road checker , drove up in the gray coupe with license plates on it from a far-away state .
-`` Nope , just you , all the time -- sometimes I think it's the only way I'll ever get a decent partner '' .
-He turned and bent over the body of the Indian .
-No one seemed to know for sure what had happened , nor was there any purpose or responsibility in the muttering feet and urgent voices behind the driver , beyond finding out .
-Ramey saw sunlight touch the curly blonde hairs on the brown skin .
-When they were ready to leave , Benson and Ramey walked back around the rear of the trailer .
-His arms hung like empty shirt sleeves , and his mouth was slightly open .
-`` He's hurt '' ! !
-There was a gentle concern in Benson's voice .
-Sometimes they just parked at the side of the road and used radar on the trucks as they passed .
-Then he would realize they were really things that only he himself could think .
-Ramey looked down and saw the white sneaker at the bottom of the man's tanned leg cautiously nudge a bit of folded , blood-flecked substance lying by itself on the pavement .
-He said to his partner .
-Ramey swung and caught the man just to the left of his mouth .
-`` He's dead , isn't he '' ? ?
-His words were mostly to himself .
-`` All right , step back '' ! !
-`` You all right '' ? ?
-He turned and looked at them with clear blue eyes , immaculate eyes .
-A woman's voice said , and then he heard a sort of wail from the man's wife .
-The man on the ground began to move ; ;
-How would you ever see her again ? ?
-`` You didn't go clear around '' , Benson said .
-He had never seen her before , but now he thought of the manner in which he and Benson went in and out of the cities , at each end of their run .
-He was very tanned -- big hands might have torn him from a Coca-Cola poster .
-The man said with a tone of impatience .
-He saw the dark sweat spots flip in and out of sight under the patrolman's swinging arms and in the leather holster that swaggered and rolled at the side of his stocky body , the sun left a smoky shine on the narrow strip of blue metal that ran between the horned handles of his pistol .
-Blood dripped down the front of his sweater , soaking into a dark streak of dirt that ran diagonally across the white wool on his shoulder , as though the bright V woven into the neckline had melted , running a darker color .
-`` You mean dream '' ? ?
-With a thoughtful look , the man sat on the pavement , legs straight out in front of him .
-Ramey looked around and caught sight of his partner near the front end of the wrecked truck talking to the patrolman .
-But what is it ? ?
-Benson said , referring to the Indian .

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-The rustling problem was by no means solved .
-Rumors of the offer Tom Horn had made at the Stockgrowers' Association meeting had leaked out by then , and as a grand jury investigation of the murder got underway , the prosecuting attorney , a Colonel Baird , ordered that the tall stock detective be summoned for questioning .
-And he collapsed and died instantly .
-His land had never been plowed .
-He had done his rustling openly and boasted about it .
-`` Three shots in that fella 'fore he hit the ground ! !
-A bullet smashed directly into the center of William Lewis' chest .
-The company herds were being raided less often , and cabins and soddies all over the range were standing deserted .
-) Rumor had it he slipped two small rocks under each victim's head as a sort of trademark .
-When Fred Powell's brother-in-law , Charlie Keane , moved into the dead man's home , the anonymous letter writer took no chances on Charlie taking up where Fred had left off and wasted no time on a first notice :
-`` I'll be ready next time '' ! !
-They wouldn't o' stood no chance with you in a plain , straight-out shoot-down '' .
-The tall sunburnt rustler-hunter stared in amazement .
-A good many beef-hungry settlers were accepting the death of William Lewis as proof that the warning notes were not idle threats .
-Once again , Tom Horn was the first and most likely suspect , and he was brought in for questioning immediately .
-No man's name brought more cheers when it was announced in a rodeo .
-`` But well , it just don't seem sportin' somehow '' ! !
-For that legend was growing explosively , Rumor was insisting he received a price of $600 a man .
-Not even an empty cartridge case could be found .
-After walking out to his corral that morning , he'd been amazed to see the dust puff up in front of his feet .
-( The best evidence is that he received a monthly wage of about $125 , very good money in an era when top hands worked for $30 and found .
-He had his chance the very next morning , for exactly the same thing happened again .
-He evidently couldn't foresee that it might be his downfall in the end .
-Even in the very area where the shooting had been done , cattle were still disappearing .
-If you don't leave this country within 3 days , your life will be taken the same as Powell's was .
-There had been no sign of a rifleman and no track or trace to show that anyone had been near .
-The small half-heartedly tended fields of men who'd spent more time rustling cattle than farming were lying fallow .
-This time Lewis had his own rifle in his hands , and he threw some answering fire back at the mysterious far-off shot , then spent most of the day searching out the area .
-`` Dead center at three hundred yards , that coroner said '' ! !
-The exception was an Iron Mountain settler named William Lewis .
-The former scout's alibi couldn't be shaken .
-Powell gasped .
-`` And I sort o' got a corner on the market '' .
-He had lots of friends , then as always .
-Tom Horn was soon back at work , giving his secret employers their money's worth .
-An inquest was held , and after a good deal of testimony about the anonymous notes , the county coroner estimated that the shooting had been done from a distance of 300 yards .
-)
-For the unseen , ghostlike rifleman aimed a little higher the third time .
-The lesson had been learned .
-Jury , judge and executioner were riding the range in the form of a single unknown figure that could materialize anywhere , at any time , to dispense an ancient brand of justice the men of the new West had believed long outdated .
-I found a trooper once the Apache had spread-eagled on an ant hill , and another time we ran across some teamsters they'd caught , tied upside down on their own wagon wheels over little fires until their brains was exploded right out o' their skulls .
-He looked around in surprise , then noticed that Fred Powell was clutching his chest .
-Andy Ross had just started swinging an ax at his second willow when the distant blast of a rifle sounded .
-But he brought back the sheriff and several deputies , and to the lawmen the entire affair seemed a repetition of the Lewis killing .
-`` Sportin' '' ! !
-But he had found all of the thickets and points of cover deserted .
-Publicly , he denied everything .
-`` Sportin' '' ! !
-He exploded .
-`` Well '' , he explained , `` s'posin' you was a nester swingin' the long rope ? ?
-You reckon there's two men in this state can shoot like that '' ? ?
-There were no tracks of either hoofs or boots .
-He immediately rode on to Cheyenne , threw a ten-day drinking spree and dropped some very strong hints among friends .
-He echoed again in soft wonder .
-For three straight years , Tom Horn patrolled the southern Wyoming pastures , and how many men he killed after Lewis and Powell ( if he killed Lewis and Powell ) will never be known .
-But the day of the deadline came and passed , and the men who had scoffed at the warnings laughed with satisfaction .
-Which would you be most scairt of -- a dry-gulchin' or a shoot-down '' ? ?
-But that indictment was never made .
-But to the cattlemen who had been facing bankruptcy from rustling losses and to the cowboys who had been faced with lay-offs a few years earlier , he was becoming a vastly different type of legendary figure .
-He heaved the dead man onto the buckboard , yelled and lashed at the team and got out of there fast .
-All through Albany and Laramie counties , other men were doing the same .
-He had made himself the personification of the Devil to the homesteaders .
-`` That's all I ask '' ! !
-He never got that chance .
-He raged .
-`` Tom '' , a friend asked him once , `` how come you bushwhacked them rustlers ? ?
-Ross had no intention of searching for the assassin .
-The hired man ran over to help his boss .
-He made their spreads his headquarters , and he helped out in their roundups .
-He'd mounted up immediately and raced with a revolver ready toward the spot from which he'd estimated the shot had come .
-`` I'll be shootin' right back '' .
-A detailed scouring of the entire area revealed nothing beyond a ledge of rocks that might have been the rifleman's hiding place .
-I heard o' Texas cattlemen wrappin' a cow thief up in green hides and lettin' the sun shrink 'em and squeeze him to death .
-The wailing , guitar-strumming minstrels of the cattle kingdom made up songs about him .
-For men who had left cattle alone after getting their first notices had received no second .
-Once again , he shook his head , kept his face expressionless and his voice very calm , and had a strongly supported alibi ready .
-For less than a dozen miles from the unplowed land of the dead man lived another settler who had ignored the warnings that his existence might be foreclosed on -- a blatant and defiant rustler named Fred Powell .
-The author of the anonymous notes seemed to be all-knowing .
-For a blood-chilling ring of terror to the very sound of his name was the tool he needed for the job he'd promised to do .
-`` Everyone knew it , but he sort of acted like he didn't care who knew it -- even after them notes came , even after he'd heard about Lewis , even after he'd been shot at a couple o' times hisself '' ! !
-By 1898 , rustling losses had been driven down to the lowest level ever seen in Wyoming .
-On the morning of September 10 , 1895 , Powell and Ross rose at dawn and began their day's work .
-Even as he became widely known as a professional killer , nearly every cowboy and rancher in Wyoming seemed proud to call him a friend .
-But there were other homesteaders who passed the Lewis murder off as a personal grudge killing , the work of one of his neighbors .
-One thing was certain -- his method was effective , so effective that after a time even the warning notices were often unnecessary .
-He hadn't even pretended to be farming his spread .
-It took some time to locate Horn .
-Harnessing a team to a buckboard , they drove out to a willow-lined creek about a half-mile off , then climbed down and began chopping .
-William Lewis made the rounds of all who lived near him again , that August morning after a bullet landed at his feet , and once more he accused and threatened everyone .
-He had cursed at them and threatened them .
-A split second later , the distant crack of a rifle had sounded .
-For , with a single exception , nothing had happened to them .
-This was the message found tacked to the cabin door .
-It is possible , although highly doubtful , that he killed none at all but merely let his reputation work for him by privately claiming every unsolved murder in the state .
-Haying time was close at hand , and they needed some strong branches to repair a hay rack .
-Lewis was a man who had made a full-time job of cow stealing .
-He slumped against a log fence rail , then tried to lift himself .
-`` I seen a lot o' things in my time .
-No cow thief could count on a jury of his sympathetic peers to free him any longer .
-For Tom Horn , it turned out , had a number of rancher and cowboy witnesses ready and willing to swear with straight faces that he had been in Bates Hole the day of the killing .
-( A detailed search of old coroner's reports fails to substantiate this in the slightest .
-`` My reputation's my stock in trade '' , Tom mentioned more than once .
-`` Exterminatin' cow thieves is just a business proposition with me '' , he'd blandly announce .
-`` Yeah , I can see that '' , the friend was forced to agree .
-The authorities had to release him .
-Such ranchers as Coble and Clay and the Bosler brothers carried him on their books as a cowhand even while he was receiving a much larger salary from parties unknown .
-The examples were plain .
-It is also possible , but equally doubtful , that he actually shot down the hundreds of men with which his legend credits him .
-`` My God , I'm shot '' ! !
-But there's one thing I never seen or heard of , one thing I just don't think there is , and that's a sportin' way o' killin' a man '' ! !
-Later , riding in for some lusty enjoyment of the liquor and professional ladies of Cheyenne , he laid claim to the killing with the vague insinuations he made .
-Prosecutor Baird immediately assumed he was hiding out there after the shooting and began preparing an indictment .
-Two more shots followed in quick succession , dropping him limp and huddled on the ground .
-He was a man , those neighbors testified later , who didn't have a friend in the world .
-He'd grin .
-After the first two murders , the warning notes were rarely ignored .
-He was finally found in the Bates Hole region of Natrona County , two counties away .
-He found nothing , but he still refused to give up and move out .
-The mere fact that the tall figure with the rifle and field glasses had been seen riding that way was enough to frighten three rustling homesteaders out of the Upper Laramie country in a single week .
-`` Just let me meet up with that damned bushwhackin' coward face-to-face '' ! !
-`` Fred was mighty crude about the way he took in cattle '' his own hired man , Andy Ross , mentioned later .
-He had received both first and second anonymous notices , and each time he had accused his neighbors of writing them .
-Keane left , within three days .
-Privately , he created and magnified an image of himself as a hired assassin .
-In the cow camps , Tom Horn was regarded as a hero , as the same kind of champion he was when he entered and invariably won the local rodeos .
-Houses of settlers who'd treated the company herds as a natural resource , free for the taking , were sitting empty , with weeds growing high in their yards .
-The hands and their bosses saw him as a lone knight of the range , waging a dedicated crusade against a lawless new society that was threatening a beloved way of life .

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-Two men were on duty inside , playing pinochle , relaxed .
-Mitchell Barton drew in the fragrance deeply , letting the smoke lie warm and soothing in his throat for a moment before he exhaled .
-He supervised the cleanups and handled the shipments of raw gold which each week went out to San Francisco .
-`` You aren't one of us .
-The flat , hard cap was small , but he thrust it to the back of his head .
-I almost didn't tell you '' .
-It was all right to put a bunch of ranchers onto horses , to call them Night Riders , to set out to attack the largest mining combination the country had ever seen if all they wanted was adventure .
-That's what they'll expect you to do .
-The sergeant froze .
-He sold out to Kruger's men .
-You know how the ranchers in the valley are .
-He said tensely , `` All right .
-There's nothing for you here '' .
-`` Tie him up '' .
-They walked the horses , heading along the river , Barton and Emmett Foster in the lead , seven men riding quietly through the night .
-He did not trust Rankin , his violent temper , his killer instinct .
-They'll be there waiting for you .
-They were in a fight , outweighed in both numbers and money .
-Donald Kruger would like nothing better than to hold him as hostage , and I wouldn't entrust a snake to his tender care .
-Fred Rankin looked at him .
-He said now , `` I've got the perfect headquarters set up .
-`` One sound and you're dead '' .
-`` It's Curtiss '' , he said , naming the man Rankin had hit .
-`` My boy .
-Then the vein had petered out and the whole project had been abandoned .
-They stared at him .
-Rankin sneered at him .
-They had spent a million dollars , carving in a road , putting up buildings , drilling their haulage tunnel .
-Fat showed in loose rolls beneath the shirt .
-Their roar , like the swelling volume of a hundred tornadoes could be heard for miles .
-The building was dwarfed by the scene outside .
-For his first five years in prison , they had shared a cell .
-A good man , Emmett .
-`` I can't leave him there .
-Mitch Barton knew the place .
-A million tons of rock and soil and brush .
-Barton turned away , his eyes falling upon Rankin beside his horse .
-Did you find him '' ? ?
-Creighton Hague sat in his office above the Ione pit .
-Both hated Donald Kruger .
-They had chosen this night purposely .
-No man could have reached his spot nor held it without being ruthless , and Hague had made a virtue of ruthlessness all of his life .
-`` I've got to have help '' .
-He knew nothing about the man's history .
-Powers knocked his arm aside .
-I'm an outsider .
-`` Good luck '' .
-`` If you hadn't I'd have killed you '' .
-It reached the mines at North San Juan and Bloomfield .
-Your cousin Finley saw to that .
-We don't want Barton's Night Riders loose again '' .
-It brought men out of bed and sent them into hurried conferences .
-The old Haskell mine '' .
-`` Dangerous , yes .
-The man was tall , thin , with a narrow face and a too-large nose .
-They reached the guard house without alerting the men on the walls above , and Powers slipped through the door .
-`` Bury those uniforms so they won't be found '' .
-Barton cursed under his breath .
-He said in a studied voice , `` I didn't do it for you .
-As he passed through it Barton shoved his gun against the man's side .
-`` This is Mitchell Barton .
-Even Hague was repelled by the machinelike deadliness that was Kodyke .
-`` Dangerous '' ? ?
-`` What did you want me to do , kiss him ? ?
-Deliberately , with none of Rankin's viciousness , he laid the barrel of his gun alongside the guard's head .
-Barton caught the lighter man's shoulder and swung him around .
-The monitors ran twenty-four hours each day .
-The sergeant in charge climbed to his feet .
-He broke out of Folsom last night .
-Dill had come up also .
-It was partially cemented by ages and pressure , yet it crumpled before the onslaught of the powerful streams , the force of a thousand fire hoses , and with the gold it held washed down through the long sluices .
-`` Meaning you want me to ride out '' ? ?
-`` I got no place to go '' .
-`` But you can't ride into the Ferry .
-Hague had never accustomed himself to Kodyke .
-He had been worried that with Miller and Rankin added to the escape party they would be short .
-Five minutes later they reached the horses .
-They slid through the wicket in the big gate , ghosted across the dark ground .
-For everyone involved knew that the whole valley was a powder keg , and Mitchell Barton the fuse which could send it into explosive violence .
-The gunman nodded , slipping the picture into his breast pocket , saying nothing .
-How come '' ? ?
-The murderer lifted his head .
-Through the gloom he could not see the man beside him clearly but he knew him thoroughly .
-`` I never saw him .
-Kodyke had appeared at the mine one day bearing a letter from Kruger .
-Barton was relieved to see that Carl Dill and Emmett Foster had brought extra mounts .
-Let's go get the boy '' .
-The sergeant turned to the door .
-`` Come on .
-When they learn you're in the hills though , they'll rally , don't worry about that '' .
-He pulled open the top drawer of his desk and drew out a tintype .
-Clyde Miller was crying softly to himself , shedding his striped suit and fumbling into the nondescript butternut pants , the worn brown shirt .
-Let's move '' .
-Kodyke took the picture in a lean hand , studying it thoughtfully .
-He dumped me in solitary twice '' .
-Barton nodded .
-I did it for the valley .
-Ten years ago they blew up some of our ditches .
-He had been the auditor for the mining syndicate , and he had stolen fifty thousand dollars of the syndicate's money .
-`` As mad as ever .
-Dill was silent as if he hated to answer , and Barton had a cold , sick feeling of apprehension .
-The man half-reached for the cord of the alarm bell .
-We've been starving and I don't like to starve '' .
-Barton said harshly , `` Why did you do that '' ? ?
-No one hurried .
-Ten years older than Mitch Barton , he had clawed his way up from mucker in the pits to manager of the operation .
-The only thing which would have attracted attention was that two wore the uniform of prison guards , three the striped suits of convicts .
-We want him back there or we want him dead '' .
-Apparently he bribed one of the guards .
-It had gone without a hitch .
-But Kruger's men keep them off balance , and they don't trust me .
-Foster had brought extra clothing also .
-Barton waited for a long moment , then asked the question which lay always uppermost in his mind .
-They blame us for all their troubles .
-I understand how you feel about the child .
-He lived and breathed for the mining company .
-There was no moon .
-`` He's having some kind of a fit '' .
-Barton's voice was rougher than Dill had ever heard it .
-`` The hell you do '' .
-After another long pause he asked , `` How many people know who they are '' ? ?
-It had drawn them together , and since his release from prison Dill had worked tirelessly to effect this night's escape .
-`` What's wrong with him '' ? ?
-The man went over without sound , falling to the bare floor .
-Barton stood up .
-There was no chance .
-He had been one of the original Night Riders , one who had escaped the trial .
-They moved slowly , toward the main gate , following the wall .
-`` I won't even try to thank you '' .
-Barton finished his dressing and extended his hand to Powers .
-Before they could guess his intention Rankin stepped forward and swung the guard's own gun against the uncovered head , hard .
-Kid Boyd was unusually silent , Rankin watchful , a few paces apart .
-`` Dealing faro '' .
-Powers had not followed .
-`` Your choice '' , he said briefly , and turned to Kid Boyd .
-It was over an hour before their escape was discovered , but still the news that Barton was free flashed across the central portion of the state .
-Five miles .
-In a small grove against the river they halted , turning deep into the protection of the trees .
-Dill's voice tightened .
-But if they really hoped to succeed they needed professionals , men who knew how to use a gun against men , who would match the killers on the other side .
-He's informed them of everything you've ever written him .
-It cost us a hundred thousand dollars and thirty days lost time to fix them .
-Let's ride '' .
-You're the only man the Night Riders will follow .
-If you ever try anything without my orders I'll kill you '' .
-The office was of logs , four rooms , each heated by an iron stove .
-He ran the change rooms .
-`` Let's get one thing straight , you and me .
-`` The road's washed badly '' , said Dill , `` but there's a trail you can get over with a horse .
-He too knew the agony of going for weeks , sometimes months without the solace of tobacco .
-Normally Hague wasted no words , but now he found himself unable to stop their flow although he knew Kodyke was aware of all he said .
-`` He's in Morgan's Ferry '' .
-`` What are you doing out of the block '' ? ?
-They squatted on their heels in the deep mud and Dill found a cigar in his breast pocket , passing it over silently .
-Hague , like all who worked near the pits , was partly deafened from the constant assault against his eardrums .
-`` I was afraid of this .
-`` Hell with it '' .
-He was a big man , wearing a neat flannel shirt against the cold foothill air .
-Hague squeezed down his uneasy dislike .
-My wife died in childbirth after I was sent away .
-Barton's men cut the telegraph wires in half a dozen places , carrying away whole sections to make repairs more difficult .
-''
-He had done time for the theft .
-They filed out through the guard-room door , into the paved square .
-`` Everyone .
-But ten years in prison had taught him realities .
-There came a ghost of noise at the office door and Hague swung to see Kodyke in the entrance from the outer room .
-Kodyke was to head the dread company police .
-`` Dealing faro ? ?
-A million dollars' of gold a month .
-They looked up in surprise as Powers came in .
-The one thing they had in common was their hatred .
-Carl Dill was neither a rancher nor a valley man .
-He's quite a rat , you know .
-They were free .
-There a dozen giant monitors played their seventy-five-foot jets of water against the huge seam of tertiary gravel which was the mountainside .
-`` How do the valley people feel '' ? ?
-Barton hesitated .
-Even Barton could not quite believe it .
-The ex-prison guard was embarrassed .
-He wanted a careful , uninterrupted report from Dill on the conditions in the valley .
-Barton half-straightened in surprise .
-`` Your sister-in-law has the faro bank in Cap Ayres' saloon '' .
-Twenty years before a group of Easterners had bought out the Haskell claims in the rocky hills south of Grass Valley .
-It was to him that Barton had sent Carl Dill on Dill's release from the prison .
-He threw out the hi-graders .
-I've got to get the boy .
-A company of cavalry couldn't come in there if two men were guarding that trail '' .
-He was proud of his accomplishments , proud of his job , proud that Donald Kruger and his associates trusted him .
-The gravel was the bed of an ancient river , buckled in some prehistoric upheaval of earth .
-Chapter two
-There were three other men within this prison whom Barton would have liked to liberate , but they were in other cell blocks .
-It seemed to Barton that the green eyes mocked him , the thin-lipped smile held insolence , but he had no time to waste now .
-Again Dill hesitated .
-He wants your ranch '' .
-The only reason we brought you was to get Miller out .
-Powers was covering the remaining guard .
-Then Barton touched Carl Dill's arm and moved off , up the river bank .
-`` What's he doing there '' ? ?
-It reached Donald Kruger in his massive home in Burlingame .
-The eyes always held Hague , eyes of a dead man , lidless as a lizard's , with the fixed intensity of a cobra .

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-Come a bit closer .
-Though the slave's dying words about the woman troubled the coroner's panel , Dandy's accusation was adjudged an aberration by the jury and disregarded .
-The fugitive cried out in an oddly sibilant voice : `` Help me , somebody ! !
-It was Dandy Brandon , clad only in a bloody loincloth , emaciated and quaking as if the devil were breathing hard on him .
-So Dandy Brandon trustingly entered the house with Delphine Lalaurie and trudged up the rear steps to the attic room which was to be his new home .
-Dr. Lalaurie and I didn't even know he was in the house until the night of our ball when he came down the stairs '' .
-The lad's once superb body was a mass of scars and welts .
-Delphine Lalaurie took the reins in her gloved hands and drove Dandy Brandon -- cowering in the back seat of the carriage -- to her mansion at 677 Perdido Street .
-`` Dandy is to be our house guest , Louis .
-Ruffians must have robbed and beaten him before bringing him back to our house to die .
-I belong to Master Alexander Prieur '' .
-There's $600 in gold in this chamois sack .
-His bold eyes raked the woman , and a perceptive spectator might sense that there was more to their relationship than that of slave to owner .
-He chuckled and gave the signal for the dance to start .
-Mrs. Victor Dominique , socially prominent and a neighbor of the Lalauries , chanced to glance out of her parlor window at dusk one evening and beheld an amazing sight .
-The slaves ran gaily to the center of Congo Square and gathered around a sweaty youth they called Johnny No-Name .
-Dr. Louis Lalaurie examined the inert form of the slave on the parquet dance floor and pronounced him dead .
-Suddenly there was a commotion upstairs , a despairing boyish shriek , and the strains of the waltz faltered and died as the musicians and guests gaped at an apparition descending the marble staircase .
-You are forgetting your place '' .
-`` Another young man , my dear ? ?
-Then , on July 2 , there occurred another incident which set tongues to wagging at a furious clip .
-Airless and dingy though it was , the attic represented luxury to a slave who had led a wretched life with six brothers and sisters and assorted relatives in a shanty at Bayou St. John .
-Shy , actually , he avoided feminine overtures and seemed truly ignorant of the girls' desires when they sought to make liaisons with him in the open fields , in carriages and in boathouses .
-This was the big man with the proprietory air and the beetling , shaggy eyebrows .
-His room will be ready shortly '' .
-Satisfied at last , and after a few amorous gambits on her part which convinced Delphine that Dandy was capable of learning new arts , she opened the window and called to her liveried driver .
-Also , he was weary of plantation drudgery and monotony .
-The excitement over Brandon's bizarre death abated and Madame Lalaurie's stock soared when she resumed her self-imposed chores of visiting the poor and bringing cakes and comfort to destitute patients in the county hospital .
-The manservant Devol and his mistress , Delphine Lalaurie , were pursuing a young girl -- an octoroon of cameo-like beauty -- across the front lawn of the Lalaurie mansion .
-The woman seemed utterly unafraid of the snake which coiled on the floor in a torpor .
-It will rip and shred easily for Madame '' .
-The girl was not more than 16 .
-Once again life went its serene way -- soirees , fox hunts , balls and dinners .
-The bleeding girl was tiring fast ; ;
-So the verdict was `` death at the hands of a person or persons unknown '' , and the elite of the city , accepting Delphine's testimony , welcomed her and the doctor back into the fold .
-Johnny vigorously pounded two bleached steer bones against the gourd which served as his drum .
-If the old fool argues about the price , tell him I shall order my husband not to treat him as a patient any longer .
-He bounced exuberantly on the sagging bed and was even more delighted when Madame Lalaurie -- after closing the door -- showed the slave that the bed was designed for something other than slumber .
-Convulsively , he spat up some blood and collapsed into the arms of Senator Gaston Berche , crimsoning the frilly shirt and waistcoat the politician wore .
-the coachman and Delphine were gaining on her as she raced down Perdido Street .
-`` My name is Dandy Brandon , missy .
-Lifting her skirts , she climbed in , never relinquishing her grip on his arm .
-You look quite strong and healthy to me , Dandy '' .
-The physician led the horses to the stable after a cursory glance at the cringing slave .
-His pinched face showed the ravages of malnutrition .
-The woman eyed the youth with the avidity a coin collector might display toward a rare doubloon which is not yet in his collection .
-Although New Orleans was not to learn of it for a spell , she also was a sadist , a nymphomaniac and unobtrusively mad -- the perpetrator of some of the worst crimes against humanity ever committed on American soil .
-The Lalauries were at the top rung of the social ladder , and even a jury didn't feel privileged to doubt the veracity of so illustrious a lady .
-Had Dandy been older or wiser , instinct might have warned him that he would be well advised to flee from the Lalauries' tender care if he valued his life .
-The drummer flogged the gourd with frantic intensity as the dancers began the calinda , a sensual gyration which had long been a favorite of voodoo practitioners and their disciples in the Louisiana slave compounds .
-It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening , for the room was to become his prison cell .
-`` I saw the boy Dandy at the Congo Square festivities and felt sorry for him .
-Besides , her endearments and caresses in the carriage had been new and stirring experiences to the simple youth .
-He was possessive in his manner and , though a slave , obviously was educated after a fashion and imitated the manners of his owners .
-Guests stared with horror at Madame Lalaurie and made speedy departures .
-Madame Lalaurie gestured with her riding crop toward the 20-year-old youth who was stomping and writhing with the king snake still draped over his bare shoulders .
-Dr. Louis Lalaurie stood on the veranda at the head of the driveway and watched his carriage as it approached the pillared mansion .
-`` This one is a tender chicken , oui ? ?
-After I paid Monsieur Prieur for Dandy , I brought him home , but he was ill at ease and ran away the same night .
-`` What is your name , boy ? ?
-The youth with the snake had a natural pride and joy of life which appealed to the woman .
-The tall coachman walked off briskly in search of Alexander Prieur .
-You did this you like to hurt to beat people I want to go home '' .
-He gaped at Madame Lalaurie and sniffed the Paris perfume which emanated from her .
-How he returned in such a ghastly condition , or why , I cannot say .
-This young slave was therefore quite unprepared when Delphine Lalaurie signaled that she wanted him to draw near .
-Col. Henri Garvier was one of New Orleans' most important and enlightened slave owners .
-`` Aristide ! !
-It was our hope to educate him and to give him his freedom when the right time came , for he was a bright and friendly youth who seemed worthy of our interest .
-The dance was of Haitian origin .
-She was a top horsewoman and one of the city's most gracious hostesses .
-I want the room in the attic prepared for him He is a most unusual lad , quite precocious in many ways .
-Prieur has gout and depends on Louis' pills and bleedings .
-Just six weeks after Dandy Brandon's arrival at the mansion , the little surgeon and his svelte young wife gave their annual open house and ball , to which only New Orleans' oldest and wealthiest families were invited .
-Delphine was a pace-setter in high society .
-These were the last words he ever uttered .
-Dandy , curiosity overcoming his apprehensions , peered out at the doctor from the window of the vehicle .
-Delphine presented her cheek for a kiss , and the physician pecked it like a timid rooster .
-The white girl with the penetrating green eyes sipped the lemonade handed to her by a handsome man of about 30 , who had coppery skin and beetling eyebrows .
-Really , you are most indiscreet to drive him here yourself '' , he said , frowning with displeasure .
-The ball broke up in confusion .
-She munched little ginger cakes called mulatto's belly and kept her green , somewhat hypnotic eyes fixed on a light-colored male who was prancing wildly with a 5-foot king snake wrapped around his bronze neck .
-She said with intense feeling : `` Come near , let me feel your arms .
-Dr. Lalaurie wore a maroon smoking jacket , and his myopic eyes were blurry and glistened behind thick octagonal lenses .
-They have pulled out all my teeth and now she will carve out my tongue with her hacksaw ! !
-But he liked the smell of Delphine's perfume .
-Lithe and muscular , he had well-molded features , and his light color told of the European ancestors who had been intimate with the slave women of his family .
-Such delicate beauty , such fine flesh .
-Moreover , runaway slaves frequently got into serious trouble in New Orleans' dives .
-He proudly wore the blue livery of her house , for the girl was Madame Delphine Lalaurie , wife of the prominent surgeon , Dr. Louis Lalaurie , who bore one of the South's oldest and most cherished names .
-One less shouldn't matter to him '' .
-When he finally left the sinister mansion on Perdido Street , he was carried out in a coroner's basket .
-Such a pitiful end '' ! !
-`` Quite so , my dear .
-He was about 50 years old .
-I won't bite , you know '' .
-The haughty white girl turned to a distinguished , hawk-faced man standing at her side and murmured : `` Look at your watch , Col. Garvier .
-She daubed at her swimming eyes with a lacy handkerchief and said with obvious emotion : `` That poor boy ! !
-She was nude to the waist and her tumbled abundance of black hair did not conceal the knife slashes on her back .
-He deserves a better life than just rotting away on the Prieur plantation '' .
-But Dandy had had little experience with girls on his master's plantation in Bayou St. John .
-Feebly he pointed an accusing finger at Madame Lalaurie and shouted : `` Evil woman ! !
-Aristide Devol , the sardonic manservant who had been brought in chains years before from his native Sierra Leone , smiled thinly and touched his well-brushed beaver hat .
-A stringed orchestra played softly behind the potted palms , and Delphine circulated graciously among her guests , chatting airily of the forthcoming races , the latest fashions from Paris , and Louisiana politics .
-On the fringe of the amused throng of white onlookers stood a young woman of remarkable beauty and poise .
-But at the coroner's inquest Delphine told a forthright story .
-Once inside the luxuriosly-upholstered landau , she drew the curtains and proceeded to give the startled youth the kind of physical examination usually reserved for army inductees .
-The slender , handsome fellow was called Dandy Brandon by the other slaves .
-I want you to find Monsieur Prieur at once and give him this money for the boy's purchase .
-`` Another youth , Madame '' ? ?
-He saw a pint-sized man with a graying spade beard and an unusually large head .
-Delphine stood like stone , her eyes alive with hate as she looked down at the sheeted corpse .
-Mrs. Lalaurie impatiently propelled the slave toward her waiting carriage .
-`` Be quiet , Devol ! !
-The coachman said softly .
-It is almost time for and calinda to begin '' .
-He was gifted with animal magnetism and a potent allure for women of any race .
-Then he smiled shyly .
-He showed his gleaming tusks of teeth and bellowed incoherently , his brass earrings jangling discordantly as he shook and trembled in ecstasy .
-He must have fallen in with evil companions , for he was a simple youth and quite trusting and inexperienced .
-Besides , he owns 300 slaves .

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-That's an order '' .
-But it also made him conspicuous to the enemy , if it was the enemy , and he hadn't been spotted already .
-And only a few seconds to answer it .
-As if drawn by a wire the enemy flew into them .
-His face was dark as the sky above it as he stood on the wing and waited for his pilot .
-It's for carabao not airplanes '' .
-Don't you worry , chief '' , Greg replied , wondering if he himself believed it .
-His speed was dropping rapidly .
-With the rapid rate of closure , the approach from below , the side , and ahead , there would be only a moment when damage could be done .
-His burst held for a second on the engine section of the plane .
-A weapons carrier took Greg , Todman , Belton , Banjo Ferguson , and Walters and the others the two miles from the bivouac area to the strip .
-He took a lead on the enemy , using a distance of five of the radii in his circular sight and then added another .
-The overcast was solid above him .
-But Greg's area remained as placid as a Florida dawn .
-Greg wished the Air Corps had continued to camouflage planes .
-It did not seem possible that they hadn't been spotted .
-It was only a fifteen-minute flight , but before it was through Greg felt himself developing a case of claustrophobia .
-Greg's fingers closed on the stick trigger .
-He wondered where the superstition had originated that it was bad luck for a crew chief to watch his plane take off on a combat mission .
-`` Sweeney Blue , hit the deck .
-Greg took the formation wide around three A-26 attack bombers that were headed north over the Gulf .
-Although they drew light ground fire they saw no signs of activity .
-But the closing aircraft showed no sign of deviating from their original course .
-Belton , the one on the right .
-If he spun out now , he would join his opponent on the ground .
-And then he thought Todman might be right .
-Japanese aircraft were strong on maneuverability , American on speed and firepower .
-`` Yeah .
-And Sweeney Squadron put its first marks on the combat record .
-`` Todman , drop your second element back .
-The shapes were unmistakable and the Rising Suns were showing up , slightly brighter pinpoints in the gray gloom .
-Let's make sure first '' .
-Finally , as time began to run out , he headed into Ormoc and glide-bombed a group of houses that Intelligence had thought might contain Japanese supplies .
-`` They haven't seen us '' , Greg yelled to himself over the engine noise .
-Todman said excitedly , and hopefully .
-Mercifully , it was still open .
-There was a feeling that this mission would be canceled like all the others and that this muddy wet dark world of combat would go on forever .
-The dark brown bombs hanging under each wing looked large and powerful .
-`` Now , Sweeneys , now .
-`` Greg to Sweeney Blue .
-Eight aircraft in this small box .
-With their load of bombs gone , the planes moved swiftly and easily .
-He narrowed the shape down to two : either a Zero or a U. S. Navy type aircraft .
-The circle with the dot in the center showed up yellow on the reflector glass in front of him .
-Three bogies .
-Once Todman thought he had spotted a tank and went down to investigate while Greg covered him .
-Sweat popped out over him and he felt the slick between his palm and the stick grip .
-Out of the corner of his eye , he watched his wingman move out a bit and shoot up with him .
-If the other pilots were worried , they did not show it .
-He shivered in the warm cockpit .
-He dropped down to five hundred feet , swinging a little north of the city of Tacloban , and punched into the opening that showed against the mountain .
-`` But this goddamn climate .
-There was , of course , no way for the other planes to get by them .
-One of Greg's bombs hung up , and he was miles from the target before he could get rid of it .
-It was all Greg had time to see .
-`` They're Japs .
-His maneuvering for the shot had placed him near the overcast , almost inverted and heading up into the clouds .
-See you '' , Donovan said as he jumped off the wing .
-He held the controls where they had been .
-Greg slapped his hand across the switches that turned on the guns and gun camera and gun sight .
-The formation remained perfect .
-Fleischman with eight was to patrol the Leyte Gulf area , with his main task to get any kamikaze before they got to the ships .
-There was not enough room to make the usual vertical bomb run .
-As far as he could see there was no hole to climb through it .
-The metal strip they had taken off from was coal black against the green jungle around it .
-The opposing aircraft continued to come on .
-His earphones were constantly full of the sounds of enemy contacts made by other flights .
-They were headed straight for each other on a collision course .
-Every plane that could fly was sent into the air .
-Now ! !
-Each plane carried two five-hundred pound bombs .
-The control tower gave him immediate take-off permission , and the clean roar of the engine that took him off the rough strip spoke well of the skill of Donovan .
-The low clouds made bombing difficult .
-It was going to be dangerous .
-Like a man making a deep dive , Greg took full breath and plunged back into the valley .
-No turns .
-Blind fools .
-Greg himself took two flights , with Todman leading the second , to patrol and look for targets of opportunities around Ormoc on the east coast of Leyte .
-Greg's eyes flicked up from his instrument panel .
-Greg slammed his throttle to the fire wall and rammed up the RPM , and the engine responded as if it had been waiting .
-One pass only .
-His nose up .
-The accuracy was deplorable .
-Anything the enemy flew or floated was his target .
-It was a box .
-Only one of the flight scored a direct hit and the rest blew up jungle .
-But they could turn and escape to the east .
-Greg tightened his turn until the plane shuddered .
-He was about to make a gas check on his flight when Todman's voice broke in : `` Sweeneys ! !
-Please , dear God , make my pilots good , he prayed .
-The valley was only a few hundred yards wide with just about room enough for a properly performed hundred-and-eighty-degree turn .
-Let's take 'em home '' .
-It was a rough long ride through the mud and pot holes .
-`` Arm your guns , Sweeneys '' .
-To the west , the dark green hills of Leyte were lost in the clouds about halfway up their slopes .
-Greg pushed the radio button on his throttle .
-I'll take the middle .
-You'll bust your ass in this canyon .
-Todman , you take the one on the left .
-He pushed stick and rudder and entered the overcast on his back .
-Early in November the clouds lifted enough to carry out the assigned missions .
-`` I've got her as neat as I can '' , Donovan said , as he dropped the straps of the Seton harness over Greg's shoulders .
-Stay in close and we'll go up the valley '' .
-Greg's airspeed indicator was over 350 when he leveled off just above the trees .
-Greg's mission was the last to leave , and as he circled the ships off Tacloban he saw the clouds were dropping down again .
-Luck was with him .
-He had no idea which was up and which was down .
-He pushed the radio button .
-He hauled back on the stick and felt his cheeks sag .
-His mind flicked through the mental pictures he had from the hours of Aircraft Identification .
-Lots of throttle .
-He moved the flights over against one wall .
-They would have to go west through the narrow river valley that separated Leyte from Samar and hope that it didn't close in before they returned .
-He fought the panic of vertigo .
-Twelve o'clock level '' .
-The truck dropped them off at the various revetments spread through the jungle .
-The Jap's propeller flew off in pieces .
-Visibility continued to be limited , and Greg was never able to get above a thousand feet .
-No one had much to say .
-Now let's make sure they're Japs '' .
-Underneath him the sea was a dark and muddied gray .
-He saw them , specks against the gray , but closing fast .
-They appeared to be the enemy .
-In seconds , Greg made his decision .
-`` Zeros '' ! !
-His present maximum altitude , up against the overcast , gave him the opportunity to exploit his advantages .
-Greg climbed into the cockpit feeling as if he had never been in one before .
-Cricket took eight ships and went south across the Straits and along the north coast of Mindanao to Cagayan .
-Donovan snatched Greg's chute from him with a belligerent motion and almost ran to the plane with it .
-Friend or enemy ? ?
-Six red lines etched their way into the gray and vanished .
-His hands shook .
-`` Todman , let's try to go under this stuff .
-He tightened his turn .
-It gave them all a chance to make a high-speed climbing turn attack and a break-away that would not take them into the overcast or force a tight-turn recovery .
-Perfect , he thought .
-They're Japs '' , came a high-pitched voice .
-`` They haven't seen us '' .
-It was frustrating .
-He thought once that he identified the somewhat hysterical voice of Fleischman claiming a kill .
-Greg went up tight against the ceiling and led them back to their pass to home .
-`` Roger , Sweeney '' , Todman called back , and pulled his four in and slightly above Greg .
-A hell of an altitude for a barrel roll , but it could be done .
-Yet long before the scheduled time for return , Donovan would be watching for every speck in the sky .
-If they're Japs .
-Just like shooting at a duck while performing a half-gainer from a diving board .
-Greg pushed the radio button again .
-Greg rumbled down the rough metal taxi strip , and one by one the seven members of his flight fell in behind him .
-Wingman , stay clear , he prayed .
-He spread the flight out and led them across a point of land and then down the coast .
-If it were the enemy , tactically his position was correct .
-The sky glowered down at them .
-The plane rumbled and slowed .
-If the turn was too tight , a barrel roll would bring them out .
-The ceiling stayed solid above them at about eight hundred feet , and at times the sheer cliffs seemed about to close in .
-The same old question .
-Todman said over the radio as he came back up in formation .
-He hit the radio button .
-Greg had the stick forward and the throttle up before he heard the two `` Rogers '' .
-`` We'll make out .
-He possessed the fighter pilot's horror of bad weather and instrument flying , and he wondered , if the ceiling did drop , whether he and the other flights would be able to find their way back in this unfamiliar territory .
-The enemy did not veer .
-When the sea was visible ahead of them , the relief was as great as if the sun had come out .
-The pilots' heads looked ridiculously small .
-But his hands and those of Donovan moved automatically adjusting and arranging in the check-out procedure .
-A large piece of engine cowling vanished .
-If any of us miss , they can pick up the pieces .
-Even as he said it , Greg knew they had found the enemy .
-His air speed dropped until he thought he would spin out .
-The planes , light with most of the gas burned out , responded beautifully .
-Water splashed against his windshield as he led the flight in and out of showers .
-The expression was his trade-mark , his open sesame to good luck , and his prayer that pilot and plane would always return .
-At the prearranged time , Greg started the engine and taxied out .
-The clearly identifiable enemy continued on as if no one else were around .
-From the time the chocks were pulled until the plane was out of sight , he knew Donovan would keep his back to the strip .
-`` Somebody beat us to it '' ! !

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-When Johnson ejaculated `` Howsabout my buying us all a nice cold Co-cola , Ma'am '' ? ?
-I started looking on the splintery truck bed for a piece of board , a dirt clod -- anything I could throw and with better aim than I had thrown the beer bottle .
-On the truck bed there was nothing smaller than a piece of rusty machinery ; ;
-We were back on the road .
-There was no time to pick out a penny ; ;
-`` Just befoh he left foh his academeh we wuh hevin dack-rihs on the vuhranduh , Major Roebuck an Ah , an Huhmun says ' May Ah hev one too ' ? ?
-I tossed the bottle .
-The straight , black hair flopped in a vigorous nod , the slender nose plunged toward glass teeth and drew safely back .
-it flopped down , sprang back up and gouged my shin .
-I heard the screech of brakes behind me , an insane burst of laughter beneath me .
-The car was just about to us , its driver's fat , solemn face intent on the road ahead , on business , on a family in Sante Fe -- on anything but an old pick-up truck in which two human beings desperately needed rescue .
-How lightly her `` eventshah-leh '' passed into the crannies where I was storing dialect material for some vaguely dreamed opus , and how the word would echo .
-I was again in motion and at a speed which belied the truck's similarity to Senor X's Ford turtle .
-Squeezing a look between Johnson's fat jowls and the car frame a handsome and still darkhaired lady inquired `` Y'all drahve '' ? ?
-Did I want a beer ? ?
-`` No , I don't '' , Johnson said .
-`` Bueno , amigo .
-No sooner had I started drinking than the driver started zigzagging the truck .
-The car was approaching fast .
-Adios '' , I said , exhausting my Spanish vocabulary on my host and exchanging one of a scarcely-tapped store of smiles with my host's daughters .
-Suddenly and not a second too soon I thought of the coins in my pocket .
-`` Drink your beer '' .
-Johnson's fat hand , another bottle were protruding from the truck cab , and that self-proclaimed Baptist teetotaler , had a bottle at his own lips .
-This time no wire came whipping into the truck .
-Miraculously , the bottle was still in my hand , foam still geysering over my ( luckily ) waterproof watch .
-The Indian was again raising his bottle , but to my astonished relief -- probably only a fraction of Johnson's -- the bottle this time went to the Indian's lips .
-the car's far windshield panel turned into a silver web with a dark hole in the center .
-Mrs. Roebuck thought Johnson was a `` sweet bawh t'lah lahk thet '' , but her Herman was getting to be a man , there was no getting around it .
-You thought I was a Mexican , didn't you , buddy '' ? ?
-But the Indian was jabbing another bottle toward Johnson .
-Mrs. Roebuck very kindly let me drive through Sante Fe to a road which would , she said , lead us to Taos and then Raton and `` eventshahleh '' out of New Mexico .
-`` Tee-wah '' , the driver cackled , his black eyes glittering behind dull silver chicken fencing .
-Suddenly a treble auto horn tootley-toot-tootled , and , thumbing hopefully , I saw emergent in windshield flash : red lips , streaming silk of blonde hair and -- ah , trembling confusion of hope , apprehension , despair -- the leering face of old Herry .
-There was a blur just under my focus of vision , a crash ; ;
-White-shirted and conservatively-cravated drivers stared conspicuously toward the eastern horizon and past my supplicating and accusing gaze .
-Over the rattling of fenders , humming of tires and chattering of gears there was a charming melody of whispers and tiny giggles .
-Another car was coming , a tiny , dark shape on a far hill .
-`` I'm a good Baptist , and drinking ''
-Too high .
-Emptied the bottle .
-The Indian's arm whipped sidewise -- there was a flash of amber and froth , the crash of the bottle shattering against the side of the first car .
-Something pulled my leg .
-An Ah coudn ansuh him an so Ah said ' Aw right , Ah gay-ess , an his fathuh didn uttuh one wohd an aftuh Huhmun was gone , the majuh laughed an tole me thet he an the bawh had been hevin an occasional drink t'gethuh f'ovuh a yeah , onleh an occasional one , but just the same it was behahn mah back , an Ah doan think thet's nahce at all , d'you '' ? ?
-Maybe I would beat old Herry to Siberia after all .
-A big car was approaching , its chrome teeth grinning .
-We were coming to an intersection , turning right , chuffing to a stop .
-I wouldn't have known the difference .
-This time there was no sound of brakes but the shrieking of women .
-Mrs. Roebuck smilingly declined and began suddenly to go on about her son , who was `` onleh a little younguh than you bawhs '' .
-I let up on the accelerator , only to gradually reach again the 60 m.p.h. which would , I hoped , overhaul Herry and the blonde , and as there were cars whose drivers apparently had something more important to catch than had I , Mrs. Major Roebuck settled down to practicing on Corporal Johnson the kittenish wiles she would need when making her duty call on Colonel and Mrs. Somebody in Sante Fe .
-Looking back I saw a gray-haired man getting out of his halted car and trying to read our license number .
-But it was only Johnson reaching around the wire chicken fencing , which half covered the truck cab's glassless rear window .
-I drew back , drawing back my foot for a kick .
-I saw Johnson's bottle snatched from his hand , saw it go in a swirl of foam just behind the second car .
-We were slowing .
-Brakes shrieked behind us .
-When I fell on my back , I saw a vulture hovering .
-How far I knew will shortly become apparent .
-Hardly had Mrs. Roebuck driven off when a rusty pick-up truck , father or grandfather of Senor `` Moriarty's '' Ford sedan , came screeching to a dust-swirling stop , and a brown face appeared , its nose threatened by shards of what had once been the side window .
-At once my ears were drowned by a flow of what I took to be Spanish , but -- the driver's white teeth flashing at me , the road wildly veering beyond his glistening hair , beyond his gesticulating bottle -- it could have been the purest Oxford English I was half hearing ; ;
-I nodded .
-I would have foregone my romantic chances rather than leave a friend sweltering and dusty and -- Well , at least I wouldn't have shouted back a taunt .
-I ducked just as the first strand broke somewhere down the line and came whipping over the sideboards .
-I seized the rack and made a western-style flying-mount just in time , one of my knees mercifully landing on my duffel bag -- and merely wrecking my camera , I was to discover later -- my other knee landing on the slivery truck floor boards and -- but this is no medical report .
-The beer foamed furiously .
-`` Drink , you son of a bitch '' ! !
-Suddenly the Spanish became an English in which only one word emerged with clarity and precision , `` son of a bitch '' , sometimes hyphenated by vicious jabs of a beer bottle into Johnson's quivering ribs .
-I looked back at pale ovals framed in the elongated oval of the car's rear window .
-It was stopping .
-Whatever satisfaction that might offer .
-`` Mor-ee-air-teeeee '' , he shrieked , his white teeth grossly counterpointing those of the glittering blonde .
-I got a coin between my thumb and forefinger , leaned my elbows in a very natural and casual manner on top of the truck cab and flipped my little missile .
-Two cars came over a crest , their chrome and glass flashing .
-We were off the road , gleaming barbed wire pulling taut .
-I said that it didn't make any difference to me either , as far as I knew .
-I nodded .
-Johnson never would have believed she had a son that age .
-Damn his luck .
-White teeth suddenly vanishing , the driver slammed the side of his bottle against Johnson's ear .
-`` Moriarty '' , my driver suddenly exclaimed with something so definite , so final in his tone I once more repeated the absurdity , mustering all my latent powers of hypocrisy to sound convinced .
-Prairie dogs were popping up and popping down .
-I drank furiously .
-Let me pass over the trip to Sante Fe with something of the same speed which made Mrs. Roebuck `` wonduh if the wahtahm speed limit '' ( 35 m.p.h. ) `` is still in ee-faket '' .
-Just as I straightened up with my duffel bag , I heard : `` Sahjunt Yoorick , meet Mrs. Major J. A. Roebuck '' .
-Just as p'lite an -- an cohnfidunt , an Ah says ' Uh coahse you cain't ' , but he says ' Whah nawt , you ah hevin one ' ? ?
-Then I saw the father's head slightly turn ; ;
-High , so it would only bounce harmlessly but loudly off the car's steel roof .
-Johnson unwired the right hand door , whose window was , like the left one , merely loosely-taped fragments of glass , and Johnson wadded himself into a narrow seat made still more narrow by three cases of beer .
-The way his red rubber lips were stretched across his pearly little teeth I thought he was only having a little joke , but , no , he wanted me to bend down from the roar of wind so he could roar something into my ear .
-We were in a field , in a tight , screeching turn .
-`` Gracias .
-The truck was hurtling forward .
-`` That was Tee-wah I was talking .
-The voice was that of Johnson , tail gunner off another crew .
-Get in '' .
-Over the rapidly-diminishing outline of a jump seat piled high with luggage Herry's black brushcut was just discernible , near , or enviably near that spot where -- hidden -- more delicately-textured , most beautifully tinted hair must still be streaming back in cool , oh cool wind sweetly perfumed with sagebrush and yucca flowers and engine fumes .
-I regained my squatting position behind the truck cab's rear window .
-Forced to realize that this was the end of a very short line I scanned a road marker and discovered what the end of a slightly longer line would be for the old Mexican : Moriarty , New Mexico .
-Johnson's left hand was pressed against the side of his head , red cheeks whitening beneath his fingers .
-Beyond it the gray road stretched a long , long way .
-Quickly but carefully lowering my duffel bag over the low side-rack , I stepped on the running board ; ;
-`` Hell , yes '' , I roared back between dusty lips .
-`` Onleh one thiihng '' , Mrs. Roebuck continued .
-with more time I could have loosened a small burr or cotter pin --
-`` Get in , buddies .
-gauche rainbow shapes replaced the poignant ovals of gold .
-And re-echo .
-But Corporal Johnson has alreadeh said it didn make no diffrunce t'hi-im '' .
-In the ditch sand was white and soft-looking , only an occasional pebble discernible , faintly gleaming .
-I quickly turned around and began to drink .
-`` Wanna beer '' ? ?
-`` Ahm goin nawth t'jawn mah husbun in Sante Fe , an y'all maht prefuh the suhthuhn rewt .
-Johnson was trying to grab the wheel , though the swerve of the truck was throwing him away from it .
-`` Hell , that's all right , buddy '' , the Indian ( I now guessed ) said .
-Did an anteater want ants ? ?
-On unoccupied roadway the bottle shattered into a small amber flash .
-Teeth again flashing back at me , the driver released a deluge of Spanish in which `` amigo '' appeared every so often like an island in the stormy waves of surrounding sound .
-`` Aye-yah-ah-ah '' ! !
-Cool air moving slowly through the open or smashed-out side windows hinted of blooming roadside vegetation , and occasionally a faint fragrance of perfume swirled from the back seat .
-A long time .
-`` S-s-sahjunt '' .
-Gracias '' , I hollered , my first long swallow filling me with confidence and immediately doubling the size of my Spanish vocabulary .
-Just as I got to my knees , there was again the sound of the fence stretching , and I had time only to start taking my kneeling posture seriously .
-I bobbed my head each time it appeared .
-Still nursing anger I listlessly thumbed a car that was slowly approaching , its pre-war chrome nearly blinding me .
-But Johnson couldn't quickly unwire the truck door , and if I escaped , he might suffer .
-`` In back , buddy '' , the driver said to me .
-Autos whizzed past .
-I waved with discretion and moderation to the vague golden faces fading through rising dust and the distortions of the back window glass .

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-`` Well , I'll tell you about that '' , Lord told him .
-that is , to show no curiosity whatsoever .
-sufficiently , at least , to get them back into town .
-Figger we got to be plumb careful with any of you Highlands big shots '' .
-Lord nodded agreeably .
-Along with this self-satisfaction , however , Joyce sensed a growing tension .
-He was handsome , with his coal-black hair and eyes , his fine-chiseled features .
-Lord slugged him in the stomach , so hard that the organ almost pressed against his spine .
-Somehow more terrible than the certainty that he was about to die was the knowledge that Lord would probably not suffer for it : the murder would go unpunished .
-He slid in at her side , tucked a cigar into his mouth , and politely proffered one to her .
-She snapped .
-I've got something to say to you , and by God you're going to listen .
-He could move very quickly , she knew ( although he seldom found occasion to do so ) , but he was more wiry than truly strong .
-He had a legitimate reason for wearing it .
-laughing at a dying man , laughing as a man was beaten to death .
-`` Tom ! !
-Here in the God-forsaken place , the westerly end of nowhere , Tom Lord looked almost insignificant , almost contemptible .
-It was the wrong thing to say .
-He seemed very pleased with himself , as though some intricate scheme was working out exactly as he had planned .
-After a time , he straightened again , brushing the red Permian dust from his hands , slapping it from his six-dollar levis and his tailored , twenty-five-dollar shirt .
-Said Joyce .
-I meant him no harm .
-`` Why , I meant what I said '' , Lord declared .
-But you're all wrong , man ! !
-`` What did you mean by that rattlesnake gag ? ?
-he was long past the point of coherent thinking .
-`` Just as soon as I go to the bank , and '' --
-Lord laughed with secret amusement .
-`` You shut up ! !
-Print it in real big letters , an' I can cipher it out later '' .
-`` Uh-huh .
-It poured out of him like an electric current , a feeling that the muscles and nerves of his fine-drawn body were coiling for action , and that that action would be all that he anticipated .
-Do you hear me ? ?
-`` Looky '' .
-You think that Highlands swindled you and I helped 'em do it .
-McBride reddened .
-The car lurched along at a snail's crawl , the left-front mudguard banging and scraping against the tire , occasionally scraping against the road itself .
-The deputy had forced him to by his manner of accosting him .
-She lived by the rules , never compromising , never blinded or diverted by circumstance .
-If I could make myself feel the same way
-That's really all he's got , all he is .
-I'm well aware that you've got a pedigree as long as my leg , and that I don't amount to anything .
-Just nothing , she told herself .
-I've given willful hurt to no man .
-That was the day that he had practically mopped up the main street of Big Sands with Aaron McBride , field boss for the Highlands Oil & Gas Company .
-This , he was sure , was the way they would act ; ;
-Then , with a shrug of pretended indifference , she took a compact from her purse and went through the motions of fixing her make-up .
-Just so darned sure of himself that he puts the Indian sign on everyone .
-He waited at the car side for a moment , looking down at her expectantly .
-Lips pursed mournfully , he stared down at its crazily sagging left side .
-He said .
-Don't like to bother no one unless we have to , which I figger we do , in your case .
-You're going to listen '' ! !
-He could not grasp that Lord had withdrawn from the fight minutes ago , and that his leaden arms were flailing at nothing but the air .
-Then he hunkered down on the heels of his handmade boots , peered into the orderly chaos of axle , shock absorber , and spring .
-How could he exert authority over them -- make them toe the line , as he had to -- if he knuckled under to this small-town clown ? ?
-`` How -- with what ? ?
-But , by gosh , I want him and I'm going to have him ! !
-She studied him hopefully , yearningly ; ;
-`` Might get there faster walkin' '' , Lord drawled , `` seein' as how I got a busted front spring .
-`` To me you'll always be the girl o' my dreams , an' the sweetest flower that grows '' .
-`` What else would I mean , anyways '' ? ?
-I was just doing my job , just following orders , and for that he's going to kill me .
-Tom had been laying for Aaron McBride for a long time , just waiting to catch him out of line .
-For God's sake '' ! !
-There's nothing out here but rattlesnakes '' .
-rather on the medium side .
-`` Now , ain't it the truth '' ? ?
-Oil-field workers were a rough-tough lot .
-He demanded , when Lord confronted him .
-He had to depend on himself , since he was invariably miles and hours away from others .
-Nothing unless
-Why did these yokels still wear boots , anyway , when most had scarcely sat a horse in years ? ?
-`` I want to tell you something Thomas DeMontez Lord .
-So you get rid of that pistol right now , Mis-ter McBride .
-He seemed to be fighting not one man but a dozen .
-So I can hear you while I'm checkin' the car .
-`` But it don't matter a-tall '' , Lord supplied fondly .
-And he really feels that way , she thought .
-Beaming idiotically , he pooched out his lips and attempted to kiss her .
-But '' --
-Neither was he very powerful of build .
-I think you're mean and hateful and stupid , and -- louder '' ? ?
-`` Look , Lord '' , he said hoarsely .
-Donna was like he was .
-`` huh-uh .
-Never , he'd once told Joyce , had he encountered any man or situation that called for a gun .
-Beat me to death in front of a hundred people .
-A rabbit punch redoubled him .
-He , McBride , would be cited as in the wrong , and he , Lord , would go scot-free , an officer who had only done his duty , though perhaps too energetically .
-So would she mind speaking a little louder ? ?
-`` I '' -- She broke off , frowning .
-Just a big pile of self-confidence in an almost teensy package .
-And then there was a numbing blow to the heart , and another gut-flattening blow to the stomach
-So , `` How about it '' ? ?
-Looks like we might be in for a speck of trouble '' .
-And even with her limited knowledge of such things , she knew that the car could be repaired there ; ;
-By failing to do as he was told instantly -- to take out a permit or return the gun to his car -- he had played into Lord's hands .
-`` Just go the hell on '' .
-And nothing would be done about it .
-It was practically the last move that McBride made of his own volition .
-It was payday for Highlands , and he was packing a lot of money back into the oil fields .
-`` See that wildcat '' ? ?
-To do so would make his job well-nigh impossible .
-Now , are you going to take me or am I supposed to walk '' ? ?
-Moreover , as long as the weapon was carried openly , the sheriff's office had made no previous issue of it .
-Not without a face-saving respite of at least a few minutes .
-I'm not the only man in town with a gun , or the only one without a permit '' .
-On the other hand , howsomever , maybe you wouldn't either .
-He was an honest man doing a hard job , and the implication that he was anything else was unbearable .
-`` Oh , cut it out , Tom '' ! !
-He himself had heard that there was gangster money in the company , but that had nothing to do with him .
-`` I feel like getting back to town , that's what I feel like ! !
-In his mood , it was the best way to handle him ; ;
-`` So what's this all about '' ? ?
-I'm no lawyer .
-I figger it's probl'y a sixty-five-mile walk , and I c'n maybe get this spring patched up in a couple of hours '' .
-I just do what I'm told , and '' --
-The trouble was that he had virtually had to protest .
-Lord whistled tunelessly as he fought the steering wheel .
-When he regained consciousness he was in Lord's house , in the office of Doctor Lord , the deputy's deceased father .
-And his relatively small hands and feet gave him an almost delicate appearance .
-He couldn't see ; ;
-He hated them too much to understand -- the people of this isolated law-unto-itself world that was Lord's world .
-`` I think you stink , Tom Lord ! !
-`` Can't you stop that stupid clowning for even a minute '' ? ?
-Then , as he doubled , gasping , vomiting the breakfast he had so lately eaten , Lord straightened him with an uppercut .
-He knew that anything a brainy little lady like her had to say would be plumb important , as well as pleasin' to the ear , and he didn't want to miss a word of it .
-He pointed , cutting her off .
-She saw it then , the distant derrick of the wildcat -- a test well in unexplored country .
-And he could no longer think of face-saving , of honor , but only of escape .
-`` I know you've got a grudge against me , and maybe I can't blame you .
-Shu-tt up-pp ! !
-Miraculously , she found exactly the right statement .
-He said he wanted very much to listen .
-And Donna would --
-You do that or take you out a permit right now '' .
-`` This ain't your brand , maybe '' , Lord suggested .
-She looked at him , lips compressed .
-Donna , his young wife , the girl who was both daughter and wife to him .
-`` Why single me out on this permit deal '' ? ?
-It was strictly the deputy's game , but McBride had gone too far to throw in .
-McBride staggered into the street , flopped sprawling in the stinging dust .
-Then , helpfully , as she merely stared at him in weary silence , `` Maybe you could write it down for me , huh ? ?
-Why , he's going to kill me , he thought wildly .
-McBride gave him his opportunity when he showed up in town with a pistol on his hip .
-No more could he defend himself against them .
-`` Well , let's get going '' , she said impatiently .
-`` Well ? ?
-Not immediately , as the deputy demanded .
-Getting the boss rattlesnake to help you '' ? ?
-Now , he could only play the last card in what was probably the world's coldest deck .
-`` uh-huh .
-`` Aah , go on '' , she said .
-Wasn't you goin' to say somethin' '' ? ?
-Fear-maddened , fleeing the lengthening shadow of death , he scrambled to his feet again .
-Donna ! !
-He caught her eye , came back around the car with the boot-wearer ; ;
-He went prone on his stomach , the better to pursue his examination .
-But she'd known plenty of handsomer guys , and , conceding his good looks , what was there left ? ?
-`` We aim t' be see-lective , y'know ? ?
-He wasn't a big man ; ;
-`` Or maybe you just don't feel like a cigar '' ? ?
-against the limitless background of sky and wasteland it was easy to confirm her analysis .
-He flung off Lord's hand and attempted to push past him , inadvertently shoving him into a storefront .
-An' that could mean trouble with a fella that's workin' for crooks .
-But he couldn't keep up with them .
-She yanked away from him furiously .
-He opened the door and got out .
-He wore no gun -- a strange ommission for a peace officer in this country .
-`` I'll get around to it a little later '' , he mumbled desperately .
-Now , Mis-ter McBride '' , said Lord , and he laid a firmly restraining hand on the field boss's arm .
-teetering , half-mincing walk .
-`` Not a danged thing but rattlesnakes , so I reckon I'll get the boss rattler to help me '' .
-Dimly , he heard laughter , hoots of derision , but he could not read the racket properly .
-A wildcatter had to be prepared for almost any emergency .
-Otherwise , she would be baited into a tantrum -- teased and provoked until she lost control of herself , and thus lost still another battle in the maddening struggle of Tom Lord Vs. Joyce Lakewood .
-She began it deliberately , so that none of her words would be lost on him .
-Joyce had seen him like this once before -- more than once , actually , but on one particularly memorable occasion .
-He grinned , nodded , and walked around to the front of the car .
-McBride couldn't do either , of course .

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-There isn't much time .
-`` I'll go , Clay '' .
-He turned to Lester .
-Purvis and Silas Pettigrew were the last to leave .
-They passed ranches that were framed dark gray against the black hills .
-My men , they all left me .
-They neither gained nor fell back .
-He looked over his shoulder at the thin dotting of pursuers .
-`` Come here '' .
-He treats her like she was dirt .
-They just all cleared out .
-The old man beckoned with one finger and Clayton went forward to him .
-I'll saddle the horses and bring them round .
-Can't let you go way from me again '' He closed his eyes , ashamed of his tears .
-And you stand by like a fool and let him do it ''
-he could feel more than hear the staccato beat of hoofs that fanned out across the prairie to the north .
-And you wanted no part of me when I had so much to give .
-I made you a man '' .
-They mounted up and rode slowly behind the others at a safe distance .
-`` Lived alone here for three years , before any man came .
-Just a half-breed 'pache , never said much , never meant anythin to me , but he stuck with me .
-Clayton is with him , takin him out of the valley .
-If we let them go , they won't stay away , they'll find men to ride with them and they'll be back .
-He got into a fight with Tom English , your brother's son .
-A man could make a mark there .
-The mare had backed away .
-Oh ! !
-He would never reach California .
-He rode low on the mare's neck .
-You see , he lied to us when he said he was leavin alone '' .
-With every leaping stride of the horse beneath him he crossed one more patch of earth that had been his , that he would never see again .
-Gavin sighed bitterly .
-`` California '' .
-You take it easy , your time will come '' .
-`` They'll trample it down .
-`` You take it easy , boy '' , Clayton whispered .
-In vain his mind groped to reassemble the bones of the relationships he had sought so desperately , but they would not come to life .
-`` You can't stay here with me .
-Joe Purvis was thinking back many years .
-Beneath his black shirt his frail shoulders shook and croaks of pain broke from his throat , the stored pain shattering free in slow gasps , terrible to see .
-The boy jerked away .
-`` You're Gavin's son '' , Joe Purvis had said .
-The land over which he sped was the land he had created and lived in : his valley .
-I have to think about it .
-Clayton looped the reins in a knot over the veranda post and patted the warm flesh of his neck .
-`` You brought him back to this valley thinkin he would help you find your boy .
-`` You don't hate me any more '' ? ?
-Cabot turned back to the men and he was drunk with the thing they would do , wild to break from the cloying warmth of the saloon into the cold of the ebbing night .
-Clayton swung into the saddle and whacked the stallion's rump .
-`` Yes , Gavin , you did '' .
-It was the only thing in his life for which he felt guilt .
-Now there's nothin left of me .
-He remembered Gavin's smirk , his own cringing feeling , his impotence .
-The stallion had smelled the mare coming into heat and began to paw the turf , shaking his head .
-Dawn would come soon and the night was at its coldest .
-`` The horses .
-The moon had sunk below the black crest of the mountains and the land , seen through eyes that had grown accustomed to the absence of light , looked primeval , as if no man had ever trespassed before .
-`` That's a new land .
-Lived alone by the river .
-The men in Pettigrew's were tired from a night's drinking , their faces red and baggy .
-They greeted the news angrily , as though they had been cheated of purpose .
-`` Do you mean '' -- he asked almost shyly -- `` you want me to go with you , wherever you're goin '' ? ?
-`` He stuck with me all these years .
-`` Keep out of this '' , Purvis snarled .
-`` Do you remember Big Charlie '' ? ?
-Now they were riding to kill him .
-Gavin began to nod .
-He did not look back ; ;
-Ahead of him Gavin turned slightly off the trail and pointed for the Gap , no more than a mile away .
-And he was fleeing , running -- fleeing his death and his life at the same time .
-I believed him .
-He worked his tongue round and round in the hollow of his cheek and his voice came out of his throat , dry and cracked .
-The wind of their running was cold and wild , the horses were lathered and their manes streamed like stiff black pennants in the wind .
-Gavin's lips moved so that Clayton had to stoop to catch the words .
-There's only one way they can get out now and that's through the Gap -- if we ride hard we can take them '' .
-He wouldn't even dance with her at Gavin's party .
-In that inert landscape the caravan of his desires passed before his mind .
-`` It will grow again -- in California '' .
-Clayton freed himself from the embrace and stepped back .
-But California is where we're goin '' .
-I saw you driftin away -- but I tried .
-It was nice then , so peaceful and quiet .
-He approached the horse and laid a hand on the stallion's quivering neck .
-`` To a ranch in the valley .
-Gavin's stallion was in the barn and he tightened the cinches over the saddle blanket , working by touch in the darkness , comforting the animal with easy words .
-They killed Big Charlie , dumped his body in my rose garden two nights ago .
-He was thinking of Rittenhouse and how he had left him there , to rock to death on the porch of the Splendide .
-in the cold dawn the mist swirled low to the ground , then rose with a gust of sudden wind to leave the valley clear .
-I didn't understand why , Clay .
-Gavin stood on the porch , a thin figure .
-He remembered Clayton's mocking smile in the saloon when he had asked him what he would do if they brought their cattle to water .
-Thirty-six
-When he had finished he led him and the mare to the porch .
-The two men whipped their horses into town and flung themselves up the steps of the saloon , crying their intelligence .
-He meant to help Gavin all the time .
-He saw them ambushed , strewn in the postures of the broken and the dying .
-Clayton choked , shook his head , murmuring , `` No '' .
-You get ready ''
-`` She doesn't want you now .
-That would mock me too much ! !
-It was the night Clayton had tricked them in the poker game .
-There are plenty of fresh horses halfway at my place .
-God in Heaven , I can't refuse you now .
-against this bent man in the chair he was powerless .
-Then he thought of a time when Clayton's horse had fallen lame in the Gap .
-`` I made you what you are '' , Gavin whispered .
-They had been seen as soon as they left the ranch , picked out of the darkness by the weary though watchful eyes of two men posted a few hundred yards away in the windless shelter of the trees .
-`` Yes '' .
-Then at last the darkness began to dissolve .
-`` He's leavin .
-Just cleared out .
-Gavin sank down again into his chair and began to rock .
-`` I hate to leave my garden '' , Gavin said .
-`` All my life '' , he said , `` I tried .
-`` Yes , like a father and son '' .
-But the liquor had flushed their courage .
-Gavin slipped his arms around his chest and hugged him fiercely .
-The Gap looming before him -- the place where had confronted Jack English on that day so many years ago -- was his exit from all that had meaning to him .
-I tried .
-`` I made you so you could stand up .
-Clayton called to him and he came slowly down the steps .
-Laurel is gone , my men are gone , Ed is dead -- and you come to me , to help me .
-The clouds parted and hard gashes of sunlight swooped down to stain the earth with streaks of white and gold light so that the shadows of the running horses flowed like dark streams over the dazzling snow .
-It looked as Gavin had first seen it years ago , on those nights when he slept alone by his campfire and waked suddenly to the hoot of an owl or the rustle of a blade of grass in the moon's wind -- a savage land , untenanted and brooding , too strong to be broken by the will of men .
-Help me up , I feel kind of stiff '' .
-It's late and you said they'd be here by dawn '' .
-He whispered .
-We may take her with us -- to California .
-I loved my garden '' .
-The wan light spread over the ground and the valley revealed in the first glimmer the contours of trees and fences and palely shadowed gullies .
-`` Help me up , Clay .
-Clayton tried to call back the face of the man he had known .
-When they turned in the saddle they could see the men behind them , strung out on the prairie in a flat black line .
-He made a fool of you , Lester '' .
-I don't know yet , it's crazy ; ;
-Two men , together like us , we could do somethin fine out there , maybe find a place where no one's ever been .
-The two horses broke from the yard , from the circle of light cast by the lamp still burning in the house , into the darkness .
-He swung round to the other men -- `` We can catch him easy ! !
-He burst from the hot confinement of the room into the cold night air .
-California is too far , he thought .
-The silence oppressed him , made him bend low over the horse's neck as if to hide from a wind that had begun to blow far away and was twisting slowly through the darkness in its slow search .
-`` Clay '' , he said , `` where are we goin '' ? ?
-There was no one but me .
-Clayton lifted him gently into the saddle , like a child .
-He had taken a carbine down from the wall and it trailed from his hand , the stock bumping on the wood floor .
-It was a fair fight , the boy provoked it -- Big Charlie told me so .
-Lester's hand fluttered to Cabot's shoulder .
-Lester heard their muttering , saw their eyes reveal their desire .
-He fled through the door and down the steps , running , and the men grunted and followed , pushing Lester to one side where he backed against the wall with the sleeve of his jacket raised before his eyes to shut out the light .
-There's someone there I have to see .
-`` I loved this valley '' , he whispered huskily .
-Start out fresh , the two of us , like nothin had ever happened '' .
-That's what you wanted , isn't it ? ?
-Thirty-five
-Gavin paused wearily .
-I treated them fair ''
-`` You can't make me go '' .
-He knew who was riding after him -- the men he had known all his life , the men who had worked for him , sworn their loyalty to him .
-The eyes followed him fearfully .
-`` He killed Tom -- do you understand that '' ? ?
-Against that other man he could rally his anger ; ;
-His wife had said to him : `` Nellie is in love with Clayton Roy .
-The mare began to tire and Clayton felt the spray of snow from the hoofs of Gavin's stallion .
-I don't want to leave it '' .
-He was too old -- when he passed up and through the corridor of pines that lined the trail he could see ahead , he was passing from life .
-`` He's not your brother , he's Gavin's son .
-Gavin's face was bloodless with excitement .
-First he thought of the time he had ridden to Gavin and told him how his cattle were being rustled at the far end of the valley .
-He wiped his lips with a sleeve , then stared at Clayton in a childish kind of wonder .
-they rode at a measured pace through the valley .
-You can't '' --
-A bold line of violet broke loose from the high ridge of the mountains , followed by feathers of red that swept the last stars from the sky .

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-this was the form in which their private feud most often appeared in the Tory press , especially the Examiner .
-The final issue of the Englishman , No. 57 for February 15 , ran to some length and was printed as a separate pamphlet , entitled The Englishman : Being the Close of the Paper So-called .
-As notable examples of this abuse , he quotes passages from the Examiner , `` that Destroyer of all things '' , and The Character of Richard Steele , which he here attributes to Swift .
-He claims , too , that his political convictions are simply those which are called `` Revolution Principles '' and which are accepted by moderate men in both parties .
-In his comment on these laws Steele sounds all the usual notes of current Whig propaganda , ranging from a criticism of the Tory peace to an attack on the dismissal of Marlborough ; ;
-In a few months the Duke was to be the center of a controversy of some significance on the touchy question of the Protestant Succession .
-The Examiner , during Steele's trial a month later , printed an answer from the `` Courtier '' addressed to `` R. S. '' at Button's coffee-house .
-Certainly it is the most pretentious and elaborate .
-A month later , in The Publick Spirit Of The Whigs , he used Steele's defense of Molesworth as evidence of his disrespect for the clergy , calling Steele's position an affront to the `` whole Convocation of Ireland '' .
-In his effort to stir the public from its lethargy , Steele goes so far as to list Catholic atrocities of the sort to be expected in the event of a Stuart Restoration , and , with rousing rhetoric , he asserts that the only preservation from these `` Terrours '' is to be found in the laws he has so tediously cited .
-By now he was undergoing a fresh torrent of abuse from Tory papers and pamphlets , and action was being taken to effect his punishment by expulsion from Parliament .
-In this connection , Swift , too , is drawn in for attack : `` The Author of The Conduct Of The Allies has dared to drop Insinuations about altering the Succession '' .
-Next , Steele turns his attention to the `` Courtier '' he is addressing .
-Steele's purpose is to present a general defense of his political writing and a resume of the themes which had occupied him in the Englishman ; ;
-Such , he implies , is the case with his friend , who is not really a new convert himself but merely a favorer of new converts .
-If `` Jack the Courtier '' is really to be taken as Swift , the following remark is obviously Steele's comment on Swift's change of parties and its effect on their friendship : `` I assure you , dear Jack , when I first found out such an Allay in you , as makes you of so malleable a Constitution , that you may be worked into any Form an Artificer pleases , I foresaw I should not enjoy your Favour much longer '' .
-Though put in rather maudlin terms , Steele's defense of himself has a reasonable basis .
-On the very day that the parliamentary session began , another `` Infamous Libel '' appeared , entitled A Letter From The Facetious Dr. Andrew Tripe , At Bath , To The Venerable Nestor Ironside .
-This is the principal point made in this final section of Englishman No. 57 , and it caps Steele's efforts in his other writing of these months to counteract the notion of the Tories as a `` Church Party '' supported by the body of the clergy .
-The preliminaries ended with the publication of Steele's Crisis on January 19 , and from that point on the fight proceeded at a rapid pace .
-On February 16 , Steele took his seat in Parliament .
-Anne was furious , and Bolingbroke advised that the request be refused .
-At the order of the Dowager Electress , the Hanoverian agents , supported by the Whig leaders , demanded that a writ of summons be issued which would call the Duke to England to sit in Parliament , thus further insuring the Succession by establishing a Hanoverian Prince in England before the Queen's death .
-Steele apparently professed his sentiments in this book too openly and honestly for his own good , since the government was soon to use it as evidence against him in his trial before the House .
-Another controversy typical of the war between the Englishman and the Examiner centered on Robert ( later Viscount ) Molesworth , a Whig leader in Ireland and a member of the Irish Privy Council .
-but his principal theme is that the intrigues of the Tories , `` our Popish or Jacobite Party '' , pose an immediate threat to Church and State .
-Upon complaints from the Lower House of Convocation to the House of Lords , he was removed from the Privy Council , his remark having been represented as a blasphemous affront to the clergy .
-On December 21 , the day that the Irish House of Commons petitioned for removal of Sir Constantine Phipps , their Tory Lord Chancellor , Molesworth reportedly made this remark on the defense of Phipps by Convocation : `` They that have turned the world upside down , are come hither also '' .
-On the other hand , Molesworth was naturally assailed in the Tory press .
-In the final issues of the Englishman , which ended just as the new session of Parliament began , he provided his enemies with still more ammunition .
-Like Burnet , he deplores the indifference of the people in the face of the crisis .
-in the opening paragraph , too , Steele is accused of extreme egotism , of giving `` himself the preference to all the learned , his contemporaries , from Dr. Swift himself , even down to Poet Cr--spe of the Customhouse '' .
-among whom , his Party have indeed more Friends than I could wish '' .
-he is answered by a confused , honest Englishman .
-By this time , as we shall see , the Tories were already planning to `` punish '' Steele for his political writing by expelling him from the House of Commons .
-Once more , in other words , Steele is said to be indebted to Swift for his `` wit '' ; ;
-Of all the Whig tracts written in support of the Succession , The Crisis is perhaps the most significant .
-In The Publick Spirit of the Whigs , it may be noted , Swift himself contemptuously dismissed Steele's reference to his friend at court : `` I suppose by the Style of old Friend , and the like , it must be some Body there of his own Level ; ;
-The final section of this pamphlet is of special interest in a consideration of Steele's relations with Swift .
-The Tory leaders , he insinuates , are cynically using the Church as a political `` By-word '' to increase party friction and keep themselves in power .
-Swift , in the Dublin edition of A Preface to the Bishop of Sarum's Introduction , indicated his feelings by including Molesworth , along with Toland , Tindal , and Collins , in the group of those who , like Burnet , are engaged in attacking all Convocations of the clergy .
-Treasonable books striking at the Hanoverian Succession , he complains , are allowed to pass unnoticed .
-by this term he means to ridicule their professions of acting in the interest of the Church despite their own education and manner of life -- a gibe , in other words , at the `` Presbyterianism '' in Harley's family and at Bolingbroke's reputed impiety .
-In the early months of 1714 , the battle between Swift and Steele over the issue of the Succession entered its major phase .
-Steele first answers briefly the charges which his `` dear old Friend '' has made about his pamphlet on Dunkirk and his Crisis .
-Steele's main business here is to arouse public opinion to the immediate danger of a Stuart Restoration .
-but there is much here also which bears directly on his personal quarrel with Swift .
-Steele in this paper is indicating his sympathy for such a plan .
-The last point was soon to be included in the `` seditious '' remarks used against him in Parliament .
-Oxford , realizing that the law required the issuance of the writ , took the opposite view , for which the Queen never forgave him .
-He closes his `` letter '' by demanding that Dunkirk be demolished , that the Pretender be forced to move farther away from the coast of England , and that the Queen and the House of Hanover come to a better understanding .
-For example , No. 56 printed the patent giving the Electoral Prince the title of Duke of Cambridge .
-He reviews Steele's entrance into politics and finds that his present difficulties are due to his habit of attributing to his own abilities and talents achievements which more properly should be credited to the indulgence of his friends .
-Defoe then commented , `` If they Could Draw that young Gentleman into Their Measures They would show themselves quickly , for they are not asham'd to Say They want only a head to Make a beginning '' .
-Thus he complains , with considerable justice , that the Tory writers have resorted to libel instead of answering his arguments .
-It purports to be a letter from Steele to a friend at court , who , in Miss Blanchard's opinion , could only be meant as Swift .
-In the same way he coupled Molesworth and Wharton in a letter to Archbishop King , and he had earlier described him as `` the worst of them '' in some `` Observations '' on the Irish Privy Council submitted to Oxford .
-She describes , first , the imaginary reaction of a foreigner puzzled by this `` unseasonable exultation '' ; ;
-Despite his defense of himself in the final paper of the Englishman and in his speech before the House , their efforts were successful .
-On this issue , then , as on so many in these months , Steele and Swift took rigidly opposed points of view .
-It is filled with the usual personal abuse of Steele , especially of his physical appearance ; ;
-In answer to The Crisis , Swift produced The Publick Spirit Of The Whigs , his most extensive and bitter attack on his old friend .
-`` It is no time '' , he writes , `` to talk with Hints and Innuendos , but openly and honestly to profess our Sentiments before our Enemies have compleated and put their Designs in Execution against us '' .
-Steele , who had earlier praised Molesworth in Tatler No. 189 , now defended him in Englishman No. 46 , depicting his removal as a setback to the Constitution .
-His birth , education , and fortune , he says , have all been ridiculed simply because he has spoken with the freedom of an Englishman , and he assures the reader that `` whoever talks with me , is speaking to a Gentleman born '' .
-His point is simply that the Tories have showered him with personal satire , despite the fact that as a private subject he has a right to speak on political matters without affronting the prerogative of the Sovereign .
-He explains that there are sometimes honorable courtiers , but that too often a man who succeeds at court does not hesitate to sacrifice his Sovereign and nation to his own avarice and ambition .
-As for the author of the Englishman , Mrs. Manley sarcastically deplores that the sole defense of the Protestant cause should be left to `` Ridpath , Dick Steele , and their Associates , with the Apostles of Young Man's Coffee-House '' .
-The reasons for the Whig joy on this occasion are found to be their expectation of regaining control of the government , their delight at the prospect of a new war , their hopes of having the Tories hanged , and so on .
-Hanoverian agents assisted in promoting circulation , said to have reached 40,000 , and if one may judge by the reaction of Swift and other government writers , the work must have had considerable impact .
-Accordingly the request was granted , but the Elector himself , who had not been consulted by his mother , rejected the proposal and recalled his agent Schutz , whose impolitic handling of the affair had caused the Hanoverian interest to suffer and had made Oxford's dismissal more likely than ever .
-Steele lost his seat in Parliament , and his personal quarrel with Swift , by now a public issue , thus reached its climax .
-To this end , the first and longest section of the tract cites all the laws enacted since the Revolution to defend England against the `` Arbitrary Power of a Popish Prince '' .
-Then he launches into an attack on the Tory ministers , whom he calls the `` New Converts '' ; ;
-A few days after this Englishman appeared , Defoe reported to Oxford that Steele was expected to move in Parliament that the Duke be called over ; ;

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-She once gave a German recitation before a convention of German-language teachers in Milwaukee .
-The only way to describe Paula Sandburg is to say she is beautiful in a Grecian sense .
-Carl was still Charles A. Sandburg .
-it is a dedication which began the moment she met Carl .
-With each song he gave verbal footnotes .
-When erosion threatened the foundation of their home in Harbert , Paula Sandburg planted grapevines and arranged the snow fences which helped hold the sands away .
-Carl has been married to Paula for fifty-three years , and he has not made a single major decision without careful consideration and thorough discussion with his wife .
-`` He chose one from Mr. Miller's window , a plain guitar with no fancy polish .
-If there was ever a thought in her mind she might devote her life to religion , it was now dispelled .
-She has shared her husband's greatness , but only within the confines of their home ; ;
-Paula generously lent me one of Carl's love letters , dated February 21 , 1908 , Hotel Athearn , Oshkosh , Wisconsin :
-I found that this precocious , grown-up boy of 74 deserved to be taught .
-) By the time the streetcar pulled away , he had fallen in love with Paula .
-He rummaged , found composers and arrangers , collaborated on the main design and outline of harmonization with musicians , ballad singers , and musicologists .
-Her mother called her Paus'l , a Luxemburg endearment meaning `` pussycat '' .
-At the University of Chicago she studied Whitman and Shelley , and became a Socialist .
-`` And besides , Thorstein Veblen was one of the Chicago professors '' .
-Never until in this work of S-D organization have I realized and felt the attitude and experience of a Teacher .
-The songs Sandburg sang often reminded listeners of songs of a kindred character they knew entirely or in fragments .
-Even now I will not intrude upon her except to state a few bare facts .
-and the laughter and the happiness are even more pronounced when no company is present .
-This has always been Carl's attitude .
-When someone in the audience rose and asked how does it feel to be a celebrity , Carl said , `` A celebrity is a fellow who eats celery with celerity '' .
-`` My mother read a book right after I was born and there was a Lilian in the book she loved and I became Lilian -- and eventually I became Paula '' .
-Just as in the case of every prodigy child , we must watch for the efficacy of my teaching to show up in the future -- if he should master all the strenuous exercises I inflicted on him .
-The heart of this great poet constantly bubbles forth a generous joy of life -- with or without the guitar '' .
-Each song or ditty was prefaced by an author's note which indicated the origin and meaning of the song as well as special interest the song had , musical arrangement , and most of the chorus and verses .
-After he had finished the first two volumes of his Lincoln , Sandburg went to work assembling a book of songs out of hobo and childhood days and from the memory of songs others had taught him .
-He walked home at night for two miles beyond the end of a suburban trolley .
-She read everything else she could get her hands on , including an article ( she thinks it was in the Atlantic Monthly ) by Mark Twain on `` White Slavery '' .
-' Kalamazoo guitars ' , he said , ' used by radio hillbilly singers .
-But her father was not enthusiastic about sending young Paula to high school .
-The impression you get from Carl Sandburg's home is one of laughter and happiness ; ;
-It is not easy to become Segovia's pupil .
-Carl hadn't brought his along .
-It changes with every generation .
-A letter awaited her at Princeton .
-When fame came it changed Sandburg only slightly .
-( Two years ago the photography editor of Vogue Magazine titled his article about Steichen , `` The World's Greatest Photographer '' .
-But neither was Lilian her baptismal name .
-They went to the pawnshop of Joseph Miller of 1162 Sixth Avenue .
-Mr. Rosenberg suggested that they go out and find one .
-`` Dear Miss Steichen : It is a very good letter you send me -- softens the intensity of this guerilla warfare I am carrying on up here .
-Her clothes , her hair , everything about her is both graceful and simple .
-In due time Sandburg was a walking thesaurus of American folk music .
-The public's identification of Carl Sandburg and the guitar is no happenstance .
-At age seventy-four , he became what he shyly terms a `` pupil '' of Andres Segovia , the great guitarist of the Western world .
-`` His fingers labor heavily on the strings and he asked for my help in disciplining them .
-That was all he had to say .
-Well you can pose inside .
-The parents compromised , however , on a convent school and Paula went to Ursuline Academy in London , Ontario .
-Through all these years , Mrs. Sandburg has pointedly avoided the limelight .
-The New York Herald Tribune's photographer , Ira Rosenberg , tells an anecdote about the time he wanted to take a picture of Carl playing a guitar .
-She was pious , too , once kneeling through the night from Holy Thursday to Good Friday , despite the protest of the nuns that this was too much for a young girl .
-He has his own system of shorthand , devised by abbreviations : `` humility '' will be `` humly '' , `` with '' will be `` w '' , and `` that '' will be `` tt '' .
-He `` legitimized '' Paula for Lilian Steichen , and it was Paula who insisted on Carl for Charles .
-One needs high talent .
-I am certain that Carl Sandburg will not fall into the same sad philosophy .
-It is a mistake , however , to imagine that Sandburg uses the guitar as a prop .
-Some of the children of the family could not pronounce this name and called her Paula , a soubriquet Carl liked so much she has been Paula ever since .
-One cause of Schopenhauer's pessimism was the fact that he failed to learn the guitar .
-She passed the entrance examinations to the University of Illinois , but during the year at Urbana felt more important events transpired at the University of Chicago .
-`` This is no place for a young girl '' , he said .
-She is not only a trained mathematician and Classicist , but a good architect .
-The second reason for his popularity is his complete spontaneity with the guitar .
-Mrs. Sandburg received a Phi Beta Kappa key from the University of Chicago and she was busy writing and teaching when she met Sandburg .
-She left the next day for her teaching job at Princeton , Illinois .
-Her parents , pious Roman Catholics , christened her Mary Anne Elizabeth Magdalene Steichen .
-Victor Berger , the panjandrum of Wisconsin Socialism and member of Congress , had asked Paula Steichen to translate some of his German editorials into English .
-Her mother was a good manager and established a millinery business in Milwaukee .
-Paula's older brother is Edward Steichen , a talented artist and , for the past half-century , one of the world's eminent photographers .
-Paula was saddened about what was happening to little girls and vowed to kneel no more in Chapel .
-She designed and supervised the building of the Harbert , Michigan , house , most of which was constructed by one local carpenter who carried the heavy beams singly upon his shoulder .
-While the picture was taken , Mr. Miller's disposition to be generous to Mr. Sandburg increased to the point where he advised , ' I won't even charge you the one dollar rental fee ' '' .
-Two things contribute to his popularity .
-another is a bubble of a bauble '' .
-There never were two fames alike .
-`` A portable companion always ready to go where you go -- a small friend weighing less than a freshborn infant -- to be shared with few or many -- just two of you in sweet meditation '' .
-Schopenhauer never learned
-Even when he is called upon for impromptu remarks , he has notes written on the back of handy envelopes .
-In answer to a New York Times query on what is fame ( `` Thoughts On Fame '' , October 23 , 1960 ) , Carl said : `` Fame is a figment of a pigment .
-Lilian Steichen was an exceptional student .
-A knowledgeable celebrity
-`` I felt that I must devote myself to the ' outside ' world '' .
-The result was a collection of 280 songs , ballads , ditties , brought together from all regions of America , more than one hundred never before published : The American Songbag .
-That was all he said , Lewis reports .
-Lloyd Lewis wrote that when he first knew Carl in 1916 , Sandburg was making $27.50 a week writing features for the Day Book and eating sparse luncheons in one-arm restaurants .
-She was born Lilian Steichen , her parents immigrants from Luxemburg .
-Segovia has written about Carl :
-`` But after introductions he asked : ' Carl Sandburg ? ?
-This family of Luxemburg immigrants , in fact , produced two exceptional children .
-Often these listeners would refer Sandburg to persons who had similar ballads or ditties .
-First , Carl respects his audience and prepares his speeches carefully .
-To play the guitar as he aspires will devour his three-fold energy as a historian , a poet and a singer .
-Carl and Paula met in Milwaukee in 1907 during Paula's Christmas holiday visit to her parents .
-He is proud of having Segovia for a friend and dedicated a poem to him titled `` The Guitar '' .
-Socialist leaders in Milwaukee recognized her worth , not only because of her dedication but because of her fluency in German , French , and Luxemburg .
-`` Ah , did you once see Shelley plain '' ? ?
-The book , published in 1927 , has been selling steadily ever since .
-As Sandburg said at the time : `` It is as ancient as the medieval European ballads brought to the Appalachian Mountains , it is as modern as skyscrapers , the Volstead Act , and the latest oil well gusher '' .
-Nor does Carl reject this identity .
-As the Sandburg goat herd increased , she also designed the barn alterations to accommodate them .
-Carl says it is the greatest poem ever written to the guitar because he has never heard of any other poem to that subtle instrument .
-She had come to a decision .
-Lewis remembered another newspaperman asking , `` Carl , have your ideas changed any since you got all these comforts '' ? ?
-`` He wanted Mr. Sandburg to pose with one of the guitars he had displayed behind glass in the center of his shop , but the poet eyed this somewhat distastefully .
-Paula says that even though Carl's letters usually began , `` Dear Miss Steichen '' , there was an understanding from the beginning that they would become husband and wife .
-Carl thought the question over slowly and answered : `` I know a starving man who is fed never remembers all the pangs of his starvation , I know that '' .
-By the time Lilian had been graduated from public school , her parents were doing quite well .
-She knelt out of reverence for having read the Meditations of St. Augustine .
-( After graduation from the University of Chicago , Paula taught for two years in the normal school at Valley City , North Dakota , then two years at Princeton ( Illinois ) Township High School .
-`` Mr. Miller was in the shop '' , the Herald Tribune story related , `` but was reluctant to have anybody's picture taken inside , because his business was too ' confidential ' for pictures .
-Sandburg is in constant demand as an entertainer .
-It comes and goes .
-He is no dextrous-fingered college boy but rather a dedicated , humble , and bashful apostle of this instrument .
-There has long existed a brotherly affection between us , thus I accepted him as my pupil .
-`` You are the ' Peoples' Poet ' '' was her appraisal in 1908 , and she stopped teaching and writing to devote herself to the fulfillment of her husband's career .
-One fame is precious and luminous ; ;
-She has rarely been photographed with him and , except for Carl's seventy-fifth anniversary celebration in Chicago in 1953 , she has not attended the dozens of banquets , functions , public appearances , and dinners honoring him -- all of this upon her insistence .
-`` Preferably '' , said Carl , `` one battered and worn , such as might be found in a pawnshop '' .
-)
-Carl , who was stationed in Appleton , Wisconsin , organizing for the Social Democrats , was in Berger's office and made it his business to escort Paula to the streetcar .
-She has small , broad , capable hands and an enormous energy .

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-''
-At either end and in the center there are bays which contain nine greater alcoves as frescoed and capacious as church apses .
-Poetry in Persian life is far more than a common ground on which -- in a society deeply fissured by antagonisms -- all may stand .
-It was a fortunate time in which to build , for the seventeenth century was a great period in Persian art .
-It was to provide a safe and spacious crossing for these caravans , and also to make a pleasance for the city , that Shah Abbas 2 , in about 1657 built , of sun-baked brick , tile , and stone , the present bridge .
-It contains , in fact , their whole outlook on life .
-Isfahan became more of a legend than a place , and now it is for many people simply a name to which they attach their notions of old Persia and sometimes of the East .
-They think of it as a kind of spooky museum in which they may half see and half imagine the old splendor .
-The values and talents which made the tile and the dome , the rug , the poem and the miniature , continue in certain social institutions which rise above the ordinary life of this city , as the great buildings rise above blank walls and dirty lanes .
-students , civil servants , beggars , musicians , hawkers , and clowns .
-In Persia , where practically speaking there are no museums or libraries or , for that matter , hardly any books , the twins run free .
-Often , too , the social institutions are housed in these pavilions and palaces and bridges , for these great structures are not simply `` historical monuments '' ; ;
-Travelers entering from the desert were confounded by what must have seemed an illusion : a great garden filled with nightingales and roses , cut by canals and terraced promenades , studded with water tanks of turquoise tile in which were reflected the glistening blue curves of a hundred domes .
-Poetry for a Persian is nothing less than truth and beauty .
-they are the places where Persians live .
-I don't mean a few aesthetes who play about with sensations , like a young prince in a miniature dabbling his hand in a pool .
-It seems that for Persia , and especially for this city , there are only two times : the glorious past and the corrupt , depressing , sterile present .
-Out of water , brick , and tile they have made far more than just a bridge .
-for another , it was here that one of the old caravan routes came in .
-Above , in the tiled prosceniums of the alcoves , boys sing the ghazals of Hafiz and Saadi , while at the very bottom , in the vaults , the toughs and blades of the city hoot and bang their drums , drink arak , play dice , and dance .
-Or the mode of love to this fragment by a recent poet : `` Know ye , fair folk who dwell on earth Or shall hereafter come to birth , That here , with dust upon his eyes , Iraj , the sweet-tongued singer , lies .
-dervishes who stand with the stillness of the blind , their eyes filmed with rheum and visions ; ;
-These are traversed by another line of vaults , and thus rooms , arched on all four sides , are formed .
-It is perhaps difficult to conceive , but imagine that tonight on London bridge the Teddy boys of the East End will gather to sing Marlowe , Herrick , Shakespeare , and perhaps some lyrics of their own .
-Down through the axis of the bridge there is a long diminishing vista like a visual echo of piers and arches , while the vaults fronting upstream and down frame the sunset and sunrise , the mountains and river pools .
-The bridge itself rises up from the river , light-flared and enormous , like the outdoor set for an epic opera .
-On Fridays , the day when many Persians relax with poetry , talk , and a samovar , people do not , it is true , stream into Chehel Sotun -- a pavilion and garden built by Shah Abbas 2 , in the seventeenth century -- but they do retire into hundreds of pavilions throughout the city and up the river valley , which are smaller , more humble copies of the former .
-Those three other great activities of the Persians , the bath , the teahouse , and the zur khaneh ( the latter a kind of club in which a leader and a group of men in an octagonal pit move through a rite of calisthenics , dance , chanted poetry , and music ) , do not take place in buildings to which entrance tickets are sold , but some of them occupy splendid examples of Persian domestic architecture : long , domed , chalk-white rooms with daises of turquoise tile , their end walls cut through to the orchards and the sky by open arches .
-And of course religious life continues to center in the more famous mosques , and commercial life -- very much a social institution -- in the bazaar .
-Families go out to the edge of the terraces to sit on carpets around a samovar .
-In this true lover's tomb interred A world of love lies sepulchred .
-That , at any rate , is what happens at the Khaju bridge .
-A few months ago it was a fairly typical landlord who in the dead of night lugged me up a mountainside to drink from a spring famous in the neighborhood for its clarity and flavor .
-In the early eighteenth century this fantastic city , then the size of London , started to decline .
-On the downstream , or `` pavilion '' , side these vaults give out onto terraces twice as wide as the bridge itself .
-Here , on the hottest day , it is cool beneath the stone and fresh from the water flowing in the sluices at the bottom of the vaults .
-Above all , they will stop in the middle of anything , anywhere , to hear or quote some poetry .
-In most Western cultures today these twins have been sent away to the libraries and museums .
-from downstream , where the water level is much lower , it is a high , elaborately facaded pavilion .
-Boys and men go along the riverbank or to the alcoves in the top arcade .
-a cigarette would taste particularly good .
-All kinds come to walk in the promenade : merchants from the bazaar bickering over a deal ; ;
-The line of an eyebrow , the color of the skin , a ghazal from Hafiz , the purity of spring water , the long afternoon among the boughs which crowd the upper story of a pavilion -- these things are noticed , judged , and valued .
-Below , people line the steps , as though on bleachers , to watch the sky and river .
-These songs ( practically all Persian music , for that matter ) are limited to a range of two octaves .
-Here in an evening Persians enjoy many of the things which are important to them : poetry , water , the moon , a beautiful face .
-The one apparent connection between the two is a score of buildings which somehow or other have survived and which naturally enough are called `` historical monuments '' .
-From the terraces -- eighteen in all -- broad flights of steps descend into the water or onto still more terraces barely above the level of the river .
-Go , tell his aged mother that her son Fought with a thousand foes , and he was one '' .
-the desert encroached .
-for example , the mode of bravery to this anonymous folk poem : `` They brought me news that Spring is in the plains And Ahmad's blood the crimson tulip stains ; ;
-Not long ago an acquaintance , a slick-headed water rat of a lad up from the maw of the city , stood on the balcony puffing his first cigarette in weeks .
-To a stranger their delight in these things may seem paradoxical , for Persians chase the golden calf as much as any people .
-The promenade , for example , continues to take place on the Chahar Bagh , a mile-long garden of plane and poplar trees that now serves as the city's principal street .
-the capital went elsewhere ; ;
-Here in these little rooms -- or stages arched open to the sky and river -- they choose a few lines out of the hundreds they may know and sing them according to one of the modes into which Persian music is divided .
-The Afghans invaded ; ;
-a Bakhtiari khan in a cap and hacking jacket ; ;
-The men crying love poems in an orchard on any summer's night are as often as not the lutihaw , mustachioed toughs who spend most of their lives in and out of the local prisons , brothels , and teahouses .
-the old Kajar princes arriving in their ancient limousines ; ;
-I really didn't know what he meant .
-The top story contains more than thirty alcoves separated from each other by spandrels of blue and yellow tile .
-Crowds press along the terraces , down the steps , in and out of the arcades , massing against it as though it were a fortress under siege .
-Each mode is believed to have a specific attribute -- one inducing pleasure , another generosity , another love , and so on , to include all of the emotions .
-Everyone is ready to grant the Persians their history , but almost no one is willing to acknowledge their present .
-In time Isfahan came to be known as `` half the world '' , Isfahan nisf-i-jahan .
-I should like , by the way , to make it clear that I am not using the word `` Persians '' carelessly .
-But even for them it remains a museum , or perhaps it would be more accurate to say a tomb , a tomb in which Persia lies well preserved but indeed dead .
-From upstream it looks like a long arcaded box laid across the river ; ;
-It is a splendid structure .
-Many of them , moreover , are beginning to complain about the scarcity of Western amusements and to ridicule the old life of the bazaar merchant , the mullah , and the peasant .
-Here , in the old days -- when they had come to see the moon or displays of fireworks -- sat the king and his court while priests , soldiers , and other members of the party lounged in the smaller alcoves between .
-But more important , and the thing which the casual traveler and the blind sojourner often do not see , is that these places and activities are often the settings in which Persians exercise their extraordinary aesthetic sensibilities .
-It was a nice day , granted .
-These things are important to almost all Persians and perhaps most important to the most ordinary .
-Nonetheless , they take time out -- much time -- from the game of grab and these new Western experiments to go to the gardens and riverbanks .
-And it is expressed , at least to their taste , in a perfect form .
-The natural world then , plus poetry and some kinds of art , receives from the most ordinary of Persians a great deal of attention .
-the Safavids fell from power ; ;
-Nowhere in Isfahan is this rich aesthetic life of the Persians shown so well as during the promenade at the Khaju bridge .
-For one thing , there is a natural belt of rock across the river bed ; ;
-Yet within this limitation there is an astonishing variety : design as intricate as that in the carpet or miniature , with the melodic line like the painted or woven line often flowing into an arabesque .
-The singer simply matches the poem to a mode ; ;
-The air , he said , was just right ; ;
-However , just as all the buildings have not fallen and flowed back to their original mud , so the values which wanted them and saw that they were built have not all disappeared .
-On spring and summer evenings people leave their shops and houses and walk up through the lanes of the city to the bridge .
-The architects , the tile and carpet makers , the potters , painters , calligraphers , and metalsmiths worked through Abbas's reign and those of his successors to enrich the city .
-It is a great spectacle .
-Below , twenty vaults tunnel through the understructure of the bridge .
-But he knew ; ;
-Water , air , fruit , poetry , music , the human form -- these things are important to Persians , and they experience them with an intense and discriminating awareness .
-he sniffed the air and licked it on his lip and knew as a vintner knows a vintage .
-Those who actually get there find that it isn't spooky at all but as brilliant as a tile in sunlight .
-It takes place as well along the terraces and through the arcades of the Khaju bridge , and also in the gardens of the square .
-There has probably always been a bridge of some sort at the southeastern corner of the city .
-At the heart of all of this was the square , which one such traveler declared to be `` as spacious , as pleasant and aromatick a Market as any in the Universe '' .

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-The whole thing , from the moment when they jumped heavily off the trucks , spread out and moved into position just behind the cover of that slight rise of ground and then jumped off , took maybe between twenty and thirty minutes .
-So much for all that .
-`` We would see it that way , but it was glorious then .
-I said I would do it for her .
-Most Romans , even some postmen , know it by the old name .
-There was a new Pope and the Vatican was making itself heard and felt these days .
-An Italian poet had noticed plainclothes policemen lounging around the area of Quirinal Palace , the first time since the war .
-Rimanelli is tough and square-built and adventurous , says what he thinks .
-But , who knew , that might be coming one of these days .
-Why not ? ?
-These people were not talking much about it , but you , a foreigner , sensed their apprehension and disappointment .
-I thought : What the hell ? ?
-Berto knew all about Fascism .
-It is remembered and has been commemorated by a bust in a park and a square in the city which was renamed Piazzo Lauro Di Bosis after the war .
-It was going to be hard going all the way because he hadn't written seriously for a while , except for a few stories , was tired of the old method of realismo he had so successfully used in The Sky Is Red .
-He was thinking his way into a new novel , a big one , one that people had been waiting for .
-That is how the real routine of resistance goes on , and its strength is directly proportionate to the number of insignificant people who can let themselves be taken to pieces , piece by piece , without quitting .
-There were a few reasons for that , too : Garibaldi had been taken up and exploited by the Communists nowadays .
-So were a lot of other people .
-The trouble is that like many symbols it doesn't seem a very realistic one .
-He was interested in Robert Musil's The Man Without Qualities .
-She gave me the names of some people who would surely help pay for the flowers and might even march up to the monument with me .
-It is an ugly business and there are few , if any , wreaths for them .
-So there we were talking around and about it .
-My spoon stirring coffee , banging against the side of the cup , sounded as loud as a bell .
-She was from Prague .
-Little things .
-I keep thinking of a young woman I knew during the Occupation in Austria .
-All that the English lady wanted to do was to walk up to the monument and lay a wreath at its base .
-I also had and have feelings about Garibaldi .
-The English lady really wanted to put a wreath on the Garibaldi monument on the 30th of April .
-This would show that somebody , even a foreigner living in Rome , cared .
-Our companion was a huge , plain-spoken American sculptor who had been a sixteen-year-old rifleman all across France in 1944 .
-He is thought either to have been killed by the Fascists as soon as he landed or to have killed himself by flying out to sea and crashing his plane .
-He had made an assault once with 180 men .
-Were any of us interested enough in the idea to do it for her , by proxy so to speak ? ?
-I hate embarrassing silences and have been known to make a fool out of myself just to prevent one .
-He was interested in Italo Svevo .
-The idea of the march pleased her .
-His bust shows an intense , mustached , fine-featured face .
-I had some reasons , too .
-( It is sort of as if our government should decide to disown Washington or Lincoln for the same reason .
-She also mentioned leaving a little bunch of flowers at the bust of Lauro Di Bosis .
-Therefore the government wanted no part of him .
-Old world and new world .
-`` I am not familiar with the expression '' .
-It was absurd and dramatic .
-Like everything else in Rome , ruins and monuments alike , that house is lived in .
-This one was going to be different .
-`` Bullshit '' , he said softly .
-We were at a party once and heard an idealistic young European call that awful charge glorious .
-When it was over , eight of his company were still alive and all eight were wounded .
-He really didn't know how to fly .
-) And then there were ecclesiastical matters , the matter of Garibaldi's anti-clericalism .
-He flew over Rome one day during the early days of Mussolini and scattered leaflets over the city , denouncing the Fascists .
-Around that statue in the green park where children play and lovers walk in twos and there is a glowing view of the whole city , in that park are the rows of marble busts of Garibaldi's fallen men , the ones who one day rushed out of the Porta San Pancrazio and , under fire all the way , up the long , straight narrow lane to take , then lose the high ground of the Villa Doria Pamphili .
-Maybe I could call Rimanelli at the magazine Rottosei where he worked .
-He had crashed on takeoff once before .
-She showed us what had happened to her .
-She escaped , crawled through the usual mine fields , under barbed wire , was shot at , swam a river , and we finally picked her up in Linz .
-They made it , killed every last one of the Krauts , took the village on schedule .
-He was a well-to-do , handsome , and sensitive young poet .
-I admire the English lady .
-He knew all about it and had put it down in journal form in The War In A Black Shirt , a wonderful book not , for some strange reason , published in the U.S. .
-Once out of the gate they had charged straight up the narrow lane .
-On his desk was a slowly accumulating treatment and script of The Count Of Monte Cristo .
-He knew all about the appeal of a black shirt and jackboots to a poor , southern , peasant boy .
-Now the park is filled with marble busts and all the streets in the immediate area have the full and proper names of the men who fell .
-Across the way from the apartment building is a ruined house , shot to hell that day in 1849 , and left that way as a memorial .
-The apartment where we were talking that afternoon in March faced onto the street Garibaldi's men had charged up and along .
-Just no spot , not even a dimesize spot , on her whole body that wasn't bruised , bruise on top of bruise , from beatings .
-There was a pretty thorough silence at that point .
-It is hard for me to know how I feel about Lauro Di Bosis .
-The sculptor looked at him , bugeyed and amazed , angry .
-They went up against an SS unit of comparable size , over a little rise of ground , over an open field .
-Like every Southerner I can't escape the romantic tradition of brave defeats , forlorn lost causes .
-The Italians felt it .
-There is a bronze wreath on the wall .
-On his bookshelves were some of the latest American novels , including Bellow's Seize The Day , but he hadn't read them ( they were sent by American publishers ) and wasn't especially interested in what the American writers were up to .
-So did his friend , the young novelist Rimanelli .
-He knew all about the infection and the fever , and , too , the moment of realization when he saw for himself , threw up his hands and quit , ended the war as a prisoner in Texas .
-I have seen diapers strung across the ruined roof .
-The sculptor looked at him , let the color drain out of his face , grinned , and looked down into his drink , a bad Martini made with raw Italian gin .
-Nothing was going to be done this year to celebrate Garibaldi's bold and unsuccessful defense of Rome .
-And there is something so wonderfully romantic about it all .
-Maybe twenty , thirty , fifty .
-She had been picked up by the Russians , questioned in connection with some pamphlets , sentenced to life imprisonment for espionage .
-He said it was stupid butchery to order men to make a charge like that , no matter who gave the order and what for .
-`` Oh , it would be butchery all right '' , the European said .
-No airplanes , no Nathan Hale statements .
-He had put it down in a war novel , The Day Of The Lion .
-The English lady was pleased and enthusiastic .
-The English lady wanted to pay tribute to Garibaldi and to Lauro Di Bosis , but she wasn't going to be here to do it .
-Now he was married to a beautiful girl , had a small son , and lived in an expensive apartment and worked for the movies .
-There had been signs and portents like the regular toppling over and defacing of the bust of Lauro Di Bosis near the Villa Lante and in the Gianicolo .
-The English lady said she had to go to Vienna for a while .
-Though Garibaldi's fight was small shakes compared to Pickett's Charge -- which , like all Southerners , I view in almost Miltonic terms , fallen angels , etc. -- I associated the two .
-And then there were other things .
-I understand very well about Lauro Di Bosis and how his action is symbolic .
-Berto's The Sky Is Red had been a small masterpiece and in its special way the best book to come out of the war .
-Berto seemed worried , too .
-For one thing , there wasn't going to be any ceremony at all this year .
-And to top it all I am often sentimental on purpose , trying to prove to myself that I am not afraid of sentiment .
-We had walked it many times and shivered , figuring what a fish barrel it had been for the French .
-I suffer from mixed feelings .
-I thought : Who is older now ? ?
-It was the last time in history anybody could do something gloriously like that '' .
-Some of the marble busts in the park are of young Englishmen who fought and died for Garibaldi .
-Something was happening all right , slowly it is true , but you could feel it .
-There were other Italians who still bore scars they had earned in police station basements , resisting .
-It was a picked assault company .
-Object -- a village crossroads .
-He was never heard of again .
-Gossip had it ( for gossip is the soul of Rome ) that a famous American dancer of the time had paid for both the planes .
-As it happens the English lady is a good Catholic herself , but of more liberal political persuasion .
-`` Excuse me '' , the European said .
-He had bought a little piece of property down along the coast of the hard country of Calabria that he knew so well .
-At least they hadn't stepped up and asked to see papers in the hated , flat , dialect mispronunciation of Mussolini's home district -- Dogumenti , per favore .
-It was a pity because she had planned to lay a wreath at the foot of the Garibaldi statue , towering over Rome in spectacular benediction from the highpoint of the Gianicolo .
-He was going to do one or two more films for cash and then chuck it all , leave Rome and its intellectual cliques and money-fed life , go back to Calabria .
-We saw Giuseppe Berto at a party once in a while , tall , lean , nervous and handsome , and , in our opinion , the best novelist of them all except Pavese , and Pavese is dead .
-Faced with a gesture like Di Bosis' , I find usually that my sentiments are closer to those of my sculptor friend .
-The things that happened in police station basements were dirty , grubby , and most often anonymous .
-No poetry , no airplanes , no dancers .
-They laughed and , true to national form and manners , never talked long or solemnly on any subject at all , but some of them worried out loud about short memories and ghosts .
-When they lost it , the French artillery moved in , and that was the end for Garibaldi that time , on 30 April 1849 .
-She had her reasons for this .
-He was , thus , an early and spectacular victim .

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-So far as I am concerned , the child is unmistakably father to the man , despite the obvious fact that child and father differ greatly -- sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse .
-Several times in my youth I voted the Socialist ticket , but less because I was Socialist than because I was not either a Republican or a Democrat , and I voted for Franklin Roosevelt every time he was a candidate .
-Without really changing the general subject , I take this opportunity to confess that I am troubled by doubts , not only about pacifism , but also when asked to join in the protest against a law that most of those who consider themselves humane and liberal seem to regard as obviously barbarous ; ;
-I know that one must act .
-It will probably explain more of my attitudes toward society than any other phrase or principle could .
-Punishment of the wrongdoer , so liberals are inclined to say , can have only three possible justifications : revenge , reformation or deterrent example .
-But there are at least two reasons for contemplating one's mind in even a cracked mirror .
-Its surface loses its bloom and submits to its wrinkles in ways less immediately obvious than the body does .
-`` Looking young for your age '' means `` for your age '' and it means no more .
-We often say of a person that he `` looks young for his age '' or `` old for his age '' .
-Cynical ? ?
-`` Well '' , I replied , `` some of my colleagues on the paper regard me as a rank reactionary '' .
-When I first came across Samuel Johnson's pronouncement , `` the remedy for the ills of life is palliative rather than radical '' , it seemed to me to sum up the profoundest of political and social truths .
-I have changed and I have reversed opinions ; ;
-We may say of some unfortunates that they were never young .
-Fundamental values , temperament and the way in which one approaches a conviction change less , of course , than specific opinions .
-We cannot truthfully say of anyone who has succeeded in entering deep into his sixties that he was never old .
-Apropos of what some would call cynicism , I remember an anecdote the source of which I forget .
-Why did I choose to fill these pages in this particular issue with this mixture of rather tenuous reflections and autobiography ? ?
-Youth may be , and often is , skeptical , cynical or despairing ; ;
-There are few things of which I am prouder than of that unblemished record .
-It is not that I am unaware of the force of their strongest contention .
-The promise that the lion and the lamb will lie down together was given in the future tense .
-But at least the question has been raised .
-Blasphemous ? ?
-`` How on earth do you manage it ? ?
-At about the age of twelve I became a Spencerian liberal , and I have always considered myself a liberal of some kind even though the definition has changed repeatedly since Spencer became a reactionary .
-I would , however , like to suggest that , wrong though I may be , the tendency to see dilemmas rather than solutions is one of which I have been a victim ever since I can remember , and therefore not merely a senile phenomenon .
-But there is , nevertheless , always a subtle difference in the way in which supposedly similar opinions are held .
-Seems to me to create a dilemma not to be satisfactorily disposed of by a simple negative answer .
-Those famous lines of the Greek Anthology with which a fading beauty dedicates her mirror at the shrine of a goddess reveal a wise attitude : `` Venus , take my votive glass , Since I am not what I was , What from this day I shall be , Venus , let me never see '' .
-To those of my readers who find many of my opinions morally , or politically , or sociologically antiquated ( and I have reason to know that there are some such ) , I would like to say what I have already hinted , namely , that some of my opinions may indeed be subject to some discount on the simple ground that I am no longer young and therefore incapable of being youthful of mind .
-I have known some men and women who said that the selves they are told about or even remember seem utter strangers to them now ; ;
-The other reason ( and the one with which I am here concerned ) is that one thus becomes inclined to inquire of any opinion , or change of opinion , whether it represents the wisdom of experience or is only the result of the difference between youth and age which is as inevitable as the all too obvious physical differences .
-It is not something that can be expected to happen now .
-namely , the law that prescribes the death penalty for murder when there seem to be no extenuating circumstances .
-There was , it seems to me , enough in the openly declared principles and intentions of Russian leaders to alienate honorable men without their having to wait to see how it would turn out .
-All you have to do is put in a fresh lamb from time to time '' .
-I never have been , and am not now , any kind of utopian .
-Despite these facts the question `` : :
-Life , they say , should be regarded as sacred and , therefore , as something that neither an individual nor his society has a right to take away .
-but I am so aware of an uninterrupted continuity of the persona or ego that I see only as absurd the tendency of some psychologists from Heraclitus to Pirandello and Proust to regard consciousness as no more than a flux amid which nothing remains unchanged .
-If it proclaims that the best is yet to be , it always arouses , at least in the young , either a suspicious question or perhaps the exclamation of the Negro youth who saw on a tombstone the inscription , `` I am not dead but sleeping '' .
-`` Boy , you ain't fooling nobody but yourself '' .
-Many readers of this department no doubt discount certain of my opinions for the simple reason that they can guess pretty accurately , even if they have never actually been told , what my age is .
-Just as I know I would make a bad soldier even though I cannot sincerely call myself a pacifist , so too I would not be either a hangman by profession or , if I could avoid it , even a member of a hanging jury .
-After a moment's thought he replied , `` That still leaves you a lot of latitude '' .
-At least I should like them to know that I know these discounts are being made .
-For my part I find it difficult to conceive such a state of affairs .
-And I suppose it did .
-One is that there sometimes are real although inadequate compensations in growing old .
-A mind expressing itself in words may reveal itself a little less obviously as old or young .
-Stigmata quite sufficient for diagnosis are nevertheless there .
-One may be exasperatingly aware that if the answer is favorable it will be judged such only by those of one's own age .
-Many of my friends at the time thought that I had received a well-deserved condemnation when Lincoln Steffens denounced me in a review of one of my books as a perfect example of the obsolete man who could understand and sympathize only with the dead past .
-Similarly the optimism of age protests too much .
-so that , although not as eager as I once was to be disapproved of , I can still resist prevailing opinions .
-there is no trick involved .
-With this excuse I have never been much impressed .
-`` Why '' , he replied , `` it is perfectly simple ; ;
-Not only his parishioners , but the whole town and , ultimately , the whole county were enormously impressed by this object lesson .
-The favorite excuse of those who have now recanted their approval of communism is that they did not know how things would develop .
-But one need not always be sure that the action is either wise or conclusive .
-Let me then ( and in public ) glance into the mirror .
-Yet even in the more extreme of such cases we seldom go very far astray in guessing what his age actually is .
-But I will also remind them that I have always been inclined to skepticism , to a kind of Laodicean lack of commitment so far as public affairs are concerned ; ;
-that their remote past is as discontinuous with their present selves , as lacking in any conscious likeness to their mature personality , as the self of a butterfly may be imagined discontinuous with that of the caterpillar it once was .
-The reason is , I think , my awareness that my remarks last quarter on pacifism may well have served to confirm the opinion of some that my tendency to skepticism and dissent gets us nowhere , and that I am simply too old to hope .
-Not really , it seems to me .
-Even to be `` from hope and fear set free '' is at least better than to have lost the first without having got rid of the second .
-One day he was visited by a delegation of would-be imitators who wanted to know his secret .
-Serenity , if one is fortunate enough to achieve it , is not so good as joy , but it is something .
-That fact is very clearly illustrated in the case of the many present-day intellectuals who were Communists or near-Communists in their youth and are now so extremely conservative ( or reactionary , as many would say ) that they can define no important political conviction that does not seem so far from even a centrist position as to make the distinction between Mr. Nixon and Mr. Khrushchev for them hardly worth noting .
-age may be idealistic , believing and much given to professions of optimism .
-It concerns a small-town minister who staged an impressive object lesson by confining a lion and a lamb together in the same cage outside his church door .
-No good can come of contemplating the sad , inevitable fact that once youth has passed `` a worse and worse time still succeeds the former '' .
-He asked me suddenly , `` What are your political opinions '' ? ?
-What is the trick '' ? ?
-An assumption of youth , or the presence of a few youthful characteristics , deceives no more successfully than rouge or dyed hair .
-Yet during the years when I was on the staff of The Nation , I tried to the limit the patience of the editors on almost every occasion when I was permitted to write an editorial having a bearing on a political or social question .
-Once many years ago I sat at dinner next to Arthur Train , and the subject of The Nation came up .
-Never once during the trying thirties did I come so close to succumbing to the private climate of opinion as to grant Russian communism even that most weasel-worded of encomiums `` an interesting experiment '' .
-But in ways more fundamental than specific political opinions they are still what they always were : passionate , sure without a shadow of doubt of whatever it is that they are sure of , capable of seeing black and white only and , therefore , committed to the logical extreme of whatever it is they are temporarily committed to .
-In fact I cannot imagine myself condemning a man to the noose or the electric chair if I had to take , as an individual , the responsibility for his death .
-`` Young for his age '' means only the presence of some minor characteristic not quite usual .
-The pessimism of the young is defiant , anxious to confess or even exaggerate its ostensible gloom , and so exuberant as to reveal the fact that it regards its ability to face up to the awful truth as more than enough to compensate for the awfulness of that truth .
-Should no murderer ever be executed '' ? ?
-And this means , I suppose , that almost invariably age reveals itself by easily recognizable signs engraved on both the body and the mind .
-But he , as I can now retort , was the man who could see so short a distance ahead that after a visit to Russia he gave voice to the famous exclamation : `` I have seen the future and it works '' .

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-In any event , the critical productivity of that time is abundant proof that if he was taking laudanum , it was never in command of him to the extent that it had been during his vagrant years .
-The somewhat Petrarchan love story which these poems suggest cannot obscure the fact that undoubtedly they have more than a little of autobiographical sincerity .
-Yet Davidson impressed him as a poet capable of `` sustained power , passion , or beauty '' , and he cited specific passages to illustrate not only these qualities but Davidson's command of imagery as well .
-The result was that I found myself in the ridiculous position of having made a formal engagement by letter for the next week , only two days before my departure from London .
-others suggest its coming loss or describe the poet's feelings when he learns of a final separation .
-Ever yours sincerely ,
-Their interest remains chiefly biographical , for they throw some light on the utter despair which overtook Thompson in the spring and early summer of 1900 .
-Reviewing Davidson's The Testament Of An Empire Builder , for example , Thompson found that there was `` too much metrical dialectic '' .
-and now ! !
-Katherine Douglas King '' The invitation was accepted and other letters followed , in which she spoke of her concern for his health and her delight in seeing him so much at home among the crippled children she served .
-That she was affected by his protestations seems obvious , but since she was evidently a sensible young woman -- as well as an outgoing and sympathetic type -- it would seem that for her the word friendship had a far less intense emotional significance than that which Thompson gave it .
-She ended her letter with the assurance that she considered his friendship for her daughter and herself to be an honor , from which she could not part `` without still more pain '' .
-In any case , she told Thompson that she saw no reason why he might not see Katie again , `` now that this frank explanation has been made & no one can misunderstand '' .
-If otherwise , you will give me a pleasure .
-Perhaps Mrs. Meynell would do me the undeserved kindness to keep my own copy of the first edition of my first book , with all its mementos of her and the dear ones .
-I am a great deal at the little children's Hospital .
-Katie cannot mind your seeing them now ; ;
-That he read some of the books assigned to him with a studied carefulness is evident from his notes , which are often so full that they provide an unquestionable basis for the identification of reviews that were printed without his signature .
-In one of the very few letters in which he ever complained of Meynell , Thompson told Patmore of his distress at having had to leave London before this new friendship had developed further : ``
-Consequently , on October 31 , 1896 , Mrs. King wrote to Thompson , quite against her daughter's wishes , asking him not to `` recommence a correspondence which I believe has been dropped for some weeks '' .
-Understanding , as he did , the difficulty of the art of poetry , and believing that the `` only technical criticism worth having in poetry is that of poets '' , he felt obliged to insist upon his duty to be hard to please when it came to the review of a book of verse .
-He never let me know that my visit was about to terminate until the actual morning I was to leave for Lymington .
-Some , she knew , looked upon Thompson almost as a saint , but others read in `` The Hound Of Heaven '' what they took to be the confessions of a great sinner , who , like Oscar Wilde , had -- as one pious writer later put it -- thrown himself `` on the swelling wave of every passion '' .
-I ask you to do me the last favour of reading them by 8 to-morrow evening , about which time I shall come to say my sad good-bye .
-The publication of Father Connolly's The Man Has Wings has made more of the group available in print so that a general picture of what it contained can now be had without difficulty .
-I wish you would return them to her .
-It was , of course , in this drawing of the balance sheet of judgment that he most clearly displayed his desire to do full justice to an author .
-For them a box will be lodgment enough .
-I know you are very busy now , you are writing a great deal & your book is coming out , isn't it ? ?
-He simply found more work for him to do , and the articles and reviews continued without an evident break .
-In `` My Song's Young Virgin Date '' , for example , Thompson wrote : `` Yea , she that had my song's young virgin date Not now , alas , that noble singular she , I nobler hold , though marred from her once state , Than others in their best integrity .
-Last , not least , there are some poems which K. King sent me ( addressed to herself ) when I was preparing a fresh volume , asking me to include them .
-From the outset , she must have realized that marriage with him was out of the question , and although she was displeased by the `` unwarrantable '' interference , it seems probable that she did agree with her mother's suggestion that the poet was `` perhaps '' a man `` most fitted to live & die solitary , & in the love only of the Highest Lover '' .
-This prospect did not please Mrs. King any more than did the possibility that her daughter might marry a Bohemian , but she used it to suggest to Thompson that , `` It is not in her nature to love you '' .
-and launch them on the world when their time comes .
-The `` orphaned poems '' mentioned in the letter to Meynell comprised a group of five sonnets , which were published in the 1913 edition of Thompson's works under the heading `` Ad Amicam '' , plus certain other completed pieces and rough drafts gathered together in one of the familiar exercise books .
-In a letter to Meynell , which was written in June , less than a month before Katie's wedding , he was highly melodramatic in his despair and once again announced his intention of returning to the life of the streets : ``
-Whose absence dearer comfort is , by far , Than presences of other women are '' ! !
-At no time does he seem to have proposed marriage , and Mrs. King was evidently torn between a concern for her daughter's emotions and the desire to believe that the friendship might be continued without harm to her reputation .
-It need hardly be remarked that Thompson was not generally known for his scrupulosity about keeping his social engagements , which makes his irritation in this letter all the more significant .
-My own stern hand has rent the ancient bond , And thereof shall the ending not have end : But not for me , that loved her , to be fond Lightly to please me with a newer friend Then hold it more than bravest-feathered song , That I affirm to thee , with heart of pride , I knew not what did to a friend belong Till I stood up , true friend , by thy true side ; ;
-Whether or not Danchin is correct in suggesting that Thompson's resumption of the opium habit also dates from this period is , of course , a matter of conjecture .
-Similarly , he wrote that Laurence Housman had a `` too deliberate manner '' as well as a lack of `` inevitable felicity in diction '' .
-When Thompson and her daughter began a correspondence which included fervent verses from Pantasaph , Mrs. King felt a proper Victorian alarm .
-As a reviewer , Thompson generally displayed a judicious attitude .
-Meynell once again paid his debts and it was Katie , rather than Thompson , whose life was soon ended , for she died in childbirth in April , 1901 , in the first year of her marriage .
-but this -- yes , terrible step I am about to take is lightened with an inundating joy by the new-found hope that here , in these poems , is treasure -- or at least some measure of beauty , which I did not know of '' .
-On the basis of this careful reading , Thompson frequently gave a clear , complete , and interesting description of a prose work or chose effective quotations to illustrate his discussions of poetry .
-All chance of fulfilling my destiny is over .
-I have not the heart .
-Some of the poems express a mood of joy in a newly discovered love ; ;
-3 ,
-Reid simply states , without offering any supporting evidence , that `` after he returned to London , he resumed his draughts of laudanum , and continued this right up to his death '' .
-That was a very absurd and annoying situation in which I was placed by W. M.'s curious methods of handling me .
-It is difficult to say what Thompson expected would come of their relationship , which had begun so soon after his emotions had been stirred by Maggie Brien , but when Katie wrote on April 11 , 1900 , to tell him that she was to be married to the Rev. Godfrey Burr , the vicar of Rushall in Staffordshire , the news evidently helped to deepen his discouragement over the failure of his hopes for a new volume of verse .
-Taking into account Thompson's capacity for self-dramatization and the possibility of a wish to identify his own life with the misfortunes of other poets who had known unhappy loves , there can be no doubt about his genuine emotion for Katie King .
-She regretted what she described as the `` unwarrantable & unnecessary '' check to their friendship and said that she felt that they understood one another perfectly .
-Luckily both women knew my position and if anyone suffered in their opinion it was not I '' .
-For his part , Thompson had explained in a previous letter that there would be nothing but an honorable friendship between Katie and himself .
-It is strange ; ;
-But he admired Housman's `` subtle intellectuality '' and delighted in the inversion by which Divine Love becomes the most `` fatal '' allurement in `` Love The Tempter '' .
-O my genius , young and ripening , you would swear , -- when I wrote them ; ;
-I want you to be grandfather to these orphaned poems , dear father-brother , now I am gone ; ;
-I never had the courage to look at them , when my projected volume became hopeless , fearing they were poor , until now when I was obliged to do so .
-If , as Reid says , `` nearly all his poetry was produced when he was not taking opium '' , there may be some reason to doubt that he was under its influence in the period from 1896 to 1900 when he was writing the poems to Katie King and making plans for another book of verse .
-What has it all come to ? ?
-The terrible blow of the New Year put an end to that project .
-The poems which were addressed to her , while they are far more restrained than those of `` Love In Dian's Lap '' , show no great technical advance over those of the `` Narrow Vessel '' group and are , if anything , somewhat more labored .
-This letter concluded with an invitation : ``
-If you don't think much of them , tell me the wholesome truth .
-When they were first written , there was evidently no thought of their being published , and those which refer to the writer's love for Mrs. Meynell particularly have the ring of truth .
-He was seldom an unmethodical critic , and his reviews generally followed a systematic pattern : a description of what the work contained , a treatment of the things that had especially interested him in it , and , wherever possible , a balancing of whatever artistic merits and faults he might have found .
-Katherine was staying at a convent , and her mother felt that , as Thompson himself seems to have suggested , she might eventually stay there .
-But if you are able & care to come , you know how glad I shall be .
-After Thompson came to London to live , he received a letter from Katie , which was dated February 8 , 1897 .
-since my silence must have ended when I gave the purposed volume to you .
-Meynell's remedy for Thompson's despondent mood was typically practical .
-Thompson , of course , was persuaded not to take the `` terrible step '' ; ;
-There is every reason to recognize that in the very last years of his life , as we shall see , Thompson did take the drug in carefully rationed doses to ease the pains of his illness , but the exact date at which this began has never been determined .
-Mr. Meynell knows the way .
-A week in arrears , and without means to pay , I must go , it is the only right thing .
-Poetry , he said , must be `` dogmatic '' : it must not stoop to argue like a `` K.C. in cloth-of-gold '' .
-Of course , there were books about which nothing good could be said .
-O Wilfrid ! !

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-`` I arrived in the United States with the idea of establishing myself there more or less permanently and finding inspiration for new compositions '' .
-At this period the thirty-year old Helion was ranked `` as one of the mature leaders of the modern movement '' , according to Herbert Read , `` and in the direct line of descent from Cezanne , Seurat , Gris and Leger '' .
-`` Fear possessed me , and the certainty of war '' , he has related .
-Every morning contingents of prisoners would be sent out to labor in nearby factories .
-At Stettin the university-educated artist , who had studied German , was chosen to serve as interpreter and clerk in the office of the Stalag commander .
-But when he showed his new figurative pictures to his artist friends of the abstract camp , they paid him no compliments and drew long faces .
-Very much the political man , Helion felt himself deeply affected by the increasingly pessimistic atmosphere of France and all Europe , whose foundations seemed to him more and more shaky .
-and in early 1939 , a `` Fallen Figure '' of very ominous character , which concluded his abstract phase .
-At the time of his capture Helion had on his person a sketchbook he had bought at Woolworth's in New York .
-Helion did not realize it at the time , but it was true .
-Exhibited in shows in London in 1935 , and in New York the following year , the new , more elaborated abstracts were much favored in the circles of the modernists as three-dimentional dramas of great intellectual coherence .
-But whereas the postwar American abstractionists seem to Helion to be determined to `` escape '' from the real world , or simply to rebel against it , the ordered abstractions which he and his associates of the 1930's were painting embodied the hope of `` improving '' things .
-Before leaving for America , he happened to see his old friend Jean Arp and confided to him his new resolutions .
-Four hands were stretched toward me by my comrades behind me .
-a `` Double-Figure '' , which went to the Chicago Art Institute , and is considered by him the most successful of his abstracts ; ;
-At this moment the volley-ball hit the ground .
-He was engaged in constant experiments that searched for new directions .
-Abstract art was still the right path for him ; ;
-Helion , however , clung to the belief that `` in escaping from the Stalag I had also escaped from Abstraction '' .
-While convalescing in his Virginia home he wrote a book recording his prison experiences and escape , entitled : They Shall Not Have Me Published originally in ( Helion's ) English by Dutton & Co. of New York , in 1943 , the book was received by the press as a work of astonishing literary power and one of the most realistic accounts of World War 2 , from the French side .
-Finot held a wallet with my money and papers ; ;
-but Leger , Arp , Lipchitz and Alexander Calder , at the time , gave him their blessing .
-These new pictures focussed on the familiar and commonplace objects that he had heard the men in his prison camp talking about as the things they missed most , hence associated with the sense of lost freedom : the cafe at the corner , the newspaper kiosk , the girls in doorways and windows along the street , the golden-crusted French bread they lacked , the cigarettes denied them .
-In New York he was well received by what was then only a small brave band of non-figurative artists , including Alexander Calder , George K. L. Morris , De Kooning , Holty and a few others .
-He wrote : ``
--- who questioned things when given orders '' .
-During the 1920's the Abstractionists , the German Bauhaus group of industrial designers , and the new architects all had the dream of some well ordered utopia , or welfare state , in which their neat and logical constructions might find their proper place .
-The guards all rushed up to intervene ''
-He had taken out first papers for American citizenship ; ;
-But his own work was evolving further .
-His `` monumental '' abstraction , made up of smooth , metallic `` non-objects '' acting upon each other with great tension , won Helion much acclaim during the 'thirties .
-When he was stripped , deloused and numbered by his guards , his much-thumbed sketchbook was seized and thrown on a pile of prisoners' goods to be confiscated .
-As Helion's work showed more and more nostalgia for the world of man and nature , the pure abstractionists expressed some disapproval ; ;
-Helion also hoped that America's mastery of technology and industrial efficiency would be accompanied by the production of new and beautiful art works .
-The Rooseveltian America was a haven of liberalism and progress and seemed to him to constitute the last best hope for civilization .
-and used gradations of color value as well as sharply contrasting elementary colors .
-In 1936 he decided to migrate to America .
-His company then carried out a confused retreating movement until it was surrounded by the Germans , a few days before France capitulated .
-`` I hated the war '' , he said , `` but thought I ought to go because I was , perhaps , one of those who hadn't done enough to prevent it '' .
-not only loathing of captivity , but a faith , a hope that is even stronger .
-It was a time of revelations for him .
-And , he added : `` During the many months in prison camp , all abstract images vanished from my mind '' .
-In recollection he has said : `` Natural or man-made objects kept coming into my head , but I would suppress them sternly '' .
-One evening , while a volley-ball game was being played in the yard among the prisoners remaining there , a simulated melee was staged -- just as the gates were opened to admit other prisoners returning from work .
-The extreme limitations he sensed in all current abstract art made that seem to him increasingly arid and cold .
-In the Stalag , Helion came to know and love his comrades , most of them plain folk , who , in their extremity , showed true courage and ran great risks to help each other .
-Marquet held my briefcase ; ;
-It is notable that at this time he was writing with admiration of Cimabue's and Poussin's way of filling space .
-`` I knew I was carrying on with abstraction to its very end -- for me '' , he said of the two years' output in Virginia .
-He himself did not know , as he said in 1935 .
-It was very widely read , too ; ;
-They too loved their families , longed for their villages : yet lacked the faith that drove one to dare the fearful chance of escape '' .
-but after war came to Europe , he decided to return to France , arriving there in January , 1940 .
-They were , in effect his last testament to non-objective art .
-Riding trains , hitching hikes on trucks across Germany , slipping through guarded frontiers with the help of secret guides , he eventually reached Vichy France , and , by the winter of 1943 , was back in Virginia .
-Their sentry followed .
-In secret he also acted as a member of the prisoners' Central Committee , which plotted sabotage , planned a few escapes , and maintained a hidden control over the wretched French slave-laborers .
-Even the most rational of men , under great stress , may be transported by a new faith and behave like mystics .
-Arp protested : `` But it is impossible ! !
-but , he held , instead of continuing as an `` art of reduction '' , it must grow , must make a place for the contributions of the Raphaels and Poussins as well as for those of the early cubists and Mondrian .
-In America , Meyer Schapiro observed that , unlike the Mondrian school , Helion `` sought a return path to the fullness of nature within the framework of abstract art '' .
-Where would it all lead ? ?
-Duclos ran toward Desprez with fists raised .
-Between 1944 and 1947 Helion had a series of one-man shows -- at the Paul Rosenberg Gallery in New York and in Paris -- of his new realistic pictures .
-One of the pictures was of a man with hat drawn over his face ceremoniously lighting a cigarette ; ;
-and the author , who seemed the embodiment of France's rising spirit of resistance to her conquerors , was much complimented for his daring military action .
-I left behind me brave men , whom captivity had robbed of all hope .
-`` I truly smelled blood , death , heaps of corpses everywhere '' .
-Instead of this the 1930's witnessed a tragic economic depression , the rise of Fascist dictators in Europe , the wasting Civil War in Spain .
-The darkening world scene , at the time of the Munich Pact , continued to trouble his mind even in his remote Virginia studio .
-Everything in the way of representation has already been done by the old masters '' .
-They reincarnated the figures of human beings banished from his canvases since the 1920's .
-In haste he labored to finish some last abstract paintings : a three-panel frieze , with a flying figure and a fallen figure ; ;
-How much they esteemed him is shown by the fact that their underground committee selected him as one of the few who would be helped to escape .
-`` We were possessed by visions of a new civilization to come , very pure and elevated '' , he has said , `` in fact some ideal form of socialism such as we had dreamed of since the war of 1914-1918 '' .
-In prison he had been able to sketch nothing but figures from life , his guards , his companions in misery .
-To escape from a prison camp required a very special state of mind ; ;
-The play of novel lighting effects also entered into these compositions , whose controlled power and varied activity made them well worth meditating .
-A year later they were removed to a Stalag in the harbor of Stettin .
-As Helion wrote afterward : ``
-But he was `` afraid of the future -- he would in fact welcome a way back to social integration , a functional art of some kind '' .
-`` It was then I knew that they were making war against Man , the individual within ! !
-With those paintings of big constructions crashing down , he felt he could stop .
-They felt rough and kind and warm .
-and they had ( vaguely ) heads and feet .
-In the prison camp's Black Market civilian clothes were quietly bought and forged papers were devised for him ; ;
-Shedding his prison cloak , Helion shot through the gates , now clad in civilian garments and with the passport of a Flemish worker .
-Moineau and David held nothing but their fingers .
-Later Helion wrote of this phase : `` For years I built for myself a subtle instrument of relationships -- colors and forms without a name .
-Helion knew that he owed his freedom as much to the self-sacrifice of his fellow-men in Arbeitskommando 13 , , Stettin , as to his own fierce will and love of life .
-Now all his desires centered on `` rediscovering and singing of the prosaic and yet beautiful world of men and objects so long barred from me by a barbed wire fence '' .
-Its first apparition was a long , gloomy column of refugees riding in farm wagons , or pushing prams .
-I played on it my secret songs , unexplained , passionate and peaceful '' .
-during long weeks the plan for his flight was rehearsed .
-others were of men doffing their hats to each other , carrying umbrellas with pomp , reading newspapers , or simply showing loaves of bread spread out .
-In June , 1940 , Sergeant Helion , with a company of reserve troops waiting to go into battle , was sketching the hills south of the Loire River , when the war suddenly rolled in upon him .
-Moreover , he organized the movement of his forms , within his rigorously shaped space , into highly complex equilibriums ; ;
-After a sort of death march during four days without food , Helion and his comrades were shipped by cattle-car to a labor camp at an estate farm in East Germany .
-The worthy Mondrian , seeing these pictures , said in a tone of kindly reproof : `` But you are really an artist of the naturalistic tradition '' ! !
-His canvases nowadays bore titles frankly declaring them to be `` Figures In Space '' , or `` Blue Figure '' , or `` Pink Figure '' ; ;
-After that , he declared , `` to return to freedom was to fall to one's knees before the real world and adore it '' .
-After a year in a studio on Sheridan Square , having married an American girl who was a native of Virginia , Helion moved to a village in the Blue Ridge mountains , where he produced some of the most imposing of his abstract canvases .

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-It is obvious that the historian who seeks to recapture the ideas that have motivated human behavior throughout a given period will find the art and literature of that age one of his central and major concerns , by no means a mere supplement or adjunct of significant historical research .
-The study of ideas in literature is one of these .
-But , in general , we may argue that the student can direct the primary emphasis of his attention toward one or the other .
-When these fields are surveyed together , important patterns of relationship emerge indicating a vast community of reciprocal influence , a continuity of thought and expression including many traditions , primarily literary , religious , and philosophical , but frequently including contact with the fine arts and even , to some extent , with science .
-Such an understanding , although it must seek to be sympathetic , is not a matter of intuition .
-We may also recognize cases in which the poets have influenced the philosophers and even indirectly the scientists .
-These moments are historical events in the lives of individual authors with which the student of comparative literature must be frequently concerned .
-Still , we must remember that we cannot construct and justify generalizations of this sort unless we are ready to consider many special instances of influence moving between such areas as theology , philosophy , political thought , and literature .
-We may thus trace the notion of individual autonomy from its manifestation in religious practice and theological reflection through practical politics and political theory into literature and the arts .
-The natural and primary aesthetic attitude is to enjoy contemporary art , to despise and dislike the art of the recent past , and wholly to ignore everything else '' .
-It is a characteristic of thoughts that in re-thinking them we come , ipso facto , to understand why they were thought '' .
-`` History has this in common with every other science : that the historian is not allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge , except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place , and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration , the grounds upon which it is based .
-Let us survey for a moment the development of modern thought -- turning our attention from the Reformation toward the revolutionary and romantic movements that follow and dwelling finally on more recent decades .
-At this point a working definition of idea is in order , although our first definition will have to be qualified somewhat as we proceed .
-This is what was meant , above , by describing history as inferential .
-Accordingly we may speak of the Platonism peculiar to Shelley's poems or the type of Stoicism present in Henley's `` Invictus '' , and we may find that describing such Platonism or such Stoicism and contrasting each with other expressions of the same attitude or mode of thought is a difficult and challenging enterprise .
-We must avoid the notion , suggested to some people by examples such as those just mentioned , that ideas are `` units '' in some way comparable to coins or counters that can be passed intact from one group of people to another or even , for that matter , from one individual to another .
-This understanding , of course , may in its turn take many forms and some of these -- especially those most interesting to the student of comparative literature -- are essentially historical .
-Thus the student of literature may sometimes find it helpful to classify a poem or an essay as being in idea or in ideal content or subject matter typical or atypical of its period .
-This reading and the comments that it evoked constitute the influence .
-Here we may observe that at least one modern philosophy of history is built on the assumption that ideas are the primary objectives of the historian's research .
-One might argue that the ultimate purpose of literary scholarship is to correct this spontaneous provincialism that is likely to obscure the horizons of the general public , of the newspaper critic , and of the creative artist himself .
-When we assert the value of such study , we find ourselves committed to an important assumption .
-Again the student of evolutionary biology will find a fascinating , if to our minds grotesque , anticipation of the theory of chance variations and the natural elimination of the unfit in Lucretius , who in turn seems to have borrowed the concept from the philosopher Empedocles .
-Again , he may discover embodied within its texture a theme or idea that has been presented elsewhere and at other times in various ways .
-also secondary notions such as the perfectibility of man , the depravity of man , and the dignity of man .
-Hegel's profound admiration for the insights of the Greek tragedians indicates a broad channel of classical influence upon nineteenth-century philosophy .
-A contrast of the scripture reading of , let us say , St. Augustine , John Bunyan , and Thomas Jefferson , all three of whom found in such study a real source of enlightenment , can tell us a great deal about these three men and the age that each represented and helped bring to conscious expression .
-On the other hand , Arnold's `` The unplumbed , salt , estranging sea '' , taken in its context , certainly does so .
-No one will deny that such broad developments and transitions are of great intrinsic interest and the study of ideas in literature would be woefully incomplete without frequent reference to them .
-Certainly one of the most important comments that can be made upon the spiritual and cultural life of any period of Western civilization during the past sixteen or seventeen centuries has to do with the way in which its leaders have read and interpreted the Bible .
-An idea , let us say , may be roughly defined as a theme or topic with which our reflection may be concerned .
-But the historian of literature need not confine his attention to biography or to stylistic questions of form , `` texture '' , or technique .
-Such study may take many forms .
-In recent years , we have come increasingly to recognize that ideas have a history and that not the least important chapters of this history have to do with thematic or conceptual aspects of literature and the arts , although these aspects should be studied in conjunction with the history of philosophy , of religion , and of the sciences .
-Again , Henley's attitude of defiance which colors his ideal of self-mastery is far from characteristic of a Stoic thinker like Marcus Aurelius , whose gentle acquiescence is almost Christian , comparable to the patience expressed in Milton's sonnet on his own blindness .
-Outstanding among these is the idea of human nature itself , including the many definitions that have been advanced over the centuries ; ;
-The knowledge in virtue of which a man is an historian is a knowledge of what the evidence at his disposal proves about certain events '' .
-Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread .
-Thus ideas like `` grace '' , `` salvation '' , and `` providence '' cluster together in traditional Christianity .
-He may also consider ideas .
-Thus Burns's `` My love is like a red , red rose '' and Hopkins' `` The thunder-purple sea-beach , plumed purple of Thunder '' although clearly intelligible in content , hardly present ideas of the sort with which we are here concerned .
-The actual moments of contact are vitally important .
-The late R. G. Collingwood , a philosopher whose work has proved helpful to many students of literature , once wrote `` : :
-We are all , though many of us are snobbish enough to wish to deny it , in far closer sympathy with the art of the music-hall and picture-palace than with Chaucer and Cimabue , or even Shakespeare and Titian .
-Many will add that we may find our enjoyment heightened by our understanding .
-regarded from the inside , it is the carrying into action of a certain thought The historian's business is to penetrate to the inside of the actions with which he is dealing and reconstruct or rather rethink the thoughts which constituted them .
-Usually the work studied offers us a special or even an individualized rendering or treatment of the ideas in question , so that the student finds it necessary to distinguish carefully between the several expressions of an `` -ism '' or mode of thought .
-Here an important caveat is in order .
-but the possibility of this effort is bound up with that development of historical thought which is the greatest achievement of our civilization in the last two centuries , and it is utterly impossible to people in whom this development has not taken place .
-It is true that this distinction between style and idea often approaches the arbitrary since in the end we must admit that style and content frequently influence or interpenetrate one another and sometimes appear as expressions of the same insight .
-Perhaps the most powerful and most frequently recurring literary influence on the Western world has been that of the Old and New Testament .
-Let us quote once more from R. G. Collingwood : `` History is properly concerned with the actions of human beings Regarded from the outside , an action is an event or series of events occurring in the physical world ; ;
-Understanding a work of art involves recognition of the ideas that it reflects or embodies .
-There results a study of literature freed from the tyranny of the contemporary .
-He will frequently return to it .
-Of course , it goes without saying that no student of ideas can justifiably ignore the contemporary scene .
-In much the same way , we recognize the importance of Shakespeare's familarity with Plutarch and Montaigne , of Shelley's study of Plato's dialogues , and of Coleridge's enthusiastic plundering of the writings of many philosophers and theologians from Plato to Schelling and William Godwin , through which so many abstract ideas were brought to the attention of English men of letters .
-It is through such reflection that literature approaches philosophy .
-One might , indeed , argue that the history of ideas , in so far as it includes the literatures , must center on characterizations of human nature and that the great periods of literary achievement may be distinguished from one another by reference to the images of human nature that they succeed in fashioning .
-The term idea refers to our more reflective or thoughtful consciousness as opposed to the immediacies of sensuous or emotional experience .
-By an effort of historical sympathy we can cast our minds back into the art of a remote past or an alien present , and enjoy the carvings of cavemen and Japanese colour-prints ; ;
-Our understanding will very probably require both these commentaries .
-The continuities , contrasts , and similarities discernible when past and present are surveyed together are inexhaustible and the one is often understood through the other .
-Most students of literature , whether they call themselves scholars or critics , are ready to argue that it is possible to understand literary works as well as to enjoy them .
-After all , Shelley is no `` orthodox '' or Hellenic Platonist , and even his `` romantic '' Platonism can be distinguished from that of his contemporaries .
-An idea , of the sort that we have in mind , although of necessity readily available to imagination , is more general in connotation than most poetic or literary images , especially those appearing in lyric poems that seek to capture a moment of personal experience .
-The student of ideas and their place in history will always be concerned with the patterns of transition , which are at the same time patterns of transformation , whereby ideas pass from one area of activity to another .
-In this essay , we are , along with most historians , interested in the more general or more inclusive ideas , that are so to speak `` writ large '' in history of literature where they recur continually .
-English philosopher Samuel Alexander's debt to Wordsworth and Meredith is a recent interesting example , as also A. N. Whitehead's understanding of the English romantics , chiefly Shelley and Wordsworth .
-We need not , to be sure , expect to find such ideas in every piece of literature .
-Very likely it will also include a recognition that the work we are reading reflects or `` belongs to '' some way of thought labelled as a `` school '' or an `` -ism '' , i.e. a complex or `` syndrome '' of ideas occurring together with sufficient prominence to warrant identification .

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-Gun on shoulder , he would march smartly for a few yards , bring his heels together with a click , make a brisk pirouette , skirts flaring , and march back to his point of departure .
-These performances were being staged at historical monuments throughout Europe .
-One fellow who had liver spots held out his hands to the great healer .
-Mando , pleading her cause , must have said that Dr. Brown was the most distinguished physician in the United States of America , for our man poured out his symptoms and drew a madly waving line indicating the irregularity of his pulse .
-On the way out Mr. Sakellariadis detoured up a special hill from which one may obtain a matchless view of the Acropolis lighted by night .
-Will it live up to its reputation ? ?
-His English was limited , and the little he knew he found irritating .
-Bedtime is late , for the balmy evenings are delightful and everyone wants to linger under the stars .
-This is a public bathing beach , easily accessible by tramway from the center of Athens .
-The road , a comparatively new one , is very good , winding along inlets , coves , and bays of deep and brilliant blue .
-How can a cat be thin in a fish restaurant ? ?
-The architectural feature , the caryatides upholding the portico , famous around the world as the Porch of the Maidens , was referred to airily by Mando as the Girls' Place .
-A particularly galling phrase was `` O.K. , Panyotis , we have time at our disposal '' .
-Greek phone service is worse than French , so that it was to be some little time before contact of any sort was established .
-Although open to the general public it is not overcrowded ; ;
-This agreeable state of affairs is explicable , I think , on two counts .
-The little official hung his head in shame .
-At this moment Mando came hurrying up to announce that the problem was solved and all Norton had to do was to sign a sheaf of papers .
-To enter it , you go down five or six steps from the road .
-We did not dare speak to so exalted a being , but Norton aimed his camera and shot him , so to speak , on the rise , the split second between the halt and the turn .
-Across the road is the kitchen , and waiters bearing great trays of dishes dodge traffic as nimbly as their French colleagues at the restaurant in the Place Du Tertre in Paris .
-The Acropolis was unique in the world and if that imcomparable work flooded by moonlight wasn't enough for both natives and tourists , then they were quite simply barbarians and the hell with them .
-We met some charming Athenians , and among them our chauffeur Panyotis ranked high .
-For some happy reason Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian have always stuck in my mind .
-It is awe-inspiring .
-This was the crassest kind of materialism and they , the Artists , would have no truck with it .
-He looked disapprovingly at an ash tray piled high with cigarette stubs , shook his head , and moved his hand back and forth in a strong negative gesture .
-The Artists contended that the Philistines , gross of soul , were all for having Son et Lumiere , since the French were footing the bill and the attraction , wherever it had been done , had proven popular .
-Furthermore I can identify each design .
-It was very stimulating .
-Having completed our camera work , we started our climb .
-This he claimed was the favorite refrain of the English .
-We stopped first at the amphitheater that lies at the foot of the height crowned by the Parthenon .
-`` He's got high blood pressure , too , and bum kidneys '' , the doctor said to me .
-At Sounion there is a group of beautiful columns , the ruins of a temple to Poseidon , of particular interest at that time , as active reconstruction was in progress .
-Later they would be hoisted into place .
-It remained , however , for Mando to teach me that Doric symbolized strength , Ionic wisdom , and Corinthian beauty , the three pillars of the ancient world .
-It was hit by a shell fired by the bombarding Venetian army and the great central portion of the temple was blown to smithereens .
-In 1687 the Turks , who had been in control of the city since the fifteenth century , with a truly shattering lack of prudence used the Parthenon as a powder magazine .
-The serene , majestic columns of the Parthenon , tawny in color against the pure deep blue sky , frame incredible vistas .
-They would be lolling under a tree sipping Ouzo , relishing the leisurely life , assuring him that the day was yet young .
-When offered a morsel it glanced right and left and winced , obviously frightened and expecting a kick , but too hungry not to snatch the tidbit .
-`` You know '' , Norton said to me later , `` I am thinking of setting up the Klinico Brownapopolus .
-Don't worry about the Acropolis .
-The Acropolis had been scheduled for the treatment too , but apparently it was to take place at the time of the full moon when the Athenians themselves , out of respect for the natural beauty of the occasion , were wont to forgo their own usual nocturnal illumination .
-Another beautiful building is the Propylaea , the entrance gate of the Acropolis .
-And then perhaps one day we get to Athens .
-The other is that the charge for cabanas and parasols , though modest from an American point of view , still is a little high for many Athenians .
-A good deal of English was spoken on the beach , most educated Greeks learn it in childhood , and there were also American wives and children of our overseas servicemen .
-The evening of our first day we drove with Christopher and Judy Sakellariadis , who were friends and patients of Norton , to dine at a restaurant on the shores of the Aegean .
-the atmosphere is that of an attractive private beach club at home .
-The public may still find pleasure in public places .
-The carved statues of the frieze against the low wall are for the most part headless , but their exquisitely graceful nude and draped torsos and the kneeling Atlantes are well preserved in their perfect proportion .
-We were struck by the notable absence of banana skins and beer cans , but just so that we wouldn't go overboard on Greek refinement , perfection was side-stepped by a couple of braying portable radios .
-The wear and tear of life have taught me that very few friends of mutual friends long to see foreign strangers , but I planned on being the soul of tact , of giving them plenty of outs was there the tiniest implication that their cups were already running over without us .
-Office workers frequently go out there to lunch and swim during the siesta period , which , during the summer , lasts from two until five in the afternoon , when shops and offices are again open for business .
-Another classic sight that gave us considerable pleasure was the Evzone sentry , in his ballet skirt with great pompons on his shoes , who was patrolling up and down in front of the palace .
-One is Greece is not yet suffering from overpopulation .
-In the late afternoon Mando came back to fetch us , and we drove to the Acropolis .
-Uh huh , we think , looking at them , so that's the Parthenon .
-My other nugget of art and architectural knowledge -- besides remembering that it was Ghiberti who designed the doors of the baptistery in Florence -- is the three styles of Greek columns .
-By a combination of music , lighting effects , and narration , famous events that have transpired in these locations are evoked and re-created for large audiences usually to considerable acclaim .
-Norton and I dined one night in a sea-food restaurant in Piraeus right on the water's edge .
-The light at that time is a benediction .
-By this time word had got around that an American doctor was on the premises .
-I might not make any money but I'd sure have patients '' .
-Deppy is Despina Messinesi , a long-time member of the Vogue staff who , although born in Boston , was born there of Greek parents .
-Several years of her life have been spent in the homeland , and she had written to friends to alert them of our coming .
-Three beneficial hurdles to progress are the lack of water , electricity , and telephones .
-The curving benches are broken , chipped , tumbled , but still in place , as are the marble chairs , the seats of honor for the legislators .
-This of course was not true of the educated and sophisticated people we met , who loved their pets , but kindness is not a basic human instinct .
-But this one was .
-They are longing to see you '' .
-We've come a long way and spent a lot of money .
-Nearby is the temple of Athena .
-`` All you have to do , Ilka dear , is to phone on your arrival .
-`` Transparent look , waxy skin -- could well be uremia '' .
-The weight of fame and history is formidable , and dreary steel engravings in schoolbooks do little to quicken interest and imagination .
-This restaurant , too , had a cat , a dusty , thin little creature .
-The columns of the Parthenon are fluted Doric .
-They close sometime after eight .
-We went there a couple of times to swim and enjoyed ourselves thoroughly .
-It had better be good .
-All we wanted to do was to stand very quietly and look and look and look .
-Gaunt scaffoldings adjoined the ruins , and on the ground segments of columns two and a half to three feet in thickness were being fitted with sections cunningly chiseled to match exactly the fluting and proportion of the original .
-Seeing this , his colleague at the next desk gave a short , contemptuous laugh , pushed forward his own ash tray , innocent of a single butt , thumped his chest to show his excellent condition , and looked proud .
-Nine o'clock is the rush hour , when the busses are jammed , and by nine-thirty the restaurants are beginning to fill .
-There is a mediocre restaurant at Sounion and I fed a thin little Grecian cat and gave it two saucers of water -- there was no milk -- which it lapped up as though it were nectar .
-We saw it frequently afterward , but our suggestion for the very first encounter is near sunset .
-We are here ! !
-It was funny but it was also touching .
-The doctor gravely nodded approval .
-I suppose the day will inevitably come when the area will be encrusted with developments , but at present it is deserted and seductive .
-We went out of the office and down the hall to a window where documents and more officials awaited us , the rest of the office personnel hot upon our heels .
-The sand is fine and pleasant , the cabanas are clean , and the parasols , green , raspberry , and butter yellow , are very gay .
-Probably every visitor has a favorite time for his first sight of it .
-More than twenty-four hundred years old , bruised , battered , worn and partially destroyed , combining to an astounding degree solidity and grace , it still stands , incomparable testimony to man's aspiration .
-For a delightful drive out of Athens I should recommend Sounion , at the end of the Attic Peninsula .
-Greece was one of the highlights of our trip , but beginning in Greece and continuing around the world throughout Southeast Asia the treatment of animals was horrifying , ranging from callous indifference to active cruelty .
-Greek boys and girls also go for rock-and-roll , and the stations most tuned to are those carrying United States overseas programs .
-The great spectacle was a source of rancor , and Son et Lumiere , which the French were trying to promote with the Athenians , was the reason .
-Athenian society was split into two factions , the Philistines and the Artists .
-I suppose the same emotion holds , if to a lesser degree , with any famous monument .
-I think its thirst had never been assuaged before .
-After luncheon we took advantage of the siesta period to try to get in touch with a few people to whom our dear friend Deppy had written .
-My diplomacy was needless .
-The restaurant to which the Sakellariadises took us on this night of controversy was the Asteria , on Asteria beach .

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-The Australian and I both were wearing insect repellent and were not badly bothered by insects , but my eyes watered as we stood watching the aborigine .
-`` Once I get out on the flat I do .
-It is a barely controlled skimming of the ground .
-Two miles northeast , then five miles southwest that sort of thing .
-Idje , here '' , and he nodded at the man , `` is said to have great odor .
-He had long black hair and a wispy beard .
-It lay with its head on its paws and only its eyes moving , watching us carefully .
-Sometimes it was to skirt a gulley .
-No one patted the dog .
-Only there happened -- nothing .
-They'll move around that rock all day , following the shade .
-There was also a boomerang , elaborately carved .
-Occasionally , for no reason that I could see , they would suddenly alter the angle of their trot .
-They all swung at the same instant in the same direction .
-The stink is all the same to me , but I really think they can make one another out blindfolded '' .
-Its ribs showed , it was a yellow nondescript color , it suffered from a variety of sores , hair had scabbed off its body in patches .
-In the 360 degrees of horizon it obscured only a degree , no more .
-We drove close to the boulder , stopped the Land Rover , and walked over toward the family .
-Finally , however , the arrangements were made and we drove out into the bush in a Land Rover .
-I followed them in the jeep and now they did not care .
-They went as rigid as black statuary six figures , lean and tall and angular , went still .
-Suddenly one of them shouted , ran a few feet , bent forward and put his mouth to the ground .
-In spots such as the elbows and knees the second skin is worn off and I realized the aborigines were much darker than they appeared ; ;
-Their gait is impossible to convey in words .
-He knows that the economy of life in the `` outback '' is awful .
-as if the coating of sweat , dirt , and ashes were a cosmetic .
-With a lordly and generous gesture , the discoverer stood up and beckoned to the closest of his fellows .
-A white man would not have seen it .
-The ridges over his eyes were huge and his eyelids were half shut .
-`` That smell is something , eh , mate '' ? ?
-They lay , with the birds hopping from branch to branch above them and the bright sky peeping down at them .
-At once the whole band set off at a lope .
-seeing an aborigine today is a difficult thing .
-He was over six feet tall and very thin .
-I turned to look at the lubra .
-Finally we approached the bivouac of the aborigines .
-The smell at first was more surprising than unpleasant .
-They were camped beside a large column-shaped boulder : a man , his lubra , and two children .
-Their heads were in the air sniffing .
-Their skin was covered with a thin coating of sweat and dirt which had almost the consistency of a second skin .
-It has nothing of the proud stride of the trained runner about it , it is not a lope , it is not done with style or verve .
-The Australian stopped trying to talk a pidgin I could understand , and spoke strange words from deep in his chest .
-The Australian asked .
-Suddenly , however , their posture changed and the game ended .
-They went well-equipped with everything except knowledge of the `` outback '' country .
-His legs were narrow and very long .
-like the man , she was entirely naked .
-But that is a cliche and a dishonest one .
-It was a difficult and ambiguous kind of negotiation , even though the rancher was said to be expert in his knowledge of the aborigines and their language .
-The landscape kept repeating itself .
-The games were over , this was life .
-They squatted on their heels with their heads bent far forward , their eyes only a few inches from the ground .
-`` I suppose because it saves them some loss of body water .
-He bent down , a black cranelike figure , and put his mouth to the ground .
-But much of the land which the aborigine wanders looks as if it should be hospitable .
-They saw it before I did , even with my binoculars .
-The malignancy of such a landscape has been beautifully described by the Australian Charles Bean .
-It struck me as a very bright and very malnourished dog .
-The rancher was navigating his way across the flatland .
-Idje still stared over our shoulders at the horizon .
-The white men died .
-Others are confined to vast reservations , and not only does the Australian government justifiably not wish them to be viewed as exhibits in a zoo , but on their reservations they are extremely fugitive , shunning camps , coming together only for corroborees at which their strange culture comes to its highest pitch -- which is very low indeed .
-It is the gait of the human who must run to live : arms dangling , legs barely swinging over the ground , head hung down and only occasionally swinging up to see the target , a loose motion that is just short of stumbling and yet is wonderfully graceful .
-Every bone and muscle in his body showed , but he did not give the appearance of starving .
-There was something about his face that disturbed me and it took several seconds to realize what .
-Many of them have drifted into the cities and towns and seaports .
-The two children , both boys , wandered around the Australian and me for a few moments and then returned to their work .
-It is softened by the saltbush and the bluebush , has a peaceful quality , the hills roll softly .
-He said sharply .
-The smell is sexual , but so powerfully so that a civilized nose must deny it .
-But if you don't know the place like the palm of your hand , you'd better use a compass and the speedometer .
-He gazed away from us as we approached .
-Finally , avoiding hummocks and seeking low ground , they intercepted the rain squall .
-He had found a depression with rain water in it .
-Watching , they waited until the squall thickened and began to move in a long drifting slant across the dry burning land .
-I persuaded an Australian friend who had lived `` outback '' for years to take me to see some aborigines living in the bush .
-At once he started to glance toward the instrument panel .
-And countless others like them have died .
-``
-A fly would crawl down the bulging forehead , into the socket of the eye , walk along the man's lashes and across the wet surface of the eyeball , and the eye did not blink .
-Sometimes I guessed it was because the rain squall had changed direction .
-`` Do you always navigate like this '' ? ?
-The boys had beautiful dark eyes and unlike their father they brushed constantly at the flies and blinked their eyes .
-There might have been a pool of cool water behind any of these tree-clumps : only -- there was not .
-It was nothing more than a tiny distant rain squall , a dull gray sheet which reached from a layer of clouds to the earth .
-Her long thin arms moved in a slow rhythmical gesture over the family possessions which were placed in front of her .
-Even today range riders will come upon mummified bodies of men who attempted nothing more difficult than a twenty-mile hike and slowly lost direction , were tortured by the heat , driven mad by the constant and unfulfilled promise of the landscape , and who finally died .
-The other trotted over and swooped at the tiny puddle .
-There might have been a fence or a house just over the next rise ; ;
-The rancher went a mile down this road and then , when he reached a big red boulder , swung off the road .
-There is no room for error or waste .
-The man was leaning against the rock .
-The aborigine lives on the cruelest land I have ever seen .
-They roll at night in ashes to keep warm and their second skin has a light dusty cast to it .
-Which does not mean that it is ugly .
-No one came '' .
-Any organism that falters or misperceives the signals or weakens is done .
-They ran for three hours .
-`` Here , Idje , you fella like tabac '' ? ?
-The aborigines fastened upon it with a concentration beyond pathos .
-She remained squatting on her heels all the time we were there ; ;
-The family at the boulder
-The tiny bodies , dropped onto a dry leaf , made a pile as big as a small apple .
-They were chasing a rain cloud .
-They were studying the ground .
-only -- there was not .
-They had located the runway of a colony of ants and as the ants came out of the ground , the boys picked them up , one at a time , and pinched them dead .
-There are thousands of square miles of salt pan which are hideous .
-I do not know if such a way of life can come to be a self-conscious challenge , but I suspect that it can .
-For ten minutes they ran beneath the squall , raising their arms and , for the first time , shouting and capering .
-`` They swear that every person smells different and every family smells different from every other .
-They are huge areas which have been swept by winds for so many centuries that there is no soil left , but only deep bare ridges fifty or sixty yards apart with ravines between them thirty or forty feet deep and the only thing that moves is a scuttling layer of sand .
-Some chaps that know an area well can make their way by landmarks , a tree here , a wash here , a boulder there .
-He was right .
-There were two rubbing sticks for making fire , two stones shaped roughly like knives , a woven-root container which held a few pounds of dried worms and the dead body of some rodent .
-Such stretches have an inhuman moonlike quality .
-Nothing appalling or horrible rushed upon these men .
-During the hottest part of the day , of course , the sun comes straight down and there isn't any shade '' .
-There was also a dog , a dingo dog .
-The odor here was more powerful than that which surrounded the town aborigines .
-only -- it did not .
-It was not a pet .
-`` The buggers love shade '' , the rancher said .
-At the corroborees , when they get to dancing and sweating , you'll see them rubbing up against a man who's supposed to have a specially good smell .
-he knows that the land is hard and pitiless .
-It was also subtly familiar , for it was the odor of the human body , but multiplied innumerable times because of the fact that the aborigines never bathed .
-The countryside looked like a beautiful open park with gentle slopes and soft gray tree-clumps .
-It took me a moment to realize what was odd about that panel : there was a gimbaled compass welded to it , which rocked gently back and forth as the Land Rover bounced about .
-In an instant he had sucked it dry .
-There was also a long wooden spear and a woomera , a spear-throwing device which gives the spear an enormous velocity and high accuracy .
-Very simple '' .
-Everything was burnished with sweat and grease so that all of the objects seemed to have been carved from the same material and to be ageless .
-Part of it is , of course .
-I would try to memorize landmarks and saw in a half-hour that it was hopeless .
-We followed the asphalt road for a few miles and then swung off onto a smaller road which was nothing more than two tire marks on the earth .
-They went after the squall as mercilessly as a wolf pack after an abandoned cow .
-The aborigine is not deceived ; ;
-Perhaps this is what gives the aborigine his odd air of dignity .
-Then the wind died and the rain squall held steady .
-It was not merely that flies were crawling over his face but his narrowed eyelids did not blink when the flies crawled into his eye sockets .
-He tells of three men who started out on a trip across a single paddock , a ten-by-ten-mile square owned by a sheep grazer .
-`` Damned right '' , he said .
-It might have rained , any time ; ;
-The sun was not yet high and all of them were in the small area of shade cast by the boulder .
-It was a worker .
-I asked .
-One's impulse is to say that the smell was a stink and unpleasant .

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-If the existent form is to be retained new factors that reinforce it must be introduced into the situation .
-In its dynamic form , it visualizes the community as the embodiment of an ontological force -- the race , for instance , which unfolds in history .
-It has lost its ground of being and floats in a mist of appearances .
-The emergence of the crisis itself would seem to constitute a warranty for the victory of disorder .
-The first involves a simple shift of interests in the society .
-And the anxiety it generates is misinterpreted as anxiety over private interest and threatened social status .
-The reasons for this experience are rooted in the metaphysical characteristics of such a change .
-It would seem , therefore , that in a civilizational crisis man cannot save himself .
-In the case of social decay , form is displaced simply by the process of dissolution with no form at the terminus of the process .
-Its ontological status is itself most tenuous because apart from individual men , who are its `` matter '' , tradition , the `` form '' of society exists only as a shared perception of truth .
-The division is not between those who wish to preserve what they have and those who want change .
-As a further characterization of the liberal conservative split we may observe that it involves differences in the formula for escaping inevitabilities in history .
-The second involves something deeper , but its characteristic form focuses on a shift in policy for the community , not in the truth on which the community rests .
-Reactionary theories , for this reason , usually assume some form of organismic theory .
-This means that the inception of change itself can begin only when the factors conducive to change have already become more powerful than those anchoring the existent form in being .
-Others call it `` alienation '' , and mean by that no simple economic experience ( as Marx does ) but a deep spiritual sense of dislocation .
-But this truth is distorted by its extreme application : the assumption of the separate existence of tradition .
-Civilization itself -- tradition -- falls out of existence when the human spirit itself becomes confused .
-Relativism and equality are its characteristic diseases .
-When disruptive change has penetrated to the third level of social order , the process of disruption rapidly reaches a point of no return .
-These responses are explicable in terms of characteristics inherent in the crisis .
-The process of erosion need only undermine the tradition and a series of consequences begin unfolding within the individual , while in institutions a quiet but deep transformation of processes occurs .
-On the most primitive level .
-Civilization is what man has made of himself .
-Moreover its posture of stubborn but simple resistance is doomed to failure because of the metaphysical weakness of the existent form of order , once the activation of change has reached visible proportions .
-Thus with regard to the loss of tradition , in the change from order to disorder the metaphysics of change works itself out as a disruption of the individual soul , a change in which man continues as an objective ontological existent , but no longer as a man .
-There is no socially existential answer to the question .
-Both are predictably destined to fail .
-Since civilizational change is the most difficult to perceive and analyze , it seldom is given adequate attention .
-There is no selectivity ; ;
-To this end political authority is called upon to exercise its negative and coercive powers .
-It is not enough for man to be an ontological esse .
-For this change is not a change from one positive position to another , but a change from order and truth to disorder and negation .
-Thus human perception and human volition is the immanent cause of all social change and this most truly when the change reaches the civilizational level .
-even the questionable features of the past are defended .
-The ontological status of society thus is constituted by the psychological status of society's members .
-And it would seem that history is a witness to this truth .
-A number of considerations suggest that this occurs early in the process .
-Since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class , reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class .
-Now in the mere fact of the beginning of such displacement we have prima-facie evidence of the ontological weakness of the fading form .
-In this phase of change , no idea has social acceptance and so none has ontological status in the community .
-Its essence lies in its attempt to recover previous order through the repression of disruptive forces .
-Within institutions there is a marked decline of the process of persuasion and the substitution of a force-fear process which masquerades as the earlier one of persuasion .
-This , however , cannot be done by a community whose very experience of truth is confused and incoherent : it has no absolute standard , and consequently cannot distinguish the absolute from the contingent .
-The point is that the reactionary , for whatever motive , perceives himself to have been part or a partner of something that extended beyond himself , something which , consequently , he was not able to accept or reject on the basis of subjective preference .
-Its massive contours are rooted in the simple need of man , since he is always incomplete , to complete himself .
-Those social , civilizational factors not rooted in the human spirit of the group , ultimately cease to exist .
-Unanalyzed responses
-The liberal-conservative division , we might observe in passing , is not of itself directly involved in a private interest conflict nor even in struggle between ruling groups .
-The reactionary misses the point that tradition exists ontologically only in the form of psychological-intellectual relations .
-Rather it is a division established by two absolutely different ways of thought with regard to man's life in society .
-These ways are absolutely irreconcilable because they offer two different recipes for man's redemption from chaos .
-Of all forms of being , society , or community , has the greatest element of determinability .
-There the community , faced with the need to formulate policy on the level of absolute justice , can find the answer to its problem in the absolute truth which it holds as partially experienced .
-An existentialist is a man who perceives himself only as `` esse '' , as existence without substance .
-The civilizational crisis , the third type of change raises the question `` what are we to do '' ? ?
-At that point men become aware of the mystery of history called variously `` fate '' , or `` destiny '' , or `` providence '' , and feel themselves caught helplessly in the writhing of a disrupted society .
-The first two types of change occur within the inward and immanent structure of the society .
-The most reaction can achieve is stasis , and a stasis that can be maintained only by the expenditure of an effort which ultimately exhausts itself .
-In both cases the individual tends to be treated as an instrument of the organic reality .
-The liberal-conservative split , to define it further , derives from a basic difference concerning the existential status of standard sought and about the spiritual experience that leads to its identification .
-He needs existential completion , he needs , that is , to move in the direction of completion .
-However , the crisis occurs precisely as a weakening of spiritual forces .
-Thus in both types attention is focused on the community itself , and its phenomenological life .
-It is a total situation that is defended : the `` good old days '' .
-The response of reaction is dominated by a concern for what is vanishing .
-In its defensive formulations , the theory will attack conscious change on the grounds of the independent existence of the community .
-And the direction of that movement is determined by his perception of the truth about himself .
-When the reactionary response is thus bolstered by an intellectual defense , the characteristics of that defense are explicable only in terms of the basic attitudes of unanalyzed reaction .
-Such a response , of course , misses the point that in crisis order is going out of existence .
-And when we consider the tenuous hold tradition has on existence , any weakening of that hold constitutes a crisis of existence .
-The content of that psychological status determines , ultimately , the content of civilization .
-To experience them , it is not necessary for a people to be actively aware of what is happening to it .
-Seemingly , order is perceived as a kind of subsistent entity now covered by adventitious accretions .
-For the truth formerly experienced by the community no longer has existential status in the community , nor does any answer elaborated by philosophers or theoriticians .
-If we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two , one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke .
-We note the use of rhetoric as a weapon , the manipulation of the masses by propaganda , the `` mobilization '' of effort and resources .
-Voegelin has analyzed this experience in the case of the stable , healthy community .
-He must , consequently , exist as a self-perceived substantive , developing agent , or he does not exist as man .
-Despite the hopelessness of the response , it is explicable in terms of the crisis of tradition itself .
-For paradigmatic history `` breaks '' rather than unfolds precisely when the movement is from order to disorder , and not from one order to a new order .
-The problem is to remove the accretions and thereby uncover the order that was always there .
-The basic truth in the reactionary response is to be found in its realistic assumption of the primacy of the real over the ideational .
-For the answer cannot be derived from any socially cohesive element in the disrupting community .
-The third type , however , wrenches attention from the life of action and interests in the community and focuses it on the ground of being on which the community depends for its existence .
-Rather it is rooted in a difference of response to the threat of social disintegration .
-Thus , it is no mystical intuition , but an analyzable conception to say that man and his tradition can `` fall out of existence '' .
-Indeed , it is probable that this point is reached the moment the third level of change begins .
-anxiety and deep insecurity are the characteristic responses evoked by the crisis in tradition .
-This happens at the moment man loses the perception of moral substance in himself , of a nature that , in Maritain's words , is perceived as a `` locus of intelligible necessities '' .
-Reaction is rooted in a perception of tradition as a whole .
-The retention of a tradition confronted with such a crisis necessitates the introduction of new spiritual forces into the situation .
-An interregnum ensues in which not men but ideas compete for existence .
-These differences , in turn , derive from prior differences concerning the friendly or hostile character of change .
-At that point we reach the `` closed '' historical situation : the situation in which man is no longer free to return to a status quo ante .
-With regard to the change we are examining , the question is , at what point does the change become irreversible ? ?
-Precisely at the moment when it has lost its vision the mind of the community turns out from itself in a search for the ontological standard whereby it can measure itself .
-Within this context of spontaneous and unanalyzed responses to the experience of civilizational crisis , two basic organizations of response are observable : reaction and ideological progressivism .
-Their great error is to mingle the responses typical of each of the three types of change .
-Further , change is a form of motion , it occurs as the act of a being in potency insofar as it is in potency and has not yet reached the terminus of the change .
-Change involves the displacement of form .
-Weil identifies it as being `` rootless '' , Guardini as being `` placeless '' , Riesman as being `` lonely '' .
-The reactionary is confused about the existential status of a decaying tradition , but he does perceive the unity tradition had when it was healthy .
-Within the individual the reaction has been called various names , all , however , pointing to the same basic experience .
-The implicit assumption of this response is that history is reversible .

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-Noting such evidence is the first step ; ;
-Should the accelerating growth of technology then warn us ? ?
-It serves only its own stockholders and poorly at that .
-Ideally speaking , it should be allowed to operate only where the public has a great stake in the continuity of supply or services , and where the actions of a single proprietor are secondary to the needs of society .
-Our pin-curl clips and self-locking nuts achieved dominance in just a few years time , despite substantial , well established competition .
-Hence government must establish greater controls upon corporations so that their activities promote what is deemed essential to the national interest .
-Leadership is lacking in our society because it has no legitimate place to develop .
-Proprietorship
-But we cannot start off with a clean slate .
-Naturally this includes all communication forms , e.g. languages , or any social , political , economic or religious structures employed for such control .
-So we are faced with a vast network of amorphous entities perpetuating themselves in whatever manner they can , without regard to the needs of society , controlling society and forcing upon it a regime representing only the corporation's needs for survival .
-Corporations should pay added taxes , to be used for educational purposes ( not necessarily of the formal type ) .
-From an initial investment of $1,200 in 1943 , it has grown , with no additional capital investment , to a present value estimated by some as exceeding $10,000,000 ( we don't disclose financial figures to the public ) .
-Individual human strength is needed to pit against an inhuman condition .
-But let us not complain of the evils of capitalism by referring to a form that is not truly capitalistic .
-This combined experience , on a foundation of very average , I assure you , intelligence and background , has helped me do things many well-informed people would bet heavily against .
-When we `` forced '' individuals to assume the corporate structure by means of taxes and other legal statutes , we adopted what I would term `` pseudo-capitalism '' and so took a major step toward socialism .
-One kind of proprietorship
-But even if we cannot see the repulsive characteristics in this new image of America , foreigners can ; ;
-best growth .
-and no limitation is in evidence .
-and our loss of `` prestige '' abroad is the direct result .
-Hence the prime issue , as I see it , is whether a democratic or free society can master technology for the benefit of mankind , or whether technology will rule and develop its own society compatible with its own needs as a force of nature .
-We must believe we have the ability to affect our own destinies : otherwise why try anything ? ?
-Perhaps the public's present attitude toward business stems from the fact that the `` rugged capitalist entrepreneur '' no more exists in America .
-Some forms of capitalism do indeed work -- superb organizations , a credit to any society .
-We are already committed to establishing man's supremacy over nature and everywhere on earth , not merely in the limited social-political-economical context we are fond of today .
-Thus , if corporations are not to run away with us , they must become quasi-governmental institutions , subject to public control and needs .
-If we were creating a wholly new society , we could insist that our social , political , economic and philosophic institutions foster rather than hamper man ; ;
-.
-Have not our physical abilities already deteriorated because of the more sedentary lives we are now living ? ?
-The proprietor is able to create a leadership impossible in the corporate structure with its board of directors and stockholders .
-corporations now outmoded
-In a book review of `` The Soviet Cultural Offensive '' , he says , `` Long before the State Department organized its bureaucracy into an East-West Contacts Staff in order to wage a cultural counter-offensive within Soviet borders , the sharp cutting-edge of American culture had carved its mark across the Russian steppes , as when the enterprising promoters of ' Porgy And Bess ' overrode the State Department to carry the contemporary ' cultural warfare ' behind the enemy lines .
-and almost the only `` cure '' is early detection and removal .
-This favorable image of America in the minds of Russian men and women is still there despite years of energetic anti-American propaganda ''
-So we must first analyze our present institutions with respect to the effect of each on man's major needs .
-But the pseudo-capitalism which dictates our whole economy as well as our politics and social life , will not stand close scrutiny .
-Proprietorships can establish a unity and integrity of control ; ;
-Otherwise , we go on endlessly trying to draw the line , color and other , as to which kind of man we wish to see dominate .
-Proprietorships can establish a meaningful identity , representing a human personality , and thus establish sincere relationships with customers and community .
-At first glance this appears strange : of all people , was not America founded by rugged individualists who established a new way of life still inspiring `` undeveloped '' societies abroad ? ?
-Strikes should be declared illegal against corporations because disagreements would have to be settled by government representatives acting as controllers of the corporation whose responsibility to the state would now be defined against proprietorship because employees and proprietors must be completely interdependent , as they are each a part of the whole .
-Its pretense to operate in the public interest is little more than a sham .
-The right to leave legacies should be substantially reduced and ultimately eliminated .
-The corporation has a limited , specific place in our society .
-So an objective look at our present procedures may move us to consider seriously this possibly analogous situation .
-As a creative enterprise , its abilities are primarily in `` swallowing '' creative enterprises developed outside its own organization ( an ability made possible by us , and almost mandatory ) .
-Their kind created an American culture superior to any in the world , an industrial and technological culture which penetrated Russia as it did almost every corner of the earth without a nickel from the Federal treasury or a single governmental specialist to contrive directives or program a series of consultations of interested agencies .
-No amount of ballyhoo will cover up the sordid facts .
-One way to determine whether we have so dangerous a technology would be to check the strength of our society's organs to see if their functioning is as healthy as before .
-Certainly external forces should not be applied arbitrarily out of mere power available to do so .
-Avoiding runaway technology can be done only by assuring a humane society ; ;
-We have proved so able to solve technological problems that to contend we cannot realize a universal goal in the immediate future is to be extremely shortsighted , if nothing else .
-We are tempted to blame others for our problems rather than look them straight in the face and realize they are of our own making and possible of solution only by ourselves with the help of desperately needed , enlightened , competent leaders .
-Does our society have a runaway , uncontrollable growth of technology which may end our civilization , or a normal , healthy growth ? ?
-corporations , being more amorphous , cannot .
-The battle is not easy .
-To perpetuate wealth control led by small groups of individuals who played no role in its creation prevents those with real initiative from coming to the fore , and is basically anti-democratic .
-Strikes threatening the security of the proprietorship , if internally motivated , prevent a healthy relationship .
-So in these pages the term `` technology '' is used to include any and all means which could amplify , project , or augment man's control over himself and over other men .
-Corporations are apt by nature to be impersonal , inhumane , shortsighted and almost exclusively profit-motivated , a picture they could scarcely afford to present to the public .
-When the proprietor dies , the establishment should become a corporation until it is either acquired by another proprietor or the government decides to drop it .
-Corporations react violently to short-range stimuli , e.g. , quarterly and annual dividend reports .
-In any event , whether society may have cancer , or merely a virus infection , the `` disease '' , we shall find , is political , economical , social , and even medical .
-The corporation in America is in reality our form of socialism , vying in a sense with the other socialistic form that has emerged within governmental bureaucracy .
-It can project long-range goals for itself .
-Also , I am convinced that if my company were a sole proprietorship instead of a partnership , I would have been even abler to solve long-range problems for myself and my fellow-employees .
-As to benefits to employees , it is notorious for its callous disregard except where it depends on them for services .
-Asked which institution most needs correction , I would say the corporation as it exists in America today .
-If we want respect from ourselves or others , we will have to earn it .
-Businesses must develop as a result of the ideas , energies and ambitions of an individual having purpose and comprehensive ability within one mind .
-The biggest loss , of course , was the individual's lessened desire and ability to give his services to the growth of his company and our economy .
-Such genuine human leadership the proprietorship can offer , corporations cannot .
-If we cannot stop warfare in our own economic system , how can we expect to abolish it internationally ? ?
-Proprietorships should get the tax advantages now accruing to corporations , e.g. the chance to accumulate capital so vital for growth .
-In his stead is a milquetoast version known as `` the corporation '' .
-The company grew out of efforts by two completely inexperienced men in their late twenties , neither having a formal education applicable to , or experience in , manufacturing or selling our type of articles .
-Socialism , I grant , has a definite place in our society .
-But while the corporation has all the disadvantages of the socialist form of organization ( so cumbersome it cannot constructively do much of anything not compatible with its need to perpetuate itself and maintain its status quo ) , unluckily it does not have the desirable aspect of socialism , the motivation to operate for the benefit of society as a whole .
-First , let us realize that whatever good this set-up achieved in earlier times , now the corporation per se cannot take economic leadership .
-In all other areas , private initiative of the `` proprietorship '' type should be urged to produce the desired goods and services .
-Its growth continues steadily on a par with past growth ; ;
-Any abilities I may have were achieved in their present shape from experience in sharing in the growth and control of my business , coupled with raising my family .
-In my own company , in effect a partnership , although legally a corporation , I have been able to do many things for my employees which `` normal '' corporations of comparable size and nature would have been unable to do .
-These proposals would go far toward creating the economic atmosphere favoring growth of the individual , who , in turn , would help us to cope with runaway technology .
-Men continuously at the head of growing enterprises can acquire experiences of the most varied , complicated and trying type so that at maturation they have developed the competence and willingness to accept the personal responsibility so sorely needed now .
-Here there may be an analogy with cancer : we can detect cancers by their rapidly accelerating growth , determinable only when related to the more normal rate of healthy growth .
-Examples are in public utilities , making military aircraft and accessories , or where the investment and risk for a proprietorship would be too great for a much needed project impossible to achieve by any means other than the corporate form , e.g. constructing major airports or dams .
-But hear Harrison E. Salisbury , former Moscow correspondent of The New York Times , and author of `` To Moscow -- And Beyond '' .
-and for this human beings must be firmly in control of the economics on which our society rests .
-Persons developed in today's corporations cannot hope to serve here -- a judgment based on experiences of my own in business and in activities outside .
-Perhaps a list of some of the `` practices '' of my company will help here .
-Properly mindful of all the cultures in existence today throughout the world , we must employ these resources without war or violent revolution .
-They were not diplomats or jazz musicians , or even organizers of reading-rooms and photo-montage displays , but rugged capitalist entrepreneurs like Henry Ford , Hugh Cooper , Thomas Campbell , the International Harvester Co. , and David W. Griffith .

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-In the imagination of the nineteenth century the Greek tragedians and Shakespeare stand side by side , their affinity transcending all the immense contrarieties of historical circumstance , religious belief , and poetic form .
-The reality of Orestes entails that of the Furies ; ;
-In Greek tragedy as in Shakespeare , mortal actions are encompassed by forces which transcend man .
-The hounds of hell search out their quarry in Apollo's sanctuary as they do in the tent of Richard 3 .
-The wheel of social life spun around the royal or aristocratic centre .
-The novel was not only the presenter of the new , secular , rationalistic , private world of the middle class .
-Goethe used the fable to more elaborate ends .
-Available evidence regarding the natural world , the course of history , and the varieties of human action were translated into imaginative designs or mythologies .
-Heretofore an action had possessed the breadth of tragedy only if it involved high personages and if it occurred in the public view .
-Its sphere is that of royal courts , dynastic quarrels , and vaulting ambitions .
-They are Descartes , Newton , and Voltaire .
-The word `` tragedy '' encloses for us in a single span both the Greek and the Elizabethan example .
-But it can no longer be so once Benjamin Franklin ( the incarnation of the new rational man ) has flown a kite to it .
-And although they were , as I have indicated , under increasing strain at the time of Racine , they are still alive in his theatre .
-But at the touch of Hume and Voltaire the noble or hideous visitations which had haunted the mind since Agamemnon's blood cried out for vengeance , disappeared altogether or took tawdry refuge among the gaslights of melodrama .
-In Athens , in Shakespeare's England , and at Versailles , the hierarchies of worldly power were stable and manifest .
-Faust rescuing Helen from Menelaus' vengeance is the genius of renaissance Europe restoring to life the classic tradition .
-Agamemnon , Creon , and Medea perform their tragic actions before the eyes of the polis .
-There had not yet supervened between understanding and expression the new languages of mathematics and scientific formulas .
-The intimations of a related spirit and ordering of human values are stronger than any sense of disparity .
-They were not yet prepared to accept it as irremediable .
-We cannot conceive of Oedipus without a Sphinx , nor of Hamlet without a Ghost .
-It is the triumph of rationalism and secular metaphysics which marks the point of no return .
-It banishes the night wanderers to fire or repose .
-The romantics were the immediate inheritors of this tremendous change .
-We see at once what Victor Hugo means when he calls Macbeth a northern scion of the house of Atreus .
-It served also as a literary form exactly appropriate to the fragmented audience of modern urban culture .
-Goethe asks in Wilhelm Meister whether we know the land where the lemon trees flower , and the light of the Mediterranean glows through Torquato Tasso and the Roman Elegies .
-The shadows cast by the personages of Greek and Shakespearean drama lengthen into a greater darkness .
-Rousseau's primitivism , the anti-Newtonian mythology of Blake , Coleridge's organic metaphysics , Victor Hugo's image of the poets as the Magi , and Shelley's `` unacknowledged legislators '' are related elements in the rear-guard action fought by the romantics against the new scientific rationalism .
-It tells us of the ancient human desire to see the highest wisdom joined to the highest sensual beauty .
-They are enacted at the heart of the body politic .
-Shakespeare is closer to Sophocles than he is to Pope and Voltaire .
-The same metaphors of swift ascent and calamitous decline apply to Oedipus and Macbeth because they applied also to Alcibiades and Essex .
-Oedipus and Lear attain similar insights by virtue of similar blindness .
-Goethe believed that the Germanic spirit , with its grave strength but flagrant streaks of brutality and intolerance , should be tempered with the old sensuous wisdom and humanism of the Hellenic .
-And the fate of such men has tragic relevance because it is public .
-But we abide by their insight .
-The dream of a descent into the gardens of the south always drew German ambitions toward Rome and Sicily .
-The image of man which enters into force with Aeschylus is still vital in Phedre and Athalie .
-To say this is to set aside the realness of time .
-His Italian journey was a poet's version of those perennial thrusts across the Alps of the German emperors of the Middle Ages .
-Oedipus and Lear instruct us how little of the world belongs to man .
-Behind the tragic hero stands the chorus , the crowd , or the observant courtier .
-With the rise to power of the middle class the centre of gravity in human affairs shifted from the public to the private .
-The dream of achieving a synthesis between the Sophoclean and the Shakespearean genius inspired the ambitions of poets and composers from the time of Shelley and Victor Hugo to that of Bayreuth .
-Elsinore seems to lie in a range of Mycenae , and the fate of Orestes resounds in that of Hamlet .
-After Shakespeare the master spirits of western consciousness are no longer the blind seers , the poets , or Orpheus performing his art in the face of hell .
-We no longer use the particular terms of Lessing and Victor Hugo .
-In the eighteenth century there emerges for the first time the notion of a private tragedy ( or nearly for the first time , there having been a small number of Elizabethan domestic tragedies such as the famous Arden Of Feversham ) .
-It is thus that the brightness of Helen passes through Marlowe's Faustus .
-Those who walk on it may encounter at any turn ministers of grace or damnation .
-Tragedy presumes such a configuration .
-Comparable visions of life are at work in Antigone and Romeo And Juliet .
-It is only then that the ancient habits of feeling and the classic orderings of material and psychological experience were abandoned .
-Hence the natural setting of tragedy is the palace gate , the public square , or the court chamber .
-the Weird Sisters wait for the soul of Macbeth .
-The motif of Faust's love for Helen of Troy goes back to the sources of the Faustian legend .
-After the seventeenth century the audience ceased to be an organic community to which these ideas and their attendant habits of figurative language would be natural or immediately familiar .
-It overcomes our emphatic awareness of the vast difference in the shape and fabric of the two languages and styles of dramatic presentation .
-The sense of relationship overreaches the historical truth that Shakespeare may have known next to nothing of the actual works of Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides .
-Until the advent of rational empiricism the controlling habits of the western mind were symbolic and allegoric .
-But it is true , nevertheless .
-It transcends the glaring fact that the Elizabethans mixed tragedy and comedy whereas the Greeks kept the two modes severely distinct .
-Princes and factions clashed in the open street and died on the open scaffold .
-The wager between God and Satan brings on the destiny of Faust , but Faust assumes his role voluntarily .
-Modern roosters have lost the art of crowing restless spirits back to Purgatory .
-In La Nouvelle-Heloise and Werther tragedy is made intimate .
-But the attempt itself produced a number of brilliant works , and these form a transition from the early romantic period to the new age of Ibsen and Chekhov .
-This translation , or rather the fusion of the two ideals , creates the Gesamtkunstwerke , the `` total art form '' .
-With the Discours de la methode and the Principia the things undreamt of in Horatio's philosophy seem to pass from the world .
-They are the essential force behind the conventions of tragedy .
-These conceptions and the manner in which they were transposed into poetry or engendered by poetic form are intrinsic to western life from the time of Aeschylus to that of Shakespeare .
-The third Act of Faust 2 , is a formal celebration of the union between the Germanic and the classic , between the spirit of Euripides and that of romantic drama .
-I mean such concepts as the presence of the supernatural in human affairs , the sacraments of grace and divine retribution , the idea of preordainment ( the oracle over Oedipus , the prophecy of the witches to Macbeth , or God's covenant with His people in Athalie ) .
-And their chroniclers are not the dramatic poets but the prose novelists .
-From it , spokes of order and degree led to the outward rim of the common man .
-The poet was by definition a realist , his imaginings and parables being natural organizations of reality .
-Greek and Elizabethan life and , to a certain extent , the life of Versailles shared this character of intense `` publicity '' .
-I have said before how difficult it is to make any precise statements with regard to the character of the Greek and Elizabethan public .
-And private tragedy became the chosen ground not of drama , but of the new , unfolding art of the novel .
-From this action sprang the idea of somehow uniting Greek and Shakespearean drama into a new total form , capable of restoring to life the ancient moral and poetic responses .
-The thunderclaps over the sacred wood at Colonus and the storms in King Lear are caused by more than weather .
-Classic mythology and Christianity are such architectures of the imagination .
-It could not really be fulfilled .
-The necromantic change from the palace at Sparta to Faust's Gothic castle directs us to the aesthetic meaning of the myth -- the translation of antique drama into Shakespearean and romantic guise .
-I refer to the notion that the structure of society is a microcosm of the cosmic design and that history conforms to patterns of justice and chastisement as if it were a morality play set in motion by the gods for our instruction .
-Mortality is the pacing of a brief and dangerous watch , and to all sentinels , whether at Elsinore or on the battlements at Mycenae , the coming of dawn has its breath of miracle .
-And the entirety of the natural world is party to the action .
-They are as decisively present in the Oresteia and Oedipus as in Macbeth , King Lear , and Phedre .
-They order the manifold levels of reality and moral value along an axis of being which extends from brute matter to the immaculate stars .
-The art of Defoe and Richardson is founded on an awareness of this great change .
-There can be no greater magic than to wrest from death her in whom the flesh was all , in whom beauty was entirely pure because it was entirely corruptible .
-It is not between Euripides and Shakespeare that the western mind turns away from the ancient tragic sense of life .
-The conventions into which the romantics tried to breath life no longer corresponded to the realities of thought and feeling .
-It is after the late seventeenth century .
-On the narrower ground of poetic form , he felt that in the drama of the future the Greek conception of tragic fate should be joined to the Shakespearean vision of tragic will .
-They become philosophic abstractions of a private and problematic relevance , or mere catchwords in religious customs which had in them a diminishing part of active belief .
-The tragic stage is a platform extending precariously between heaven and hell .
-And in these organizations certain primal notions played a radiant part , radiant both in the sense of giving light and of being a pole toward which all perspectives converge .
-In tragedy , lightning is a messenger .
-The modes of the imagination implicit in Athenian tragedy continued to shape the life of the mind until the age of Descartes and Newton .
-I say the late seventeenth century because Racine ( whom Lessing did not really know ) stands on the far side of the chasm .
-But one major fact seems undeniable .
-The wedding of the Hellenic to the northern genius was one of the dominant motifs in Goethe's thought .
-Similarly the sufferings of Hamlet , Othello , or Phedre engage the fortunes of the state .
-Concepts such as grace , damnation , purgation , blasphemy , or the chain of being , which are everywhere implicit in classic and Shakespearean tragedy , lose their vitality .

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-The flame was simply of a different kind .
-If you had screamed right there in the street where we stood , I could not have felt more fear .
-There was , of course , more to the portrait of a lady you carried in your mind's eye than the sine qua non of her virtue .
-Perhaps the mere fact that by plucking on the nerves nature can awaken in the most ordinary of us , temporarily anyway , the sleeping poet , and in poets can discover their immortality , is the most remarkable of all the remarkable phenomena to which we can attest ? ?
-You , I could swear to it , remained innocent in this sense until the end .
-and according to them , whatever one fancies one feels , what one feels in fact is the opposite .
-Yet this passion for passion , now that I look back on it with passion spent , seems somewhat overblown and operatic , though as a diva Miss Millay perfectly controlled her notes .
-But what you could not know , of course , was how smoothly the Victorian Fitzgerald was to lead into an American Fitzgerald of my own vintage under whose banner we adolescents were to come , if not of age , then into a bright , taut semblance of it .
-Only what else was she singing but the old Song of Songs , that most ancient of tunes that nature plays with such unfailing response upon young nerves ? ?
-But he was no man in the moon to me .
-One should not , of course , pluck the head off a flower and expect its perfume to linger on .
-To innocence , a word given is a word that will be kept .
-today , these many years later , after all the temptations resisted or yielded to , the weasel satisfactions and the engulfing dissatisfactions since endured , I call it corrupting still .
-one can take it as no more than another veil torn from the mystery of the soul .
-But to me innocence is far less tangible .
-I had developed too foolproof a facade to be afraid of self-betrayal .
-He might have been the man in the moon for all you could have understood him .
-At the same time , I am aware that my recoil could be interpreted by readers of the tea leaves at the bottom of my psyche as an incestuous sign , since theirs is a science of paradox : if one hates , they say it is because one loves ; ;
-More likely , you simply told yourself , as you handed us the book , that it mattered little what we incanted providing we underwent the discipline of incantation .
-Well , normally abnormal or normally normal , neurotic or merely fastidious ( do the tea-leaf readers , by the way , allow psyches to have moral taste ? ?
-For innocence , of all the graces of the spirit , is I believe the one most to be prayed for .
-But all this , I am well aware , is the bel canto of love , and although I have always liked to think that it was to the bel canto and to that alone that I listened , I know well enough that it was not .
-If I am to speak the whole truth about my knowledge of love , I will have to stop trying to emulate the transcendant nightingale .
-But the time came when I was no longer innocent and therefore no longer helpless .
-Perhaps this is not so little .
-Whether you experienced the passion of desire I have , of course , no way of knowing , nor indeed have I wished with even the most fleeting fragment of a wish to know , for the fact that one constitutes by one's mere existence so to speak the proof of some sort of passion makes any speculation upon this part of one's parents' experience more immodest , more scandalizing , more deeply unwelcome than an obscenity from a stranger .
-But I insist upon believing that even when it is lost , it may , like paradise , be regained .
-Instinctively , innocence does unto others as it expects to be done by .
-I can see us now .
-I knew this knowledge to be corrupting at the time I acquired it ; ;
-You had grown up at a time when the most distinguishing mark of a lady was the noli me tangere writ plain across her face .
-Helpless in that sense I can never be again .
-One could see this chemical determinant as in itself a miracle .
-Neither his appetites , his exacerbations , nor his despair were kin to yours .
-For pride's sake , I will not say that the coy and leering vade mecum of those verses insinuated itself into my soul .
-However , I confess my hope that I will be innocent again , not with a pristine , accidental innocence , but rather with an innocence achieved by the slow cutting away of the flesh to reach the bone .
-if one bullies , they say it is because one is afraid ; ;
-if one shuns , they say it is because one desires ; ;
-We had stopped before a shop window to assess its autumnal display , when you suddenly turned to me , looking up from beneath one of your wrong hats , and with your nervous `` ahem '' ! !
-But I can see from this latest trick of memory how much more arbitrary and influential it is than the will .
-Although his tender nights were not the ones I dreamed of , nor was it for yachts , sports cars , tall drinks , and swimming pools , nor yet for money or what money buys that I burned , I too was burning and watching myself burn .
-Moreover , because of the particular blot on your family escutcheon through what may only have been one unbridled moment on your grandmother's part , and because you had the lean-to kitchen and trundle bed of your childhood to outgrow , what you obviously most desired with both your conscious and unconscious person , what you bent your whole will , sensibility , and intelligence upon , was to be a lady .
-Yours , but not mine , was an age in which innocence was fostered and carefully -- if not perhaps altogether innocently -- preserved .
-I fled , however , not from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom -- in the sense you meant the word `` things '' -- which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which I had already insisted upon finding out for myself ( despite , I may now say , the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle , yes , on principle , and in cold blood ) because I was resolved , as a modern woman , not to be a mollycoddle waiting for Life but to seize Life by the throat .
-However , it was not of innocence in general that I was speaking , but of perhaps the frailest and surely the least important side of it which is innocence in romantic love .
-It is not my intention in this narrative to picture myself as a helpless victim moored to the rock of experience and left to the buffetings of chance .
-I recoil from the very thought .
-I do not suppose you ever heard of F. Scott Fitzgerald , living or dead , and moreover I do not suppose that , even if you had , his legend would have seemed to you to warrant more than a cluck of disapproval .
-The innocence of which I speak is , I know , not incorruptible .
-You probably would not remember , since you never seemed to remember even the same moments as I , much less their intensity , one sunny midday on Fifth Avenue when you had set out with me for some final shopping less than a week before the wedding you staged for me with such reluctance at the Farm .
-But when these expectations are once too often ground into the dust , innocence can falter , since its strength is according to the strength of him who possesses it .
-While my memory holds with relentless tenacity , as I cannot too often stress , to my wrongs , when it comes to my shames , it gestures and jokes and toys with chronology like a prestidigitator in the hope of distracting me from them .
-To you , for instance , the word innocence , in this connotation , probably retained its Biblical , or should I say technical sense , and therefore I suppose I must make myself quite clear by saying that I lost -- or rather handed over -- what you would have considered to be my innocence two weeks before I was legally entitled , and in fact by oath required , to hand it over along with what other goods and bads I had .
-One can see it as humiliating that an extra hormone casually fed into our chemistry may induce us to lay down our lives for a lover or a friend ; ;
-Before being daughter , wife , or mother , before being cultured ( a word now bereft both socially and politically of the sheen you children of frontiersmen bestowed on it ) , before being sorry for the poor , progressive about public health , and prettily if somewhat imprecisely humanitarian , indeed first and foremost , you were a lady .
-Just as I was about to enlarge upon my discovery of the underside of the leaf of love , memory , displeased at being asked to yield its unsavory secrets , dashed ahead of me , calling back over its shoulder : `` Skip it .
-Here , if anywhere , it is not wholly incontrovertible .
-Besides , that particular message does no more than weakly echo the roar in all fresh blood .
-I had long since begun to lose my general innocence when I lost my trust in you , but this special innocence I lost before ever I loved , through my discovery that one could tremble with desire and even experience a flaming delight that had nothing , nothing whatever to do with friendship or liking , let alone with love .
-If to be innocent is to be helpless , then I had been -- as are we all -- helpless at the start .
-With scarcely a mumble of excuse , I fled .
-Cut it out '' .
-There is another side of love , more nearly symbolized by the croak of the mating capercailzie , or better still perhaps by the mute antics of the slug .
-What I fled from was my fear of what , unwittingly , you might betray , without meaning to , about my father and yourself .
-) , I have never wanted to know what you knew of passion .
-A lady , you made clear to me both by precept and example , never raised her voice or slumped in her chair , never failed in social tact ( in heaven , for instance , would not mention St. John the Baptist's head ) , never pouted or withdrew or scandalized in company , never reminded others of her physical presence by unseemly sound or gesture , never indulged in public scenes or private confidences , never spoke of money save in terms of alleviating suffering , never gossiped or maligned , never stressed but always minimized the hopelessness of anything from sin to death itself .
-In any case , Miss Millay's sweet-throated bitterness , her variations on the theme that the world was not only well lost for love but even well lost for lost love , her constant and wonderfully tragic posture , so unlike that of Fitzgerald since it required no scenery or props , drew from the me that I was when I fell upon her verses an overwhelming yea .
-It was symbolized ( at least for those of us who recognized ourselves in the image ) by that self-consuming , elegiac candle of Edna St. Vincent Millay's , that candle which from the quatrain where she ensconced it became a beacon to us , but which in point of fact would have had to be as tall as a funeral taper to last even the evening , let alone the night .
-But it could also be looked at from the other end of the spectrum .
-We had been walking quite briskly , for despite your being so small and me so tall , your stride in those days could easily match mine .
-Said : `` There are things I must tell you about this man you are marrying which he does not know himself '' .
-It assumes that things are as they seem when they seem best , and when they seem worst it overlooks them .
-But I will not skip it or cut it out .
-Although it is constantly made to look foolish ( too simple to come in out of the rain , people say , who have found in the innocent an impediment ) , it does not mind looking foolish because it is not concerned with how it looks .

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-It appears that the dominant tendency of Mann's early tales , however pictorial or even picturesque the surface , is already toward the symbolic , the emblematic , the expressionistic .
-When I try to work out my reasons for feeling that this passage is of critical significance , I come up with the following ideas , which I shall express very briefly here and revert to in a later essay .
-There is no more `` plot '' than that ; ;
-But the highroad , according to the description of its traffic , belongs to life as it is lived in unawareness of death , while the way to the churchyard belongs to some other sort of life : a suffering form , an existence wholly comprised in the awareness of death .
-the epiphany of that quivering flesh ; ;
-This prohibition on love has an especially poignant relation to art ; ;
-Piepsam is grotesque , a disturbing parody ; ;
-And if I have gone into so much detail about so small a work , that is because it is also so typical a work , representing the germinal form of a conflict which remains essential in Mann's writing : the crude sketch of Piepsam contains , in its critical , destructive and self-destructive tendencies , much that is enlarged and illuminated in the figures of , for instance , Naphta and Leverkuhn .
-This man's isolation is not merely momentary , it is permanent .
-As the first sentence suggests , both roads belong to death in the end .
-The trick these two play upon Jacoby reveals their want not simply of decency but of imagination as well .
-But that is too simple , and won't hold up .
-Life is further characterized , in antithesis to Piepsam , as animal : the image of a dog , which appears at several places , is first given as the criterion of amiable , irrelevant interest aroused by life considered simply as a spectacle : a dog in a wagon is `` admirable '' , `` a pleasure to contemplate '' ; ;
-that is , on the basis of his own sinfulness and abject wretchedness , Piepsam becomes a prophet who in his ecstasy and in the name of God imprecates doom on Life -- not only the cyclist now , but the audience , the world , as well : `` all you light-headed breed '' .
-That this abandonment takes place on a stage , during an ' artistic ' performance , is enough to associate Jacoby with art , and to bring down upon him the punishment for art ; ;
-His unsuccessful strivings to give up drink are represented as religious strivings ; ;
-This is simple enough , but several more points of interest may be mentioned as relevant .
-So here .
-And this occurs now , at the refrain of Jacoby's song -- at the point , in fact , of the name `` Lizzy '' -- ; ;
-The artistic interest , then , lies in what the encounter may be made to represent , in the power of some central significance to draw the details into relevance and meaningfulness .
-and the motion toward it brings disaster .
-The horrifying humor , the specifically sexual embarrassment of the joke gone wrong , the monstrous image of the fat man dressed up as a whore dressing up as a baby ; ;
-For the present it is enough to note that in the grotesque figure of Jacoby , at the moment of his collapse , all these elements come together in prophetic parody .
-At the same time the multiple transvestitism involved -- the fat man as girl and as baby , as coquette pretending to be a baby -- touches for a moment horrifyingly upon the secret sources of a life like Jacoby's , upon the sinister dreams which form the sources of any human life .
-another wagon has no dog , and therefore is `` devoid of interest '' .
-he keeps a bottle in a wardrobe at home , and `` before this wardrobe Praisegod Piepsam had before now gone literally on his knees , and in his wrestlings had bitten his tongue -- and still in the end capitulated '' .
-it is a spectacle absolutely painful , an epiphany of the suffering flesh unredeemed by spirit , untouched by any spirit other than abasement and humiliation .
-Finally , the theatrical ( and perversely erotic ) notions of dressing up , cosmetics , disguise , and especially change of costume ( or singularity of costume , as with Cipolla ) , are characteristically associated with the catastrophes of Mann's stories .
-By the same means he perceives this fact as having communicated itself to the audience ; ;
-The monk Savonarola , brought over from the Renaissance and placed against the background of Munich at the turn of the century , protests against the luxurious works displayed in the art-shop of M. Bluthenzweig ; ;
-Then an ambulance comes along , and they drive Praisegod Piepsam away .
-also he is a drunk , and has lost his job on that account .
-the two may in fact be identical .
-The cyclist , by contrast , blond and blue-eyed , is simply unreflective , unproblematic Life , `` blithe and carefree '' .
-In the work of every artist , I suppose , there may be found one or more moments which strike the student as absolutely decisive , ultimately emblematic of what it is all about ; ;
-It is worth dwelling in some detail on the crisis of this story , because it brings together a number of characteristic elements and makes of them a curious , riddling compound obscurely but centrally significant for Mann's work .
-Thus , on the highroad , a troop of soldiers `` marched in their own dust and sang '' , while on the footpath one man walks alone .
-The release , the freedom , involved in loving another is either terribly difficult or else absolutely impossible ; ;
-it is particularly the artist ( Tonio Kroger , Aschenbach , Leverkuhn ) who suffers from it .
-The season , between spring and summer , belongs to life in its carefree aspect .
-`` He made no claims to belong to the great and mighty of this earth '' .
-It resembles , too , pictures such as Durer and Bruegel did , in which all that looks at first to be solely pictorial proves on inspection to be also literary , the representation of a proverb , for example , or a deadly sin .
-Piepsam's fatal rage arises not only because he cannot stop the cyclist , but also because God will not stop him ; ;
-In a certain perfectly definite way , the method and the theme of his stories are one and the same .
-His appearance as Lizzy evokes not amusement but horror in the audience ; ;
-the bringing together around it of the secret liaison between indolent , mindless sensuality and sharp , shrewd talent , cleverness with an occasional touch of genius ( which , however , does not know `` how to attack the problem of suffering '' ) ; ;
-This passion brings on a fit which proves fatal .
-his end is ridiculous and trivial .
-The wife , Amra , and her lover are both savagely portrayed , she as incarnate sensuality , `` voluptuous '' and `` indolent '' , possibly `` a mischief maker '' , with `` a kind of luxurious cunning '' to set against her apparent simplicity , her `` birdlike brain '' .
-The highroad , one might say at first , belongs to life , while the way to the churchyard belongs to death .
-as Piepsam says to the crowd in his last moments : `` His justice is not of this world '' .
-the miraculous way in which music , revelation and death are associated in a single instant -- all this seems a triumph of art , a rather desperate art , in itself ; ;
-Piepsam is not , certainly , religious in any conventional sense .
-Piepsam calls the cyclist `` cur '' and `` puppy '' among other things , and at the crisis of his fit a little fox-terrier stands before him and howls into his face .
-he collapses , and dies .
-But it is characteristic of him , we are told , `` his little artifice '' , to be able to introduce `` into a fairly vulgar and humorous piece of hackwork a sudden phrase of genuine creative art '' .
-in particular against a Madonna portrayed in a voluptuous style and modeled , according to gossip , upon the painter's mistress .
-that is , he is suspect , guilty , punishable , as is anyone in Mann's stories who produces illusion , and this is true even though the constant elements of the artist-nature , technique , magic , guilt and suffering , are divided in this story between Jacoby and Lautner .
-He is a widower , his three children are dead , he has no one left on earth ; ;
-Something of this can be learned from `` The Way To The Churchyard '' ( 1901 ) , an anecdote about an old failure whose fit of anger at a passing cyclist causes him to die of a stroke or seizure .
-We shall return to these statements and deal with them more fully as the evidence for them accumulates .
-This strange person quarrels with a cyclist because the latter is using the path rather than the highroad .
-It is this modulation which reveals to Jacoby his own frightful abjection and , simultaneously , his wife's infidelity .
-`` Gladius Dei '' ( 1902 ) resembles `` The Way To The Churchyard '' in its representation of a conflict between light and dark , between `` Life '' and a spirit of criticism , negation , melancholy , but it goes considerably further in characterizing the elements of this conflict .
-only slightly more , perhaps , than a newspaper account of such an incident would give .
-he is simply thrown out of the shop by the porter .
-And the action is consistently presented with regard for this distinction .
-Again , the sufferings and disasters produced by any transgression against the commandment not to love are almost invariably associated in one way or another with childhood , with the figure of a child .
-`` Life '' points out that `` everybody uses this path '' , and starts to ride on .
-Professionally a lawyer , that is to say associated with dignity , reserve , discipline , with much that is essentially middle-class , he is compelled by an impossible love to exhibit himself dressed up , disguised -- that is , paradoxically , revealed -- as a child , and , worse , as a whore masquerading as a child .
-Piepsam tries to stop him by force , receives a push in the chest from `` Life '' , and is left standing in impotent and growing rage , while a crowd begins to gather .
-`` A miracle , a revelation , it was like a curtain suddenly torn away to reveal something nude '' .
-His religiousness is intimately , or dialectically , connected with his sinfulness ; ;
-The first sentence , with its platitudinous irony , announces an emblematic intent : `` The way to the churchyard ran along beside the highroad , ran beside it all the way to the end ; ;
-But he is more interesting than the others , the ones who come from the highroad to watch him , more interesting than Life considered as a cyclist .
-Hieronymus , like Piepsam , makes his protest quite in vain , and his rejection , though not fatal , is ridiculous and humiliating ; ;
-The music which Lautner has composed for this episode is for the most part `` rather pretty and perfectly banal '' .
-not less strikingly so for being mysterious , as though some deeply hidden constatation of thoughts were enciphered in a single image , a single moment .
-His rage assumes a religious form ; ;
-a modulation described as `` almost a stroke of genius '' .
-The cyclist , a sufficiently commonplace young fellow , is not named but identified simply as `` Life '' -- that and a license number , which Piepsam uses in addressing him .
-Love is the crucial dilemma of experience for Mann's heroes .
-that is to say , to the churchyard '' .
-The dramatic construction of his stories characteristically turns on a situation in which someone is simultaneously compelled and forbidden to love .
-The ambulance is drawn by two `` charming '' little horses .
-The specific analogy to the dilemma of love is the problem of the `` breakthrough '' in the realm of art .
-Lautner , for his part , `` belonged to the present-day race of small artists , who do not demand the utmost of themselves '' , and the bitter description of the type includes such epithets as `` wretched little poseurs '' , the devastating indictment `` they do not know how to be wretched decently and in order '' , and the somewhat extreme prophecy , so far not fulfilled : `` They will be destroyed '' .
-On the street outside , Hieronymus envisions a holocaust of the vanities of this world , such a burning of artistic and erotic productions as his namesake actually brought to pass in Florence , and prophetically he issues his curse : `` Gladius Dei super terram cito et velociter '' .
-beyond itself , also , it evokes numerous and distant resonances from the entire body of Mann's work .
-He is `` a man raving mad on the way to the churchyard '' .
-In method as well as in theme this little anecdote with its details selected as much for expressiveness and allegory as for `` realism '' , anticipates a kind of musical composition , as well as a kind of fictional composition , in which , as Leverkuhn says , `` there shall be nothing unthematic '' .
-His name is Praisegod Piepsam , and he is rather fully described as to his clothing and physiognomy in a way which relates him to a sinister type in the author's repertory -- he is a forerunner of those enigmatic strangers in `` Death In Venice '' , for example , who represent some combination of cadaver , exotic , and psychopomp .

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-No one wanted a larger family or no children , and none hoped for a castle or said that living in less settled circumstances would be satisfactory .
-`` Is the attitude of German youth comparable to that of `` the angry young men ' of England '' ? ?
-Our meeting took place in May , 1961 , during one of the Maestro's stop-overs in New York , before he left for Europe .
-No , originally he had hoped to become a concert pianist and had even performed as such .
-As he talked about himself , time and again stuffing and dragging on his pipe , Steinberg began to relax and the initial hurried feeling grew faint and was dispelled .
-But his prime interest , apart from music , he insisted seriously , was his family -- his wife , daughter and son .
-In Frankfurt , too , he directed the Museum and Opera House concerts which , in addition to the standard repertoire , featured novelties like Erdmann's Piano Concerto and Mahler's Sixth Symphony .
-what they feared most was war or political instability in their own country .
-`` Both children are musical and my wife is a music lover of unfailing instinct and judgement '' .
-In 1936 he accepted the leadership of the Berlin Kulturbund .
-Unfortunately , it was Muzak , which automatically is piped into the public rooms , and which nolens volens had to be endured .
-`` Now that Bruno Walter is virtually in retirement and my dear friend Dimitri Mitropoulos is no longer with us , I am probably the only one -- with the possible exception of Leonard Bernstein -- who has this special affinity for and champions the works of Bruckner and Mahler '' .
-There will be premieres of new works , made possible through Ford Foundation commissions : Carlisle Floyd's Mystery , with Phyllis Curtin as soprano soloist .
-Die Frist ist um , und wiederum verstrichen sind sieben Jahr , the Maestro quoted The Flying Dutchman , as he told of his career and wanderings , explaining that the number seven had significantly recurred in his life several times .
-`` And next year we will do -- also a Ford commission -- a piano concerto by Elliott Carter , with Jacob Lateiner as soloist .
-`` You must have some security '' , said a young clerk .
-he became Otto Klemperer's personal assistant at the Cologne Opera , and a year later was promoted to the position of regular conductor .
-Soon he was playing in the Cologne Municipal Orchestra , and during World War 1 , , when musicians were scarce , he joined the opera orchestra as well .
-Since it is not far from Viareggio , he will visit Puccini's house , as he never fails to do , to pay his respects to the memory of the composer of La Boheme , which he considers one of Puccini's masterpieces .
-Wasn't this an unusually young age to fill such a responsible post ? ?
-Others mentioned that I might have had to ask friends or even strangers for help and that to be stranded in a foreign country without sufficient funds did not contribute to international understanding .
-Since attack serves to stimulate interest in broadcasts , I added to my opening statement a sentence in which I claimed that German youth seemed to lack the enthusiasm which is a necessary ingredient of anger , and might be classified as uninterested and bored rather than angry .
-During his tenure he also fulfilled guest engagements at the Berlin State Opera .
-Seven years later he was asked to become director of the Pittsburgh Symphony .
-`` It is easy for you to talk '' ; ;
-I was far from convinced of the truth of my statement , but could not think of anything that might evoke responses more quickly .
-His London contract was rescinded , and now , he explains cheerfully , as a bright smile lightens his intense , mobile face , `` I conduct only one hundred and twenty concerts '' ! !
-During these years the youthful conductor had contributed greatly to the high level of musical life in Germany .
-Was the topic for a round-table discussion at the Bayerische Rundfunk in Munich .
-He returned to Germany for the first time in 1953 , where he has since conducted in Cologne , Frankfurt , and Berlin .
-Steinberg spoke with warmth and enthusiasm about Italy : `` Rome is my second home .
-I consider it to be my job to expose the public to what is being written today '' .
-In 1938 , at the insistence of Arturo Toscanini , Steinberg left Germany for the United States , by way of Switzerland .
-`` By observing the conductor '' , he says with a twinkle in his eyes , `` I learned how not to conduct '' .
-Had he always wished to be a conductor ? ?
-Through the Frankfurt Jewish Kulturbund he began to give sonata recitals in synagogues , with Cellist Emanuel Feuermann .
-The musician ran away from school when he was fifteen , but this escapade did not save him from the Gymnasium .
-He added that he also stresses the works of these favorite masters on tour , especially Mahler's First and Fourth symphonies , and Das Lied Von der Erde , and Bruckner's Sixth -- which is rarely played -- and Seventh .
-You might have failed .
-Again Steinberg was cautious and replied with a smile that he was not exposed to it enough to hazard comments .
-Bruckner's Eighth he refers to as `` my travel symphony '' .
-`` Then I return to the United States for engagements at the Hollywood Bowl and in Philadelphia '' , he added .
-And how did he feel about modern art ? ?
-I was chairman , the only not youthful participant .
-With all his musical activities , did he have the time and inclination to do anything else ? ?
-What did he do for relaxation ? ?
-After he had spent the first three years in New York as associate conductor , at Toscanini's invitation , of the NBC Orchestra , he made numerous guest appearances throughout the United States and Latin America .
-As more and more Jewish musicians lost their jobs with professional organizations Steinberg united them into the Frankfurt Kulturbund Orchestra , which also gave guest performances in other German cities .
-When he added to his Pittsburgh commitments the directorship of the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1958 , he conducted one hundred fifty concerts within nine months , `` commuting '' between the two cities .
-All expressed interest in world affairs but no one offered to make any sacrifices to satisfy this interest .
-Steinberg claims that these early years of orchestra participation were of invaluable help to his career .
-One girl expressed what was obviously in their minds .
-But after all , you never learned anything else '' ! !
-What they wished for most was security ; ;
-In recent years he has traveled widely in Europe , conducting in Italy , France , Austria , and Switzerland .
-He had presented the first German performances of Puccini's Manon Lescaut and De Falla's La Vida Breve .
-Yes : though not professional musicians , they were a music-loving family .
-The music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra , William Steinberg , has molded his group into a prominent musical organization , which is his life .
-At the outset of his career , Steinberg had dedicated himself to the advancement of contemporary music by vowing to do a Schonberg work every year .
-Two years later he became director of the Frankfurt Opera , where he remained until he lost this position in 1933 through the rise of the Hitler regime .
-`` But you want a job guaranteed when you return '' , I continued my attack .
-He cited Heine and Stendhal as favorites in literature .
-Other world premieres will be Gardner Read's Third Symphony and Burle Marx's Samba Concertante .
-Because , like many other children , he intensely disliked practicing Czerny Etudes , he composed his own studies .
-Simultaneously , he pursued his musical studies at the conservatory , receiving sound training in counterpoint and harmony , as well in the violin and piano .
-As we began to converse in the lounge of his Fifth Avenue hotel , his restlessness and sensitivity to light and sound became immediately apparent .
-Of course , I shall conduct Mahler and Bruckner works in the coming season , as usual .
-Though the four boys and two girls , the youngest nineteen years of age , the oldest twenty-four , came from varying backgrounds and had different professional and personal interests , there was surprising agreement among them .
-He recalled that in California after a critic had attacked him for `` still trying to sell Bruckner to the Americans '' , the public's response at the next concert was a standing ovation .
-My Pittsburghers have become real addicts to Mahler and Bruckner '' .
-I think it is rather foolhardy to trust to luck '' .
-`` As my wife puts it '' , he said , again with a twinkle in his eyes , `` all you know is your music .
-In 1945 he became conductor of the Buffalo Philharmonic .
-Because of the political upheaval in Germany in the 1930's , Steinberg was forced to restrict his activities to the Jewish community .
-countered a twenty year old law student , `` you travel around the world .
-This schedule became too strenuous , even for the energetic and conscientious Mr. Steinberg .
-Did he come from a musical family ? ?
-The debate needed no additional controversy and soon I could ask each individually what he expected from life , what his hopes were and what his fears .
-He was not enthusiastic over the newly acquired Claude Lorrain , but reminisced with pleasure over a Poussin exhibit he had been able to see in Paris a year ago .
-`` There was always and at all times a contemporary music and it expresses the era in which it was created .
-But I usually stick to the old phrase : ' Ich habe ein Amt , aber keine Meinung ( I hold an office , but I do not feel entitled to have an opinion ) .
-Yes , the Maestro assented .
-In 1927 he succeeded Zemlinsky as opera director of the German Theater at Prague .
-In the fall of that year the best musicians of the Berlin and Frankfurt Kulturbund orchestras joined under the combined efforts of Bronislaw Hubermann and Steinberg to become the Palestine Orchestra -- now known as the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra -- with Steinberg as founder-conductor .
-The forthcoming season in Pittsburgh also promises to be of unusual interest .
-Since he introduces so much modern music , I could not resist asking how he felt about it .
-When he was eight he began violin lessons .
-The Frankfurt years were particularly noteworthy for his performance of Berg's Wozzek soon after the Berlin premiere under Erich Kleiber , and the world premiere of Schonberg's Von heute auf morgen .
-He had just paid a brief visit to the Frick Collection to admire his favorite paintings by Rembrandt and Franz Hals .
-The ideal home , they agreed , would be a small private house or a city apartment of four to five rooms , just enough for a family consisting of husband , wife , and two children .
-At the moment he was excited about his son's having received the Prix De Rome in archaeology and was looking forward to being present this summer at the excavation of an Etruscan tomb .
-His professional career began when he was twenty ; ;
-However , when he assumed the duties of a conductor , he relinquished his career as a pianist .
-Like his late colleague , Mitropoulos , he reads mystery stories , in particular Sir Arthur Conan Doyle .
-First of all , to Italy for a short vacation -- Forte Dei Marmi , a place he loves .
-When he started school at the age of five-and-a-half , he could not understand why the alphabet begins with the letter A , instead of C , as in the scale .
-`` Would you advise us to act the same way ? ?
-He will conduct two concerts at the Accademia Di Santa Cecilia , as well as concerts in Munich and Cologne .
-Where in Europe was he going now ? ?
-In his native Cologne , where his mother taught him to play the piano , he was able to read notes before he learned the alphabet .
-She even devised a system of colors , whereby the boy could easily distinguish the different note values .
-Five years were spent with the Cologne Opera , after which he was called to Prague by Alexander von Zemlinsky , teacher of Arnold Schonberg and Erich Korngold .
-I consider it the center of the world and make it a point to be there once a year '' .
-We would like to do that too '' .
-When I mentioned that for my first long voyage I did not even have the money for the return fare , but had trusted to luck that I would earn a sufficient amount , the young people looked at me doubtingly .
-We'll play Bruckner's Fifth Symphony in the original version , and Mahler's Seventh -- the least accessible , known , and played of Mahler's works .
-Seeking an obscure , dark , relatively quiet corner in the airy room otherwise suffused with afternoon sunshine , he asked if the soft background music could be turned off .
-Since 1944 he has also conducted regularly at the San Francisco Opera , where he made his debut with a memorable performance of Verdi's Falstaff .

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-If there were only the mess , all would be clear ; ;
-If we look at recent art we find it preoccupied with form .
-Two thieves are crucified with Christ , one saved and the other damned .
-To find a form that accommodates the mess , that is the task of the artist now '' .
-American newspaper reviewers like to call his plays nihilistic .
-I granted this might be so , but found the result to be even more attention to form than was the case previously .
-`` How could the mess be admitted , because it appears to be the very opposite of form and therefore destructive of the very thing that art holds itself to be '' ? ?
-He wore a brown knit sports shirt with no tie .
-Could it be that my own eyes and ears had deceived me ? ?
-Nevertheless I was curious .
-Plays more highly formalized than `` Waiting For Godot '' , `` Endgame '' , and `` Krapp's Last Tape '' would be hard to find .
-`` Not this .
-The form and the chaos remain separate .
-`` Waiting For Godot '' sells even better in America than in France .
-I am not a philosopher .
-The question would also be removed if we believed in the contrary -- total salvation .
-How can we make sense of this division ? ?
-One cannot speak anymore of being , one must speak only of the mess .
-At a party an English intellectual -- so-called -- asked me why I write always about distress .
-I left the party as soon as possible and got into a taxi .
-The destiny of Racine's Phedre is sealed from the beginning : she will proceed into the dark .
-How , I asked , could chaos be admitted to chaos ? ?
-`` Yes .
-This is clear .
-Whether any of us remain in it long will depend on what happens as a result of the technological and economic revolutions now going on in the countries of Asia and Africa , and also of course on how long the cold war remains cold .
-We walked down the Rue De L'Arcade , thence along beside the Madeleine and across to a sidewalk cafe opposite that church .
-For one thing , the world that Beckett sees is already shattered .
-He was waiting .
-Nothing like Godot , he arrived before the hour .
-It is not a mess you can make sense of '' .
-My curiosity was sharpened a day or two before the interview by a conversation I had with a well-informed teacher of literature , a Jesuit father , at a conference on religious drama near Paris .
-Beckett's own work is an example .
-Irish Catholicism is not attractive , but it is deeper .
-Yet it is not only Europe the play refers to .
-Then he thought me more perverse than ever .
-Within this notion clarity is possible , but for us who are neither Greek nor Jansenist there is not such clarity .
-Is this life-death question a part of the chaos ? ?
-`` Well , really there is none at all .
-But now we can keep it out no longer , because we have come into a time when `` it invades our experience at every moment .
-Didi and Gogo hover on the edge of suicide ; ;
-The classical lines of the church which Napoleon thought of as a Temple of Glory , dominated all the scene where we sat .
-The Boulevard De La Madeleine , the Boulevard Malesherbes , and the Rue Royale ran to it with graceful flattery , bearing tidings of the Age of Reason .
-Yet , I responded , could not similar things be said about the art of the past ? ?
-He says nothing that compresses experience within a closed pattern .
-It has held them at bay .
-At the same time , he is plainly sympathetic , clearly friendly .
-My mother was deeply religious .
-Once I had a religious emotion .
-The latter is not reduced to the former .
-The conversation that ensued may have been engrossing but it could hardly be called world-shattering .
-With classical art , all is settled .
-`` Yes , for they deal with distress .
-At the beginning of the play she has partial illumination and at the end she has complete illumination , but there has been no question but that she moves toward the dark .
-They look as if they had been sculptured with an unsharpened chisel .
-Some people object to this in my writing .
-It realized that to admit them was to jeopardize form .
-Even so astute a commentator as Harold Clurman of The Nation has said that `` Waiting For Godot '' is `` the concentrate of the contemporary European mood of despair '' .
-The consciousness it mirrors may have come earlier to Europe than to America , but it is the consciousness that most `` mature '' societies arrive at when their successes in technological and economic systematization propel them into a time of examining the not-strictly-practical ends of culture .
-I asked about the battle between life and death in his plays .
-In classical drama , such problems do not arise .
-Would not that be the end of thinking and the end of art ? ?
-He seems , by some unconscious division of labor , to have given them that one function and no other , leaving communication to the rest of the face .
-When Beckett's name came into the discussion , the priest grew loud and told me that Beckett `` hates life '' .
-`` Perhaps '' stands in place of commitment .
-The voice is light in timbre , with a rough edge that corresponds to his visage .
-Is it not characteristic of the greatest art that it confronts us with something we cannot clarify , demanding that the viewer respond to it in his own never-predictable way ? ?
-The features of his face are distinct , but not fine .
-And why not ? ?
-`` What is more true than anything else ? ?
-He knelt down at his bed as long as he could kneel .
-The mouth frequently breaks into a disarming smile .
-No more .
-His light blue eyes , set deep within the face , are actively and continually looking .
-On the glass partition between me and the driver were three signs : one asked for help for the blind , another help for orphans , and the third for relief for the war refugees .
-As if it were perverse to do so ! !
-own pride and humility .
-When Heidegger and Sartre speak of a contrast between being and existence , they may be right , I don't know , but their language is too philosophical for me .
-His letter had suggested we meet at my hotel at noon on Sunday , and I came into the lobby as the clock struck twelve .
-One is not more true than the other .
-`` The confusion is not my invention .
-That is why the form itself becomes a preoccupation , because it exists as a problem separate from the material it accommodates .
-The key word in my plays is ' perhaps ' '' .
-I suggested that one must let it in because it is the truth , but Beckett did not take to the word truth .
-As she goes , she herself will be illuminated .
-For he has the pride that comes of self-acceptance and the humility , perhaps of the same genesis , not to impose himself upon another .
-His talk turns to what he calls `` the mess '' , or sometimes `` this buzzing confusion '' .
-The only chance of renovation is to open our eyes and see the mess .
-but there is also compassion .
-What appears here is shorter than what he actually said but very close to his own words .
-As a Christian , I know I do not stand where Beckett stands , but I do see much of what he sees .
-It is because there is not only darkness but also light that our situation becomes inexplicable .
-But to me Beckett's writing had seemed permeated with love for human beings and with a kind of humor that I could reconcile neither with despair nor with nihilism .
-Take Augustine's doctrine of grace given and grace withheld : have you pondered the dramatic qualities in this theology ? ?
-It only means that there will be new form , and that this form will be of such a type that it admits the chaos and does not try to say that the chaos is really something else .
-The family was Protestant , but for me it was only irksome and I let it go .
-Or is it relevant because it teaches us something useful to know about ourselves ? ?
-There is the unexplainable , and there art raises questions that it does not attempt to answer '' .
-But it is different at Chartres .
-It is screaming at you even in the taxis of London '' .
-That , I thought , is at least one thing I can find out when we meet .
-Unruly hair goes straight up from his forehead , standing so high that the top falls gently over , as if to show that it really is hair and not bristle .
-Until recently , art has withstood the pressure of chaotic things .
-What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory ? ?
-This does not allow the mystery to invade us .
-Isn't all art ambiguous ? ?
-`` Not this '' , he said , and gestured toward the Madeleine .
-If life and death did not both present themselves to us , there would be no inscrutability .
-My father had none .
-It is there and it must be allowed in '' .
-Harold Clurman is right to say that `` Waiting For Godot '' is a reflection ( he calls it a distorted reflection ) `` of the impasse and disarray of Europe's present politics , ethic , and common way of life '' .
-But do the plays deal with the same facets of experience religion must also deal with ? ?
-Then he began to speak about the tension in art between the mess and form .
-The personal quality of Samuel Beckett is similar to qualities I had found in the plays .
-Hamm's world is death and Clov may or may not get out of it to join the living child outside .
-One does not have to look for distress .
-His tweed suit was a baggy gray and green .
-One day the dogs of Ireland will do that too and perhaps also the pigs '' .
-But where we have both dark and light we have also the inexplicable .
-`` What I am saying does not mean that there will henceforth be no form in art .
-It was at my first Communion .
-My wish to meet Samuel Beckett had been prompted by simple curiosity and interest in his work .
-I told him no , that I had had a very happy childhood .
-He wanted to know if my father had beaten me or my mother had run away from home to give me an unhappy childhood .
-The Irish accent is , as one would expect , combined with slight inflections from the French .
-It is all around us and our only chance now is to let it in .
-I have no religious feeling .
-I reconstruct his sentences from notes made immediately after our conversation .
-That is the play .
-If there were only darkness , all would be clear .
-We cannot listen to a conversation for five minutes without being acutely aware of the confusion .
-So was my brother .
-My brother and mother got no value from their religion when they died .
-Beckett's appearance is rough-hewn Irish .
-I knew that a conversation with the author would not settle such questions , because a man is not the same as his writing : in the last analysis , the questions had to be settled by the work itself .
-When you pass a church on an Irish bus , all the hands flurry in the sign of the cross .
-At the moment of crisis it had no more depth than an old school tie .
-Given a theological lead , I asked what he thinks about those who find a religious significance to his plays .
-They find deep pessimism in them .
-To swim is true , and to sink is true .
-America is now joining Europe in this `` mature '' phase of development .
-Lunch was over , and we walked back to the hotel with the light and dark of Paris screaming at us .
-One might say it combines the man ; ;
-Is his a literature of defeat , irrelevant to the social crises we face ? ?
-One can only speak of what is in front of him , and that now is simply the mess '' .
-As a writer on the theater , I have paid close attention to the plays .

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-If living Jews were unavailable for study , the Bible was at hand .
-But have we not gone overboard in stressing their significance ? ?
-Thomas De Torquemada , Inquisitor-General of the Spanish Inquisition , put many persons to death .
-It would have been unwise policy , for instance , to apply the pound-of-flesh characterization to the thrifty Scotchman .
-We scour literature for them ; ;
-Demagogues of this sort found communist bogeys lurking behind any new idea that would run counter to stereotyped notions .
-he is out of place in our times .
-Criminals , as well as model citizens , exercise their minds .
-Long ago they consigned the notions of Kyne and Dixon to the scrap heap .
-Despite this danger , however , we are informed on every hand that ideas , not machines , are our finest tools ; ;
-False ideas surfeit another sector of our life .
-The Jews had been banished from England in 1290 and were not permitted to return before 1655 , when Shakespeare had been dead for thirty-nine years .
-Merely having a mental image of some sort is not the all-important consideration .
-For answers to such questions we must turn to the anthropologists , the biologists , the historians , the psychologists , and the sociologists .
-Despite the clarity of his presentation , his idea was not of Einsteinian calibre .
-This would make anyone crafty and cruel , capable of fiendish revenge .
-We would establish no censorship .
-Our presidential campaigns provide much debate and argument .
-Have we not actually developed idea worship ? ?
-Shakespeare gives us a vivid picture of Shylock , but probably he never saw a Jew , unless in some of his travels .
-In truth , we can say that this broke the power of Senator Joseph McCarthy , who was finally exposed in full light to the American people .
-Debate rid us of McCarthy but did not give us much that is positive .
-Who cares about them ! !
-If he had been `` liquidated '' in some way , he would have become a martyr , a rallying point for people who shared his ideas .
-Children , conditioned by this mistaken notion , have feared stepmothers , while adults , by their antagonistic attitudes , have made the role of the substitute parents a difficult one .
-Rather than from a first-hand study of Jewish people , his delineation of Shylock stems from a collection of Italian stories , Il Pecorone , published in 1558 , although written almost two centuries earlier .
-But it is a clumsy and wasteful process : it can produce negative results but not much that is positive .
-But is the result new barnsful of tested knowledge on the basis of which we can with confidence solve our domestic and international problems ? ?
-Many Americans reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russia and turned to the repression of ideas by force .
-In the field of the social sciences a considerable fund of tested knowledge has been accumulated that can be used to good advantage .
-Attorney General Palmer made a series of raids that sent more than 4,000 so-called radicals to the jails , in direct violation of their constitutional rights .
-Would we gain by keeping alive his memory and besmirching today's Roman Catholics by saying he had a Catholic heart ? ?
-If a child had a single drop of Negro blood , he would revert to the ancestral line which , except as slaves under a superior race , had not made one step of progress in 3,000 years .
-What of his treatment of the Jew in The Merchant Of Venice ? ?
-He appealed to us to bring his case to the attention of the authorities that justice might be done .
-Debate in the political arena can be productive of good .
-In the same vein , a certain short-story plot has been overworked .
-Just as now anyone may hurl insults at a citizen of Mars , or even of Tikopia , and no senatorial investigation will result .
-In time she presents her aristocratic husband with a coal-black child .
-No Jew was on hand to boycott his financially struggling theater .
-Debate is not likely to resolve the tensions and make the lot of the stepchild a happier one .
-Are we better off for having Shakespeare's idea of Shylock ? ?
-But have the results been heartening ? ?
-He sets him forth as being typical of the group .
-For a time the President received hundreds of them every day , most of them worthless .
-Research into several cultures has proven her position to be a mistaken one .
-But are all these works worthy of consideration ? ?
-His name became synonymous with cold-blooded cruelty .
-they are priceless even though they cannot be recorded on a ledger page ; ;
-Reading the Old Testament would have shown the dramatist that the ideas attributed to Shylock were abhorrent to the Jews .
-So all-important are ideas , we are told , that persons successful in business and happy in social life usually fall into two classes : those who invent new ideas of their own , and those who borrow , beg , or steal from others .
-They seem to believe that a person will act automatically as soon as he contacts something new .
-Then , not many years later , the Un-American Activities Committee , under the leadership of Martin Dies , pilloried hundreds of decent , patriotic citizens .
-Most assuredly ideas are invaluable .
-Ideas need to be tested , and not merely by argument and debate .
-Assuredly in our political campaigns there is freedom to think , to examine any and all issues , and to speak without restraint .
-We must not forget , to be sure , that free discussion and debate have produced beneficial results .
-Postmaster General Burleson set about to protect the American people against radical propaganda that might be spread through the mails .
-There is no justification for such misrepresentation .
-For several generations much fiction has appeared dealing with the steprelationship .
-An inmate , a former university professor , expounded to us , logically and clearly , that someone was pilfering his thoughts .
-New ideas were dangerous and must be repressed , no matter how .
-During the last years of Woodrow Wilson's administration , a red scare developed in our country .
-Research , on the other hand , has shown many stepmothers to be eminently successful , some far better than the real mothers .
-but a Jewish heart .
-Seemingly , with an unrestricted flow of ideas , all will be well , and we are even assured that `` an idea a day will keep the sheriff away '' .
-May we state with confidence that in such an exhibition a republic will find its greatest security ? ?
-Of course , there must be clarity : a single distinct impression is more valuable than many fuzzy ones .
-This hysteria reached its height under the leadership of Senator Joseph McCarthy .
-Let his bones and his memory rest in the fifteenth century where they belong ; ;
-That , however , may also bring the police , if the thinking does not meet with social approval .
-The writer took a class of college students to the state hospital for the mentally ill in St. Joseph , Missouri .
-Shakespeare did not usually invent the incidents in his plays , but borrowed them from old stories , ballads , and plays , wove them together , and then breathed into them his spark of life .
-No holds are barred .
-He took the story of the pound of flesh and had to fasten it on someone .
-It did something to clear the ground , but it erected no striking new structure ; ;
-they are the most valuable of commodities -- and the most salable , for their demand far exceeds supply .
-But was he infallible in all things ? ?
-A successful businessman recently prefaced his address to a luncheon group with the statement that all economists should be sent to the hospitals for the mentally deranged where they and their theories might rot together .
-But is that not like going to a chemistry laboratory and blindly pouring out liquids and powders from an array of bottles and then , after stirring , expecting a new wonder drug inevitably to result ? ?
-He tells of his `` Jewish heart '' -- not a Shylockian heart ; ;
-But clarity is not enough .
-That doctrine has been accepted by many , but has it produced good results ? ?
-Studying The Merchant Of Venice in high school and college has given many young people their notions about Jews .
-Ideas , in and of themselves , are not necessarily the greatest good .
-here we find stored the wisdom of great minds .
-Is there some magic in it that assures results ? ?
-We have recourse to the scientifically-trained specialist in the laboratory .
-He could learn at second hand from books , but could not thus capture the real Jewish spirit .
-it did not even provide the architect's plan for anything new .
-But ideas , just for the sake of having them , are not enough .
-they provide stimulations that lead to further production .
-By no means would we discourage the production of ideas : they provide raw materials with which to work ; ;
-In the 1930's , cures for the depression literally flooded Washington .
-When some question arises in the medical field concerning cancer , for instance , we do not turn to free and open discussion as in a political campaign .
-The stepmother , almost without exception , has been presented as a cruel ogress .
-Shakespeare does not tell us that Shylock was an aberrant individual .
-When Peter B. Kyne ( Pride Of Palomar , 43 ) informed us in 1921 that we had an instinctive dislike for the Japanese , did the heated debates of the Californians settle the truth or falsity of the proposition ? ?
-The son and heir of a prominent family marries a girl who has tell-tale shadows on the half-moons of her finger nails .
-True , ideas are important , perhaps life's most precious treasures .
-In the field of the natural sciences , scientifically verified data are quite readily available and any discussion can be shortened with good results .
-If any had escaped expulsion by hiding , they certainly would not frequent the market-place .
-Harris J. Griston , in Shaking The Dust From Shakespeare ( 216 ) , writes : `` There is not a word spoken by Shylock which one would expect from a real Jew '' .
-That is questionable , to say the least .
-The Leopard's Spots came from the pen of Thomas Dixon in 1902 , and in this he announced an `` unchangeable '' law .
-Anyone who tried to remedy some of the most glaring defects in our form of democracy was denounced as a traitorous red whose real purpose was the destruction of our government .
-Frequently we are given assurance that automatically all ideas will be sifted and resifted and in the end only the good ones will survive .
-Shakespeare's wit and wisdom , his profound insight into human nature , have stood the test of centuries .
-Those who would suppress dangerous thoughts , credit ideas with high potency .
-They give strict interpretation to William James' statement that `` Every idea that enters the mind tends to express itself '' .
-Does this help the non-Jew to understand this group ? ?
-Will argument and debate decide its truth or falsity ? ?
-But what a super-Herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely , particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes , in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy .
-Helen Deutsch informed us ( The Psychology Of Women , Vol. 2 , , 434 ) that in all cultures `` the term ' stepmother ' automatically evokes deprecatory implications '' , a conclusion accepted by many .
-Can they stand rigid scrutiny ? ?
-Ideas we must have , and we seek them everywhere .
-Shakespeare's Shylock , too , is of dubious value in the modern world .
-What of the efficiency of this natural instrument of free discussion ? ?
-The Jew was the safest victim .
-Hence , the only defensible procedure is to repress any and every notion , unless it gives evidence that it is perfectly safe .
-Is the world better for having this idea thrust upon it ? ?
-The merits of the Salk anti-polio vaccine were not established on the forensic platform or in newspaper editorials , but in the laboratory and by tests in the field on thousands of children .
-Will mere debate on that proposition , even though it be free and untrammeled , remove the dross and leave a residue of refined gold ? ?
-We are reminded , however , that freedom of thought and discussion , the unfettered exchange of ideas , is basic under our form of government .
-Will his words come to be treasured and quoted through the years ? ?
-Man , we are told , is endowed with reason and is capable of distinguishing good from bad .

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-He warns that a single glance can lead us into temptation , for `` Looking eies have lyking hartes , and lyking hartes may burne in lust '' .
-The Chicago contingent of modern critics follow Aristotle so far in this direction that it is hard to see how they can compare one poem with another for the purpose of evaluation .
-While Aristotle censors literature only for the young , Plato would banish all poets from his ideal state .
-In his study Samuel Johnson , Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts '' .
-Plato feels that man has two competing aspects , his rational faculty and his irrational .
-Even more important , in his Poetics , Aristotle differs somewhat from Plato when he moves in the direction of treating literature as a unique thing , separate and apart from its causes and its effects .
-Criticism is as old as literary art and we can set the stage for our study of three moderns if we see how certain critics in the past have dealt with the ethical aspects of literature .
-Second , we will see how Sidney answered the charges , for while Sidney's essay was not specifically a reply to Gosson , his arguments do support the new theater .
-True reality , of course , is the ideal , and the poet knows nothing of this ; ;
-He says : ``
-When we turn to Aristotle's ideas on the moral measure of literature , it is at once apparent that he is at times equally concerned about the influence of the art .
-He even calls upon the poets to defend the Muse and to show that poetry may contribute to virtue .
-Plato is , at times , just as suspicious of the poets themselves as he is of their work .
-He advises women to beware `` of those places which in sorrows cheere you and beguile you in mirth '' .
-Altogether , the list will give us considerable variety in attitudes and some typical ones , for these critics range all the way from censors to those who consider art above ethics , all the way from Plato to Poe .
-It may allay our passions and so restore the rule of reason .
-He does not really approve of levity and laughter , but sex is the deadly sin .
-He assures us , early in the Poetics , that all art is `` imitation '' and that all imitation gives pleasure , but he distinguishes between art in general and poetic art on the basis of the means , manner , and the objects of the imitation .
-The same sort of thinking plays so large a part in both Babbitt and More , that we must examine it in some detail .
-In addition , his definition of a tragedy invites our attention , because a serious and important action may very well be one that tests the moral fiber of the author or of the characters .
-And there is one other point in the Poetics that invites moral evaluation : Aristotle's notion that the distinctive function of tragedy is to purge one's emotions by arousing pity and fear .
-While Plato finally allows a few acceptable hymns to the gods and famous men , still he clearly leaves the way open for further discussion of the issue .
-A tragedy , by his definition , is an imitation of an action that is serious , of a certain magnitude , and complete in itself .
-And most of the great periods are represented , because we will compare Plato and Aristotle from the golden age of Greece ; ;
-When he discusses tyrants in the Eighth Book of The Republic , he pictures the poets as willing to praise the worst rulers .
-For this reason , then I want to describe , first , two examples of the puritanical attacks : Stephen Gosson's The School Of Abuse , 1579 , and his later Playes Confuted , published in 1582 .
-Stephen Gosson and Sir Philip Sidney from renaissance England ; ;
-In Plato's mind there is an irresolvable conflict between the poet and the philosopher , because the poet imitates only particular objects and is incapable of rising to the first level of abstraction , much less the highest level of ideal forms .
-We can be virtuous only if we control our lower natures , the passions in this case , and strengthen our rational side ; ;
-And we can add that Krutch's interpretation of purgation is also one answer to Plato's fear that poetry will encourage our passions .
-The most famous document that comes out of this dispute is perhaps Sir Philip Sidney's An Apologie For Poetrie , published in 1595 .
-Poets , moreover , dwell on human passions .
-No one suggested that the ethical effects of the art were irrelevant .
-Both sides agreed that the theater must stand a moral test , but they could not agree on whether the poets were a good or a bad influence .
-With that act of Parliament the opponents of the stage won the day , and for more than two decades after that England had no legitimate public drama .
-But there are , however , several features of Aristotle's approach which open the way for the moral measure of literature .
-For this reason , then , poetry tends to weaken the power of control , the reason , because it tempts one to indulge his passions , and even the best of men , he maintains , may be corrupted by this subtle influence .
-Or in more Freudian terms , the experience may serve to sublimate our destructive urges and strengthen the ego and superego .
-He wants them to use their great power to strengthen man's rational side , to teach virtue , and to encourage religion .
-But the most fundamental objection he has to poets appears in the Tenth Book , and it is derived from his doctrine of ideal forms .
-Many students of literature know that classical defense .
-In short , he is constantly concerned with the ethical effects .
-And with this point about the passions , we encounter Plato's dualism .
-Such a list must naturally be selective , and the treatment of each man is brief , for I am interested only in their general ideas on the moral measure of literature .
-In the ideal state , for instance , he argues that the young citizens should hear only the most carefully selected tales and stories .
-Aristotle's method in the Poetics , then , does suggest that we should isolate the work .
-In the early days of this controversy over the theater one of the interested parties , Stephen Gosson , published a little tract in which he objected mildly to the abuses of art , rather than the art itself .
-The second half of the sixteenth century in England was the setting for a violent and long controversy over the moral quality of renaissance literature , especially the drama .
-According to William Ringler's study , Stephen Gosson , the theater business in London had become a thriving enterprise by 1577 , and , in the opinion of many , a thoroughly bad business .
-He is , rather , concerned with the effect on society and he wants the poets to join his fight for justice .
-for if this can be proved we shall surely be the gainers -- I mean , if there is a use in poetry as well as a delight '' .
-In Aristotle's analysis of tragedy in the Poetics , we find an attempt to isolate the art , to consider only those things proper to it , to discover how it differs from other arts , and to deal with the effects peculiar to it .
-Throughout the rest of the Poetics , Aristotle continues to discuss the characteristics of these six parts and their interrelationship , and he refers frequently to the standards suggested by his definition of tragedy .
-He rejects certain plots because they do not contribute to that end .
-He explains that his citizens must not be corrupted by any of the misrepresentations of the gods or heroes that one finds in much poetry , and he observes that all `` these pantomimic gentlemen '' will be sent to another state .
-For this reason , he would banish indecent pictures and speeches from the stage ; ;
-I have chosen five contrasting pairs , ten men in all , and they are arranged in roughly chronological order .
-Both sides claimed that Plato and Aristotle supported their cause .
-Gosson and Sidney
-They both measure literature by moral standards , and in their political writings both allow for censorship , but the differences between them are also significant .
-Aroused by what they considered an evil influence , some members of the clergy , joined by city authorities , merchants , and master craftsmen , began the attack on the plays and the actors for what they called `` the abuses of the art '' , but by 1582 some of them began to denounce the whole idea of acting .
-Once the poetic arts are separated from the other forms , he lays down his famous definition of tragedy , which sets up standards and so lends direction to the remainder of the work .
-His whole objection , indeed , seems to rise out of a deep conviction that the poets do have great power to influence , but Plato seldom pays any attention to what might be called the poem itself .
-Plato and Aristotle agree on some vital literary issues .
-Those who wanted to close the theaters , for example , pointed to Plato's Republic and those who wished to keep them open called on the Plato of the Ion to testify in their behalf .
-Plato's attitude toward poetry has always been something of an enigma , because he is so completely sensitive to its charm .
-Although this kind of wholesale objection came at first from some men who were not technically Puritans , still , once the Puritans gained power , they climaxed the affair by passing the infamous ordinance of 1642 which decreed that all `` public stage-plays shall cease and be forborne '' .
-When he turns briefly to literary style , in the Third Book , he again looks to the effect on the audience .
-The point is that an ethical critic , with an assist from Freud , can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges .
-and the young people should not even be permitted to see comedies till they are old enough to drink strong wine and sit at the public tables .
-Plato and Aristotle
-and James Russell Lowell and Edgar Allan Poe of nineteenth century American letters .
-In Krutch's view , this is one way to show how literature may be moral in effect without employing the explicit methods of a moralist .
-Only those story tellers will remain who can `` imitate the style of the virtuous '' .
-and poetry , with all its emphasis on the passions , encourages the audience to give way to emotion .
-Any tragedy , he maintains , has six elements : plot , character , and thought ( the objects of imitation ) , diction and melody ( the means of imitation ) , and spectacle ( the manner of imitation ) .
-What is not so well known , however , and what is quite important for understanding the issues of this early quarrel , is the kind of attack on literature that Sidney was answering .
-When he discusses the subject matter of poetry , he asks what moral effect the scenes will have .
-But his opposition hardened and by 1579 , in The School Of Abuse , he was ready to banish all `` players '' .
-only the philosopher knows the truth .
-If Krutch is correct , tragedy may have quite the opposite effect .
-All through The Republic , Plato attends to the way art relates to the general life and ultimately to a good life for his citizens .
-Dr. Johnson and William Hazlitt of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in England ; ;
-By the time they reach that age , however , Aristotle no longer worries about the evil influence of comedies .
-We may further grant to those of her ( Poetry's ) defenders who are lovers of poetry and yet not poets , the permission to speak in prose on her behalf : let them show not only that she is pleasant but also useful to States and to human life , and we will listen in a kindly spirit ; ;
-For one thing , Aristotle mentions that plays may corrupt the audience .
-It should have a dramatic form with pleasing language , and it should portray incidents which so arouse pity and fear that it purges these emotions in the audience .

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-It is engendered by confounding the Aristotelian cosmology in The Almagest with the geocentric astronomy .
-As an illustration of the principle of simplicity the heliocentric discovery has a peculiar appeal because it allows simplicity to be arithmetized ; ;
-He cannot , e.g. compute the retrograde arc traveled by Mars , without also making suppositions about the earth's own motion .
-Additional philosophical considerations , advanced notably by Aristotle , supported further the circularity principle .
-The Almagest and The Hypotheses outline Ptolemy's conception of his own task as the provision of computational tables , independent calculating devices for the prediction of future planetary perturbations .
-Ptolemy recurrently denies that he could ever explain planetary motion .
-Copernicus' achievement was to have invented systematic astronomy .
-This , conjoined with the considerations above , made the circular motions of heavenly bodies appear an almost directly observed fact .
-Being less encumbered by material embodiments they partake more of what is divine .
-Without abandoning too much , Copernicus sought to make orthodox astronomy systematically and mechanically acceptable .
-Earth , being at the center of the universe , would have the same shape as the latter ; ;
-But , considered within technical astronomy , a different pattern can be traced .
-In a systematic astronomy , like that of Copernicus , retrogradations become part of the conceptual structure of the system ; ;
-In Ptolemaic terms , however , eclipses and retrograde motion were phenomena simpliciter , to be explained directly as possible resultants of epicyclical combinations .
-In what does the dissatisfaction of Copernicus-the-astronomer consist ? ?
-Geocentricism per se ? ?
-so , e.g. did Aristotle argue , although this may not be an observational reason in favor of circularity .
-Circular motion , however , since it is eternal and perfectly continuous , lacks termini .
-Bluntly , there never was a Ptolemaic system of astronomy .
-No .
-The Axioms required to make the theoretical machinery operate are set out tersely and powerfully , so that all permissible operations within the theory can be traced rigorously back to these axioms , rules , and primitive notions .
-The discoid shapes of sun and moon were also felt to indicate the shape of celestial things .
-A candle alight in the air directs its flame and smoke upwards .
-Analogously , anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's , must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists , while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts .
-It is really the funeral day of scholastic science .
-This is clear when one distinguishes the types of motion appropriate to both regions .
-The stars constitute an order of existence different from what we encounter on earth .
-This , of course , results from the non-systematic , ' cellular ' character of Ptolemaic theory .
-As early as the 6th century B.C. the earth was seen to be spherical .
-Granted , the cosmological , philosophical , and cultural reverberations initiated by the De Revolutionibus were felt with increasing violence during the 300 years to follow .
-Not only did constellations like Draco , Cepheus , and Cassiopeia spin circles around the pole , but stars which were not circumpolar rose and set at the same place on the horizon each night .
-He cannot describe eclipses without entertaining some form of a three-body problem .
-His problem concerns longitudes , latitudes , and angular velocities .
-De Revolutionibus is not just a collection of facts and techniques .
-Ships disappear hull-first over the horizon ; ;
-Copernicus , to an extent unachieved by Ptolemy , approximated to Euclid's vision .
-He did not think himself to be firing the first shot of an intellectual revolution .
-Moreover , the sun's path over earth described a segment of a great circle ; ;
-It provides exactly the same reason .
-They all have this in common : the earth is situated near the center of the deferent .
-Ptolemy's problem is to forecast where , against the inverted bowl of night , some particular light will be found at future times .
-Without careful qualification this can be misleading .
-This is more ambitious than Ptolemy is ever required to be when he faces his isolated problems .
-This gives a clue to the cosmical order of elements .
-But no single planetary problem ever required of Ptolemy more than six epicycles at one time .
-Given the conceptual context within which ancient thought thrived , how could anyone have questioned this principle ? ?
-Indeed , in the Halma edition of Theon's presentation of The Hypotheses there is a chart setting out ( under six distinct headings ) otherwise unrelated diagrams for describing the planetary motions .
-Solving astronomical problems requires , for Copernicus , not a random search of unrelated tables , but a regular employment of the rules defining the entire discipline .
-The distances of these points of light is a problem he cannot master , beyond crude conjectures as to the orderings of the planetary orbits viewed outward from earth .
-Copernicus required a systematically integrated , physically intelligible astronomy .
-But ' simplicity ' here refers to systematic simplicity .
-But none of this has prevented scientists , philosophers , and even historians of science , from speaking of the Ptolemaic system , in contrast to the Copernican .
-Copernicus did not question it , Ptolemy could not .
-If in any one calculation Ptolemy had had to invoke 83 epicycles all at once , while Copernicus never required more than one third this number , then ( in the sense obvious to Margenau ) Ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than Copernican .
-The strongest appeal of the Copernican formulation consisted in just this : ideally , the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic ' rules ' of the theory .
-But the natural condition for the heavenly bodies is neither rest , nor rectilinear motion .
-This is what necessitates the nonsystematic character of his astronomy .
-approaching shore their masts appeared first .
-it involves a reduction in the number of epicycles from eighty-three to seventeen '' .
-Calculations within the Copernican framework always raised questions about planetary configurations .
-There are in The Almagest no rules for determining in advance whether a new epicycle will be required for dealing with abberations in lunar , solar , or planetary behavior .
-To return now to the four-element physics , a mixture of muddy , frothy water will , when standing in a jar , separate out with earth at the bottom , water on top , and the air on top of that .
-That such deficiencies existed within Ptolemy's theory was not discovered de novo by Copernicus .
-It is often stated that Copernican astronomy is ' simpler ' than Ptolemaic .
-Hence , noting the simplicity achieved in Copernicus' formulation does not provide another reason for the acceptance of De Revolutionibus , another reason beyond its systematic superiority .
-Some even say that this is the reason for the ultimate acceptance of the former .
-The critical , rigorous examinations of Nicholas of Cusa and Nicholas of Oresme provided the context ( a late medieval context ) for Nicholas Copernicus' own work .
-He might even suppose the planets to move at infinity .
-A projectile shot up from earth returns rectlinearly to its ' natural ' place of rest .
-Another contrast stressed when discussing Ptolemaic vs. Copernican astronomy , turns on the idea of simplicity .
-By distinguishing superlunary ( celestial ) and sublunary ( terrestrial ) existence , and reinforcing this with the four-element physics of Empedocles , Aristotle came to speak of the stars as perfect bodies , which moved in only a perfect way , viz. in a perfect circle .
-There were no reasons for such suppositions then .
-Thus , circular motion is itself one of the essential characteristics of completely perfect celestial existence .
-Their motion will be eternal and perfect .
-When combined with the metaphysical notion that pure forms of this universe are best appreciated when least embodied in a material substratum , it becomes clear that while earth will be dross on a scale of material-formal ratios , celestial bodies will be of a subtle , quickened , ethereal existence , in whose embodiment pure form will be the dominant component and matter will be absent or remain subsidiary .
-In light of all this , one would require special reasons for saying that the paths of the heavenly bodies were other than circular .
-This was not simpler but much more difficult than exercises within Ptolemy's astronomy .
-they are no longer a puzzling aspect of intricately variable , local planetary motions .
-Pure fire ( the stars ) is in the heavens .
-Perfect , complete entities , if they move at all , do not move towards what they lack .
-His objective was , essentially , to repair those aspects of orthodox astronomy responsible for its deficiencies in achieving these ends .
-The obvious natural fact to ancient thinkers was the diurnal rotation of the heavens .
-In a sense , Einstein's theory is simpler than Newton's , and there is a corresponding sense in which Copernicus' theory is simpler than Ptolemy's .
-This is a mistake .
-But that one should superimpose all these charts , run a pin through the common point , and then scale each planetary deferent larger and smaller ( to keep the epicycles from ' bumping ' ) , this is contrary to any intention Ptolemy ever expresses .
-The lower-level hypotheses are never ' ad hoc ' , never introduced ex post facto just to sweep up within the theory some recalcitrant datum .
-This arrangement was for Copernicus literally monstrous : `` With ( the Ptolemaists ) it is as though an artist were to gather the hands , feet , head and other members for his images from divers models , each part excellently drawn , but not related to a single body ; ;
-The reasons for this are partly observational , partly philosophical , and reinforced by other aesthetic and cultural factors .
-The conclusion -- the distances of the constellations did not vary and their paths were circular .
-Or oviform ? ?
-It is an organized system of these things .
-Let us re-examine the publicized contrasts between Ptolemaic and Copernican astronomy .
-Historical records indicate that Copernicus was unaware of the fundamental aspects of his so-called ' revolution ' , unaware perhaps of its historical importance , he rested content with having produced a simpler scheme for prediction .
-1543 A.D. is often venerated as the birthday of the scientific revolution .
-Thus earth has fallen to the center of the universe .
-It must , apparently , be motion without termini .
-The formal displacement of the geocentric principle far from being Copernicus' primary concern , was introduced only to resolve what seemed to him intolerable in orthodox astronomy , namely , the ' unphysical ' triplication of centric reference-points : one center from which the planet's distances were calculated , another around which planetary velocities were computed , and still a third center ( the earth ) from which the observations originated .
-Thus , in no ordinary sense of ' simplicity ' is the Ptolemaic theory simpler than the Copernican .
-The latter required juggling several elements simultaneously .
-Because motion which begins and ends at discrete places would ( e.g. for Aristotle ) be incomplete .
-It is never motion towards something .
-What in The Almagest draws his fire ? ?
-Only imcomplete , imperfect things move towards what they lack .
-The latter looked backward upon inherited deficiencies .
-No attempt is made by Ptolemy to weld into a single scheme ( a-la-Aristotle ) , these independent predicting-machines .
-Nor did a constellation's stars vary in brightness during the course of their nocturnal flights .
-and since they in no way match each other , the result would be a monster rather than a man '' .
-The number of primitive ideas in systematically-simple theories is reduced to a minimum .
-Copernicus , by placing the sun at the center of the planetary universe , was able to reduce the number of epicycles from eighty-three to seventeen .
-Or angular ? ?
-These could be met only by considering the dynamical elements of several planets at one time .
-It is the chief merit in Copernicus' work that all his planetary calculations are interdependent .
-this was clear from the contour of the shadow traced by a gnomon before and after noon .
-So when textbooks , like that of Baker set out drawings of the ' Ptolemaic System ' , complete with earth in the center and the seven heavenly bodies epicyclically arranged on their several deferents , we have nothing but a misleading 20th-century idea of what never existed historically .
-They move only in accordance with what is in their natures .
-Thus , Margenau remarks : `` A large number of unrelated epicycles was needed to explain the observations , but otherwise the ( Ptolemaic ) system served well and with quantitative precision .
-First , the observational reasons .
-Why , for example , should the ancients have supposed the diurnal rotation of the heavens to be elliptical ? ?
-This characterizes Euclid's formulation of geometry , but not Ptolemy's astronomy .
-Now what is perfect motion ? ?
-It is covered ( partly ) with water , air is atop of that .

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-He kept several pet birds and liked cats well enough that if one crept by , he would mew at it in friendly fashion .
-and in the misty marshlands and shallow coastal waters of Nogay Tartary and Taurida , including the Crimean peninsula .
-It was probably at this period that Littlepage got his first good look at the ordinary Russian soldier .
-The Marshal came to know Littlepage quite well .
-When a lady chanced to soil a pair of evening slippers , Brigadier Bauer was dispatched to Paris for replacements .
-'' So of course he stayed put .
-Kind by nature , he never refused charity to a beggar or help to anyone who asked him for it ( as Lewis would one day discover ) .
-One evening he passed around the banquet table a crystal cup full of diamonds , requesting every female guest to select one as a souvenir .
-in camp he knew it won you the affection of your men .
-By 1783 her legions had managed to annex the Crimea amid scenes of wanton cruelty and now , in this second combat with the Crescent , were aiming at suzerainty over all of the Black Sea's northern shoreline .
-For if Serenissimus made the sign of the Cross with his right hand , and meant it , with his left he beckoned lewdly to any lady who happened to catch his eye .
-his dinner fell anywhere from nine to noon ; ;
-To consolidate what her Navy had won , the Czarina was fortunate that , for the first time in Russian history , her land forces enjoyed absolute unity of command under her favorite Giaour .
-The Prince's perceptions were quick and his energy monstrous , but these qualities were sapped by an Oriental lethargy and a policy of letting nothing interfere with personal passions .
-On arrival at headquarters he had , however -- in King Stanislas' words to Glayre -- `` found such favor with Pe Potemkin that he made him his aide-de-camp and up to now does not want him to go join Paul Jones .
-When this happened , everything stopped .
-As his second in command The Prince had Marshal Repnin , one-time Ambassador to Poland .
-At General Headquarters the newcomer in turn got to know others .
-Repnin , who had a rather narrow face , longish nose , high forehead , and arching brows , looked like a quizzical Mephistopheles .
-He hadn't worn a watch or carried pocket money for years because he disliked both , but highest among his hates were looking glasses : he had snatched one from an officer's grasp and smashed it to smithereens .
-Lewis had expected to report at once to Jones's and Nassau's naval command post .
-Mission ? ?
-He rose at 4:00 A.M. the year round and was apt to stride through camp crowing like a cock to wake his men .
-Despising luxuries of any sort for a soldier , he slept on a pile of hay with his cloak as blanket .
-Potemkin -- as King Stanislas knew , and presently informed Littlepage -- looked on the Cossacks as geopolitical tools .
-Around the billiard tables were always at least a couple of dozen beribboned generals .
-and the artillerist , Colonel Prevost , whom the Count De Segur had persuaded to lend his technical skills to Nassau .
-He knew how to channel their exuberant disorderliness so as to transform them from mere plunderers into A-1 guerrilla fighters .
-At headquarters -- sufficiently far from the firing line to make you forget occasionally that you were in a war -- Lewis found that the Commander in Chief's only desk was his knees ( and his only comb , his fingers ) .
-His gray hair was thin , his face beginning to attract a swarm of wrinkles .
-Current status ? ?
-Out of Saxony rode the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg , one of the Czarina's cousins and a lieutenant general in her armies , a frank , sensitive , popular soldier whose kindnesses Littlepage would `` always recall with the sincerest gratitude '' .
-England contributed a young subaltern named Newton and the naval architect Samuel Bentham , brother to the economist , who for his colonel's commission was proving a godsend to the Russian fleet .
-He always kept a few on his personal staff .
-Having done so , he began to experience all the frustrations of others who attempted to get along with Serenissimus and do a job at the same time .
-For those little men with the short whiskers , shaven polls , and top knots Suvorov reserved a special esteem .
-his supper was nothing .
-When their levies came shambling into camp , they were all elbows , hair , and beard .
-He dabbled in verse , could get along well among most of the European languages , and was fluent in French and German .
-the energetic Parisian , Roger De Damas , three year's Littlepage's junior , to whom Nassau had taken a liking ; ;
-There was the Neapolitan , Ribas , a capable conniver whose father had been a blacksmith but who had fawned his way up the ladder of Catherine's and Potemkin's favor till he was now a brigadier ( and would one day be the daggerman designated to do in Czar Paul 1 , , after traveling all the way to Naples to procure just the right stiletto ) .
-As he had done on his first Imperial sortie a year and a half before , Lewis trekked southeast through Red Russia to Kamieniec .
-Then there were the distinguished foreign volunteers .
-Among the visitors arriving every now and then there were , of course , women .
-But if The Prince fancied women and was fascinated by foreigners , he could be haughtiness personified to his subordinates .
-He stays inactive for half the summer in front of Oczakov , a quite second-rate spot , begins to besiege it formally only during the autumn rains , and finally carries it by assault in the heart of winter .
-Right now he found Sophie De Witt , that magnificent young matron he had spotted at Kamieniec four years ago .
-Representing the Emperor were the Prince De Ligne , still as impetuous as a youth of twenty ; ;
-When Littlepage was introduced , if the General behaved as usual , the newcomer faced a staccato salvo of queries : origin ? ?
-Yet General Suvorov -- who had never forgotten hearing his adored Czarina declare that all truly great men had oddities -- was mad only north , northwest .
-He had also mastered the Cossack tongue .
-Age ? ?
-In the great one's personal quarters , a portable house , almost every evening saw an elegant banquet or reception .
-But he was perpetually engaged in a battle to command his own temper .
-Suvorov's contempt for don't-know's was proverbial ; ;
-Woe betide the interviewee if he answered vaguely .
-These illiterate boors conscripted from villages all across the Czarina's empire had , Suvorov may have told Lewis , just two things a commander could count on : physical fitness and personal courage .
-Like all Russians he was an emotional man , and in him the emotions warred .
-An entire theater had been set up for his diversion , with a 200-man Italian orchestra under the well-known Sarti .
-Underneath , he remained one of the best-educated Russians of his day .
-and General the Count Pallavicini , founder of the Austrian branch of that celebrated Italian house , a courtier Littlepage could have met at Madrid in December , 1780 .
-There's a man who never goes by the ordinary road but still arrives at his goal , who gratuitously gets himself into difficulty in order to get out of it with eclat , in a word a man who creates monsters for himself in order to appear a Hercules in destroying them '' .
-Here the war would flame to its focus , and here Lewis Littlepage had come .
-As Littlepage noted : `` A complete picture of Prince Potemkin may be had in his 1788 operations .
-He had a small mouth with deep furrows on either side , a large flat nose , and penetrating blue eyes .
-He had come to learn that a reputation for peculiarity allowed mere field officers a certain leeway at Court ; ;
-broader leather belt round the waist , holding cartridges and light sabre .
-Passing dogs were greeted with a cordial bark .
-Catherine's first war against the Grand Turk had ended in 1774 with a peace treaty quite favorable to her .
-Alexander Vasilievitch Suvorov , now in his fifty-ninth year ( ten years Potemkin's senior ) , was a thin , worn-faced person of less than medium height who looked like a professor of botany .
-Lewis could let his eye caress The Prince's divan , covered with a rose-pink and silver Turkish cloth , or admire the lovely tapis , interwoven with gold , that spread across the floor .
-He had accordingly cultivated eccentricity to the point of second nature .
-those of 1788 were going to prove decisive , though many of their details are obscure .
-His breakfast was tea ; ;
-During a sojourn of slightly more than three months Chamberlain Littlepage could see action on both elements .
-Suvorov saw in these scimitar-wielding skirmishers not demographic units but military men of a high potential .
-From America were the Messrs. Littlepage and Jones .
-His coat trimmed in sable , diamond stars of the Orders of Saints Andrew or George agleam , he was often prone to sit sulkily , eye downcast , in a Scheherazade trance .
-They emerged as interchangeable cogs in a faulty but formidable machine : shaved nearly naked , hair queued , greatcoated , jackbooted , and best of all -- in the opinion of the British professional , Major Semple-Lisle -- `` their minds are not estranged from the paths of obedience by those smatterings of knowledge which only serve to lead to insubordination and mutiny '' .
-He had collared one of his generals in public .
-There , along the east bank of the Southern Bug , opposite the hamlet of Zhitzhakli a few miles north of the Black Sea , he arrived at General Headquarters of the Russian Army .
-The Prince took her with him on every tour around the area , and it was rumored he was utilizing her knowledge of Constantinople as part of his espionage network .
-But Suvorov's face was also a theater of vivacity , and his tough , stooping little frame was briskness embodied .
-Through most of 1787 operations on both sides had been lackadaisical ; ;
-He was ugly .
-Potemkin was directing this conflict on three fronts : in the Caucasus ; ;
-Usually Lewis would find at headquarters one or more of The Prince's various nieces .
-Though Catherine was vexed at the number of French officers streaming to the Turkish standard , there were several under her own , such as the Prince De Nassau ; ;
-better to give an asinine answer than none at all .
-Potemkin's Army of Ekaterinoslav , totaling , it was claimed , 40,000 regular troops and 6,000 irregulars of the Cossack Corps , had invested Islam's principal stronghold on the north shore of the Black Sea , the fortress town of Oczakov , and was preparing to test the Turk by land and sea .
-Some people thought he lacked both ability and character , but most agreed that he was noble in appearance and , for a Russian , humane .
-along the Danube and among the Carpathians , in alliance with the Emperor Joseph's armies ; ;
-To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in , say , Bessarabia , where , as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '' , he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey .
-Suvorov played parent not just to his Cossacks but to all his troops .
-He often donned their tribal costumes , such as the one featuring a tall , black sheepskin hat from the top of which dangled a little red bag ornamented by a chain of worsted lace and tassels ; ;
-To help him do so The Prince had conferred control of his land forces on a soldier who was different from him in almost every respect save one : both were eccentrics of the purest ray serene .
-Thence he pushed farther south than he had ever been before into Podolia and Nogay Tartary or the Yedisan .
-From Milan came the young Chevalier De Litta , an officer in the service of Malta .
-At dinner the courses were carried in by tall cuirassiers in red capes and black fur caps topped with tufts of feathers , marching in pairs like guards from a stage tragedy .
-By June 19 , 1788 , he had presented himself to its Commander in Chief , the Governor of the Southern Provinces , the Director of the War College -- The Prince .
-broad red stripes down the trouser leg ; ;
-Filigreed perfume boxes exuded the aromas of Araby .

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-he just happened not to need any actor at the moment , however .
-both were obviously on the way to the Mercer home .
-His casual , dreamlike working methods , often as not in absentia , were an abrupt change from Harburg's , so that Arlen had to adjust again to another approach to collaboration .
-Entrance into such stellar song writing company encouraged the burgeoning song writer to take a wife , Elizabeth Meehan , a dancer in the Gaieties .
-Besides doing a single song , `` When The Sun Comes Out '' , they worked on the ambitious American-Negro Suite , for voices and piano , as well as songs for films .
-This grew into the song `` Big Time Comin' '' .
-The twist lay in using Bing Crosby's voice on the sound track while leading man Eddie Bracken mouthed the words .
-he often uses very odd rhythms , which makes it difficult , and challenging , for the lyric writer '' .
-While Johnny made himself comfortable on the couch , I'd play the tunes for him .
-Some years later the bank handling the Mercer liquidation received a check for $300,000 , enough to clear up the debt .
-Such speech differences made him acutely aware of the richness and expressivness of language .
-The mother inquired , `` Where's Johnny , and why did you leave him '' ? ?
-By the age of six young Johnny indicated that he had the call .
-This 1930 edition also had songs in it by Vernon Duke and Ira Gershwin , by E. Y. Harburg and Duke , and by Harry Myers .
-The disappearance caused his family to assign a full-time maid to keeping an eye on the boy .
-It is , however , a disarming disguise , or perhaps a shield , for not only has Mercer proved himself to be one of the few great lyricists over the years , but also one who can function remarkably under pressure .
-It purported to be a reasonably serious attempt at a treatment of jazz musicians , their aims , their problems -- the tug-of-war between the `` pure '' and the `` commercial '' -- and seemed a promising vehicle , for the two men shared a common interest in jazz .
-`` Johnny insisted on cooking a chicken dinner in my honor -- he's always been a good cook -- and I'll never forget him cleaning the chicken in the tub '' .
-`` We'd give him things to deliver , letters , checks , deeds and things like that '' , remembers his half-brother Walter , still in the real estate business in Savannah , `` and learn days later that he'd absent-mindedly stuffed them into his pocket .
-One day in a bar , so the legend goes , someone put a beer stein with too much force on the monacle and broke it .
-Arlen is one of the few ( possibly the only ) composer Mercer has been able to work with so closely , for they held their meetings in Arlen's study .
-When the troupe traveled to New York to participate in a one-act-play competition -- and won -- Mercer , instead of returning with the rest of the company in triumph , remained in New York .
-He has also enjoyed a successful career as an entertainer ( his records have sold in the millions ) and is a sharp businessman .
-Young Mercer showed a remarkable lack of aptitude for both instruments .
-`` I couldn't write with them in the same room with me , but I could with Harold .
-With her son evidencing so strong a musical bent his mother could do little else but get him started on the study of music -- though she waited until he was ten -- beginning with the piano and following that with the trumpet .
-His second wife , Lillian , was the mother of John H. Mercer .
-The check had been mailed from Chicago , the envelope bore no return address , and the check was not signed .
-The lyric , Mercer remembers , was tailored to fit the unusual melody .
-After I would finish playing the songs , he'd just go away without a comment .
-When Harold Arlen returned to California in the winter of 1944 , it was to take up again a collaboration with Johnny Mercer , begun some years before .
-He died before he could completely pay off his debts .
-Though versatile and capable of turning out a ballad lyric with the best of them , Mercer's forte is a highly polished quasi-folk wit .
-Early in 1941 they were assigned to a script titled Hot Nocturne .
-Mercer's lyrics are characterized by an unerring ear for rhythmic nuances , a puckish sense of humor expressed in language with a colloquial flair .
-He had yet to meet Harold Arlen , for although they had `` collaborated '' on `` Satan's Li'l Lamb '' , Mercer and Harburg had worked from a lead sheet the composer had furnished them .
-Mercer is supposed to have refused it with , `` Anyone who wears a square monacle must be affected '' ! !
-He has also an extraordinary conscience .
-From his playmates in Savannah , Mercer had picked up , along with a soft Southern dialect , traces also of the Gullah dialects of Africa .
-But Mercer hung on , living , after a fashion , in a Greenwich Village fourth-flight walk-up .
-His father , George A. Mercer , was descended from an honored Southern family that could trace its ancestry back to one Hugh Mercer , who had emigrated from Scotland in 1747 .
-There they stayed '' .
-With the help of Ziggy Elman , also in the band , he transformed a traditional Jewish melody into a popular song , `` And The Angels Sing '' .
-During the summers , while he was still in school , Mercer worked for his father's firm as a messenger boy .
-After we got a script and the spots for the songs were blocked out , we'd get together for an hour or so every day .
-Arlen , too , worked on other projects at the same time with old friend Ted Koehler .
-It generally took well into the autumn for the firm to recover from the summer's help .
-A story , no doubt apocryphal , for Mercer himself denies it , has him sporting a monacle in those Village days .
-The Mercers took up residence in Brooklyn , and Mercer found a regular job in Wall Street `` misplacing stocks and bonds '' .
-Their first collaboration came close .
-When Johnny Mercer and Harold Arlen began their collaboration in 1940 , Mercer , like Arlen , had several substantial film songs to his credit , among them `` Hooray For Hollywood '' , `` Ride , Tenderfoot , Ride '' , `` Have You Got Any Castles , Baby ? ?
-The maid then told her , `` Because he fired me '' .
-Thoroughly modern in treatment , they are at the same time , full of simple sincerity which invariably characterizes genuine Negro folk-music and are by no means to be confused with the average ' Broadway Spirituals ' which depend for their racial flavor upon sundry allusions to the ' Amen Corner ' , ' judgement Day , ' Gabriel's Horn , and a frustrated devil -- with a few random hallelujahs thrown in for good measure .
-When he heard that Paul Whiteman was looking for singers to replace the Rhythm Boys , Mercer applied and got the job , `` not for my voice , I'm sure , but because I could write songs and material generally '' .
-After leaving Whiteman , Mercer joined the Benny Goodman band as a vocalist .
-He was born in Savannah , Georgia , in 1909 .
-This rather detached attitude toward life's encumbrances has seemed to be the dominant trait in Mercer's personality ever since .
-In 1927 his father's business collapsed , and , rather than go bankrupt , Mercer senior turned his firm over to a bank for liquidation .
-Everett Miller , then assistant director for the Garrick Gaieties , a Theatre Guild production , needed a lyricist for a song he had written ; ;
-he collaborated on a song with William Hartman Woodin , who was Secretary of the Treasury , 1932-33 .
-'' , and `` Too Marvelous For Words '' ( all with Richard Whiting ) ; ;
-He had talked one other member of the group to stay with him , but that friend had tired of not eating regularly and returned to Savannah .
-Johnny Mercer practically grew up with the sound of jazz and the blues in his ears .
-`` Some guys bothered me '' , Mercer has said .
-`` That's Johnny '' , sighed the bank president , `` the best-hearted boy in the world , but absent-minded '' .
-When the family business failed , Mercer left school and on his mother's urging -- for she hoped that he would become an actor -- he joined a local little theater group .
-Though they would produce some very memorable and lasting songs , Arlen and Mercer were not given strong material to work on .
-One day he followed the Irish Jasper Greens , the town band , to a picnic and spent the entire day listening , while his family spent the day looking .
-`` There was nothing else I could do '' , the maid answered , satisfied with a rather vague explanation .
-He may be the only song writer ever to have collaborated with a secretary of the U. S. Treasury ; ;
-The American-Negro Suite is in a sense an extension of the Cotton Club songs in that it is a collection of Negro songs , not for a night club , but for the concert stage .
-If nothing else , at least two good songs came out of the project , `` Out Of This World '' and `` June Comes Around Every Year '' .
-The film they did after his return was an inconsequential bit of nothing titled Out Of This World , a satire on the Sinatra bobby-soxer craze .
-Still , he did like music making and even sang in the chapel choir of the Woodberry Forest School , near Orange , Virginia , where he sounded fine but did not matriculate too well .
-While Arlen and Mercer collaborated on Hot Nocturne , Mercer worked also with Arthur Schwartz on another film , Navy Blues .
-`` The place had no sink or washbasin , only a bathtub '' , his mother discovered when she visited him .
-But one afternoon Mrs. Mercer met her ; ;
-The work had its beginning in 1938 with an eight-bar musical strain to which Koehler set the words `` There'll be no more work ; ;
-Mercer's Whiteman association brought him into contact with Hoagy Carmichael , whose `` Snowball '' Mercer relyriced as `` Lazybones '' , in which form it became a hit and marked the real beginning of Mercer's song-writing career .
-But Mrs. Mercer demanded more .
-By September 1940 the Suite had developed into a collection of six songs , `` four spirituals , a dream , and a lullaby '' .
-Mercer has also written both music and lyrics for several songs .
-Speaking of his work with Johnny Mercer , Arlen says , `` Our working habits were strange .
-When he was fifteen John H. Mercer turned out his first song , a jazzy little thing he called `` Sister Susie , Strut Your Stuff '' .
-there'll be no more worry '' , matching the spiritual feeling of the jot .
-He is probably our most original composer ; ;
-The lyricist's father was a lawyer who had branched out into real estate .
-While with the Whiteman band Mercer met Jerry Arlen .
-Though merely clear glass , it was a distinctive trade mark for an aspiring actor who hoped to imprint himself upon the memories of producers .
-But Mercer's explanation was simple : `` I made out the check and carried it around a few days unsigned -- in case I lost it '' .
-The countrywide success of `` Lazybones '' and `` And The Angels Sing '' could only lead to Hollywood , where , besides Harold Arlen , Mercer collaborated with Harry Warren , Jimmy Van Heusen , Richard Whiting , Walter Donaldson , Jerome Kern , and Arthur Schwartz .
-When he remembered that he might have not signed the check , Mercer made out another for the same amount , instructing the bank to destroy the other -- especially if he had happened to have absent-mindedly signed both of them .
-with Harry Warren he did `` The Girl Friend Of The Whirling Dervish '' , `` Jeepers Creepers '' , and `` You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby '' .
-If his scholarship and formal musicianship were not all they might have been , Mercer demonstrated at an early age that he was gifted with a remarkable ear for rhythm and dialect .
-For him Mercer produced the lyric to `` Out Of Breath Scared To Death Of You '' , introduced in that most successful of all the Gaieties , by Sterling Holloway .
-There were times that he worked with both lyricists simultaneously .
-He has a wonderfully retentive memory .
-The innocent malfeasant , filled with that supreme sense of honor found in bars , insisted upon replacing the destroyed monacle -- and did , over the protests of the former owner -- with a square monacle .
-The Negro composer Hall Johnson studied the American-Negro Suite and said of it , `` Of all the many songs written by white composers and employing what claims to be a Negroid idiom in both words and music , these six songs by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler easily stand far out above the rest .
-I wouldn't hear from him for a couple of weeks , then he'd come around with the completed lyric '' .

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-First , it could locate the enemy infantry , learn what they were doing , and hold them until the heavy foot columns could come up and take over .
-When McPherson pushed blindly through Snake Creek Gap in a potentially decisive movement , the only cavalry in his van was the Ninth Illinois Mounted Infantry , totally inadequate for its role .
-This system was dependent upon identical maps and Thomas supplied them from a mobile lithograph press .
-Well led , properly organized cavalry , in its complementary role to infantry , had four functions .
-Before making the news public Sherman sent an officer with the note to Thomas .
-So Sherman tried a compromise .
-Eight field guns were captured in position .
-Whatever the military world thought , the political world approved it wholeheartedly .
-He would ship by rail five pounds per day per animal and the other fifteen pounds that were needed could be picked up off the country .
-Rank was becoming an explosive issue in all three of Sherman's armies .
-Actually the Atlanta campaign was a military failure .
-Hood refused to notice anything except captured guns and colors .
-Orders of the day began to specify the standard map for the movement .
-Already debilitated by the Chattanooga starvation , the quality of Sherman's horseflesh ran downhill as the campaign progressed .
-He felt that this campaign would be famous in the annals of war .
-The next day Sherman issued his orders ending the campaign and pulled his armies back to Atlanta .
-He never saw that it was a complement to his infantry and not a substitute for it .
-The skirmishing was almost constant .
-The water was deep and Brownlow took his troopers across naked -- except for guns , cartridge boxes and hats .
-Lincoln mentioned their distinguished ability , courage and perseverance .
-Then , in some way , this lack of faith in the cavalry became mixed up in his mind with the dragging effect of wagon trains and was hardened into a prejudice .
-A few weeks later the maps were being divided into squares and a position was described as being `` about lots 239 , 247 and 272 with pickets forward as far as 196 '' .
-Third , it could threaten at all times , and destroy when possible , the enemy communications .
-The horseman required eleven times more than the footman .
-About noon they came up with the enemy two miles from Lovejoy's Station and deployed .
-Its climactic role was to pursue and demoralize a defeated enemy but this chance never came in the Atlanta campaign .
-To relieve the itch and sweat galls , the men got into the water whenever they could and since each sizable stream was generally the dividing line between the armies the pickets declared a private truce while the men went swimming .
-Sherman could never be accused of sticking too long with the old .
-Every recorded request by Thomas for a delay in a flank movement or an advance was to gain time to take care of his horses .
-The Thirty-eighth Regiment of Ohio Volunteers , one of the regiments in Thomas' First Division during Buell's command , suffered its greatest loss of the war in this action .
-On the morning of September 2 the Fourth Corps and the Armies of the Tennessee and the Ohio followed the line of Hardee's retreat .
-Sherman had accomplished this much of his job and then inexplicably nullified it by his thirty-mile retreat from Lovejoy's to Atlanta .
-He supposed the military world would approve of his accomplishment .
-To the Rebels it seemed as if Sherman carried tunnels and bridges in his pockets .
-Official congratulations showered upon Sherman and his army .
-That night a note written in Slocum's hand and dated from inside the captured city came to Sherman stating that the Twentieth Corps was in possession of Atlanta .
-It could reach key tactical points faster than infantry and destroy them or hold them as the case might be for the foot soldier .
-Men were killed in their camps , at their meals and in their sleep .
-The Fourteenth Regiment of Ohio Volunteers lost one-third of its numbers within a few minutes , among them being several men whose time of service had expired but who had volunteered to advance with their regiment .
-Sherman felt that his own part in the campaign was skillful and well executed but that the slowness of a part of his army robbed him of the larger fruits of victory .
-The casualties in the Army of the Cumberland were 22,807 , while for all three armies they were 37,081 .
-Heat during the Atlanta campaign , coupled with unsuitable clothing , caused individual irritation that was compounded by a lack of opportunity to bathe and shift into clean clothing .
-Merited recommendations from army commanders were passed over in favor of political appointees from civil life .
-At such times Thomas wondered when and where a counterattack would strike him .
-It was the hard way to fight a war but Thomas did it without making any disastrous mistakes .
-There was a battle on an average of once every three weeks .
-A popular belief grew up after the war that the only time during the Civil War that Thomas ever put his horse to a gallop was when he went to hurry up Stanley for this assault .
-A proper cavalry command in his front would have developed the fact that he had run into one division of Polk's Army of the Mississippi moving up from the direction of Mobile to join Johnston at Dalton .
-It stumbled on infantry where no infantry should have been and McPherson's aggressive impulse faded out , overwhelmed by fears of the unknown .
-In a short time the officer returned and Thomas followed on his heels .
-While the final combat of the campaign was being worked out at Jonesborough , Thomas , on Sherman's instructions , ordered Slocum , now commanding the Twentieth Corps , to make an effort to occupy Atlanta if he could do so without exposing his bridgehead to a counterattack .
-The dispatch must have been sent after sundown on September 1 .
-In seventeen weeks the military front was driven southward more than 100 miles .
-Second , it could screen its own infantry from the sight of the enemy .
-Sherman was responsible for the story when he said in his memoirs that this was the only time he could recall seeing Thomas ride so fast .
-Halleck described it as the most brilliant of the war .
-It failed to work .
-The Fourth Corps assaulted and carried a small portion of the enemy works but could not hold possession of the gain for want of cooperation from the balance of the line .
-He never knew how he got there .
-To the Republicans no victory could have been more complete .
-Sherman laid great store by place captures .
-Sherman knew the uses of cavalry as well as Thomas but he imagined a moving base with infantry wings instead of cavalry wings .
-In the summary of the principal events of the campaign compiled from the official records there are only ten days which show no fighting .
-Next best to destroying an army is to deprive it of its freedom of action .
-Lincoln was sure that he would not be re-elected .
-Thomas thanked his men for their tenacity of purpose , unmurmuring endurance , cheerful obedience , brilliant heroism and high qualities in battle .
-Modern warfare was born in this campaign -- periscopes , camouflage , booby traps , land mines , extended order , trench raids , foxholes , armored cars , night attacks , flares , sharpshooters in trees , interlaced vines and treetops , which were the forerunners of barbed wire , trip wires to thwart a cavalry charge , which presaged the mine trap , and the general use of anesthetics .
-For some time , despondency in some Northern quarters had been displayed in two ways -- an eagerness for peace and a dissatisfaction with Lincoln .
-The whistle of Sherman's locomotives often drowned out the rattle of the skirmish fire .
-The cautious Thomas re-examined the note and then , making up his mind that it was genuine , snapped his fingers , whistled and almost danced in his exuberance .
-Within the narrow frame of military tactics , too , the experts agree that the campaign was brilliant .
-He remembered every detail of his pre-assault movements but nothing of the final , desperate rush to come to grips with the enemy .
-When the victory cheer went up this officer found himself still mounted , with his horse pressed broadside against Cleburne's log parapet in a tangled group of infantrymen .
-They kicked their horses through the deep water with their bare heels , drove the Rebels out of their rifle pits and captured four men .
-Seven battle flags and fourteen officers' swords were sent to Thomas' headquarters .
-Sherman insisted that cavalry could not successfully break up hostile railways , yet Garrard's Covington raid and Rousseau's Opelika raid cut two-thirds of the rail lines he had to break and Sherman lived in mortal fear of what Forrest might do to his communications .
-The use of map coordinates was begun when the senior officers began to select tactical points by designating a spot as `` near the letter o in the word mountain '' .
-Johnston believed that Sherman put his naked engineers into the swimming parties to locate the various fords .
-The measure of combat efficiency in an indecisive campaign is a matter of personal choice .
-In the midst of this gloom , at 10:05 P.M. on September 2 , Slocum's telegram to Stanton , `` General Sherman has taken Atlanta '' , shattered the talk of a negotiated peace and boosted Lincoln into the White House .
-Sherman proved that a railway base could be movable and the most brilliant feature of the Atlanta campaign was the rapid repair of the tracks .
-Most of the Rebels got away since they could make better time through the stiff brush than their naked pursuers .
-Rifle fire often kept the opposing gunners from manning their pieces .
-Grant called it prompt , skillful and brilliant .
-As always , the ranks worked out new and better tactics , but there was brilliance in the way the field commands adopted these methods and in the way the army commanders incorporated them into their military thinking .
-It is not in the record , but he must have galloped his horse at Peach Tree Creek when he brought up Ward's guns to save Newton's crumbling line .
-A horse needed twenty pounds of food a day but the infantryman got along with two pounds .
-From the night of August 30 to the morning of September 2 there was no Union cavalry east of the Macon railway to disclose to Sherman that he was missing the greatest opportunity of his career .
-While Thomas' injured back led him to restrain his mount from its most violent gait he moved quickly enough when he had to .
-Eight hundred and sixty-five Rebels surrendered within their works and a thousand more were captured or surrendered themselves that night and the next day .
-Thomas tried hard to have his cavalry ready for the test it was to meet , but his plans were wrecked when it was forced into a campaign without optimum mobility and with its commander stripped from it .
-His hat was gone , the tears were streaming from his eyes .
-Slocum made his reconnaissanace the next morning , found the town empty , accepted the surrender of the mayor and occupied the city a little before noon .
-His conception proved workable but slower and it enabled his enemy to make clean , deft , well organized retreats with small materiel losses .
-One of Sherman's most serious shortcomings , however , was his mistrust of his cavalry .
-It was the only sizable assault upon infantry and artillery behind breastworks successfully made by either side during the Atlanta campaign .
-But , so far as its territorial objectives were concerned , the campaign was successful .
-A great part of the time , Thomas' infantry never knew the location of the enemy line .
-By both standards Thomas had the right to be proud .
-The fossilized , formalized , precedent-based thinking of the legendary military brain was not evident in Sherman's armies .
-Six climactic minutes in an individual's life left no memory .
-Lieutenant Colonel James P. Brownlow , who commanded the First Brigade of Thomas' First Cavalry Division , was ordered across one of these fords .
-Proposals were in the air for a year's armistice .

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-Religion thus becomes integrated with life .
-As I have said , words from Tennyson remain ever in my memory : `` That mind and soul , according well , May make one music as before '' .
-It was not until we had returned to the city to live , while I was still at Brown and Sharpe's , that I felt the full impact of evangelical Christianity .
-There are some people , intelligent people , who seem to be untouched by the sea of wonder in which we are immersed and in which we spend our lives .
-This is a straightforward denial of the spiritual world and a vigorous defense of pure materialism .
-They are not true because scientists or prophets say they are true .
-When the young biologist , Dr. Ballard , began to show interest in our daughter Elizabeth , this induced a corresponding interest , on our part , in him .
-The actual impelling force which severed me from evangelical effort was of another sort .
-Wonder is indeed the intellectual gateway to the spiritual world .
-It is puzzling to the occidental mind ( to mine at least ) to assign `` sacredness '' to animal , insect , and plant life .
-For them only a little more needed to be learned , and then all physical knowledge could be neatly sorted , packaged and put in the inventory to be drawn on for the solution of any human problem .
-Says he , `` I may never imagine that in the struggle between personal and supra-personal responsibility it is possible to make a compromise between the ethical and the purposive in the shape of a relative ethic ; ;
-This was taken after I came to live in Springfield , and it was made under the guidance of the Reverend Raymond Beardslee , a young preacher who came to the Congregational Church there at about the same time that I moved from New York .
-So far as `` sacredness '' inheres in any aspect of creation it seems to me to be found in human personality , whether in Lambarene , Africa , or in Washington , D.C. .
-His inability to wonder vitiates his argument .
-For this decision a man must take personal responsibility .
-I went to an afternoon service at the Aj .
-One of them is that it gives meaning and purpose to life .
-Much of this lacked the active support of the pastor .
-I became disgusted at being so preoccupied with the state of my own miserable soul .
-There are millions who accept this doctrine , but few indeed are those who accept it so truly that the fate of humanity lies as a weight on their souls night and day .
-No one is to judge others '' .
-I do not claim to be free from sin , or from the need for repentance and forgiveness .
-His father was a professor at Hartford Theological Seminary , and from him he acquired a conviction , which he passed along to me , that there is in the universe of persons a moral law , the law of love , which is a natural law in the same sense as is the physical law .
-This complacency was blown to bits by the relativity of Einstein , the revelation of the complex anatomy of the atom and the discovery of the expanding universe .
-Once or twice my father asked me if I wasn't overdoing a bit in my churchgoing .
-This intellectual approach to spiritual life suited me well , because I was never content to lead a divided life .
-I engaged more and more in religious activities .
-No load of sin had been laid on my shoulders , nor did earnest effort enable me to become conscious of one .
-None of these discoveries were neatly rounded off bits of knowledge .
-Meanwhile I myself was not yet saved .
-If disobeyed , the result is turmoil and chaos .
-I went to the Christian Endeavor Society and to the evening service of the church .
-This viewpoint I find interesting , but it has never weighed on my soul .
-One cannot read the records of scientists , officials and travelers who have penetrated to the minds of the most savage races without realizing that each individual met with is a person .
-In my experience the assurance of forgiveness comes only when I have confessed to the wronged one and have made as full reparation as I can devise .
-With this conviction , the partition between the sacred and the secular disappears .
-yet here was a depth of sensibility which is lacking in a considerable portion of the beneficiaries of our civilization .
-It is not the authority of God Himself which makes them true .
-This was a profound statement .
-another by giving away his property in order to help his fellow man .
-An uncompromising belief in the moral law has the advantage of making religion natural , even as physical law is natural .
-One's daily work becomes sacred , since it is performed in the field of influence of the moral law , dealing as it does with people as well as with matter and energy .
-He was then noting that the big eye on the little newt hung back until the little eye had grown up to it , while the little eye on the big newt grew rapidly until it was as big as the other .
-The young people were self-energizing , and I was energized .
-I was familiar with Pilgrim's Progress , which I read as literature .
-One serves society by conducting a business from which a certain number of employees draw their means of subsistence ; ;
-and the doctrine of original sin is compounded of injustice .
-Because God is what He is , the laws of the universe , material and spiritual , are what they are .
-From that time to this my religious concern is that I might give effective help to the bringing in of God's kingdom on earth .
-Deity and Law are one and inseparable .
-I asked one day what he was doing .
-In seeking for such meaning and purpose , Albert Schweitzer seized upon the concept of the `` sacredness of life '' .
-Such is the field for exercising our reverence .
-Persons , whether white , black , brown or yellow , are a concern of God .
-One such is Abraham Meyer , the writer of a recent book , Speaking Of Man .
-Read , for instance , in Malcolm MacDonald's Borneo People of Segura and her wise father Tomonggong Koh , and her final adjustment to encroaching civilization .
-Each faded out into the unexplored areas of the future .
-On the contrary it is my duty to make my own decision as between the two '' .
-These lives are in themselves outside of the moral order and are unburdened with moral responsibility .
-Let us now give some thought to the soul .
-If obeyed , the law brings order and satisfaction .
-Said he , `` It teaches me to wonder '' .
-In the face of the unfolding universe , our ultimate attitude is that of wonder .
-As we observe moral law and physical law they appear as being inevitable .
-At least I had been unable to lay hold on the experience of conversion .
-To obey the moral law is just ordinary common sense , applied to a neglected field .
-Some of these thoughts -- not all of them -- have taken organized form in later years .
-I did not feel it presumptuous to expect that the Creator would be at least as just as the most righteous of His creatures ; ;
-My own experience has followed simpler lines .
-This group in Park Place Church was made up of the earnest few .
-I found myself becoming one of that group of people who , in Carlyle's words , `` are forever gazing into their own navels , anxiously asking ' Am I right , am I wrong ' '' ? ?
-His Ethics defines `` possessions as the property of the community , of which the individual is sovereign steward .
-It is as if we , in our center of human observation , from time to time penetrate more deeply into the unknown .
-In the rhyming catechism this doctrine is worded thus : `` In Adam's fall We sin-ned all '' .
-Gone are the days when , in the nineteenth century , scientists thought that they were close to the attainment of complete knowledge of the physical universe .
-We can conceive of no alternatives .
-I bethought me of the Lord's Prayer , and these words came to mind : `` Thy kingdom come , Thy will be done , on earth as it is in heaven '' .
-It is endless .
-Above all read in Jens Bjerre's The Last Cannibal Show the old man of the Wailbri tribe ( not cannibals ) in central Australia gave to the white man his choicest possession , while the tears streamed down his face .
-Neither the engineer nor the ordinary citizen feels any self-consciousness in obeying the laws of matter and energy , nor can he achieve a sense of self-righteousness in such obedience .
-or to let the ethical be superseded by the purposive .
-There is , of course , the doctrine of original sin , which asserts that each of us as individuals partakes of the guilt of our first ancestor .
-Each will decide on his own course somewhere between these two extreme cases according to the sense of responsibility which is determined for him by the particular circumstances of his own life .
-In his book Civilization And Ethics Albert Schweitzer faces the moral problems which arise when moral law is recognized in business life , for example .
-This doctrine was repugnant to my moral sense .
-This truth that the moral law is natural has other important corollaries .
-Schweitzer seems , in fact , to acquire for himself a burden of sin , not bequeathed by Adam , but accumulated in the inevitable judgments which life requires of him as between greater and lesser responsibilities .
-It is most important that we recognize the law of love as being unbreakable in all personal relationships , whether individually , socially or as between whole nations of people .
-The Australian aborigine is the conventional exemplar of degraded humanity ; ;
-Wonder grows .
-Then I asked , `` What does that teach you '' ? ?
-Perhaps it should have .
-There was one further step in my religious progress .
-Respect for personality is a privilege and a duty for us as brothers .
-He is uncompromising in assigning guilt to the man who finds it necessary to inflict or permit injury to one individual or group for the sake of a larger good .
-Their basis seems deeper than mere authority .
-With the knowledge that the kingdom comes by obedience to the moral law in our relations with all people , we have a firm intellectual grasp on both the means and the ends of our lives .
-The spirit of this group was that we were -- and are -- living in a world doomed to eternal punishment , but that God through Jesus Christ has provided a way of escape for those who confess their sins and accept salvation .
-The subject of immortality brings to mind a vivid incident which took place in 1929 at Montreux in Switzerland .
-The basic difficulty , I suppose , was in my ultimate inability to feel a burden of sin from which I sought relief .
-I came under the spell of a younger group in the church led by the pastor's older son .
-He told me that he had a big newt and a little newt and that he was transplanting a big eye of the big newt onto the little newt and a little eye of the little newt onto the big newt .
-Besides Church and Sunday School I went to out-of-door meetings on the sidewalk at the church door .
-Finally , after years , I gave up .
-They have remained on the opened page of my mind in all the years which since have passed .
-I was drawn deeper and deeper into these concerns and responsibilities .
-As our radius of penetration , R , increases , the area of new knowledge increases by Af , and the total of human knowledge becomes measured in terms of Af .
-There is indeed a moral responsibility on man himself , for his own soul's sake , to respect lower life and to avoid the infliction of suffering , but this viewpoint Schweitzer rejects .
-As to our action , let us align ourselves with the purpose expressed by Jesus in the Lord's Prayer : `` Thy kingdom come , Thy will be done , on earth as it is in heaven '' .
-Try as I might to confess my sins and accept salvation , no answer came to me from heaven .

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-`` If you become a Baptist , I will not '' , Ann informed her husband , but sweeping her threat aside Adoniram continued to search for an answer to the personal dilemma in which he found himself .
-As for Adoniram , she found him to be `` the kindest '' of husbands .
-She was now enjoying the voyage very much .
-Skipping was the alternative .
-Sometimes ships waited for days for such a man , but Captain Heard was lucky .
-Cautiously she sampled her first pineapple and another fruit whose taste she likened to that of `` a rich pear '' .
-He had brought it along to continue during the voyage .
-The Indians who came aboard ship to collect the mail also interested her greatly , even if she was suitably shocked , according to the customs of the society in which she had been reared , to find them `` naked , except a piece of cotton cloth wrapped around their middle '' .
-Born a Congregationalist , he had been baptized as a tiny baby in the usual manner by having a few drops of water sprinkled on his head , yet nowhere in the whole of the New Testament could he find a description of anybody being baptized by sprinkling .
-`` Go back to America or any other place '' , well-meaning friends of Captain Heard advised them , `` but put thoughts of going to Burma out of your heads '' .
-They despised foreigners .
-even Christ was baptized by this method .
-At last they concluded that the heavy , full feeling in their stomachs was due to lack of exercise .
-A rope was found and , like children in school , the missionaries skipped for hours at a time .
-While studying at the seminary in Andover , Adoniram had been working on a New Testament translation from the original Greek .
-They are very small , and in the form of haystacks , without either chimney or windows .
-She could not face coffee or tea without milk , and was always craving types of food that were not available aboard a sailing ship .
-Ann was entranced with the view , as were her husband and friends .
-Fortunately the hole was found at last and plugged .
-Ann was very troubled .
-The Burmese appeared to have little knowledge of British power or any idea of trade .
-When he discovered they had received from the Company's Court of Directors no permission to live in India , coupled with the fact that they were Americans who had been sent to Asia to convert `` the heathen '' , he became more belligerent than ever .
-By early June they were a hundred miles off the coast of Ceylon , by which time all four missionaries were hardened seafarers .
-The weather turned warmer and with it came better appetites , although Harriet was still a little off-color .
-John the Baptist used total immersion in the River Jordan for believers ; ;
-Captain Heard gave orders for the ship to be anchored in the Bay of Bengal until he could obtain the services of a reputable pilot to steer her through the shallow waters .
-Harriet was just as delighted .
-She was more excited than frightened at the prospect of having her first child in a foreign land .
-The pilot possessed excellent skill at his calling ; ;
-He swore so loudly at the top of his voice , that she didn't get any sleep all the next night .
-When May came the Caravan had already crossed the Equator .
-Some are fishing , some driving the team , and many are sitting indolently on the banks of the river .
-`` Everything tasted differently from what it does on land and those things I was most fond of at home , I loathed the most here '' , Ann noted .
-all day long the Caravan slowly made her way through the difficult passages .
-`` I care not how soon we reach Calcutta , and are placed in a still room , with a bowl of milk and a loaf of Indian bread .
-He had failed to realize that the Burmese were not really treating him as the important visitor he considered himself .
-Even the first wave of homesickness had passed , although there were moments when Captain Heard pointed out on his compass the direction of Bradford that she felt a little twinge at her heart .
-Relieved of the major part of his responsibility for the safety of the ship , the pilot's oaths became fewer .
-In spite of Pickering Dodge's explicit instructions regarding variation of meals , the food did not seem the same as at home .
-Alas , to Ann's consternation , his language while thus employed left much to be desired .
-the weather had turned wet and cold .
-They explained that they desired only to stop in India until a ship traveling on to Burma could be found .
-I have been so weary of the excessive rocking of the vessel , and the almost intolerable smell after the rain , that I have done little more than lounge on the bed for several days .
-As warmer temperatures were encountered Ann and Harriet were introduced to the pleasures of bathing daily in salt water .
-How embarrassing it would be if the newly appointed Congregationalist missionaries should suddenly switch their own beliefs in order to embrace Baptist teachings ! !
-Ann was plainly disappointed in his appearance .
-It was much more fun , reminding the girls of their old carefree days in the Hasseltine frolics room at Bradford .
-As for missionaries , even if they succeeded in getting into the country they probably would not be allowed to preach the Christian faith to the Burmans .
-As was only natural he confided his searchings to Ann , conceding ruefully that it certainly looked as if their own Congregationalists were wrong and the Baptists right .
-They were in fact quietly laughing at him , for their King wished to have nothing to do with the Western world .
-Baptists and Congregationalists in New England were on friendly terms .
-Even Harriet could boldly write , `` I know not how it is ; ;
-This is very uncommon '' .
-All Captain Gibault took back to Salem were a few items for the town's East India Museum .
-Next morning the Caravan was out of the treacherous Bay .
-Walking was the remedy , they decided , but a deck full of chicken coops and pigpens was hardly suitable .
-She wrote in her journal , `` I have not heard the least profane language since I have been on board the vessel .
-Running across the deck , which was empty now that the livestock had been killed and eaten , they sniffed the spice-laden breezes that came from the shore , each pointing out new and exciting wonders to the other .
-She was certain now that it would be no harder to bear her child here in such pleasant surroundings than at home in the big white house in Haverhill .
-Cruel Burmese governors could , on the slightest whim , take a man's life .
-But I have been blest with excellent spirits , and to-day have been running about the deck , and dancing in our room for exercise , as well as ever '' .
-The first act of Adoniram and Samuel on reaching Calcutta was to report at the police station , a necessity when landing in East India Company territory .
-A year later another Salem ship returned from Burma with a cargo of gum lacquer which nobody wanted to buy .
-Another week passed and even the missionaries were enjoying the voyage .
-At last they saw Calcutta , largest city of Bengal and the Caravan's destination .
-Although after much trouble he did manage to get it back , he discovered there was no trade to be had .
-The pagodas we have passed are much larger than the houses '' .
-Finally , tiring of so monotonous a form of exercise , they decided to dance instead .
-By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband , yet the uncomfortable fact remained : the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries .
-On the way they tried to discover all they could about Burma , and they were disturbed to find that Michael Symes's book had not presented an altogether true picture .
-and the waves threatening to swallow up the vessel ; ;
-There was one particular word that troubled his conscience .
-Somewhat daunted , the two American missionaries reached the police station where they were questioned by a most unfriendly clerk .
-This was the Greek word most often translated as `` baptism '' .
-Unspeakable tortures or even execution might well be their fate .
-On Sundays , with the permission of Captain Heard , who usually attended with two of his officers , services were held in the double cabin .
-Sometimes a ship would be sighted and the Caravan pass so close that people could easily be seen on the distant deck .
-see the lightning flash ; ;
-Founded August 24 , 1690 by Job Charnock of the East India Company , and commonly called `` The City of Palaces '' , it seemed a vast and elegant place to Ann Hasseltine Judson .
-Next day a ship arrived with an English pilot , his leadsman , an English youth , and the first Hindu the Judsons and Newells had ever seen .
-Harriet's mouth watered with anticipation when after months of dreaming she sat down at last to her much-craved milk and fresh bread .
-The sickness was gone and , after all , the two young couples were on their honeymoon .
-With childlike innocence she wrote of the Indians as `` walking with fruit and umbrellas in their hands , with the tawny children around them .
-What would happen if Adoniram `` changed horses in midstream '' ? ?
-I can hardly think of this simple fare without exclaiming , oh , what a luxury .
-Though she did not then know its name , this strange new fruit was a banana .
-This is the most delightful trial I have ever had '' , she decided .
-Where were the hardships she had expected ? ?
-The grass and fields of rice are perfectly green , and herds of cattle are everywhere feeding on the banks of the river , and the natives are scattered about differently employed .
-The more Adoniram looked at the Greek word for baptism , the more unhappy he became over its true meaning .
-A little man with a `` a dark copper color '' skin , he was wearing `` calico trousers and a white cotton short gown '' .
-The only lasting difficulty was the food .
-At this time Harriet wrote in a letter which after their finally landing in India was sent to her mother :
-`` On each side of the Hoogli , where we are now sailing , are the Hindoo cottages , as thick together as the houses in our seaports .
-The crew of the Caravan never failed to amaze Ann , who during her stay in Salem must frequently have overheard strong sailorly language .
-When Captain John Gibault of Salem had visited Burma in 1793 his ship , the Astra , had been promptly commandeered and taken by her captors up the Irrawaddy River .
-Crowds flocked through the waterfront streets chattering loudly in their strange-sounding Bengali tongue .
-and yet remain unmoved '' .
-They are situated in the midst of trees , which hang over them , and appear truly romantick .
-Six
-Land was near , and on June 12 , one hundred and fourteen days after leaving America , they actually saw , twenty miles away , the coast of Orissa .
-Solid brick buildings painted dazzling white , large domes and tall , picturesque palms stretched as far as the eye could see , while the wharves and harbor were filled with tall-masted sailing ships .
-After that Salem ships decided to bypass unfriendly Burma .
-By now she was sure she was going to have a baby , deciding it would be born in India or Burma that November .
-Slowly she moved up the Hooghli River , a mouth of the mighty Ganges , toward Calcutta .
-Out came the journal and in it went Ann's own description of the scene :
-Ann , pleased to see her friend happy , was intrigued by the new fruits a friend of Captain Heard had sent on board for their enjoyment .
-Ann thrilled to the sight of a delicate butterfly and two strange tropical birds .
-Captain Heard did not communicate with any strange vessels because of the possibility of war between the United States and Britain .
-The noise stunned her .
-`` He looks as feminine as you can imagine '' , she decided .
-but I hear the thunder roll ; ;
-They were sailing round the Cape of Good Hope ; ;

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-In 1949 the Council of Europe came into existence , a purely consultative parliamentary body but the first organ of political rather than functional unity .
-The United States and Canada belong only to NATO and the new O.E.C.D. .
-Such proposals look to an apocalyptic act , a kind of Lockian `` social contract '' on a world-wide scale .
-There is nothing new in this ; ;
-Constitutions of and by themselves mean little ; ;
-In 1947 and 1948 the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of American aid under the Marshall Plan .
-Under these conditions a new generation of Europeans began to discover the bonds of long association and shared values that for so long had been subordinated to nationalist xenophobia .
-They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any and all of them '' .
-The problem of NATO is not one of machinery , of which there is an abundance , but of the will to use it .
-Indeed it might be a more appropriate vehicle than NATO for the development of a parliamentary organ of the Atlantic nations , because it could encompass all of the members of the Atlantic community including those , like Sweden and Switzerland , who are unwilling to be associated with an essentially military alliance like Aj .
-At the end of World War 2 , , free Europe was ready for a new beginning .
-A `` concert of free nations '' should take its inspiration from the traditions of the nineteenth century Concert of Europe with its common values and accepted `` rules of the game '' .
-A realistic balancing of the need for new forms of international organization on the one hand , and our capacity to achieve them on the other , must be approached through the concept of `` community '' .
-what is new and compelling is that the West is now but one of several powerful civilizations , or `` systems '' , and that one or more of the others may pose a mortal danger to the West .
-In a recent book called `` World Peace Through World Law '' , two distinguished lawyers , Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn , call for just such an overhaul of the U.N. , basing their case on the world-wide fear of a nuclear holocaust .
-The defect of these proposals is in their attempt to outrun history and their assumption that because something may be desirable it is also possible .
-The NATO Council is available as an executive agency , the Standing Group as a high military authority .
-An equally promising avenue toward Atlantic community may lie through the development and expansion of the O.E.C.D. .
-It is possible that international organization will ultimately supplant the multi-state system , but its proper function for the immediate future is to reform and supplement that system in order to render pluralism more compatible with an interdependent world .
-While I fully agree with Sir Anthony's contention , I think that we must carry the analysis farther , bearing in mind that while common peril may be the measure of our need , the existence or absence of a positive sense of community must be the measure of our capacity .
-Our proper objective , then , is the development of a new spirit , the realization of a potential community .
-The time is now ripe , indeed overdue , for the vigorous development of its non-military potentialities , for its development as an instrument of Atlantic community .
-Conceived as an organ of economic cooperation , there is no reason why O.E.C.D. cannot evolve into a broader instrument of union if its members so desire .
-In a pessimistic assessment of the cold war , Eden declared : `` There must be much closer unity within the West before there can be effective negotiation with the East '' .
-That is the lesson of the nineteenth century .
-In 1952 , the European Coal and Steel Community was launched , placing the coal and steel production of France , West Germany , Italy and Benelux under a supranational High Authority .
-A realistic `` concert of free nations '' might be expected to consist of an `` inner community '' of the North Atlantic nations and an `` outer community '' embracing much or all of the non-Communist world .
-What is required is the full implementation of Article 2 of the Treaty , which provides : `` The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions , by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded , and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being .
-The existence of a community is a state of mind -- a conviction that goals and values are widely shared , that effective communication is possible , that mutual trust is reasonably assured .
-Had Churchill been returned to office in 1945 , it is just possible that Britain , instead of standing fearfully aloof , would have led Europe toward union .
-That time is now past and the Atlantic nations , if they are to survive , must develop a full-fledged community , and they must also look beyond the frontiers of `` Western civilization '' toward a world-wide `` concert of free nations '' .
-Underlying these hopes and prescriptions is a conviction that the nations of the North Atlantic area do indeed form a community , at least a potential community .
-If a broader Atlantic community is to be formed -- and my own judgment is that it lies within the realm of both our needs and our capacity -- a ready nucleus of machinery is at hand in the NATO alliance .
-We need joint chiefs of a political general staff '' .
-While it is hazardous to project the trend of history , it seems clear that a genuine community is painfully emerging in the Western world , particularly among the countries of Western Europe .
-Besides its historical significance as a break with the centuries-old tradition of British insularity , Britain's move , if successful , will constitute an historic landmark of the first importance in the movement toward the unification of Europe and the Western world .
-the history of both the League of Nations and the United Nations demonstrates that .
-It may well be that the unification of Europe will prove inadequate , that the survival of free society will require nothing less than the confederation of the entire Western world .
-Generally , however , there is an abundance of available machinery of coordination -- in NATO , in O.E.C.D. , in the U.N. and elsewhere .
-The history of the U.N. demonstrates that in a pluralistic world we must develop processes of influence and persuasion rather than coercion .
-But a powerful sense of community , even with little or no machinery , means a great deal .
-In other areas it held back , pleading its Commonwealth bonds .
-6 ,
-In 1957 the social-economic approach to European integration was capped by the formation among `` the Six '' of a tariff-free European Common Market , and Euratom for cooperation in the development of atomic energy .
-The burden of these reflections is that a broader unity among the free nations is at the core of our needs .
-The United States might well have exploited the opportunity provided by the European Recovery Program to push the hesitant European nations toward political federation as well as economic cooperation , but all proposals to this effect were rejected by the United States Government at the time .
-Citing the advances of Communist power in recent years , Sir Anthony observed : `` This very grave state of affairs will continue until the free nations accept together the reality of the danger that confronts them and unite their policies and resources to meet it '' .
-The unofficial Conference of Parliamentarians is available as a potential legislative authority .
-A working concept of the organic evolution of community must lead us in a different direction .
-I believe that these proposals , however meritorious in terms of world needs , go far beyond our capacity to realize them .
-Thus far the advances made have been almost entirely along functional lines .
-For a time it appeared that a common European army might be created , but the project for a European Defense Community was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954 .
-And if we do not aspire to too much , it is also within our capacity .
-New machinery of coordination should not be our primary objective in the foreseeable future -- though perhaps the `` political general staff '' of Western leaders proposed by Sir Anthony Eden would serve a useful purpose .
-It cannot become the source of a real Atlantic community if it remains organized to deal only with the military threat which first brought it into being '' .
-The failures of the U.N. and of other international organs suggest that we have already gone beyond what was internationally feasible .
-`` This '' , he said , `` is exactly what has been happening between the politically free nations in the postwar world .
-Now Britain has decided to seek admission to the European Economic Community and it seems certain that she will be joined by some of her partners in the loose Free Trade Area of the `` Outer Seven '' .
-Citing the experience of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in World War 2 , , Eden said that all would have been confusion and disarray without them .
-Only when a concert of nations rests on the positive foundations of shared goals and values is it likely to form a viable instrument of long-range policy .
-As Lester Pearson wrote in 1955 : :
-It is for these reasons that proposals for a `` new world order '' , through radical overhaul of the United Nations or through some sort of world federation , are utterly fatuous .
-The `` overseas '' democracies have generally encouraged the European unification movement without seriously considering the wisdom of their own full participation in a broader Atlantic community .
-For centuries the North Atlantic nations dominated the world and as long as they did they could afford the luxury of fighting each other .
-In 1946 Sir Winston Churchill , who had spoken often of European union during the war , advocated the formation of `` a kind of United States of Europe '' .
-It follows that the solution to the current disunity of the free nations is only to a very limited extent a matter of devising new machinery of consultation and coordination .
-`` Something much more thorough is required '' .
-New organs of unification proliferated in the decade following the conclusion of the NATO alliance .
-The movement toward European unity has been expressed in two currents : federalism and functionalism , one looking to the constitution of a United States of Europe , the other building on wartime precedents of practical cooperation for the solution of specific problems .
-The trouble with this machinery is that it is not used and the reason that it is not used is the absence of a conscious sense of community among the free nations .
-Our problem , therefore , is to devise processes more modest in their aspirations , adjusted to the real world of sovereign nation states and diverse and hostile communities .
-History has demonstrated many times that concerts of nations based solely on the negative spur of common danger are unlikely to survive when the external danger ceases to be dramatically urgent .
-Another powerful factor in the European movement was the threat of Soviet aggression .
-A slow and painful trend toward unification has taken hold , a trend which may at any time be arrested and reversed but which may also lead to a binding federation of Europe .
-The Communist coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948 was followed immediately by the conclusion of the Brussels Treaty , a 50-year alliance among Britain , France and the Benelux countries .
-It is very much a matter of building the foundations of community .
-The excesses of nationalism had brought down upon Europe a generation of tyranny and war , and a return to the old order of things seemed unthinkable .
-Many factors contributed to the growth of the European movement .
-And of course the Soviet threat was responsible for NATO , the grand alliance of the Atlantic nations .
-Britain until recently went along in some areas with all of the enthusiasm of the groom at a shotgun wedding .
-Ordinary methods of diplomacy within the free world are inadequate , said the former Prime Minister .
-This machinery will not become the instrument of an Atlantic community by fiat , but only when that community evolves from potentiality to reality .
-`` NATO cannot live on fear alone .

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-Christ's College was well represented that year in the ordo , and the name highest on the list from that college was Milton's , fourth in the entire university .
-That is , if we can trust that most specious of prolusions , packed as it is with wit and persiflage .
-In short , the traditional epithet for Milton of ' Lady of Christ's ' , while eminently fitting , rests only on this baffling passage in the midst of the most treacherous piece of writing Milton left us .
-The fourteenth name was ( Richard ) Buckenham , written Buckman , admitted to Christ's College under Scott 2 July 1625 .
-The tiny hamlet of Chesterton to the north , with the fens and marshes lying on down the Ouse River , may have attracted him often , as it did many other youths of the time .
-The Gog Magog Hills to the southeast afforded him and all other students a vantage point from which to view the town and university of their dwelling .
-And his performances attracted much attention , as the frequency of his surviving pieces in any calendar that may be set up for his undergraduate activities testifies .
-Of course the principal factor in the whole experience was the kind of education he received .
-He proceeded M.A. in 1632 , and B.D. in 1639 , being made fellow in 1632 .
-( John ) Boutflower of Christ's was twelfth in the list , coming from Perse School under Mr. Lovering as pensioner 20 April 1625 under Mr. Alsop .
-Apparently he was not a participant in the college or university theatricals , which he once attacked as utterly unworthy performances ( see Apology , 3:300 ) ; ;
-Graceful as his fencing and dancing lessons had taught him to be in addition to the natural grace of his slight , wiry frame , he cut enough of a figure to have evoked a nickname in the college , to which he himself referred in Prolusion 6 : :
-The third name was ( John ) Ravencroft , who was admitted to the Inner Temple in November 1631 .
-Aubrey's mention of it ( 2:67 , and Bodleian MS Aubr. 8 , F. 63 ) comes from this prolusion , through Christopher Milton or Edward Phillips .
-All western Europe would hear and listen to him in this same vein about the middle of the century .
-There were four from St. John's and four from Christ's , three from Pembroke , and two from each of the colleges , Jesus , Peterhouse , Queens' , and Trinity , with Caius , Clare , King's , Magdalene , and Sidney supplying one each in the ordo senioritatis .
-The entire exercise , Latin and English , is most suggestive of the kind of person Milton had become at Christ's during his undergraduate career ; ;
-He became a fellow of Jesus in 1629 , proceeded M.A. from Jesus in 1632 , and was proctor in 1639-40 .
-The second name was ( Edward ) Kempe , matriculated from Queens' College at Easter , 1625 .
-but even in that famous passage , Milton was aiming not at the theatricals as such but at their performance by ' persons either enter'd , or presently to enter into the ministry .
-From an exercise involving merely raucous , rough-and-tumble comedy , in his hands the performance turned into a revel of wit and word play , indecent at times , but always learned , pointed , and carefully aimed at some individuals present , and at the whole assembly .
-Then we have surviving at least one instance of a poem prepared for another , in Naturam non Pati Senium , and perhaps also the De Idea Platonica .
-He was ordained deacon 16 June and priest 22 December 1633 .
-Milton was required to absorb and display an intensive and accurate knowledge of Latin grammar , logic-rhetoric , ethics , physics or natural philosophy , metaphysics , and Latin , Greek , and Hebrew .
-These were his public academic activities , domi forisque , in the college and in the university .
-Manningham also proceeded M.A. in 1632 and became a fellow of his college in that year .
-The process usually began with a tutor boasting about a boy , as Chappell had boasted about Lightfoot , to the higher officers of the college and university .
-The Domina sounds real enough , if we could only trust the conditions under which we learn of its use ; ;
-Milton was to act as the archfool , the supreme wit , the lightly bantering pater , Pater Liber , who could at once trip lightly over that which deserved such treatment , or could at will annihilate the common enemies of the college gathering , and with words alone .
-Ball games , especially football , required some attention , and other organized sports may have attracted him as participant or spectator .
-He had also sampled various special fields of learning , being unable to miss some study of divinity , Justinian ( law ) , and Galen ( medicine ) .
-the mere fact that he was selected , though as a substitute , to act as interlocutor or moderator for it , or perhaps we should say with Buck as ' father of the act ' , is in itself a difficult phase of his development to grasp .
-What manner of person does Milton appear to have been when as an undergraduate he resided at Christ's College ? ?
-He was then a slightly built young man of pleasing appearance , medium stature , and handsome face .
-He also displayed the ability to write Latin verse on almost any topic of dispute , the verses , of course , to be delivered from memory .
-the prolusion in which the autobiographic statement about the epithet occurs is such a mass of intentionally buried allusions that almost nothing in it can be accepted as true -- or discarded as false .
-Perhaps , in that short piece or letter written to Hartlib in which he sketched his scheme for educating young men , he merely overlooked that phase of their exercises .
-Perhaps his most important private activity was the combination of reading , discussion with a few -- if we can trust his writings to Diodati and the younger Gill , very few -- congenial companions .
-It is not a question of truth or falsity ; ;
-Small wonder that Milton later boasted of how well his work had been received there , since he attained a rank in the order of commencing bachelors higher than that of any other inceptor from Christ's of that year .
-His later boastings of his skill with the small sword are indicative of much time and practice devoted to the use of that weapon .
-Of course the higher officials could add or place a name on the list wherever they wished .
-The list was headed by ( Henry ) Hutton of St. John's who was matriculated from St. John's at Easter , 1625 .
-It differed from what an undergraduate receives today from any American college or university mainly in the certainty of what he was forced to learn compared with the loose and widely scattered information obtained today by most of our undergraduates .
-Venn and others have dealt with sports and pastimes at Cambridge in Milton's day with not very specific results .
-His other activities are not so easily recovered .
-Then the various officers of the college might take up the case .
-A quibusdam , , audivi nuper Domina .
-He smoked , as did everybody , and imbibed the various alcoholic beverages of that day , although his protestations while at Cambridge and after that he was no drunkard point to reasonable abstinence from the wild drinking bouts of some of the undergraduates and , we must add , of some of their elders including many of the regents or teachers .
-The fifteenth name was ( Thomas ) Baldwin , admitted to Christ's 4 March 1625 under Alsop .
-The town itself and the `` reedy Cam '' he often visited , as did all in the university .
-The churches , the taverns , and the various other places of the town must have known his figure well as he roved to and about them .
-He evidently earned the place assigned him .
-He had also learned to dispute extempore remarkably well , the main evidence for which of course is the presence of his name in the honors list of 1628/29 .
-The fact that he nowhere mentioned theatrical performances as part of the activities of the boys later in his hypothetical academy ( 1644 ) should not be taken too seriously as evidence that he desired them to eschew such performances .
-Lines 23-36 of Lycidas later point to a friendship with Edward King , who entered Christ's College 9 June 1626 .
-But these prolusions that we have surviving from the Christ's College days are only one phase of his existence then .
-Above all , he had learned to write formal Latin prose and verse to a remarkable degree of artistry .
-As the total number of incepting bachelors in 1629 was , according to Masson ( Life , 1:218 ) and n , two hundred fifty-nine , the twenty-four names listed in the ordo senioritatis for that year constitute slightly less than one tenth of the total number of bachelors who then incepted .
-It may be thought unfortunate that he was called on entirely by accident to perform , if again we may trust the opening of the oratio , for it marks the beginning for us of his use of his peculiar form of witty word play that even in this Latin banter has in it the unmistakable element of viciousness and an almost sadistic delight in verbally tormenting an adversary .
-From 1613 on , if the lists exist , they contain between twenty to thirty names .
-Recapitulation of Milton's undergraduate career
-His early poems and some of his prose prolusions speak of wanderings in the city and the neighboring country that may be extended to Cambridge and its surrounding countryside .
-Looking back from the spring of 1629 over the four years of Milton's undergraduate days , certain phases of his college career stand out as of permanent consequence to him and hence to us .
-His statements about sports and exercises of a physical nature are suggestive , but inconclusive .
-The country about Cambridge is flat and not particularly spectacular in its scenery , though it offers easy going to the foot traveler .
-Milton's name being fourth is neither too high nor too low to be assigned to the arbitrary action of vice-chancellor , proctor , master , or other mighty hand .
-He could produce carefully constructed orations , set and formal speeches , artfully and prayerfully made by writing and rewriting with all the aid his tutor and others could provide , and then delivered verbatim from memory .
-But his greatest achievement , in his own eyes and in the eyes of his colleagues and teachers , was his amazing ability to produce literary Latin pieces , and he was often called on to do so .
-But that scarcely means that he was the aloof , forbidding type of student who shared few if any activities with his fellows , the banter of the surviving prolusions providing enough evidence to deny this .
-but anyone who would put much trust in any phase of Prolusion 6 , except its illusive allusiveness deserves whatever fate may be meted out to him by virtue of the egregiously stilted banter .
-Venn gave his B.A. as 1624 , a mistake for 1629 .
-To do this successfully required great skill and a special talent for both solemn and ribald raillery , a talent not bestowed on many persons , but one with which Milton was marked as being endowed and in which , at least in this performance , he obviously reveled .
-No other names among the young men in residence at the time seem to have been even suggested by Milton as those of persons with whom he in any way consorted .
-He had learned to dispute devastatingly , both formally and informally in Latin , and according to the rules on any topic , pro or con , drawn from almost any subject , more especially from Aristotle's works .
-It is not possible to reconstruct fully the arrangements whereby these honors lists were then made up or even how the names that they contained assumed the order in which we find them .
-But the real beginnings of this development in him go back to the opposing of grammar school , and probably if it had not been this occasion and these Latin lines it would have been some others , such as the first prolusion , that set off this streak in him of unbridled and scathing verbal attack on an enemy .
-It would , however , reach the proctors and other officers in charge of the public-school performances of the incepting bachelors , and the place that any individual obtained in the lists depended greatly on how he comported himself in the public schools during his acts therein as he was incepting .
-The fourth name was ( John ) Milton of Christ's College , followed by ( Richard ) Manningham of Peterhouse , who matriculated 16 October 1624 .
-Milton himself , uncommunicative as he is about his lesser and nonliterary activities , at least gives us some evidence that he was a great walker , under any and all conditions .

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-For the Coolidges , it was Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Stearns of Boston , Massachusetts , owners of a large department store .
-She was not an overnight guest in the White House , but Mr. Ike Hoover , the chief usher , had Mama check her fur coat when she came in , and take care of her needs .
-It was a high mark for Mama .
-He was in and out of Mount Alto Hospital for veterans any number of times .
-Mama said she was one of the prettiest ladies she had ever seen .
-then he would bark to let everyone know the coast was clear .
-Every First Family seems to have one couple upon whom it relies for true friendship .
-This is not true .
-It is not the same dress as the one on her manikin in the Smithsonian .
-He brought her shawls .
-Even when Mrs. Coolidge was in mourning for her son , she reached out to help other people in trouble .
-She reached and reached around the dress , but there was nothing there .
-Mama had told her how Emmett's lungs had been affected when he was gassed in the war .
-Rob Roy was self-appointed to accompany the President to his office every morning .
-Finally , Mama did mention to Mrs. Coolidge that she felt sorry for the little dogs , and then Mrs. Coolidge decided to leave the radio on for them while she was gone , even though her husband disapproved of the waste of electricity .
-He would bring her boxes of candy and other presents to coax a smile to her lips .
-Mama said that if Presidents were supposed to be colorful , Mr. Coolidge certainly made a good president .
-The dress in the painting is a bright red , with rhinestones forming a spray on the right side .
-She had stood at the bottom of the stairs , as usual , when Mrs. Coolidge came down , in the same dress that is now in the Smithsonian , to greet her guests .
-The White House had chewing gum until it could chew no more , and every Christmas , Mr. Wrigley sent the President a check for $100 , to be divided among all the help .
-Mrs. Coolidge spent more time in her bedroom among her doll collection .
-The butlers were amused because when the Stearns were there , the President would say grace at breakfast .
-Mama tried to talk to them and keep them quiet while she tidied up the sitting room before the First Family returned .
-Mama was now the first maid to Mrs. Coolidge , because Catherine , the previous first maid , had become ill and died .
-The last two were a red and a black chow .
-She looked up and saw that , without knowing it , Mrs. Coolidge was holding it aloft .
-One shawl was so tremendous that she could not wear it , so she draped it over the banister on the second floor , and it hung over the stairway .
-Rob Roy was well aware of the importance of this mission , and he would walk in front of the President , looking neither to the right nor to the left .
-Mama swirled the train in place , and not a step was lost .
-A little boy came to give the President his personal condolences , and the President gave word that any little boy who wanted to see him was to be shown in .
-At dinner , lunch , or breakfast , the President would call out , `` Supper '' ! !
-The first royalty whom Mama ever waited on in the White House was Queen Marie of Rumania , who came to a State dinner given in her honor on October 21 , 1926 .
-She would often go up on the roof to see the attendant take down the flag in the evening .
-They would all lie around on the rug during the meal , a very pretty sight as Rob Roy , Prudence , and Calamity Jane were all snow-white .
-The wool would become frazzled around the edges from blowing in the wind , and Mama would mend it .
-Sometimes , Mrs. Coolidge would close herself in the Green Suite on the second floor , and play the piano she had brought to the White House .
-The name inside the envelope was `` Cynthia '' .
-He would not make a sound until the President had wakened and left for the office ; ;
-Backstairs , the maids cried a little over that , and the standing invitation was not mentioned to Mrs. Coolidge .
-Actually , two flags were used at the mansion -- a small one on rainy days , and a big one on bright days .
-Mama knew that she was out of mourning when she finally wore bright colors .
-Mama didn't know what to do -- whether to tell on Rob Roy or not -- since she had the ear of Mrs. Coolidge more than the other maids .
-The President was even more generous with the First Lady than he had been before the tragedy .
-He got her dozens of them .
-His signal was for the other dogs to come running , but it was also the signal for Mama and the other maids to watch out .
-Mama knew she was playing her son's favorite pieces and feeling close to him , and did not disturb her .
-A new bill had been passed under Harding that designated the Government , rather than the President , as the tab-lifter for official meals .
-Now and then , the President would call for `` Little Jack , Master of the Hounds '' , which was his nickname for a messenger who had worked in the White House since Teddy Roosevelt's administration , and discuss the welfare of some one of the animals .
-But to get back to the Coolidge household , Mrs. Coolidge so obviously loved dogs , that the public sent her more dogs -- Calamity Jane , Timmy , and Blackberry .
-One White House dog was immortalized in a painting .
-If the Stearns were not there , grace would be omitted .
-The favorite guest of the house , as far as the staff was concerned , was Mr. Wrigley , the chewing gum king .
-One person she helped was my brother .
-As a result , he was sent to a hospital in Arizona until his health improved enough for him to come back to Washington to work in the Government service .
-Mrs. Coolidge gave Mama this dress for me , and I wore it many times .
-That was Rob Roy , who posed with Mrs. Coolidge for the portrait by Howard Chandler Christy .
-He knew exactly how to be colorful ! !
-If she were not at home , Mama would see to it that a fresh white rose was there .
-She wore grey every day , and white every evening .
-She kept the dolls on the Lincoln bed .
-Mama was very patriotic , and one of the duties she was proudest of was repairing the edges of the flag that flew above the White House .
-Mama would enjoy the sight of the famous guests as much as anyone , and would note a gown here and there to tell me about that night .
-Among the dolls was one that meant very much to the First Lady , who would pick it up and look at it often .
-But again , there was danger that his lungs would suffer in the muggy Washington weather , and he had to return to the dry climate of the West to live and work .
-Mama always felt that the collection symbolized Mrs. Coolidge's wish for a little girl .
--- he called all meals supper -- after the butler had announced the meal .
-Every day , when the President took his nap , Rob Roy would stretch out on the window seat near him , like a perfect gentleman , and stare thoughtfully out the window , or he would take a little nap himself .
-Taking a personal interest , she had the doctor assigned to the White House , Dr. James Coupal , look Emmett over .
-When Prudence and Blackberry were too young to be trusted in the dining room , they were tied to the radiator with their leashes , and they would cry .
-He caused a lot of talk when he also chose the breakfast hour to have the barber come in and trim his hair while he ate .
-She used to tell me , `` When I stand there and look at the flag blowing this way and that way , I have the wonderful , safe feeling that Americans are protected no matter which way the wind blows '' .
-People think the dress in the picture was lengthened by an artist much later on .
-Another good friend of the Coolidges' was George B. Harvey , who was the Ambassador to Great Britain from 1921 to 1923 .
-He had been a friend of the Hardings , and continued to be invited by the Coolidges .
-Rob Roy remained boss of all the dogs .
-The Coolidges did not always live at the White House during the Presidency .
-The Coolidges' life , after the death of their son , was quieter than ever .
-Speaking of breakfast , the President inaugurated a new custom -- that of conducting business at the breakfast table .
-You can imagine that he got pretty good service .
-All the dogs would dash to get on the elevator with the President and go to the dining room .
-At night , when Mama would turn back the covers , she would have to take all the dolls off the bed and place them elsewhere for the night .
-She opened the boxes with a tear in her eye and a sad smile on her face .
-There is a long train flowing from the shoulders .
-Dresses were short in the days of Mrs. Coolidge , and Spanish shawls were thrown over them .
-It was her job to stand at the foot of the stairs , and , just as the First Lady stepped off the last tread , Mama would straighten out her long train before she marched to the Blue Room to greet her guests with the President .
-He showed them what to do , and taught them how to keep the maids around the White House in a state of terror .
-So the President would make a hearty breakfast official by inviting Government officials to attend .
-Mrs. Coolidge chose Mama in her place .
-I still have the dress , and I hope to give it to the Smithsonian Institution as a memento , or , as I more fondly hope , to present it to a museum containing articles showing the daily lives of the Presidents -- if I can get it organized .
-I would like to straighten out a misconception about the dress Mrs. Coolidge is wearing in this painting .
-The President helped her a lot by selecting some lovely colored dresses to get her started .
-It had a tiny envelope tied to its wrist .
-On the social side , the chore Mama had at the formal receptions at the White House thrilled her the most .
-One night , Mama came home practically in a state of shock .
-John was away at school most of the time .
-Mama knew this doll was meant to help Mrs. Coolidge overcome her grief by turning her eyes to the future .
-The President used to look at it with a ghost of a smile .
-To get him to pose , Mrs. Coolidge would feed him candy , so he enjoyed the portrait sessions as well as she did .
-Mrs. Coolidge looked down , saw Mama's horrified expression and quickly let the whole thing fall to the floor .
-All the rest of the days in the White House would be shadowed by the tragic loss , even though the President tried harder than ever to make his little dry jokes and to tease the people around him .
-It was part of Little Jack's work to look after the dogs .
-Mrs. Coolidge would knit , and the President would sit reading , or playing with the many pets around them .
-But she was afraid the First Lady would not understand , because Rob Roy was a perfect angel with the First Family .
-The word was that this too was part of an economy move on his part .
-When Mrs. Coolidge was in mourning , she did not wear black .
-They seemed to be at the White House half the time .
-Mama stooped down to fix the train , but there was no train there ! !
-An accompanying sympathetic letter explained that inside the envelope was a name for Mrs. Coolidge's first granddaughter .
-The dogs would run through the halls after him like a burst of bullets , and all the maids would run for cover .

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-It's easy to see why .
-Grigorss , at seventeen , learns his story and goes forth as a knight to uncover his origins .
-Grigorss is the child of an incestuous union between a royal brother and sister , the twins Sibylla and Wiligis .
-Ortega's hope that modern psychology might yet bring forth a last flowering of the novel has only been partially fulfilled .
-If I now risk some comparisons with Sons And Lovers let it be clear that I am not comparing the two works or judging their merits ; ;
-An ivory tablet in the infant's cask recounts the story of his sinful origins and is preserved for the child by the monks of a monastery in the fishing village .
-It was , of course , a little boy's fantasy of winning his mother to himself , and replacing the father who could not give her the things she wanted -- a classical oedipal fantasy if you like -- but if it were only this the story would be banal .
-Is the Oedipus complex , the clinical syndrome , material for a tragedy ? ?
-All of which brings up another problem in the use of psychoanalytic insight in a literary work .
-the heroic act is the casting off of pretense .
-Now we can argue that the irresistible fate of Oedipus Rex was nothing more than the irresistible unconscious longings of Oedipus projected outward , but this externalization of unconscious conflict makes all the difference between a story and a clinical case history .
-I have argued that Oedipus of the Oedipus complex has a doubtful future as a tragic figure in literature .
-while they move through the pageantry of the ancient incest myth and cover themselves through not-knowing , they reveal the unconscious motive in seeking each other and in the last scene make an extraordinary confession of guilt in the twentieth-century manner .
-In both the farmer's tale in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man and in Thomas Mann's The Holy Sinner , the incest hero rises above the myth by accepting the wish as motive ; ;
-But The Holy Sinner is not simply a retelling of old stories for an old man's entertainment .
-Why does the story affect us ? ?
-The novelist who has been badly baptized in psychoanalysis often gives us the impression that since all men must have an Oedipus complex all men must have the same faces .
-The ancient types are reassembled in gloom and foreboding to be irresistibly drawn to their destinies , but the myth fails before the modern truth ; ;
-Which brings to mind another Lawrence story and some interesting comparisons in the treatment of the Oedipal theme .
-We have so completely entered the child's fantasy that his illness and his death are the plausible and the necessary conclusion .
-In our own time we have seen that the novelist's debt to psychoanalysis has increased but that the novel itself has not profited much from this marriage .
-The child dies with his mourning mother at his bedside .
-Grigorss overcomes the suitor in battle , delivers the city from its oppressors and marries Sibylla who had fallen in love with the beautiful knight the moment she saw him .
-He has been seduced by the marvels of the unconscious and has lost interest in studying the surfaces of character .
-The child grows rich on his winnings and conspires with his uncle to make secret gifts of his money to his mother .
-The rocking has the ambiguous function of keeping the erotic undercurrent silent and making it present ; ;
-I am sure that none of the effects of this story were consciously employed by Lawrence to describe an oedipal fantasy in childhood .
-He would not have cared why it emerged , he only wanted to capture a memory to play with it again in his imagination and somehow to fix and hold in the story the disturbing emotions that accompanied the fantasy .
-Grigorss goes off to do penance on a rock for seventeen years .
-Thomas Mann wrote The Holy Sinner in 1951 .
-The story ends in the child's illness and delirium brought on by the feverish compulsion to ride his horse to win for his mother .
-For this love of the boy for his mother is a hopeless and forbidden love , doomed by its nature .
-He is born in secrecy after the death of his father and cast adrift soon after birth .
-`` The Rocking Horse Winner '' is a fantasy with extraordinary power to disturb the reader -- but we do not know why .
-How does the rocking exert its uncanny effect upon the reader ? ?
-If many of the characters in contemporary novels appear to be the bloodless relations of characters in a case history it is because the novelist is often forgetful today that those things that we call character manifest themselves in surface behavior , that the ego is still the executive agency of personality , and that all we know of personality must be discerned through the ego .
-There is probably some significance in the fact that two of the best incest stories I have encountered in recent years are burlesques of the incest myth .
-And when he retold the legend of Gregorius he interpolated a modern version in which the medieval players speak contemporary thoughts in archaic language ; ;
-`` The Rocking Horse Winner '' is also a story about a boy's love for his mother .
-Sibylla is pregnant with their second child when she finds the ivory tablet concealed by her husband , and the identities of mother and son are revealed .
-But a writer who has a taste for irony and who sees incest in all its modern dimensions can let his imagination work on the disturbing joke in the incest myth , the joke that strikes right at the center of man's humanness .
-We are also struck by the fact that this story of a boy's love for his mother does not offend , while the incestuous love of the man , Paul Morel , sometimes repels .
-Whatever the psychological truth in the Oedipus myth , an Oedipus who is drawn to his fate by irresistible external forces can carry the symbol of humanity and its archaic crime , and the incest that is unknowing renews the mystery of the eternal dream of childhood and absorbs us in the secret .
-There are ghostly scenes in which the little boy on his rocking horse rocks madly toward the climax that will magically give him the name of the winning horse .
-he has lost confidence in his own eyes and in the validity of his own psychological insights .
-A man in a novel who is defeated in his childhood and condemned by unconscious forces within him to tiredly repeat his earliest failure in love , only makes us a little weary of man ; ;
-a perfect symbol .
-The infant is discovered by a fisherman who brings him home to rear him .
-Mann understood better than most men the incest comedy at the center of the myth and the psychological truth in which dread is shown as the other face as longing was for him just the kind of deep and complicated joke he liked to tell .
-I had read the story many times without asking myself why it affected me or caring why it did .
-But a modern Oedipus who is doomed because he cannot oppose his own childhood is only pathetic , and for renouncing the mystery in favor of psychological truth he gives up the claim on our sympathies .
-He was simply writing a story that wanted to be told , and in the writing a childhood fantasy of his own emerged .
-But a novel in which one man Karamazov explored the divisions within his personality would scarcely merit publication in the Psychoanalytic Quarterly .
-His sailing vessel is guided by fate to the shores of his own country at a time when Sibylla's domain is overrun by the armies of one of her rejected suitors .
-It is most probable that Freud and the Oedipus complex never entered his head in the writing of this story .
-Incest is still a durable theme , but if it wants to get written about it will have to find ways to surprise the emotions , and there is no better way to do this than that of concealment and symbolic representation .
-And if we understand the rocking as an erotic symbol we can also see how well it serves as the symbol of impending tragedy .
-it conceals and yet is suggestive ; ;
-The rocking , I realized , is the single element in the story that carries the erotic message , the unspoken and unconscious undercurrent that would mar the innocence of a child's fantasy and disturb the effects of the work if it were made explicit .
-It was conceived as a leave-taking , a kind of melancholy gathering-in of the myths of the West , `` bevor die Nacht sinkt , eine lange Nacht vielleicht und ein tiefes Vergessen '' .
-The rocking is actually felt in the story , a terrible and ominous rhythm that prophesies the tragedy .
-And when the child dies in Lawrence's story in a delirium that is somehow brought on by his mania to win and to make his mother rich , the manifest absurdity of such a disease and such a death does not enter into our thoughts at all .
-If we remove ourselves for a moment from our time and our infatuation with mental disease , isn't there something absurd about a hero in a novel who is defeated by his infantile neurosis ? ?
-It is a mistake to look upon the Oedipus of Oedipus Complex as a literary descendant of Oedipus Rex .
-I am not making a clinical judgment here , for such personal tragedies are real and are commonplace in the analyst's consulting room , but literature makes a different claim upon our sympathies than tragedy in life .
-the oracle speaks false and the dream speaks true .
-Moral dread is seen as the other face of desire , and here psychoanalysis delivers to the writer a magnificent irony and a moral problem of great complexity .
-He borrows the insights of psychology to improve his impaired vision but cannot bring to his work the distinctive vision that should be a novelist's own .
-2 .
-At the end of this period two pious Christians in Rome receive the revelation which leads them to seek the next Pope on the rock .
-It is the story of the hopeless love of a little boy for his cold and vain mother .
-In the last pages of the book Sibylla comes to Rome to seek an audience with the great Pope and to give her confession .
-The young writer seems intimidated by psychological knowledge ; ;
-we accord it its place there , and in Lawrence's treatment we are given the innocent fantasy of a child , in fact , the form in which oedipal love is expressed in childhood .
-his tragedy seems unworthy and trivial .
-And the best way to conceal and disguise the elements of an incest story is not to set out to write an incest story .
-But on one occasion when I encountered a similar fantasy in a little boy who was my patient I began to understand the uncanny effects of this story .
-Mother and son recognize each other and , in Mann's version of this legend , make a remarkable confession of guilt to each other , the confession of unconscious motive and unconscious knowledge of their true identities from the time they had first set eyes on each other .
-I am suggesting that a case-history approach to the Oedipus complex is a blind alley for a storyteller .
-We can also argue that the three brothers Karamazov and Smerdyakov were the external representatives of an internal conflict within one man , Dostoevsky , a conflict having to do with father-murder and the wish to possess the father's woman .
-He chose a medieval legend of incest , Gregorius Vom Stein , and freely borrowed and parodied other myths of the West , mixing themes , language , peoples and times in a master myth in which the old forms continually renew themselves , as in his previous treatment of Joseph .
-I am only singling out differences in treatment of a theme and the resultant effects .
-This love belongs to childhood ; ;
-Grigorss comes to Rome and becomes a great and beloved Pope .
-The best gifts of the novelist will be wasted on the reader who is insulated against any surprises the novelist may have in store for him .

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-I will assume that we are all aware of the continuing struggle , with its limited and precarious success , toward conservatism .
-This group is secularist and their program tends to be technological .
-And with Progressivism the Religion of Humanity was replacing what Gabriel called Christian supernaturalism .
-The long road that had taken liberals in this country into the social religion of democracy , into a worship of man , led logically to the Marxist dream of a classless society under a Socialist State .
-We of the liberal-led world got all set for peace and rehabilitation .
-I saw a piece the other day assailing William Buckley , author of Man And God at Yale and publisher of The National Review , as no conservative at all , but an old liberal .
-Let me quote him even more fully , for his analysis is important to my theme .
-But first I want to quote him on the relationship that he found between religion and politics in this country and what happened to it .
-He terms this early enthusiasm `` Romantic Christianity '' and concludes that its similarity to democratic beliefs of that day is so great that `` the doctrine of liberty seems but a secular version of its counterpart in evangelical Protestantism '' .
-That John Locke's philosophy of the social contract fathered the American Revolution with its Declaration of Independence , I believe , we generally accept .
-And by the time the war ended , liberal leadership in this country was spiritually Marxist .
-During the decade that followed , the common man , as that piece put it , grew uncomfortable as the Voice of God and fled from behind Saint Woodrow ( Wilson ) only to learn from Science , to his shocked relief that after all there was no God he had to speak for and that he was just an animal anyhow -- that there was a chemical formula for him , and that too much couldn't be expected of him .
-Obviously there has been no agreement on what American conservatism is , or rather , what it should be .
-And I would further note that they all -- with one exception again -- sang in one key or another the same song .
-And the common man was developing mythic power , or charisma , on his own .
-This is important to understanding the position that doctrinaire liberals found themselves in after World War 2 , and our great democratic victory that brought no peace .
-Those familiar with his work will remember that he placed the incipience of the democratic faith at around 1850 .
-French Egalitarianism had had only nominal influence in this country before the days of Popularism .
-I used his polarity to illustrate what I thought had happened to us in that form of liberalism we call Progressivism .
-They , perhaps , gave the pitch of their position in the preface where it was said that Eisenhower requested that the Commission be administered by the American Assembly of Columbia University , because it was non-partisan .
-That is to say Gabriel's fundamental law had been so much modified by this time that it was neither fundamental nor law any more .
-The show was colorful , indeed , exuberant , but the press for all its assiduity could detect no note of a fateful rendezvous with destiny .
-But in every period it has been humanism '' .
-And let me add , utopianism , also .
-The contributors to this testament were all well-known : a former Democratic candidate for President , a New Deal poet , the magazine's chief editorial writer , two newspaper columnists , head of a national broadcasting company , a popular Protestant evangelist , etc. .
-And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle , in his remarkable long essay , The Heresy Of Democracy , and in a more general way by Voegelin , in his New Science Of Politics , that this same Rousseauan idea , descending through European democracy , is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat .
-Then suddenly we found ourselves in the middle of another fight , an irrational , an indecent , an undeclared and immoral war with our strongest ( and some had thought noblest ) ally .
-Others invoked technology and common sense .
-As symptomatic of the common man's malaise , he is most significant : a liberal and a Catholic , elected by the skin of his teeth .
-Father Murray goes back to the Declaration of Independence , too , though I may add , with considerably more historical perception .
-He opens his discourse , however , with a review of the Eisenhower inaugural festivities at which a sympathetic press had assembled its massive talents , all primed to catch some revelation of the emerging new age .
-The first of which to find important place in our federal government was the graduated income tax under Wilson .
-I will mention two volumes of specific comment on this malaise that appeared last year .
-For it was neglected , not to say nascent , when the struggle began .
-Let's take a panoramic look back over the course we have come .
-He points out that from the time of Jackson on through World War 1 , , evangelical Protestantism was a dominant influence in the social and political life of America .
-The socialism implicit in the slogan of the Roosevelt Revolution , freedom from want and fear , seems a far cry from the individualism of the First Amendment to the Constitution , or of the Jacksonian frontier .
-American democratic thought , pointed up the relation between the Protestant movement in this country and the development of a social religion , which he called the American Democratic Faith .
-Only Walter Lippman envisioned the possibility of our having `` outlived most of what we used to regard as the program of our national purposes '' .
-This notion of the General Will gave rise to the Commune of Paris in the Revolution and later brought Napoleon to dictatorship .
-The importance of Rousseau's twist has not always been clear to us , however .
-We will recall that the still confident liberals of the Truman administration gathered with other Western utopians in San Francisco to set up the legal framework , finally and at last , to rationalize war -- to rationalize want and fear -- out of the world : the United Nations .
-But there's a subjective side to that utopian outlook .
-Lubell offers his book as an explanation of why there was no clue .
-Does that not suggest to you an uncertain and uneasy , not to say confused , state of the public mind ? ?
-But it is the need to undertake these testaments that I would submit here as symptom of the common man's malaise .
-I suppose we might classify Billy Graham as an old liberal .
-He says : `` beside the Protestant philosophy of Progress , as expressed in radical or conservative millenarianism , should be placed the doctrine of the democratic faith which affirmed it to be the duty of the destiny of the United States to assist in the creation of a better world by keeping lighted the beacon of democracy '' .
-I would agree with this view .
-And he describes it as a balanced polarity between the notions of the free individual and what he called the fundamental law .
-The Commission seems to represent the viewpoint of what I would call the unconscious liberal , but not unconscious enough , to invoke the now taboo symbolism of socialism .
-I will reserve discussion of it for a moment , however , to return to President Kennedy .
-However , it is important to trace the philosophy of the French Revolution to its sources to understand the common democratic origin of individualism and socialism and the influence of the latter on the former .
-A perceptive journalist , Sam Lubell , has phrased it in the title of one of his books as the revolt of the moderates .
-But I have been at some pains to review it as the drama of the common man , to point up what happened to him under Eisenhower's leadership .
-The riotous onrush of industrialism after the War for Southern Independence and the general secular drift to the Religion of Humanity , however , prepared the way for a reception of the French Revolution's socialistic offspring of one sort of another .
-What I am here to do is to report on the gyrations of the struggle -- a struggle that amounts to self-redefinition -- to see if we can predict its future course .
-Its refrain was : `` let us return to the individualistic democracy of our forefathers for our salvation '' .
-I want to say more about Gabriel's so-called fundamental law .
-And the ussr existed as the revolutionary experiment in radical socialism , the ultimate exemplar .
-What is the common man's complaint ? ?
-The second specific comment was the report of Eisenhower's Commission on National Goals , titled Goals For Americans .
-Moreover the centralization of our economy during the 1920s , the dislocations of the Depression , the common ethos of Materialism everywhere , all contributed in various ways to the face-lifting that replaced Mike Fink and the Great Gatsby with the anonymous physiognomy of the Little People .
-And here again we hear the same refrain mentioned above : `` the paramount goal of the United States set long ago was to guard the rights of the individual , ensure his development , enlarge his opportunity '' .
-What had happened to the common man ? ?
-It has moved on various levels , it has been clamorous and confused .
-But before I try to diagnose it , I would offer other evidence .
-All of this , I know , is recent history familiar to you .
-One of the obvious conclusions we can make on the basis of the last election , I suppose , is that we , the majority , were dissatisfied with Eisenhower conservatism .
-It seemed to me that the liberals had scrapped the balanced polarity and reposed both liberty and the fundamental law in the common man .
-This is , however , symptomatic of our national malaise .
-And I select this sentence as its pertinent summation : `` in essence the drama of his ( Eisenhower's ) Presidency can be described as the ordeal of a nation turned conservative and struggling -- thus far with but limited and precarious success -- to give effective voice and force to that conservatism '' .
-Though , to be sure , we gave Kennedy no very positive approval in the margin of his preferment .
-During the next five years liberal leaders in the United States sank in the cumulative confusion attendant upon and manifested in a negative policy of Containment -- and the bitterest irony -- enforced and enforceable only by threat of a weapon that we felt the greatest distaste for but could not abandon : the atom bomb .
-But the most notable thing about the incantation of these ex-liberals was that the one-time shibboleth of socialism was conspicuously absent .
-But I'm not here to define conservatism .
-What I want to point out here is that all of them are ex-liberals , or modified liberals , with perhaps one exception .
-It is a weakness of Gabriel's analysis that he never seems to realize that his so-called fundamental law had already been cut loose from its foundations when it was adapted to democracy .
-Has not that way been lit always by the lamp of liberalism up until the turning back under Eisenhower ? ?
-And the basic character of that liberalism has been spiritual rather than economic .
-He specifies , `` in the middle period of the Nineteenth Century it was colored by Christian supernaturalism , in the Twentieth Century it was affected by naturalism .
-Ralph Gabriel gave it the name of Protestant philosophy of Progress .
-During the next five years the leaders of the Fair Deal reluctantly backed down from the optimistic expectations of the New Deal .
-The earlier of them was an unofficial enterprise , sponsored by Life magazine , under the title of The National Purpose .
-And let me add Murray's new book as another symptom of it , particularly so in view of the attention Time magazine gave it when it came out recently .
-Some fourteen or fifteen years ago , in an essay I called The Leader Follows -- Where ? ?
-In 1952 , it will be remembered , the G.O.P. without positive program campaigned on the popular disillusionment with liberal leadership and won overwhelmingly .
-Adlai Stevenson expressed some reservations about this return .
-Yet , after Rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the General Will , the same philosophy , it may be said , became the idea source of the French Revolution also .

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-In conformance with the maximization principle we affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations will be harmonious or inharmonious to the degree that one relation or the other is expected by the active participants to yield the greatest net advantage , taking all value outcomes and effects into consideration .
-and in contemporary society we often complain of too much reaffirmation of the goodness of the good .
-So far as the existing body of formal principle and procedure is concerned , categorical novelties are not to be anticipated in Jewish-Gentile relationships ; ;
-I assume that the number of readers of this anthology who regard themselves as morally perfect is small , and that most readers are willing to consider procedures by which they may gain more insight into themselves and better understanding of others .
-Undoubtedly one merit of the vast panorama of Gentile conceptions of the Jew unfolded in the present anthology is that it provides a formidable body of material that invites critical examination in terms of reality .
-During intercrisis periods the educational facilities of the community have the possibility of remolding the perspectives and altering the behavior of vast numbers of human beings of every age and condition .
-Among measures in anticipation of crisis are plans to inject into the turmoil as assistants of key decision makers qualified persons who are cognizant of the corrosive effect of crisis upon personal relationships and are also able to raise calm and realistic voices when overburdened leaders near the limit of self-control .
-The anti-Semitism of Hitler owed something to his exposure to the ideology of Lueger's politically successful Christian socialist movement in Vienna .
-Granted , such `` functional '' images are subject to human error ; ;
-Social process is always anchored in past predisposition ; ;
-Since we can neither undo nor redo the past , we are limited to the events of today and tomorrow .
-My reply is that I associate myself with all those who affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations should contribute to the theory and practice of human dignity .
-but it is perennially restructured in situations where anchors are dragged or lost .
-The genuinely interesting question , then , becomes : What factors determine the degree of realism or distortion in conventional images of Jews ? ?
-the process can be accelerated .
-Many selections are themselves convincing contributions to this appraisal .
-Within this frame of reference policies appropriate to claims advanced in the name of the Jews depend upon which Jewish identity is involved , as well as upon the nature of the claim , the characteristics of the claimant , the justifications proposed , and the predispositions of the community decision makers who are called upon to act .
-A truism is that the time to prepare for the worst is when times are best .
-General Grant may have been the victim of false information in the instance reported in this book ; ;
-For what we propose , however , a psychoanalyst is not necessary , even though one aim is to enable the reader to get beneath his own defenses -- his defenses of himself to himself .
-After allowing for group exposures , it is apparent that other factors must be considered if we are to comprehend fanaticism .
-They involve similar uncertainties regarding the multiple identities of any number of non-Jewish groups .
-if so , he would not be the first or last commanding officer who has succumbed to bad information and dubious estimates of the future .
-Impressive as this enumeration is , it barely hints at the diverse perceptions of Jews , collectively or individually , that have been attested by their Gentile environment .
-We are learning how to do these things in some of the vast organized structures of modern society ; ;
-It is reasonable to affirm two propositions : Jews have been perceived by non-Jews as all things to all men ; ;
-they include harmonies and conflicts within the whole man , and mechanisms whereby inner components are more or less smoothly met .
-I am deliberately raising the policy problems involved in Gentile-Jewish relations .
-some Jews have in fact been all things to all men .
-These are personality factors ; ;
-We know that much is made of the multiplicity and ambiguity of the identities that cluster around the key symbol of the Jew .
-It is not difficult to anticipate circumstances in which negative tensions will cumulate ; ;
-Conventional images of Jews have this in common with all perceptions of a configuration in which one feature is held constant : images can be both true and false .
-self-discovery calls for an open , permissive , inquiring posture of self-observation .
-In the market place Jews have in fact under various circumstances been valued customers and suppliers , or clannish monopolists and cutthroat competitors .
-It is not implied that formal principles and procedures are so firmly entrenched within the public order of the world community or even of free commonwealths that they will control in all circumstances involving Jews and Gentiles during coming years .
-Undoubtedly , however , the significance of the volume is greater than the foregoing paragraphs suggest .
-However , in the context of legal and civic policy , these controversies are less than novel .
-The working test of `` the facts '' must always be the best available description obtainable from scholars and scientists who have applied their methods of investigation to relevant situations .
-But millions of human beings were exposed to Lueger's propaganda and record .
-Community decision makers must make up their minds whether a claim is acceptable to the larger community in terms of prevailing expectations regarding members of nation states .
-Properly used , the present book is an excellent instrument of enlightenment .
-When decision makers act within this frame they determine whether a claim put forward in the name of religion is to be accepted by the larger community as appropriate to religion .
-By the same test predispositions destructive of human personality exercise their most sinister impact , with the result that men of good will are often trapped and nullified .
-for instance , imagine the situation if Israel ever joins an enemy coalition .
-To some extent predispositions are shaped by exposure to group environments .
-but involvement needs to be accompanied by a special frame of mind .
-predispositions regarding intelligence .
-The discussion is therefore limited to a suggested procedure for realizing at least some of the potential importance of this volume for future policy .
-During moments of intense crisis the responsibility of political leaders is overwhelming .
-The formal position of Americans who identify themselves with one or more of the several identities of the Jewish symbol is already clear ; ;
-Predispositions , in turn , fall conveniently into two categories for purposes of analysis .
-In any case I do not intend to let the present occasion pass without dealing more directly with the problem of implementing good intentions .
-The foregoing factors are pertinent to the analysis of perceptual images and the broad conditions under which they achieve realism or fall short of it .
-they have been someone's enemy .
-An advantage of being exposed to such specificity about an important and recurring feature of social reality is that it can be taken advantage of by the reader to examine covert as well as overt resonances within himself , resonances triggered by explicit symbols clustering around the central figure of the Jew .
-But their freedom of policy is limited by the pattern of predisposition with which they and the people around them enter the crisis .
-Modern psychiatric knowledge provides us with many keys to unlock the significance of behavior of the kind .
-At such critical moments predispositions favorable to human dignity most obviously `` pay off '' .
-In free countries many controversies involve self-styled Jews who use the symbol in asserting a vaguely `` cultural '' rather than religious or political identity .
-As more men and women are made capable of living up to the challenge of decency the chances are improved that the pattern of predisposition prevailing in positions of strength in future crises can be favorably affected .
-What policies if adopted and applied in various circumstances will increase the likelihood that future events will coincide with desired events and do so at least cost in terms of all human values ? ?
-In accounting for realism or distortion two sets of factors can be usefully distinguished : current intelligence ; ;
-If Jews are identified as a religious body in a controversy that comes before a national or international tribunal , it is obviously compatible with the goal of human dignity to protect freedom of worship .
-The decision maker who acts for the community as a whole must decide whether the objectives pursued and the methods used are appropriate to public policy regarding cultural groups .
-diversity of fact , yes .
-For this purpose a degree of intellectual and emotional involvement is necessary ; ;
-When we consider the disorganized state of the world community , and the legacy of predispositions adversely directed against all who are identified as Jews , it is obvious that the struggle for the minds and muscles of men needs to be prosecuted with increasing vigor and skill .
-claims are properly disposed of according to norms common to all parties .
-Now an abiding difficulty of paragraphs like the foregoing is that they appear to preach ; ;
-Diversity of perception , yes ; ;
-What factors condition the degree of realization at various times and places ? ?
-But the two do not invariably or even typically coincide .
-What is the probable course of future developments ? ?
-The traditional method proceeds by the technique of free association , punctuated by interpretations proposed by the psychoanalytic interviewer .
-It is beyond the province of this epilogue to cover policy questions of such depth and range .
-they have observed correct neutrality ; ;
-He may have entered the situation with predispositions that prepared him to act uncritically in the press of affairs .
-they are self-correcting in the sense that they are subject to disciplined procedures that check and recheck against error .
-In some measure they depend upon the structure of individual personality .
-And so on through the roles referred to in the previous paragraph .
-But simple involvement is not enough ; ;
-What shall these effects be ? ?
-The symposium provides an opportunity to confront the self with specific statements which were made at particular times by identifiable communicators who were addressing definite audiences -- and throughout several hundred pages everyone is talking about the same key symbol of identification .
-The basic goal finds partial expression in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , a statement initiated and endorsed by individuals and organizations of many religious and philosophical traditions .
-Since the recognition of Israel as a nation state , claims are made in many cases which identify the claimant as a member of the new body politic .
-Speaking as a non-Jew I believe that its primary contribution is in the realm of future policy .
-But General Grant may have been self-victimized .
-Let us not confuse the issue by labeling the objective or the method `` psychoanalytic '' , for this is a well established term of art for the specific ideas and procedures initiated by Sigmund Freud and his followers for the study and treatment of disordered personalities .
-What are the historical trends in this country and abroad in the extent to which these goals are effectively realized ? ?
-What we have in mind does have something in common with the goals of psychoanalysis and with the methods by which they are sought .
-As a groundwork for the proposal I give some attention to the first task enumerated above , the clarification of goal .
-the future weight of informal factors cannot be so easily assessed .
-Comprehensive examination of any policy question calls for the performance of the intellectual tasks inseparable from any problem-solving method .
-In this domain the simple fact of coexistence in the same local , national , and world community is enough to guarantee that we cannot refrain from having some effect , large or small , upon Gentile-Jewish relations .
-The relatively long and often colorful selections in this anthology enable the reader to become genuinely absorbed in what is said , whether he responds with anger or applause .
-In the arena of power Jews have at one time or another been somebody's ally ; ;
-The `` conventional '' image of a particular time and place is not necessarily congruent with the image of the facts as established over the years by scholarly and scientific research .
-Many public and private controversies will undoubtedly continue to reflect these confusions in the mind and usage of Gentile and Jew .
-The tasks are briefly indicated by these questions : What are my goals in Gentile-Jewish relations ? ?

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-Patchen is repeatedly preoccupied with death .
-Actually Heaven and the Dark Kingdom overlap ; ;
-In this respect , his approach to poetry-and-jazz is in marked contrast to Kenneth Rexroth's .
-This involves a shift in Patchen's attitude and it is a first step toward writing a new jazz poetry .
-But since 1945 , Sam Spade has undergone a metamorphosis ; ;
-In his recent book , Hurray For Anything ( 1957 ) , one of the most important short poems -- and it is the title poem for one of the long jazz arrangements -- is written for recital with jazz .
-The immense amount of interest that the new jazz had for the younger generation must have impressed him , and he began working toward the merger of jazz and poetry , as he had previously attempted the union of graphic art and poetry .
-I was born angry .
-Can't hold her pure little han' ! !
-`` It might well start a craze like swallowing goldfish or pee-wee golf '' , wrote Kenneth Rexroth in an explanatory note in the Evergreen Review , and he may have been right .
-Can't hold her little white han' ! !
-( Downbeat did not mention the Los Angeles appearance of Patchen and the Sextet , although the engagement lasted over two months .
-Henry Miller characterized Patchen as a `` man of anger and light '' .
-Seen by the public , the musician is the underdog par excellence .
-they form two aspects of heavenly life after death .
-he is far from being a literary hero , yet is a creative artist .
-Rexroth and Patchen are far apart musically and poetically in their experiments .
-While he is worldly , the musician often cultivates public attitudes of childlike astonishment and naivete .
-His revolutionary anger is apparent in most of his early poems .
-But the best known exploiters of the new medium are Kenneth Rexroth and Kenneth Patchen .
-The private detective is militant against injustice , a humorous and ironic explorer of the underworld ; ;
-he usually draws some kind of comparison with the jazz tradition and the poem he is reading -- for instance , he draws the parallel between a poem he reads about an Oriental courtesan waiting for the man she loves , and who never comes , and the old blues chants of Ma Rainy and other Negro singers -- but usually the comparison is specious .
-In The Memoirs Of A Shy Pornographer ( 1945 ) Patchen exploited this national sentiment by making his hero , Albert Budd , a private detective .
-he has become Friday on Dragnet , a mouthpiece of arbitrary police authority .
-Yes , I went to the city , And there I did bitterly cry , Men out of touch with the earth , And with never a glance at the sky .
-each is so typical that it represents a prominent trend in the poet's development .
-Although it does not follow the metrical rules for a blues to be sung , the phrases themselves carry a blues feeling .
-most important to Patchen , he was a non-literary hero , and very contemporary .
-Perhaps tracing some of these more important symbols through the body of his work will show that Patchen's new poetry is well thought out , and remains within the mainstream of his work , while being suited to a new form .
-In San Francisco he has worked with Brew Moore , Charlie Mingus , and other `` swinging '' musicians of secure reputation , thus placing himself within established jazz traditions , in addition to being a part of the San Francisco `` School '' .
-Patchen believes that the world is being destroyed by power-hungry and money-hungry people .
-He has , like so many other secular and religious culture symbols , gone over to the side of the ruling classes .
-Although Patchen has given previous evidence of an interest in jazz , the musical group that he works with , the Chamber Jazz Sextet , is often ignored by jazz critics .
-His first book , Before The Brave ( 1936 ) , is a collection of poems that are almost all Communistic , but after publication of this book he rejected Communism , and advocated a pacifistic anarchy , though retaining his revolutionary idiom .
-The revolution in jazz that took place around 1949 , the evolution from the `` bebop '' school of Dizzy Gillespie to the `` cool '' sound of Miles Davis and Lennie Tristano , Lee Konitz , and the whole legend of Charlie Parker , had made an impression on many academic and literary men .
-This salvation does not take the form of a Christian Heaven .
-Patchen envisions a Dark Kingdom which `` stands above the waters as a sentinel warning man of danger from his own kind '' .
-He had read his poetry with musicians as early as 1951 , and his entire career has been characterized by radical experiments with the form and presentation of his poetry .
-He is usually something of an underdog , he must battle the organized police force as well as recognized criminals .
-In 1945 , probably almost every American not only knew who Sam Spade was , but had some kind of emotional feeling about him .
-He must become one who knows all about the injustice in the world , but who declines doing anything about it .
-Angry because I was that very one somebody was supposed To be fighting for '' .
-`` I went to the city And there I did Weep , Men a-crowing like asses , And living like sheep .
-His approach to music is highly individualistic ; ;
-In many of his poems , death comes by train : a strongly evocative visual image .
-Patchen has almost never used strict poetic forms ; ;
-Oh , can't hold the han' of my love ! !
-Patchen's musicians are outsiders in established jazz circles , and Patchen himself has remained outside the San Francisco poetry group , maintaining a self-imposed isolation , even though his conversion to poetry-and-jazz is not as extreme or as sudden as it may first appear .
-Beginning in Cloth Of The Tempest ( 1943 ) he experimented in merging poetry and visual art , using drawings to carry long narrative segments of a story , as in Sleepers Awake , and constructing elaborate `` poems-in-drawing-and-type '' in which it is impossible to distinguish between the `` art '' and the poetry .
-Lawrence Ferlenghetti and Bruce Lippincott have concentrated on writing a new poetry for reading with jazz that is very closely related to both the musical forms of jazz , and the vocabulary of the musician .
-He spoke for a `` proletariat '' that included `` all the lost and sick and hunted of the earth '' .
-In order to write with authority either about musicians , or as a musician , Patchen would have to soft pedal his characteristically outspoken anger , and change ( at least for the purposes of this poetry ) from a revolutionary to a victim .
-Rexroth is a longtime jazz buff , a name-dropper of jazz heroes , and a student of traditional as well as modern jazz .
-The following passage from `` The Hangman's Great Hands '' illustrates the directness of this anger .
-( Judy Tristano now has poems as well as ballads written for her .
-so during the period approximately from 1941 to 1946 , Patchen often used private detective stories as a myth reference , and the `` private eye '' as a myth hero .
-Rexroth may sometimes achieve an effective juxtaposition , but he rarely makes any effort to capture any jazz `` feeling '' in the text of his poems , relying on his very competent musicians to supply this feeling .
-Neither of these poems is an aberration ; ;
-`` Anger won't help .
-It is difficult to draw the line between stereotype and the reality of the jazz musician .
-Oh , can't hold the han' of my love ! !
-The musician is non-intellectual and non-verbal ; ;
-Speaking in terms of sociological stereotype , the `` private eye '' might appeal to the poet in search of a myth for many reasons .
-Many of his poems purported to be exactly contemporary and political ; ;
-'' Patchen is still the rebel , but he writes in a doleful , mournful tone .
-he has experimented instead with personal myth-making .
-Obviously , the `` private eye '' can have no more appeal for Patchen .
-)
-These early experiments were evidently not altogether satisfying to Patchen .
-Under the general heading `` poetry-and-jazz '' widely divergent experiments have been carried out .
-Much of his earlier work was conceived in terms of a `` pseudo-anthropological '' myth reference , which is concerned with imaginary places and beings described in grandiloquent and travelogue-like language .
-In Patchen's eyes , organized churches are as odious as organized governments , and Christian symbols , having been taken over by the moneyed classes , are now agents of corruption .
-In addition to his experiments in reading poetry to jazz , Patchen is beginning to use the figure of the modern jazz musician as a myth hero in the same way he used the figure of the private detective a decade ago .
-Lord , love us , look at all the disconnected limbs floating hereabouts , like bloody feathers at that -- and all the eyes are talking and all the hair are moving and all the tongue are in all the cheek .
-The Dark Kingdom sends Angels of Death and other fateful messengers down to us with stern tenderness .
-Perhaps Patchen was once involved in a train accident , and this passage from First Will And Testament may have been how the accident appeared to the poet when he first saw it -- if he did : ``
-the accent is on improvisation rather than arrangements .
-Rexroth uses many of his early poems when he reads to jazz , including many of his Chinese and Japanese translations ; ;
-To fill the job of contemporary hero in 1955 , Patchen needed someone else .
-The private detective ( at least in the minds of listeners and readers all over the country ) is an individual hero fighting injustice .
-He is forced to play for little money , and must often take another job to live .
-Even musicians themselves have taken to writing poetry .
-Beauty as well as love is redemptive , and Patchen preaches a kind of moral salvation .
-He has shown considerable ingenuity in adapting his earliest symbols and devices to the new work , and the fact that he has kept a body of constant symbols through all of his experiments gives an unexpected continuity to his poetry .
-Art `` makings '' or pseudo-anthropological myths did not meet all of Patchen's requirements for a poetic frame of reference .
-The recent experiments in the new poetry-and-jazz movement seen by some as part of the `` San Francisco Renaissance '' have been as popular as they are notorious .
-It was logical that he would come up with the figure of the modern jazz musician .
-Patchen does read some of his earlier works to music , but he has written an entire book of short poems which seem to be especially suited for reading with jazz .
-The differentiation between the East Coast and West Coast schools of jazz , the differences between the `` hard bop '' school of Rollins , and the `` cerebral '' experiments of Tristano , Konitz and Marsh , the general differences in the mores of white and Negro musicians , all had become fairly well known to certain segments of the public .
-Angry that none of us knew anything but filth and poverty .
-This angry and exasperated stance which Patchen has maintained in his poetry for almost fifteen years has been successfully modulated into a kind of woe that is as effective as anger and still expresses his disapproval of the modern world .
-Many of these aspects will be seen as comparable to those of the ideal detective , but where the detective is active and militant , the jazz musician is passive , almost a victim of society .
-These new poems have only a few direct references to jazz and jazz musicians , but they show changes in Patchen's approach to his poetry , for he has tried to enter into and understand the emotional attitude of the jazz musician .
-However , his subject matter and basic themes have remained surprisingly consistent , and these , together with certain key poetic images , may be traced through all his work , including the new jazz experiments .
-Everyone knows that private detectives in real life are not like Sam Spade and Pat Novak , but the real and the imaginary musician are closely linked .
-Running counter to the destroying forces in the world are all the virtues that are innate in man , the capacity for love and brotherhood , the ability to appreciate beauty .
-Angry that my father was being burnt alive in the mills ; ;
-From the beginning of his career , Patchen has adopted an anti-intellectual approach to poetry .
-) The stated goal of the CJS is the synthesis of jazz and `` serious '' music .
-The private detective must rely , as the Youngest Son or Trickster Hero does in primitive myth , on his wits .

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-As he informs Watson , `` My life is spent in one long effort to escape from the commonplaces of existence .
-It is the growing contradiction between individualism and public service in the mystery story which creates this fatal dilemma .
-The two men resemble each other closely in their cunning , their egotism , their relentlessness .
-The private eye is therefore a moral man ; ;
-Whatever his original assignment , the fictional private eye ends up by investigating and solving a crime , usually a murder .
-As a free-lance investigator , the fictional detective is responsible to no one but himself and his client .
-Sam Spade joins forces with a band of adventurers in search of a priceless jeweled statue of a falcon ; ;
-On the other hand , the fictional detective does not break strikes or handle divorce cases ; ;
-As capitalism in the 20th century has become increasingly dependent upon force and violence for its survival , the private detective is placed in a serious dilemma .
-In either case , they do not appreciate the private detective's zeal .
-In the modern English `` whodunnit '' , this insinuation of latent criminality in the detective himself has almost entirely disappeared .
-His eccentricity begins as a defense against boredom .
-A brief list of the great detective's little idiosyncrasies would provide Dr. Freud with ample food for thought .
-Sherlock Holmes is not merely an individualist ; ;
-In order to exonerate himself , he is compelled to find the real criminal , who happens to be his girl friend .
-Hercule Poirot and Lord Peter Whimsey ( the respective creations of Agatha Christie and Dorothy Sayers ) have retained Holmes' egotism but not his zest for life and eccentric habits .
-In the American `` hardboiled '' detective story of the '20s and '30s , the spirit of the mad genius from Baker Street lives on .
-The birth of the myth compensates for the death of the ideal .
-His alienation is far more acute than Holmes' ; ;
-If the detective insists upon retaining his personal standards , he must now do so in conscious defiance of his society .
-The first series of Sherlock Holmes adventures ends with Holmes and Moriarty grappling together on the edge of a cliff .
-virtue is its own and only reward .
-Beaten , bruised and exhausted , he pursues the elusive killer through the demi-monde of high society and low morals , always alone , always despised .
-he is prone to semi-catatonic trances induced by the playing of the vioiln ; ;
-Frequently enough , the police are themselves in league with the killer ; ;
-For Sam Spade , neither crime nor virtue pays ; ;
-Surrounded by crime and violence everywhere , the `` hardboiled '' private eye can retain his purity only through a life of self-imposed isolation .
-but his morality rests upon that of his society .
-In short , the fictional private eye is a specialized version of Adam Smith's ideal entrepreneur , the man whose private ambitions must always and everywhere promote the public welfare .
-Perry Mason and Hamilton Burger , Nero Wolfe and Inspector Cramer spend more time fighting each other than they do in looking for the criminal .
-Wolfe refuses to ever leave his own house , and spends most of his time drinking beer and playing with orchids .
-In order to save the mystery story , they have converted the private detective into an organization man .
-It is the gradual unfolding and deepening of this contradiction which creates the inner dialectic of the evolution of the mystery story .
-Driven from the marketplace by the course of history , our hero disguises himself as a private detective .
-On the other hand , if he wishes to continue in his chosen profession , he must abandon his own code and sacrifice his precious individualism .
-He catches criminals not merely because he is paid to do so ( frequently he does not receive a fee at all ) , but because he enjoys his work , because he firmly believes that murder must be punished .
-Thus the transformation of Adam Smith's ideal entrepreneur into a mythological detective coincides closely with the decline of the real entrepreneur in economic life .
-Dashiell Hammett resolved this contradiction by ceasing to write mystery stories and turning to other pursuits .
-That society responds by condemning the private eye as a threat to the status quo , a potential criminal .
-At first glance , this hero seems to be more rather than less of an individualist than any of his predecessors .
-The curious relationship between Holmes and Scotland Yard provides an important clue to the deeper significance of his eccentric behavior .
-Even on the fictional level , however , the contradictions which give rise to the mystery story are not fully resolved .
-The latter's real descendents were unable to take root in England ; ;
-Not only did the ideal entrepreneur not produce the greatest good for the greatest number , he ended by destroying himself , by giving birth to monopoly capitalism .
-Why do the police find Holmes `` unorthodox '' ? ?
-On the face of it , it is because he employs deductive techniques alien to official police routine .
-But even when the police are honest , they do not trust the private eye .
-By upholding his own personal code of behavior , the private detective has placed himself in opposition to a society whose fabric is permeated with crime and corruption .
-A similar tone of underlying futility and despair pervades the spy thrillers of Eric Ambler and dominates the most famous of all American mystery stories , Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon .
-In this way , the private detective gets the best of two possible worlds .
-For Hammer , nothing is forbidden .
-Holmes rebels against the social conventions of his day not on moral but rather on aesthetic grounds .
-Unfortunately , this assumption does not always hold good .
-moreover , it is increasingly difficult to distinguish between the two .
-He is , like Phillip Marlowe , too alienated to be reliable .
-he is very close to being a mental case .
-The first of two possible variations on this theme is symbolized by Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer .
-There is only one catch to this idyllic arrangement : Adam Smith was wrong .
-At the same time , because the personal code of the detective coincides with the legal dictates of his society , because he likes to catch criminals , he is in middle class eyes a virtuous man .
-But unlike Holmes , he feels his society to be not merely dull but also corrupt .
-These little problems help me to do so '' .
-It is from this unpromising background that the fictional private detective was recruited .
-The individualism and public service of the private detective both stem from his dedication to a personal code of conduct : he enforces the law without being told to do so .
-Poirot and his counterparts are perfectly respectable people ; ;
-On the one hand , he does not work for a large agency , but is almost always self-employed .
-he is a recluse , an incredible egotist , a confirmed misogynist .
-Linked to Holmes even in death , Moriarty represents the alter-ego of the great detective , the image of what our hero might have become were he not a public servant .
-With Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe , alienation is represented on a purely physical plane .
-He is an individualist but not an anarchist ; ;
-He kills when he pleases , takes his women where he finds them and always acts as judge , jury and executioner rolled into one .
-It is this curious blend of rugged individualism and public service which accounts for the great appeal of the mythological detective .
-no client would ever think of asking him to do such things .
-With the advent of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes , the development of the modern private detective begins .
-His tough honesty condemns him to a solitary and difficult existence .
-By virtue of his self-reliance , his individualism and his freedom from external restraint , the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty , which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost .
-For this reason , he appears as an independent and self-reliant figure , whose rugged individualism need not be pressed into the mold of a 9 to 5 routine .
-Like Holmes , the American private eye rejects the social conventions of his time .
-Finally , in The Maltese Falcon among others , the clash between detective and police is carried to its logical conclusion : Sam Spade becomes the chief murder suspect .
-He must , in short , cease to be a detective and become a rebel .
-Now , although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac , Dickens , and Poe , it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction .
-Watson's insight is verified by the mysterious link between Holmes and his arch-opponent , Dr. Moriarty .
-Their dedication to the status quo has been affirmed at the expense of the fascinating but dangerous individualism of a Sherlock Holmes .
-The latter are either too stupid to catch the killer or too corrupt to care .
-The mythological private eye differs from his counterpart in real life in two essential ways .
-but when the bird is found at last , it turns out to be a fake .
-In a society where everything is for sale , Marlowe is the only man who cannot be bought .
-Sherlock Holmes , the ancestor of all private eyes , was born during the 1890s .
-The great detective modestly agrees .
-Today the private detective will also investigate insurance claims or handle divorce cases , but his primary function remains what it has always been , to assist those who have money in their unending struggle with those who have not .
-they fled from the Victorian parlor and made their way across the stormy Atlantic .
-The basic premise of all mystery stories is that the distinction between good and bad coincides with the distinction between legal and illegal .
-In the mystery story , as in The Wealth of Nations , individualism and the social good are two sides of the same benevolent coin .
-Although he is perfectly willing to cooperate with Scotland Yard , Holmes has nothing but contempt for the intelligence and mentality of the police .
-Because the private eye intends to save society in spite of himself , he invariably finds himself in trouble with the police .
-They are presumed to have plunged to a common grave in this fatal embrace .
-Just as Holmes the eccentric stands behind Holmes the detective , so Holmes the potential criminal lurks behind both .
-but the society which he serves bores him to tears .
-Holmes is addicted to the use of cocaine and other refreshing stimulants ; ;
-Operating as a one man police force in fact if not in name , he is at once more independent and more dedicated than the police themselves .
-They for their part are convinced that Holmes is too `` unorthodox '' and `` theoretical '' to make a good detective .
-he is a public servant but not a cop .
-he is not an eccentric but rather an outcast .
-His successors have adopted the opposite alternative .
-It was in order to avoid the stuffy routine of middle class life that Holmes became a detective in the first place .
-Thus the fictional detective is much more than a simple businessman .
-If he is good , he may not be legal ; ;
-Now the detective must save his own skin by informing on the girl he loves , who is also the real murderer .
-it is true that they are also extremely dull .
-Holmes is a public servant , to be sure ; ;
-What was only a vague suspicion in the case of Sherlock Holmes now appears as a direct accusation : the private eye is in danger of turning into his opposite .
-In the end , he gets his man , but no one seems to care ; ;
-Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest provides a classic example of this theme .
-More profound and more disturbing , however , is the moral isolation of Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe .
-if he is legal , he may not be good .
-He is , first and foremost , a defender of public morals , a servant of society .
-Another , more interesting explanation , is hinted at by Watson when he observes on several occasions that Holmes would have made a magnificent criminal .
-The rise of the giant corporations in Western Europe and the United States dates from the period 1880-1900 .

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-I had to confess that I had missed these frescoes , recently discovered , that he had studied in his eighties .
-His wife , Katie , `` as gay as a lark and as lively as a gazelle '' , -- she was then seventy-six , -- had `` a sense of humour that has been denied S.K. , but neither has any aesthetic perceptions .
-I never met John Dewey , whose style was a sort of verbal fog and who had written asking me to go to Mexico with him when he was investigating the cause of Trotsky ; ;
-He felt as I felt about this best of all my books , that it was `` really tops '' .
-While S.K. did not like Dylan Thomas , I liked his poems very much , but I made the mistake of telling Dylan Thomas so , whereupon he said to me , `` I suppose you think you know all about me '' .
-Many years later I went to see S.K. in England , where he was living at Whiteleaf , near Aylesbury , and he showed me beside his cottage there the remains of the road on which Boadicea is supposed to have travelled .
-and once when he came to see us in New York he walked away in a rainstorm , unwilling to hear of a taxi or even an umbrella , although he was at the time ninety years old .
-As a naturalist living for two years at the headwaters of the Amazon , he had collected specimens for Mexican museums , and he had taken to the London zoo a live quetzal , the sacred bird of the old Mayans .
-His reading ranged from Agatha Christie to The Book Of Job and he had an insatiable interest in his fellow-creatures , while his letters were full of gossip about new politicians and old men of letters with whom he had been intimately thrown six decades before .
-Then he began to have epileptic fits .
-He replied , `` My first choice would be Mark Howe '' .
-Then there was Mark Howe and there was Henry Dwight Sedgwick , an accomplished man of letters who wrote in the spirit of Montaigne and produced in the end a formidable body of work .
-He was convinced that George Orwell's 1984 was nearly all wrong as it applied to England , which was `` driving forward into uncharted waters '' , with the danger of a new tyranny ahead .
-He had not yet undertaken the great exploit of his later years , the rediscovery of the ancient Inca highway , the route of Pizarro in Peru , but he had climbed to the original El Dorado , the Andean lake of Guatemala , and he had scaled the southern Sierra Nevada with its Tibetan-like people and looked into the emerald mines of Muzo .
-There had been reading at table , especially from two books , Pope Gregory The Great's account of St. Scholastica in his Dialogues and my own The World Of Washington Irving .
-With their facile generalizations about the United States , these mediocrities , as they often were , had been great successes .
-Never hearing from him again , I remembered the little boy of whom I had had such doubts when he was ten years old .
-Sedgwick had chosen to follow the philosophy of Epicurus whom , with his followers , Dante put in hell ; ;
-I saw Sedgwick often before his death at ninety-five , -- he had remarried at the age of ninety , -- and he asked me , when once I returned from Rome , if I knew the Cavallinis in the church of St. Cecilia in Trastevere .
-Of Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe the philosopher Whitehead said the Earth's first visitors to Mars should be persons likely to make a good impression , and when he was asked , `` Whom would you send '' ? ?
-Some have felt that Washington Irving comes out rather slimly , but let them look at the title of the book '' .
-But I only thought of that in the middle of the night .
-He said , `` Some have criticized your book as being neither literary criticism nor history .
-But one day came the voice of a man I had known when he was a boy , and I later remembered that this boy , thirty years before , had struck me as coming to no good .
-I could never forget the gaiety with which , when he was both blind and deaf , he let me lead him around his rooms to look at some of the pictures ; ;
-But put them before a situation which they are forced to depict '' , -- he was speaking of the Spanish civil war , -- `` and they have no hesitation ; ;
-Two or three times , C. C. Burlingham came to lunch with us in Weston , that wonderful man who lived to be more than a hundred years old and whose birthplace had been my Wall Street suburb .
-they merely do their best to make it real for others '' .
-Victor had led an adventurous life .
-This friend of many years came once to visit us in the house at Weston .
-Catherwood , an architect in New York , had been forgotten , like Stephens , and Victor reconstructed their lives as one reconstructs , for a museum , a dinosaur from two or three petrified bones .
-`` Did you ever know a man with greater zest for information ? ?
-Victor's book on John Lloyd Stephens was largely written in my study in the house at Weston .
-There had been something sinister about him that warned me against him , -- I had never felt that way about any other boy , -- but when he uttered his name on the telephone I had forgotten this and I was glad to do what he asked of me .
-We found that a charitable society in New York had a long case-history of the two ; ;
-I should have replied , `` I probably know something about the best part of you '' .
-I had had my name taken out of the telephone book , and this was partly because of a convict who had been discharged from Sing Sing and who called me night after night .
-He said he was a friend of Heywood Broun who had run a free employment bureau for several months during the depression , but the generous Broun to whom I wrote did not know his name and I somehow conceived the morbid notion that the man in question was prowling round the house .
-He had unearthed Stephens's letters in a New Jersey farmhouse and he discovered Stephens's unmarked grave in an old cemetery on the east side of New York , where the great traveller had been hastily buried during a cholera epidemic .
-I must have written to say how much I had enjoyed his fine book The Building Of Eternal Rome , and I found he had not regretted giving me the highest mark in his old course on the later Latin poets , although in my final examination I had ignored the questions and filled the bluebook with a comparison of Propertius and Coleridge .
-His metier was the American tropics , and he had lived all over Latin America and among the primitive tribes on the Amazon river .
-and they agreed to see that the tragic pair would not put poison in anybody else's soup .
-He had written to me about a dinner he had had with the Benedictine monks at St. Anselm's Priory in Washington .
-Victor had been stirred by my account of him in Makers And Finders , for Stephens was one of the lost writers whom Melville had seen in his childhood and whom I was bent on resurrecting .
-Later , rising ninety , he was beset by publishers for the story of his life and miracles , as he put it , but , calling himself the Needy Knife-grinder , he had spent his time writing short articles and long letters and could not get even a small popular book done .
-He was a captain , he said , in the army , and on the train to New York his purse and all his money had been stolen , and would I lend him twenty-five dollars to be given him at the General Delivery window ? ?
-Of course it was not meant to be .
-Finally , colleges and clubs took the line that speakers from England were not wanted any longer , even speakers like S.K. , so unlike the novelists and poets who had patronized the Americans for many years .
-`` But however we go , whatever our doom , it will not take the Orwellian shape '' .
-S.K. was visiting C.C.B. and , not waiting for breakfast , he was off to the University Club , where he spent hours writing obituaries of living Americans for The Manchester Guardian or The Glasgow Herald .
-It reminded me of my other professor , Edward Kennard Rand , of whom I had been so fond when I was at Harvard , the great mediaevalist and classical scholar who had asked me to call him `` Ken '' , saying , `` Age counts for nothing among those who have learned to know life sub specie aeternitatis '' .
-I had always thought of that lovable man as many years older than myself , although he was perhaps only twenty years older , and he confirmed my feeling , along with the feeling of both my sons , that teachers of the classics are invariably endearing .
-Then I spoke at the ninetieth birthday party of W. E. Burghardt Du Bois , who embarked on a fictional trilogy at eighty-nine and who , with The Crisis , had created a Negro intelligentsia that had never existed in America before him .
-However , at eighty-five , he had still been busy writing articles , reviewing and speaking , and I had never before known an Englishman who had visited and lectured in three quarters of the United States .
-To the Weston house came once William Allen Neilson , the president of Smith College who had been one of my old professors and who still called me `` Boy '' when I was sixty .
-Moreover , he had spent six months on the Galapagos islands , among the great turtles that Captain Cook had found there , and now and then he would disappear into some small island of the West Indies .
-At Lee Simonson's house , I had dined with Edith Hamilton , the nonogenarian rationalist and the charming scholar who had a great popular success with The Greek Way .
-With facts mainly in his mind , he was often acute in the matter of style , and he said , `` The young who have as yet nothing to say will try larks with initial letters and broken lines .
-Mr. Burlingham , -- `` C.C.B. '' -- wrote to me once about an old friend of mine , S. K. Ratcliffe , whom I had first met in London in 1914 and who also came out for a week-end in Weston .
-but he defended the doctrine in The Art Of Happiness , and what indeed could be said against the Epicurean virtues , health , frugality , privacy , culture and friendship ? ?
-And his memory , like an elephant's , stored with precise knowledge of men and things and happenings '' .
-As their interpreter and guide , he had broken with Tuskegee and become a spokesman of the coloured people of the world .
-Stephens had written his classic `` incidents of travel '' about these regions a hundred years before , and Catherwood , who had studied Piranesi in London and the great ruins of Egypt and Greece , had drawn the splendid illustrations that accompanied the text .
-Then , all but blind , he said there was nothing in Back to Methuselah -- , -- `` G.B.S. ought to have known that '' , -- and `` I look at my bookshelves despairingly , knowing that I can have nothing more to do with them '' .
-Well he knew the sleepless nights , the howling sore-ridden dogs and the biting insects in the villages of the Kofanes and Huitotoes .
-Finally we got them out of the house , after the boy had run away four times looking for other Nazis , threatening to murder village schoolchildren and bragging that he was to be the next Fuhrer .
-but I liked to think of him at ninety swimming and working at Key West long after Hemingway had moved to Cuba .
-People and books are enough for them '' .
-We lived for a while in a movie melodrama with a German cook and her son who turned out to be Nazis .
-There were several men of ninety or more whom I knew first or last , all of whom were still productive and most of whom knew one another as if they had naturally come together at the apex of their lives .
-In fact , he had raised quetzal birds in his camp in the forest of Ecuador .

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-Time's editor , Thomas Griffith , in his book , The Waist-High Culture , wrote : `` most of what was different about it ( the Deep South ) I found myself unsympathetic to .
-Or else the North really believes that all Southerners except a few quaint old characters have come around to realizing the errors of their past , and are now at heart sharers of the American Dream , like everybody else .
-As for states' rights , they have never counted in the thinking of my liberal friends except as irritations of a minor and immoral nature which exist now only as anachronisms .
-I am naive , they say , to make use of such words .
-For one thing , this is not a subject often discussed or analyzed .
-I do not think that my experience would be typical for Southerners living in the North .
-In fact it has caused us to give serious thought to moving our residence south , because it is not easy for the most objective Southerner to sit calmly by when his host is telling a roomful of people that the only way to deal with Southerners who oppose integration is to send in troops and shoot the bastards down .
-since Bourbon whiskey , though of Kentucky origin , is at least as much favored by liberals in the North as by conservatives in the South .
-The two main charges levelled against the Bourbons by liberals is that they are racists and social reactionaries .
-Probably a larger percentage of Virginians and South Carolinians remain unreconstructed than elsewhere , with Georgia , North Carolina , and Alabama following along after them .
-This seems like an attitude favoring a sort of totalitarian bureaucracy which , under a President of the same stamp , would try to coerce an uncooperative Congress or Supreme Court .
-Had the situation been reversed , had , for instance , England been the enemy in 1898 because of issues of concern chiefly to New England , there is little doubt that large numbers of Southerners would have happily put on their old Confederate uniforms to fight as allies of Britain .
-Belief in the traditional way of life persists much more in the older states than in the new ones .
-Regardless of rights and wrongs , a population and an area appropriate to a pre-World-War- 1 great power have been , following conquest , ruled against their will by a neighboring people , and have had imposed upon them social and economic controls they dislike .
-If the circumstances are faced frankly it is not reasonable to expect this to be true .
-The situation of the South since 1865 has been unique in the western world .
-It is hard to see how the situation could be otherwise .
-Theirs is no mere lack of sympathy , but something closer to the passionate hatred that was directed against Fascism .
-The long-settled areas of states like Virginia and South Carolina developed the ante-bellum culture to its richest flowering , and there the memory is more precious , and the consciousness of loss the greater .
-but there is a leavening of liberalism among college graduates throughout the South , especially among those who studied in the North .
-Their own easier , slower tempo is especially dear to Southerners ; ;
-This is puzzling to an outsider conscious of the classic tradition of liberalism , because it is clear that these Democrats who are left-of-center are at opposite poles from the liberal Jefferson , who held that the best government was the least government .
-No doubt such a thing would be considered unpatriotic .
-And no doubt many people in states like the Carolinas and Georgia , which were among the most Tory in sentiment in the eighteenth century , bitterly regretted the revolt against the Crown .
-And if he is so scornful of the rights of states , why not advocate a different sort of constitution that he could more sincerely support ? ?
-Old attitudes are held more tenaciously in the Tidewater than the Piedmont ; ;
-It is these other differences between North and South -- other , that is , than those which concern discrimination or social welfare -- which I chiefly discuss herein .
-From my wife's experience and other sources , this seems to be rarely encountered in educated circles .
-I write about Northern liberals from considerable personal experience .
-I suspect that there are far more unreconstructed ones than the North likes to believe .
-And both in their objectives of non-discrimination and of social progress they have had ranged against them the Southerners who are called Bourbons .
-I never heard of a poll being taken on the question .
-There is much truth in both these charges , and not many Bourbons deny them .
-The name presumably derives from the French royal house which never learned and never forgot ; ;
-Since the Supreme Court's decision of that year this is more doubtful ; ;
-but he presents it publicly so enmeshed in hypocrisy that it is not an honest one .
-But apart from racial problems , the old unreconstructed South -- to use the moderate words favored by Mr. Thomas Griffith -- finds itself unsympathetic to most of what is different about the civilization of the North .
-If he attaches little importance to personal liberty , why not make this known to the world ? ?
-But those among the Bourbons who remain unreconstructed go much further than this .
-and if a poll had been taken immediately following the dispatch of troops to Little Rock I believe the majority would have been for the Old South .
-I am concerned here , however , with the Northern liberal's attitude toward the South .
-but at the same time it should not draw false inferences therefrom .
-Northern liberals are the chief supporters of civil rights and of integration .
-But these accounts do not show that Northerners have been subjected to embarrassment or provocation by Yankee-hatred displayed in social gatherings .
-This is the only case in modern history of a people of Britannic origin submitting without continued struggle to what they view as foreign domination .
-So instead of being tests of the South's loyalty , the Spanish War , the two World Wars , and the Korean War all served to overcome old grievances and cement reunion .
-His assumption seems to be that any such friends , being tolerable humans , must be more liberal than most Southerners and therefore at least partly in sympathy with his views .
-Why , in the first place , call himself a liberal if he is against laissez-faire and favors an authoritarian central government with womb-to-tomb controls over everybody ? ?
-'' This , for the liberals I know , would be an understatement .
-I suppose the reason is a kind of wishful thinking : don't talk about the final stages of Reconstruction and they will take care of themselves .
-All Southerners agree that slavery had to go ; ;
-As it is , they consider that the North is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism , that in spite of its high standard of living the `` American way '' has been proved inferior to the English and Scandinavian ways , although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter .
-In every war of the United States since the Civil War the South was more belligerent than the rest of the country .
-There are of course many Souths ; ;
-The North should thank its stars that such has been the case ; ;
-When I question them as to what they mean by concepts like liberty and democracy , I find that they fall into two categories : the simpler ones who have simply accepted the shibboleths of their faith without analysis ; ;
-And this , in effect , means most of modern America .
--- liberal considers that the need for a national economy with controls that will assure his conception of social justice is so great that individual and local liberties as well as democratic processes may have to yield before it .
-The race problem has tended to obscure other , less emotional , issues which may fundamentally be even more divisive .
-They have also led the nation in the direction of a welfare state .
-and I have heard many say that they are content to earn a half or a third as much as they could up North because they so much prefer the quieter habits of their home town .
-Poor where they had once been rich , humbled where they had been arrogant , having no longer any hope of sharing in the leadership of the nation , the rebels who would not surrender in spirit drew comfort from the sympathy they felt extended to them by the mother country .
-The South's antipathy to Northern civilization includes such charges as poor manners , harsh accents , lack of appreciation of the arts of living like gastronomy and the use of leisure .
-I take this to mean that the intelligent -- and therefore necessarily cynical ? ?
-Prior to 1954 I imagine that a majority of Southerners would have voted against the Confederacy .
-Most of them are Democrats and nearly all consider themselves , and are viewed as , liberals .
-Also , we should not even to-day discount the fact that a region such as the coastal lowlands centering on Charleston had closer ties with England and the West Indies than with the North even after independence .
-but for this discussion the most important division is between those who have been reconstructed and those who haven't .
-In certain respects defeat increased the persistent Anglophilia of the Old South .
-A Southerner married to a New Englander , I have lived for many years in a Connecticut commuting town with a high percentage of artists , writers , publicity men , and business executives of egghead tastes .
-The American liberal may , in the world of to-day , have a strong case ; ;
-Southern resentment has been over the method of its ending , the invasion , and Reconstruction ; ;
-And social relations arising out of business ties impose courtesy , if not sympathy , toward resident and visiting Northerners .
-In business circles , usually conservative , this sort of atmosphere would hardly be found .
-Among Bourbons the racial issue may have less to do with their remaining unreconstructed than other factors .
-And therein , I feel , many Northerners delude themselves about the South .
-And there is no section of the nation more ardent than the South in the cold war against Communism .
-The Bourbon economic philosophy , moreover , is not very different from that of Northern conservatives .
-Nobody knows how many Southerners there are in this category .
-The strong feeling is certainly there ; ;
-The nature of the opposition between liberals and Bourbons is too little understood in the North .
-The fact is due mainly to international wars , both hot and cold .
-Also , among the latter a large percentage soon acquire the prevalent Southern attitude on most social problems .
-My definition of this much abused adjective is that a reconstructed rebel is one who is glad that the North won the War .
-Whatever their faults , they are not hypocrites .
-And the great majority of these people are of Anglo-Saxon or Celtic descent .
-It appears to be one of intense dislike , which he makes little effort to conceal even in the presence of Southern friends .
-and the intelligent , cynical ones who scornfully reply that these things don't count any more in the world of to-day .
-They believe that if the South had been let alone it would have produced a civilization superior to that of modern America .
-It is extraordinary that a people as proud and warlike as Southerners should have been as docile as they have .
-but many historians maintain that except for Northern meddling it would have ended in states like Virginia years before it did .
-Most of them sincerely believe that the Anglo-Saxon is the best race in the world and that it should remain pure .
-so that a line running down the length of the South marking the upper limits of tidewater would roughly divide the Old South from the new , but with , of course , important minority enclaves .
-The social and psychological consequences of this continue to affect the area .
-Yet paradoxically my liberal friends continue to view Jefferson as one of their patron saints .
-Accounts have been published of Northern liberals in the South up against segregationist prejudice , especially in state-supported universities where pressure may be strong to uphold the majority view .
-their fears now are of miscegenation and Negro political control in many counties .
-But in our case -- and neither my wife nor I have extreme views on integration , nor are we given to emotional outbursts -- the situation has ruined one or two valued friendships and come close to wrecking several more .
-There seems to be almost a conspiracy of silence veiling it .
-Many Northeners believe this , too , but few of them will say so publicly .

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-But not for long .
-Lewis was spending his mornings , with the help of two secretaries , on the galleys of that long novel , making considerable revisions , and the combination of hard work and hard frivolity exhausted him once more , so that he was compelled to spend three days in the Harbor Sanatorium in the last week of January .
-Lewis himself furthered these tales .
-I am really ill at the present moment , and I will go to some sort of a sanitarium to normalize myself '' .
-Blackman said that he wanted to apologize for not having prevented Lewis from making that horrible spectacle of himself , that he should have seized him by the neck at once and forcibly hauled him into his bedroom .
-He telephoned L. M. Birkhead and asked him and his wife to come to Europe as his guests , but Birkhead declined on the grounds that one of them must be in the United States when Elmer Gantry was published .
-He went to the Hotel Mayflower and telegraphed Mencken .
-In London Lewis took the usual suite in Bury Street .
-Before he made that retreat , he telephoned Earl Blackman in Kansas City and asked him to come to Europe with him .
-To the newspapers he talked about his unquiet life , about his wish to be a newspaperman once more , about the prevalence of American slang in British speech , about the loquacity of the English and the impossibility of finding quiet in a railway carriage , about his plans to wander for two years `` unless stopped and made to write another book '' .
-Or nearly .
-But that sermon , like those of hundreds of other ministers , was yet to be delivered .
-Physically as well as mentally I have reached the limit of my endurance .
-They would go to New York together , where parties would be piled on weariness and on misery .
-But , in departing , Lewis begged Breasted that there be no liquor in the apartment at the Grosvenor on his return , and he took with him the first thirty galleys of Elmer Gantry .
-For a time , urging Breasted to give up his public relations work and take up writing instead , he hoped to persuade him to become his assistant in research for the labor novel ; ;
-`` And from now on , for the rest of this trip , I will only drink what you agree that I should drink '' .
-Lewis's remarks about his marriage were suggestive enough to induce American reporters to invade the offices of Harcourt , Brace & Company for information , to pursue Mrs. Lewis to Cromwell Hall , and , after she had returned to New York , to ferret her out at the Stanhope on upper Fifth Avenue where she had taken an apartment .
-on January 8 , 1927 , he returned to the Grosvenor in high spirits , and looking fit .
-On the evening that they were to sail , Lewis himself gave a party , but he was too indisposed to appear at it .
-With these and similar tales he was entertaining his English friends , all of whom he was seeing when he was not showing Blackman the sights of London and its environs .
-Finally , at dawn , he fell asleep , and when he awoke and came into the living room , he found Lewis in his pajamas before the fire , smoking a cigarette .
-Blackman had brought news from Kansas City .
-Blackman was to be in New York by February 2 , because they were sailing at 12:01 next morning .
-`` This whole Washington venture was my last gesture , and it has failed .
-if Breasted agreed , they would get a car and tour the country , visiting every kind of industrial center .
-The New York Times editorialist wondered just who would stop Mr. Lewis and make him write a book .
-The Manchester Guardian wondered how anyone in a railway carriage would have an opportunity to talk to Mr. Lewis , since it was well known that Mr. Lewis always did all of the talking .
-Charles Breasted remembers that , before unpacking his bag , he telephoned his bootlegger with a generous order , and almost at once `` the familiar procession of people began milling through our living room at any hour between two P.M. and three A.M. '' .
-But his rancor did not cease , and presently , on March 13 , when he preached a sermon on the text , `` And Ben-hadad Was Drunk '' , he told his congregation how disappointed he was in Mr. Lewis , how he regretted having had him in his house , and how he should have been warned by the fact that the novelist was drunk all the time that he was working on the book .
-Lewis looked at him and began to cry , and then , saying that he was going to make a promise , he asked Blackman to call the porter and to tell him to take out all the liquor that he did not want .
-There , to the Evening Post , she emphatically denied the divorce rumors and explained that she had stayed behind because of the schooling of their son , which henceforth would be strictly American .
-After a dinner party for which she had come down to New York , Mrs. Lewis and Casanova arrived to see them off , and Elinor Wylie made tart observations that indicated that Lewis had been less discreet than he had promised to be about the real nature of their separation .
-My last gift to him is complete silence until the book is out and the first heated discussion dies down .
-But none of this could soothe the exacerbated nerves .
-On New Year's Eve , Alfred Harcourt drove him up the Hudson to Bill Brown's Training Camp , a well-known establishment for the speedy if temporary rehabilitation of drunkards who could no longer help themselves .
-He was outraged by the book and announced that he had discovered fifty technical errors in its account of church practices .
-Near Southampton , in a considerable establishment , lived Homer Vachell , a well-known pulp writer , and his brother , Horace -- both friends of Lewis's .
-He suggested that they call on these brothers , who received them pleasantly .
-He had been , he wrote Mencken at once , `` in the country '' , a euphemism for an experience that had not greatly changed him .
-Lewis , at the head of the table , would leap up and move around behind the chairs of his guests making remarks that , when not highly offensive , were at least highly inappropriate , and then presently he collapsed and was put to bed .
-L. M. Birkhead challenged him to name one and he was silent .
-He began the dialogue by having his wife announce that one does not invade people's homes without warning them that one is coming , and went on from that with the entire catalogue of his social gaucheries .
-Then they returned to their hotel and got ready for bed .
-For him to divorce God and wife simultaneously would be bad publicity .
-One had it that a friend , protesting her snobbery , said , `` But , Gracie , you are an American , aren't you '' ? ?
-Lewis gave him a guidebook tour of London and , motoring and walking , took him to Stratford , but the London stay was for only ten days , and on the twentieth they took the train for Southampton , where they spent the night for an early morning Channel crossing .
-Blackman arrived a day or two early , and Lewis took him to a department store immediately and outfitted him , luggage and all , and then he took him to a party at the Woodwards that went on until four in the morning .
-When he came home from his office at the end of the afternoon , Breasted never knew what gathering he should expect to find , but there almost always was one .
-Blackman called the porter and had him remove everything but one bottle of brandy , and after that they would have a cocktail or two before dinner , or , on one of their walking trips , beer , or , in France and Italy , wine in moderation .
-Harcourt replied : `` I do really hope you can achieve serenity in the course of time .
-8
-Of course I hope Hal can also , but those hopes are much more faint '' .
-Lewis told him what clothes he should bring along , and enjoined him not to buy anything that he did not already own , they would do that in New York .
-He looked at her as she spoke , then got up as she was speaking still , and , simply and wordlessly , walked out .
-Earl agreed , and Lewis said that it would have been very different if his wife had been with him .
-It was a dinner party , Lewis had been drinking during the afternoon , and long before the party really got under way , he was quite drunk , with the result that the party broke up even before dinner was over .
-She was occupying herself in an attempt to write an article about the variety of houses that they had rented abroad .
-Both Alfred Harcourt and Donald Brace had written him enthusiastic praise of Elmer Gantry ( any changes could be made in proof , which was already coming from the printer ) and they had ordered 140,000 copies -- the largest first printing of any book in history .
-At once upon his arrival , he telephoned Lady Sybil Colefax who invited them to tea , and then Lewis decided to give a party as a quick way of rounding up his friends .
-Lewis warned him never to lay a hand on him , and then Blackman asked for his fare back to the United States .
-Nevertheless , Mrs. Lewis was still solicitous of his condition : let him do as he wished , let him sleep with chambermaids if he must , but , she begged Blackman , try to keep him from drinking a great deal and bring him back in good health .
-Woodward took occasion to warn Blackman about Lewis's drinking and urged him to `` try to keep him sober '' .
-He was of unsettled mind as to whether he should go abroad when the Gantry galleys were finished .
-When Blackman emerged from the bedroom , everyone was gone except the tolerant Lord Thomson , who stayed and chatted with him for half an hour , and then Blackman lay awake most of that night , despairing of what he must expect on the Continent .
-And that was the end .
-He is said to have reported that once , when she went to a hospital to call on a friend after a serious operation , and the friend protested that it had been `` nothing '' , she replied , `` Well , it was your healthy American peasant blood that pulled you through '' .
-On January 4 , with the boys back at school and college , Mrs. Lewis wrote Harcourt to say that she was `` through , quite through '' .
-And when questioned by ship's reporters about the separation , she said , `` I adore him , and he adores me '' .
-Would he meet him in Baltimore in Drawing Room A , Car Three on the train leaving Washington at nine o'clock next morning ? ?
-Then he kept Blackman awake for more than an hour while he did an imaginary dialogue between his wife and himself in which , discussing the evening , he was continually berated .
-He said , `` We had a good time tonight , didn't we , Earl '' ? ?
-He did not neglect his wife in Cromwell Hall , but telephoned her and wrote her with assurances of his continuing interest and of his wish to `` stand behind '' her in their separation and of his hope that there would be no bitterness between them .
-When Breasted insisted that this was impossible for him , Lewis decided to go abroad .
-And she replied , `` I was born in America , but I was conceived in Vienna '' .
-His English friends , it said , had gone into training to keep up with him vocally and with his `` allegro movements around the luncheon table '' .
-He invited Lady Sybil , Lord Thomson , Bechhofer Roberts , and a half dozen others .
-It was late , and Blackman was ready to go to sleep , but Lewis was not .
-Before his departure , a group of his friends , the Reverend Stidger among them , had given him a luncheon , and Stidger had seen advance sheets of Elmer Gantry .
-As they stood at the first-class rail , waving down to his wife and Casanova below , Lewis said , `` Earl , there is Gracie's future husband '' .
-They were strays of every kind -- university students and journalists , Village hangers-on and barflies , taxi drivers and editors and unknown poets , as well as friends like Elinor Wylie and William Rose Benet , the Van Dorens and Nathan , Rebecca West and Hugh Walpole and Osbert Sitwell , Laurence Stallings , Lewis Browne , William Seabrook , Arthur Hopkins , the Woodwards .
-These rumors of permanent separation started up a whole crop of stories about her .
-And she withdrew then to Cromwell Hall , in Cromwell , Connecticut .

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-He is a Craig's wife who agonizes about tobacco ash on the living room rug and he is a forgetful genius who goes boating with the town baker when dignitaries from the local university have come to call .
-The Introduction continues : ``
-They tell us , sir , that we are free , because we have in one hand a ballot , and in the other a stock certificate .
-but the basic puzzles of existence would still be puzzling , and we should still have to work out the sort of problems we plan to discuss in this article .
-What will be the final symmetry of the good society ? ?
-Some years ago Julian Huxley proposed to an audience made up of members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science that `` man's supernormal or extra-sensory faculties are ( now ) in the same case as were his mathematical faculties during the ice age '' .
-He is a dreamer of the good society with a plan to put into effect , and he is an individual craftsman with something to make for himself and the people of his time .
-We experience a vague uneasiness about events , a suspicion that our political and economic institutions , like the genie in the bottle , have escaped confinement and that we have lost the power to recall them .
-We feel uncomfortable at being bossed by a corporation or a union or a television set , but until we have some knowledge about these phenomena and what they are doing to us , we can hardly learn to control them .
-You could also say that in these pamphlets is a relieving quality of maturity .
-Here , on a desk , is a stack of pamphlets representing the efforts of some of the best men of the day to penetrate these questions .
-Actually , you could wish for some passion , now and then , but when you look around the world and see the little volcanos of current history which partisan social passions have wrought , you are glad that in these pamphlets there is at least some civilized calm .
-Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot , the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government .
-Mr. Lyford continues : ``
-Each man , that is , is both one and many .
-These institutions which Mr. Lyford names `` agreeable autocracies '' -- where did they come from ? ?
-In an ideological argument , the participants tend to thump the table .
-It seems quite obvious that all the really difficult tasks of human beings arise from the fact that man is not one , but many .
-The maturity in this point of view lies in its recognition that no basic problem is ever solved without being clearly understood .
-and the citizen narrows his political participation to the mere act of voting -- if he votes at all '' .
-How would Thomas Jefferson feel after reading Factories In The Field ? ?
-Only the strong look squarely at weakness .
-One thing you can say about Mr. Lyford is that he does not suffer from any insecurity as an American .
-The reality of the situation , however , is described by Mr. Lyford : ``
-Although we continue to pay our conversational devotions to `` free private enterprise '' , `` individual initiative '' , `` the democratic way '' , `` government of the people '' , `` competition of the marketplace '' , etc. , we live rather comfortably in a society in which economic competition is diminishing in large areas , bureaucracy is corroding representative government , technology is weakening the citizen's confidence in his own power to make decisions , and the threat of war is driving him economically and physically into the ground '' .
-Many of us may even be secretly relieved at having a plausible excuse to delegate ancient civic responsibilities to a new bureaucracy of experts .
-The host is the flowing life of the human race .
-As things turned out , however , we have not profited greatly from the lesson : instead of persistently following a national program of our own we have often been satisfied to be against whatever Soviet policy seemed to be at the moment .
-For what do the utopians labor ? ?
-This text from Dr. Huxley is sometimes used by enthusiasts to indicate that they have the permission of the scientists to press the case for a wonderful unfoldment of psychic powers in human beings .
-The interesting thing about Mr. Lyford's approach , and the approach of the contributors to The Agreeable Autocracies ( Oceana Publications , 1961 ) to the situation of American civilization , is that it is concerned with comprehending the psychological relationships which are having a decisive effect on American life .
-Going back over this ground and analyzing the composition of forces which have created the present scene is one of the tasks undertaken by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions , in Santa Barbara .
-such capacities are impressive evidence pointing to a conception of the human being which does not appear in the accounts of biologists and organic evolutionists ; ;
-All we want from Dr. Huxley's statement is the feeling that this is an open world , in the view of the best scientific opinion , with practically no directional commitments as to what may happen next , and no important confinements with respect to what may be possible .
-There is another kind of ardor , a quiet , sure devotion to the fundamental decencies of human life , but no angry utopian contentions .
-the stockholder delivers his proxy ; ;
-No doubt there are historians who can explain to a great extent what happened to the plans and projects of the eighteenth century .
-Mr. Lyford gives voice to a temper that represents , we think , an achieved plateau of reflective thinking .
-He begins : ``
-He is the stern guardian of the status quo who has raised the utilitarian structures of the age , and he is the revolutionary poet with a gun in his hand who writes a tragic apologetic to posterity for the men he has killed .
-Should Rousseau have been able to leave room in his social theory for the advent of television , atomic energy , and IBM machines ? ?
-This is the good kind of sophistication , and with all our problems and crises this kind of sophistication has flowered in the United States during recent years .
-The discrepancy between what we commonly profess and what we practice or tolerate is great , and it does not escape the notice of others .
-The thing that is notable in all these discussions is the lack of ideological ardor .
-If our sincerity is granted , and it is granted , the discrepancy can only be explained by the fact that we have come to believe hearsay and legend about ourselves in preference to an understanding gained by earnest self-examination .
-Mr. Nehru is subjected to stern lectures on neutralism by our Department of State , and an American President observes sourly that Sweden would be a little less neurotic if it were a little more capitalistic '' .
-The problem is rather to find out what is actually happening , and this is especially difficult for the reason that `` we are busily being defended from a knowledge of the present , sometimes by the very agencies -- our educational system , our mass media , our statesmen -- on which we have had to rely most heavily for understanding of ourselves '' .
-Those who are insecure fear to be candid in self-examination .
-With these we shape our destiny and own private property , and that , sir , makes ours the best of all possible societies .
-The defensiveness has been exaggerated by another bad habit , our tendency to rate the `` goodness '' or `` badness '' of other nations by the extent to which they applaud the slogans we circulate about ourselves .
-The new spirit , so well illustrated by Mr. Lyford's work , is wholly free of this anxiety .
-Even if men eventually find themselves able to look through walls and around corners , one may question whether this will help them to live better lives .
-The men who speculate on these institutions have , for the most part , come to at least one common conclusion : that many of the great enterprises and associations around which our democracy is formed are in themselves autocratic in nature , and possessed of power which can be used to frustrate the citizen who is trying to assert his individuality in the modern world '' .
-A characteristic expression of such concern and inquiry is found in Joseph P. Lyford's Introduction To The Agreeable Autocracies , a recent paperback study of the institutions of modern democratic society .
-They are determined to prove something .
-After casting about for a way of describing this spirit , we decided that it would be better to use Mr. Lyford's introduction as an illustration .
-It does not appear that we will be delivered from our situation by articles on The National Purpose .
-The Agreeable Autocracies is an attempt to explore some of the institutions which both reflect and determine the character of the free society today .
-Such activity may or may not have irritated the Kremlin , but it has frequently condemned America to an unnatural defensiveness that has undermined our effort to give leadership to the free world .
-There may be a case of this sort , but it is not one we wish to argue , here .
-There is essential pleasantness in reading the writing of men who are not angry , who can contend without quarreling .
-Of one thing we can be sure : they were not sketched out by the revolutionary theorists of the eighteenth century who formulated the political principles and originally shaped the political institutions of what we term the `` free society '' .
-On occasion it produces extraordinary novelties .
-But however we come , finally , to explain and account for the present , the truth we are trying to expose , right now , is that the makers of constitutions and the designers of institutions find it difficult if not impossible to anticipate the behavior of the host of all their enterprises .
-At one time it seemed as if the Soviet Union had done us a favor by providing a striking example of how not to behave towards other peoples and other nations .
-Even if the self portrait we distribute for popular consumption were accurate it would be dangerous to present it as a picture of the ideal society .
-As a Humanist , Dr. Huxley interests himself in the possibilities of human development , and one thing we can say about this suggestion , which comes from a leading zoologist , is that , so far as he is concerned , the scientific outlook places no rigid limitation upon the idea of future human evolution .
-We would be ignoring the special circumstances of other countries .
-There would be side-conclusions to be drawn , of course ; ;
-Even if people do , in a not far distant future , begin to read one another's minds , there will still be the question of whether what you find in another man's mind is especially worth reading -- worth more , that is , than what you can read in good books .
-This life has its own currents and rhythms , its own multiple cycles and adaptations .
-The pamphlets are about law , the corporation , forms of government , the idea of freedom , the defense of liberty , the various lethargies which overtake our major institutions , the gap between traditional social ideals and the working mechanisms that have been set in motion for their realization .
-He is a parent with a child to nurture , here and now , and he is an educator who worries about the children half way round the world .
-The picture is the more treacherous when it misrepresents the facts of American life .
-He is a utopian with a stake in tomorrow and he is a vulnerable human made captive by the circumstances of today .
-What is more , the legends have become so sacrosanct that the very habit of self-examination or self-criticism smells of low treason , and men who practice it are defeatists and unpatriotic scoundrels .
-He can sacrifice himself for tomorrow and he can sacrifice tomorrow for himself .
-Shocked at the response to our proclamations , we grow more defensive , and worse , we lose our sense of humor and proportion .
-Thus the member of an industrial union comes to regard his officers as business agents who may proceed without interference or recall ; ;

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-Apparently no serious disorders resulted from the celebration , and within a few days , Morgan joined the force of Lafayette who now had command of some 2,000 men at Barren Hill , not far above Philadelphia on the Schuylkill .
-He had braved the elements and the enemy , but the strain , aided by the winter , was catching up with him at last .
-A body of redcoats were seen marching down a nearby slope , a tempting target for the riflemen , who threw a volley into their ranks and `` messed up '' the smart formation considerably .
-In his absence , the rifle regiment was under the command of Major Thomas Posey , another able Virginian .
-Morgan hotly denied this and informed the Board of War that the men in camp linked the name of Peters with the plot against Washington .
-If there be a disinterested patriot in America , 'tis General Washington , and his bravery , none can question '' .
-Richard Peters , Secretary of the Board of War , thought Morgan was so extreme on the subject that he accused him of trying to pick a quarrel .
-It is doubtful if Morgan was able to take home much money to his wife and children , for his pay , as shown by the War Department Abstracts of early 1778 was $75 a month as a colonel , and that apt to be delayed .
-From New Jersey , Morgan hastened to the headquarters of Washington at Whitemarsh , Pennsylvania , arriving there on November 18th .
-These were Oneida Indians .
-Now the riflemen and the Marylanders followed up their beginning and closed in on the British , giving them another telling round of fire .
-A letter of a few days later from Washington's aide to Morgan stated , `` His Excellency is highly pleased with your conduct upon this occasion '' .
-Even on his tough constitution , the exposure and strenuous activity were beginning to tell in earnest .
-In order to see that this hindering situation remained effective , Washington detached several bodies of his troops to the periphery of the Philadelphia area .
-For example , he captured some persons from York County , who with teams were taking to Philadelphia the furniture of a man who had just been released from prison through the efforts of his wife , and who apparently was helpless to prevent the theft of his household goods .
-The position of the new camp was admirably selected and well fortified , its easily defensible nature being one good reason why Howe did not attack it .
-A picket guard of about 350 , mostly Hessians , were attacked by the Americans under Lafayette , and driven back to their camp , some twenty to thirty of them falling before the riflemen's fire .
-If she wanted to borrow any sum of money in expecting the arrangements of Congress , it would not become a stranger , unknown to her , to offer himself for that purpose .
-The mild activity of his command during the sojourn of the troops at Valley Forge could be handled by a subordinate , he felt , so like Henry Knox , equally loyal to Washington , who went to Boston at this time , Morgan received permission to visit his home in Virginia for several weeks .
-Morgan and his corps were placed on the west side of the Schuylkill River , with instructions to intercept all supplies found going to the city and to keep a close eye on the movements of the enemy .
-`` The reason for this '' , the orders said , `` is that the enemy may think to take advantage of the celebration of this day .
-After complimenting Morgan and the riflemen and saying he was praising them to Congress , too , the ardent Frenchman added he felt that Congress should make some financial restitution to the widow and family of Morris , but that he knew Morgan realized how long such action usually required , if it was done at all .
-There was much sickness in the corps , and the men were , in addition , without the clothing , shoes , and blankets needed for the winter weather .
-Such a situation regarding the Board of War could hardly have helped Morgan's chances for promotion when that matter came before the group later on .
-The British , although suffering considerable losses , noted the defection of the Marylanders , made a stand , then turned and attacked Morgan who became greatly outnumbered and had to retire .
-The redcoats ran like rabbits .
-Peters insisted that this impression was a great misunderstanding , and evidently , from the quarrel , obtained an unfavorable impression of Morgan's judgment .
-If the hardships of the winter at Valley Forge were trying for healthy men , they were , of course , much more so for those not in good health .
-`` As Mrs. Morris may be in some want before that time '' , Lafayette continued , `` I am going to trouble you with a commission which I beg you will execute with the greatest secrecy .
-This was accordingly done , and the plight of the grateful Mrs. Morris was much relieved as a result of the generous loan , the amount of which is not known .
-His soldiers on the whole did not celebrate so mildly .
-In his dealings with offenders , however , Morgan was typically firm but just .
-Colonel Benjamin Ford wrote to Morgan from Wilmington that he understood a Mrs. Sanderson from Maryland had obtained permission from Smallwood to visit Philadelphia , and would return on May 26th , escorted by several officers from Maryland `` belonging to the new levies in the British service '' .
-On the morning of November 17th , Cornwallis and 2,000 men had left Philadelphia with the object of capturing Fort Mercer at Red Bank , New Jersey .
-Morgan complained to Washington about the men detailed to him for scouting duty , most of them he said being useless .
-Also , he was now forty-three years old .
-Besides helping to prevent the movement of the British to the west , Valley Forge also obstructed the trade between Howe's forces and the farmers , thus threatening the vital subsistence of the redcoats and rendering their foraging to obtain necessary supplies extremely hazardous .
-The latter was so upset on learning of the death of Morris , that he wrote Morgan a letter , showing his own warmhearted generosity .
-Morgan was ordered to attack the enemy , who had meantime moved to Edge Hill on the left of the Americans .
-Morgan took charge of the furniture and restored it to its thankful owners , but he let the culprits who had stolen it go free .
-He was shown a warm welcome regardless , and spent the time in Winchester recuperating from his ailment , enjoying his family and arranging his private affairs which were , of course , run down .
-Meantime , however , this same General Smallwood seemed to be serving chivalry as well as the American army .
-Obviously the commander-in-chief had confidence that Morgan would furnish him good intelligence too , for on the 23rd of May , he told Morgan that the British were prepared to move , perhaps in the night , and asked Morgan to have two of his best horses ready to dispatch to General Smallwood with the intelligence obtained .
-Here the Pennsylvania militia skirmished with the British , but soon fled .
-Morgan immediately disposed his troops for action and found he had not long to wait .
-The dreary camp at Valley Forge was turned into an arena of rejoicing .
-On May 6th , Morgan , who had returned , received from Washington orders to `` send out patrols under vigilant officers '' to keep near the enemy .
-Although the fort was evacuated in the face of the force of Cornwallis , Morgan and his men did have a chance to take another swing at the redcoats .
-His fellow Virginian , George Washington , had stated , `` I believe no event was ever received with more heartfelt joy '' .
-But you could ( as from yourself ) tell her that you had friends who , being with the army , don't know what to do with their money and would willingly let her have one or many thousand dollars '' .
-The Frenchman had been ordered to approach the enemy's lines , harass them and get intelligence of their movements .
-Daniel Morgan's rheumatic condition worsened with the increase of the cold and damp weather .
-Apparently still sensitive about the idea with which General Gates had approached him at Saratoga , namely , that George Washington be replaced , Morgan was vehement in his support of the commander-in-chief during the campaign around Philadelphia .
-There must have been special feelings of joy and patriotism in the heart of Daniel Morgan too , when the news was received on April 30th of the recognition by France of the independence of the United States .
-A few days later it was learned that General Howe was planning an attack upon the American camp .
-The troops must have more than the common quantity of liquor , and perhaps there will be some little drunkenness among them '' .
-But the Maryland militia had likewise fled , all too typical of this type of soldier during the Revolution , an experience which gave Morgan little confidence in militia in general , as he watched other instances of their breaking in hot engagements .
-Even the dignified Washington indulged in a game of wickets with some children .
-`` They straggle at such a rate '' , he told the commander-in-chief , `` that if the enemy were enterprising , they might get two from us , when we would take one of them , which makes me wish General Howe would go on , lest any incident happen to us '' .
-The Americans lost forty-four men , among them Major Joseph Morris of Morgan's regiment , an officer who was regarded with high esteem and affection , not only by his commander , but by Washington and Lafayette as well .
-The headquarters of Morgan was on a farm , said to have been particularly well located so as to prevent the farmers nearby from trading with the British , a practice all too common to those who preferred to sell their produce for British gold rather than the virtually worthless Continental currency .
-Nathanael Greene told Washington that `` Lafayette was charmed with the spirited behavior of the militia and riflemen '' .
-`` I never saw men '' , Lafayette declared in regard to the riflemen , `` so merry , so spirited , and so desirous to go on to the enemy , whatever force they might have , as that small party in this fight '' .
-But Morgan evidently reported matters of intelligence much more important to his commanding general .
-The British general moved his forces north from Philadelphia to Chestnut Hill , near the right wing of the patriot encampment .
-Morgan himself had sciatica again .
-In late December , the American army moved from Whitemarsh to Valley Forge , and although the distance was only 13 miles , the journey took more than a week because of the bad weather , the barefooted and almost naked men .
-Morgan took the suggested steps , but when Mrs. Sanderson appeared , there was nobody with her but her husband , whom he promptly sent to headquarters to be questioned .
-Ford urged Morgan to capture these men , who , he thought , might be disguised as Quakers or peasants .
-But Morgan did not leave before he had written a letter to a William Pickman in Salem , Massachusetts , apparently an acquaintance , praising Washington and saying that the slanders propagated about him were `` opposed by the general current of the people to exalt General Gates at the expense of General Washington was injurious to the latter .
-Washington evidently was anxious for Morgan to be cautious as well as aggressive , for on May 17th , 18th and 20th he admonished the leader of the riflemen-rangers to be on the alert .
-His neighbors celebrated his return , even if it was only temporary , and Morgan was especially gratified by the quaint expression of an elderly friend , Isaac Lane , who told him , `` A man that has so often left all that is dear to him , as thou hast , to serve thy country , must create a sympathetic feeling in every patriotic heart '' .
-Interestingly enough , the order transmitted to Morgan through Alexander Hamilton also informed him that `` A party of Indians will join the party to be sent from your command at Whitemarsh , and act with them '' .
-In order to prevent this , Washington hastened to dispatch several units to reinforce the fort , including a force under the Marquis De Lafayette containing some 160 of Morgan's riflemen , all who were fit for duty at this time , the rest having no shoes .
-Similar orders were given to the Maryland militia .

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-Truman Capote is still reveling in Southern Gothicism , exaggerating the old Southern legends into something beautiful and grotesque , but as unreal as -- or even more unreal than -- yesterday .
-A new South is emerging after the post-bellum years of hesitation , uncertainty , and lack of action from the Negro in defining his new role in the amorphously defined socio-political organizations of the white man .
-Such writers as William Faulkner and Robert Penn Warren have led the field of somewhat less important writers in a sort of post-bellum renaissance .
-Has the agrarian tradition become such an addiction that the switch to urbanism is somehow dreaded or unwanted ? ?
-Then came this decision , which sped the process of gaining equality ( or perhaps hindered it ; ;
-It is said that , even at the present stage of Southern urbanization , such a city as Atlanta is not distinctly unlike Columbus or Trenton .
-Westbrook further bemoans the Southern writers' creation of an unreal image of their homeland , which is too readily assimilated by both foreign readers and visiting Yankees : `` Our northerner is suspicious of all this crass evidence ( of urbanization ) presented to his senses .
-It bewilders and befuddles him .
-Many earlier writers , mourning the demise of the old order , tended to romanticize and exaggerate this `` gracious Old South '' imagery , creating such lasting impressions as Margaret Mitchell's `` Tara '' Plantation .
-As his disciples boast , even though his emphasis is elsewhere , Faulkner does show his awareness of the changing order of the South quite keenly , as can be proven by a quick recalling of his Sartoris and Snopes families .
-With new mechanization the modern farmer must perform the work of six men : a machine stands between the agrarian and his soil .
-of the stereotyped Negro servants chanting hymns as they plow the fields ; ;
-There is a New South emerging , a South losing the folksy traditions of an agrarian society with the rapidity of an avalanche -- especially within recent decades .
-Modern writers , who are supposed to keep their fingers firmly upon the pulse of their subjects , insist upon drawing out this legend , prolonging its burial , when it well deserves a rest after the overexploitation of the past century .
-The field , then , is ripe for new Southerners to step to the fore and write of this twentieth-century phenomenon , the Southern Yankeefication : the new urban economy , the city-dweller , the pains of transition , the labor problems ; ;
-The thousands of city migrants who desert the farms yearly must readjust with even greater stress and tension : the sacred wilderness is gradually surrendering to suburbs and research parks and industrial areas .
-Writers openly admit that the Negro is easier to write than the white man ; ;
-The fumes of progress are in his nose and the bright steel of industry towers before his eyes , but his heart is away in Yoknapatawpha County with razorback hogs and night riders .
-Just as the Negro situation points up the gradual and abrupt changes affecting Southern life , it also points up the non-representation of urbanism in Southern literature .
-Faulkner , for one , appears to be safe from the accusing fingers of all assailants in this regard .
-As the New South snowballs toward further urbanization , it becomes more and more homogeneous with the North -- a tendency which Willard Thorp terms `` Yankeefication '' , as evidenced in such cities as Charlotte , Birmingham , and Houston .
-He has made it his , and his it remains , irrevocably .
-A new order is thrusting itself into being .
-Long live Tobacco Road .
-On this trip to the South he wants , above all else , to sniff the effluvium of backwoods-and-sand-hill subhumanity and to see at least one barn burn at midnight '' .
-Today's evidence , such as the fact that only three Southern states ( South Carolina , Alabama and Mississippi ) still openly defy integration , would have astounded many of yesterday's Southerners into speechlessness .
-The modern Negro has not made a decisive debut into Southern fiction .
-Yet he presents a realm of source material which may well serve other writers if not himself : the problems with which a New South must grapple in groping through a blind adolescence into the maturity of urbanization .
-according to many critics , in fact , the South has led the North in literature since the Civil War , both quantitatively and qualitatively .
-in 1950 it had become 47.1% urban .
-Thus Faulkner reminds us , and wisely , that the `` new '' South has gradually evolved out of the Old South , and consequently its agrarian roots persist .
-only historical evolution will determine which ) : an abrupt change .
-This bold self-assertion , after decades of humble subservience , is indeed a twentieth-century phenomenon , an abrupt change in the Southern way of existence .
-Even two decades ago in Go Down , Moses Faulkner was looking to the more urban future with a glimmer of hope that through its youth and its new way of life the South might be reborn and the curse of slavery erased from its soil .
-An example of the changes which have crept over the Southern region may be seen in the Southern Negro's quest for a position in the white-dominated society , a problem that has been reflected in regional fiction especially since 1865 .
-As for progress , the `` backward South '' can boast of Baton Rouge , which increased its population between 1940 and 1950 by two hundred and sixty-two percent , to 126,000 , the second largest growth of the period for all cities over 25,000 .
-Today the Negro must discover his role in an industrialized South , which indicates that the racial aspect of the Southern dilemma hasn't changed radically , but rather has gradually come to be reflected in this new context , this new coat of paint .
-Faulkner traces , in his vast and overpowering saga of Yoknapatawpha County , the gradual changes which seep into the South , building layer upon layer of minute , subtle innovation which eventually tend largely to hide the Old Way .
-of these and a host of other antiquated legends that deny the South its progressive leaps of the past century .
-but they obviously mean by this , not a Negro personality , but a Negro type .
-Those writers known collectively as the `` Southern school '' have received accolades from even those critics least prone to eulogize ; ;
-There are almost no fictional treatments of the industrialized south '' .
-Indeed , it seems that only in today's Southern fiction does Tobacco Road , with all the traditional trimmings of sowbelly and cornbread and mint juleps , continue to live -- but only as a weary , overexploited phantom .
-Lacking the pioneer spirit necessary to write of a new economy , these writers seem to be contenting themselves with an old one that is now as defunct as Confederate money .
-He is too deeply steeped in William Faulkner and Robert Penn Warren .
-As John T. Westbrook says in his article , `` Twilight Of Southern Regionalism '' ( Southwest Review , Winter 1957 ) : `` The miasmal mausoleum where an Old South , already too minutely autopsied in prose and poetry , should be left to rest in peace , forever dead and ( let us fervently hope ) forever done with '' .
-It is interesting , however , that despite this strong upsurge in Southern writing , almost none of the writers has forsaken the firmly entrenched concept of the white-suited big-daddy colonel sipping a mint julep as he silently recounts the revenue from the season's cotton and tobacco crops ; ;
-Faulkner culminates the Southern legend perhaps more masterfully than it has ever been , or could ever be , done .
-Since 1954 the Negro's desire for social justice has led to an ironically anarchical rebellion .
-The effects of television and other mass media are erasing regional dialects and localisms with a startling force .
-Undoubtedly even the old Southern stalwart Richmond has felt the new wind : William Styron mentions in his latest novel an avenue named for Bankhead McGruder , a Civil War general , now renamed , in typical California fashion , `` Buena Vista Terrace '' .
-recently only Keith Wheeler's novel , Peaceable Lane , has openly faced the problem .
-Perhaps these writers have been too deeply moved by this romanticizing ; ;
-Even the great god Faulkner , the South's one probable contender for literary immortality , has little concerned himself with these matters ; ;
-Perhaps present writers hypnotically cling to the older order because they consider it useful and reliable through repeated testings over the decades .
-Presenting an individualized Negro character , it would seem , is one of the most difficult assignments a Southern writer could tackle ; ;
-Yet his concern even here is with a slowly changing socio-economic order in general , and he never deals with such specific aspects of this change as the urban and industrial impact .
-Willard Thorp , in his new book , American Writing In The Twentieth Century , observes , quite validly it seems : `` Certain subjects are conspicuously absent or have been only lightly touched .
-Where are the writers to treat these changes ? ?
-Other examples of gradual changes that have affected the Negro have been his moving up , row by row , in the buses ; ;
-such are simply not within his bounded province .
-He has frequently refused to move from white lunch counters , refused to obey local laws which he considers unjust , while in other cases he has appealed to federal laws .
-Thus we are compelled to face the urbanization of the South -- an urbanization which , despite its dramatic and overwhelming effects upon the Southern culture , has been utterly ignored by the bulk of Southern writers .
-William Styron , while facing the changing economy with a certain uneasy reluctance , insists he is not to be classified as a Southern writer and yet includes traditional Southern concepts in everything he publishes .
-In 1900 the South was only 15% urban ; ;
-It is clear that , while most writers enjoy picturing the Negro as a woolly-headed , humble old agrarian who mutters `` yassuhs '' and `` sho' nufs '' with blissful deference to his white employer ( or , in Old South terms , `` massuh '' ) , this stereotype is doomed to become in reality as obsolete as Caldwell's Lester .
-Nostalgic Yankee readers of Erskine Caldwell are today informed by proud Georgians that Tobacco Road is buried beneath a four-lane super highway , over which travel each day suburbanite businessmen more concerned with the Dow-Jones average than with the cotton crop .
-The book concerned with the Negro's role in an urban society is rare indeed ; ;
-All but the most rabid of Confederate flag wavers admit that the Old Southern tradition is defunct in actuality and sigh that its passing was accompanied by the disappearance of many genteel and aristocratic traditions of the reputedly languid ante-bellum way of life .
-While there may still be many Faulknerian Lucas Beauchamps scattered through the rural South , such men appear to be a vanishing breed .
-and the success of such an endeavor is , as suggested above , glaringly rare .
-No Southern novelist has done for Atlanta or Birmingham what Herrick , Dreiser , and Farrell did for Chicago or Dos Passos did for New York .
-In a mere half-century the South has more than tripled its urban status .
-Obviously , such a Northern tourist's purpose is somewhat akin to a child's experience with Disneyland : he wants to see a world of make-believe .
-his requesting , and often getting , higher wages , better working conditions , better schools -- changes that were slowly emerging even before the Supreme Court decision of 1954 .
-But there have been abrupt changes as well : the sit-ins , the picket lines , the bus strikes -- all of these were unheard-of even ten years ago .
-In the meantime , while the South has been undergoing this phenomenal modernization that is so disappointing to the curious Yankee , Southern writers have certainly done little to reflect and promote their region's progress .
-such a statement would be the rankest form of oversimplification .
-But these sources have not been tapped .
-the list is , obviously , endless .
-He treats it with a mythological , universal application .
-Not a single Southern author , major or minor , has made the urban problems of an urban South his primary source material .
-The Negro faces as much , if not more , difficulty in fitting himself into an urban economy as he did in an agrarian one .
-This represents a gradual change in an ever-present social problem .
-This is not to say that the South is no longer agrarian ; ;
-but they can hardly deny that , exaggerated or not , the old panorama is dead .
-But the South is , and has been for the past century , engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which , oddly enough , is not reflected in its literature .
-Tobacco Road is dead .

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-He was the first of 2,800,000 called to the Army through the selective service system .
-during the eight-week blitz attack 25,000 soldiers died from the disease and the death rate ( formerly 5 per year per 1,000 men ) increased almost fifty times to 4 per week per 1,000 men .
-His assignment was not a new one because Baker had sent him to the Mexican border in 1916 to investigate lurid newspaper stories about lack of discipline , drunkenness , and venereal disease in American military camps .
-He was placed in charge of athletics , and among other things adapted the type of calisthenics known as the daily dozen .
-Under Fosdick the first executive officer of the CTCA was Richard Byrd , whose name in later years was to become synonymous with activities at the polar antipodes .
-Democratic Floor Leader Claude Kitchin would have no part of the measure .
-Wood took the proposal to Chief of Staff Hugh L. Scott , who passed it on to Baker a month before the actual declaration of war against Germany .
-it meant instead hardship , dirt , and death .
-Fosdick , a brother of minister Harry Emerson Fosdick , was a graduate of Princeton , and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the American Philosophical Association .
-In spite of this catastrophe the final mortality figure from disease in the American Army during World War 1 , was 15 per 1,000 per year , contrasted with 110 per 1,000 per year in the Mexican War , and 65 in the American Civil War .
-It was 258 .
-Democratic Speaker Champ Clark saw little difference between a conscript and a convict .
-It was a gargantuan task ; ;
-The Secretary of War gave his assent after studying the history of the draft in the American Civil War as well as the British volunteer system in World War 1 .
-On July 20 , the first drawing of numbers occurred in the Senate Office Building before a distinguished group of congressmen and high Army officers .
-Before the Draft Act was passed Baker had confidentially briefed governors , sheriffs , and prospective draft board members on the administration of the measure -- and the confidence was kept so well that only one newspaper learned what was going on .
-Over these voluntary agencies , in 1917-18 , the CTCA served as a co-ordinating body in carrying out what Survey called `` the most stupendous piece of social work in modern times '' .
-He was Julius Kahn for whom the Chief of Staff thought no honor could be too great .
-To do so , something was necessary beyond volunteering because there was little glamour or romance in the European war ; ;
-it was Baker who thought of lessening the shock , which conscription always brings to a country , by substituting `` Greetings from your neighbors '' for the recruiting sergeant , and registration in familiar voting places rather than at military installations .
-a typical cantonment in the North had twelve hundred buildings , an electric-sewer-water system , and twenty-five miles of roads .
-Their policy ran counter to the traditional idea that a good fighter was usually a libertine , and that in sex affairs `` God-given passion '' was a proof of manliness .
-In a matter of months the War Department built thirty-two camps , each one accommodating fifty thousand men -- sixteen were under canvas in the South and sixteen with frame structures in the North .
-Both Baker and Fosdick knew that a substitute was necessary , that a verboten approach was not the real answer .
-Fosdick had found the installations surrounded by a battery of saloons and houses of prostitution , with filles de joie from all over the country flocking to San Antonio , Laredo , and El Paso to `` woman the cribs '' .
-It was Baker , working through Provost Marshal Enoch Crowder and Major Hugh S. ( `` Old Ironpants '' ) Johnson , who arranged for a secret printing by the million of selective service blanks -- again before the Act was passed -- until corridors in the Government Printing Office were full and the basement of the Washington Post Office was stacked to the ceiling .
-Secretary of War Baker , blindfolded , put his hand into a large glass bowl and drew the initial number of those to be called .
-in the United States 300,000 succumbed to it .
-Baker moved first ; ;
-A man in Mississippi wired : `` Thanks for drawing 258 -- that's me '' .
-They were aware that soldiers went to town , in more ways than one , because of the monotony of camp life , to find the only release available in the absence of movies , reading rooms , and playing fields with adequate athletic equipment .
-The world-wide total of deaths from `` Spanish flu '' was around twenty million ; ;
-In early June ten million young men registered by name and number .
-This enviable record would have been maintained but for a great and unexpected disaster which struck the world with murderous stealth .
-New Orleans had a notorious red-light district extending over twenty-eight city blocks , and the business-minded mayor of the city journeyed to Washington to present the case for `` the God-given right of men to be men '' .
-This was the negative side of the situation .
-Both Secretary of War Baker and Secretary of Navy Daniels devoted much time and effort to the problem of providing reasonably normal and wholesome activities in camp for the millions of men who had been removed from their home environment .
-Even so , the Draft Act encountered rough sledding in its progress through the Congress .
-It was the first American war in which the death rate from disease was lower than that from battle , due to the provision of trained medical personnel ( of the 200,000 officers , 42,000 were physicians ) , compulsory vaccination , rigorous camp sanitation , and adequate hospital facilities .
-it was another to house , feed , and train them .
-When Fosdick showed the letter to Baker his negative response was : `` For God's sake , Raymond , don't show this to the President or he'll stop the war '' .
-In Europe , Premier Clemenceau , showing his animal proclivities as the `` Tiger of France '' , asked Pershing by letter for the creation of special houses where the sexual desires of American men could be satisfied .
-Ultimately Fosdick's `` Fit to fight '' slogan swept across the country and every well-known red-light district in the United States was closed , a hundred and ten of them .
-The CTCA program of activities was profuse : William Farnum and Mary Pickford on the screen , Elsie Janis and Harry Lauder on the stage , books provided by the American Library Association , full equipment for games and sports -- except that no `` bones '' were furnished for the all-time favorite pastime played on any floor and known as `` African golf '' .
-There was no time in the short Mexican encounter to evolve a solution but the area provided a proving ground for new departures in the near future .
-The existing Army posts were wholly inadequate .
-To the middle of September 1918 , there had been fewer than 10,000 deaths from disease in the new army .
-It was the influenza pandemic of 1918-19 .
-The total operation was a construction project comparable in magnitude with the Panama Canal , but in 1917 time was in short supply ; ;
-Even so Fosdick , as the new Chairman of the Commission on Training Camp Activities , encountered strong and vociferous opposition .
-six days after war was declared he appointed Raymond Fosdick chairman of the Commission on Training Camp Activities ( the CTCA ) .
-When the United States entered the First World War Baker made certain that the Draft Act of 1917 prohibited the sale of liquor to men in uniform and that it provided for broad zones around the camps in which prostitution was outlawed .
-The wholesome activities were to be provided by many organizations including the YMCA , the Knights of Columbus , the Jewish Welfare Board , the American Library Association , and the Playground and Recreation Association -- private societies which voluntarily performed the job that was taken over almost entirely by the Special Services Division of the Army itself in World War 2 .
-The CTCA distributed a khaki-bound songbook that provided the impetus for spirited renditions of the selections found therein , plus a number of others whose lyrics were more earthy -- from `` Johnny Get Your Gun '' to `` Keep The Home Fires Burning '' to `` Mademoiselle From Armentieres '' .
-Democrat Stanley H. Dent , Chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee , declined to introduce the bill .
-On the basis of the long chronicle of military history Funston and his brethren assumed that the issue was insoluble and that anyone interested in a mission like Fosdick's was an impractical idealist or a do-gooder .
-Baker gave Leonard Wood credit for the initiation of the draft of soldiers ; ;
-After Kahn's death in 1924 Scott wrote : `` May he rest in peace with the eternal gratitude of his adopted country '' .
-He concluded that selective service would not only prevent the disorganization of essential war industries but would avoid the undesirable moral effects of the British reliance on enlistment only -- `` where the feeling of the people was whipped into a frenzy by girls pinning white feathers on reluctant young men , orators preaching hate of the Germans , and newspapers exaggerating enemy outrages to make men enlist out of motives of revenge and retaliation '' .
-He also ascertained that many officers were indifferent to the problem , including Commanding General Frederick Funston who gave Fosdick the nickname of `` Reverend '' .
-General Crowder proposed that Regular Army officers select the draftees in cities and towns throughout the nation ; ;
-Baker took the plan to Wilson who said : `` Baker , this is plainly right on any ground .
-In spite of powerful opposition the Draft Act finally passed Congress on May 17 , 1917 .
-Start to prepare the necessary legislation so that if I am obliged to go to Congress the bills will be ready for immediate consideration '' .
-Both knew that when trains stopped at Texan crossroads bored soldiers would sometimes enter to ask the passengers if they had any reading material to spare , even a newspaper .
-In the judgment of Chief of Staff Scott it was ironic that the draft policy of a Democratic President , aimed at Germany , had to be pushed through the House of Representatives by the ranking minority member of the Military Affairs Committee -- a Republican Jew born in Germany ! !
-It was one thing to call men to the colors ; ;
-from the General's idea a chain reaction occurred .
-The day passed without incident in spite of the warning of Senator James A. Reed of Missouri : `` Baker , you will have the streets of our American cities running with blood on registration day '' .
-Fosdick insisted that a strong word was needed from Washington , and it was immediately forthcoming .
-At Camp Taylor in Kentucky a barracks was built in an hour and a half from timber that had been standing in Mississippi forests one week before .
-During the brief Mexican venture Fosdick's report to the Secretary recommended a definite stand by the War Department against the saloon and the excesses of prostitution .
-The result was that by secret agreement draft machinery was actually ready long before the country knew that the device was to take the place of the volunteering method which Theodore Roosevelt favored .
-in three months the Army spent three-quarters as much as had been expended on the `` big Ditch '' in ten years .
-Baker put the `` cribs '' and the saloons out of bounds , ordered the co-operation of military officers with local law authorities , and told communities that the troops would be moved unless wholesome conditions were restored .
-The problem involved military necessity as much as morality , for in pre-penicillin days venereal disease was a crippling disability .
-Affirmatively Baker worked on the premise that `` young men spontaneously prefer to be decent , and that opportunities for wholesome recreation are the best possible cure for irregularities in conduct which arise from idleness and the baser temptations '' .
-From the point of view of popularity the best-known member of the Commission was Walter Camp , the Yale athlete whose sobriquet was `` the father of American football '' .
-In later years Josephus Daniels was to claim that World War 1 , was the first in American history in which there was great concern for both the health and morals of our soldiers .
-The result was that the rate of venereal disease in the American Army was the lowest in our military history .
-In mid-September 1918 , the influenza-pneumonia pandemic swept through every American military camp ; ;
-The malady was popularly known as the `` Spanish flu '' from the alleged locale of its origin .

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-A rich nation can for a time , without noticeable damage to itself , pursue a course of self-indulgence , making its single goal the material ease and comfort of its own citizens -- thus repudiating its own spiritual and material stake in a peaceful and prosperous society of nations .
-To us and to every nation of the Free World , rich or poor , these qualities are necessary today as never before if we are to march together to greater security , prosperity and peace .
-Third , the United States is pressing forward in the development of large rocket engines to place vehicles of many tons into space for exploration purposes .
-In 1959 our deficit in balance of payments approached four billion dollars .
-But the enmities it will incur , the isolation into which it will descend , and the internal moral and spiritual softness that will be engendered , will , in the long term , bring it to economic and political disaster .
-To remain secure and prosperous themselves , wealthy nations must extend the kind of co-operation to the less fortunate members that will inspire hope , confidence , and progress .
-a satisfaction in hard work ; ;
-We must be ever alert that freedom does not wither through the careless amassing of restrictive controls or the lack of courage to deal boldly with the issues of the day .
-The goal is to enlist all available economic resources in the industrialized Free World , especially private investment capital .
-Next I refer to our program in space exploration , which is often mistakenly supposed to be an integral part of defense research and development .
-for navigation aids to give accurate bearings to ships and aircraft ; ;
-Using launch systems presently available , we are developing satellites to scout the world's weather ; ;
-These discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community ; ;
-If we grasp this opportunity to build an age of productive partnership between the less fortunate nations and those that have already achieved a high state of economic advancement , we will make brighter the outlook for a world order based upon security and freedom .
-This is less than the length of a jet runway -- well within the circle of destruction .
-the readiness to sacrifice for worthwhile causes ; ;
-Now this concern for the freedom of other peoples is the intellectual and spiritual cement which has allied us with more than forty other nations in a common defense effort .
-We must meet this situation by promoting a rising volume of exports and world trade .
-Respecting their need , one of the major focal points of our concern is the South-Asian region .
-Incidentally , there was an Atlas firing last night .
-During the past year I have discussed this matter with the leaders of several Western nations .
-We note that , first , America has already made great contributions in the past two years to the world's fund of knowledge of astrophysics and space science .
-I believe it deficient in certain particulars .
-This is a problem to be solved not by America alone , but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help .
-This year , moreover , growing numbers of nuclear powered submarines will enter our active forces , some to be armed with Polaris missiles .
-These remarkable ships and weapons , ranging the oceans , will be capable of accurate fire on targets virtually anywhere on earth .
-In recent years America's partners and friends in Western Europe and Japan have made great economic progress .
-satellite relay stations to facilitate and extend communications over the globe ; ;
-A year ago , when I met with you , the nation was emerging from an economic downturn , even though the signs of resurgent prosperity were not then sufficiently convincing to the doubtful .
-Moreover , progress in a national transformation can be only gradually earned ; ;
-It is scheduled to go forward at a rate which will steadily add to our strength .
-Growing out of this concern is the realization that all people of the Free World have a great stake in the progress , in freedom , of the uncommitted and newly emerging nations .
-but they are important foundation stones for more extensive exploration of outer space for the ultimate benefit of all mankind .
-1960 promises to be the most prosperous year in our history .
-Moreover , I have directed that steps be taken to program on a longer range basis our military assistance to these allies .
-the need to protect the public interest in situations of prolonged labor-management stalemate ; ;
-The international economy of 1960 is markedly different from that of the early postwar years .
-the intellectual honesty and capacity to recognize the true path of her own best interests .
-It is my studied conviction that no nation will ever risk general war against us unless we should become so foolish as to neglect the defense forces we now so powerfully support .
-No longer is the United States the only major industrial country capable of providing substantial amounts of the resources so urgently needed in the newly developed countries .
-there is no easy and quick way to follow from the oxcart to the jet plane .
-in certain instances the denial to some of our citizens of equal protection of the law .
-The United States is always ready to participate with the Soviet Union in serious discussion of these or any other subjects that may lead to peace with justice .
-Because of its wealth of experience , the Organization for European Economic Cooperation could help with the initial studies needed .
-Suggested improvements will be submitted to the Congress shortly .
-But they must have technical and investment assistance .
-Among current problems that require solutions , participated in by citizens as well as government , are :
-Otherwise , the outlook could be dark indeed .
-We and our friends are , of course , concerned with self-defense .
-By extending this help , we hope to make possible the enthusiastic enrollment of these nations under freedom's banner .
-No more startling contrast to a system of sullen satellites could be imagined .
-To meet situations of less than general nuclear war , we continue to maintain our carrier forces , our many service units abroad , our always ready Army strategic forces and Marine Corps divisions , and the civilian components .
-Here , in two nations alone , are almost five hundred million people , all working , and working hard , to raise their standards , and in doing so , to make of themselves a strong bulwark against the spread of an ideology that would destroy liberty .
-Through the World Bank and other instrumentalities , as well as through individual action by every nation in position to help , we must squarely face this titanic challenge .
-This co-operation in this matter will provide both for the necessary sharing of this burden and in bringing about still further increases in mutually profitable trade .
-the courage to meet every challenge ; ;
-we will not act in any way which would jeopardize our solemn commitments to them .
-Today our surging strength is apparent to everyone .
-But I once again assure all peoples and all nations that the United States , except in defense , will never turn loose this destructive power .
-The deployment of a portion of these forces beyond our shores , on land and sea , is persuasive demonstration of our determination to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with our allies for collective security .
-I shall continue to urge the American people , in the interests of their own security , prosperity and peace , to make sure that their own part of this great project be amply and cheerfully supported .
-Such performance is a great tribute to American scientists and engineers , who in the past five years have had to telescope time and technology to develop these long-range ballistic missiles , where America had none before .
-and for perfecting instruments to collect and transmit the data we seek .
-During the past year , our long-range striking power , unmatched today in manned bombers , has taken on new strength as the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile has entered the operational inventory .
-by the same token , we reject any Soviet attempt to impose its system on us or other peoples by force or subversion .
-Fifth , we have just completed a year's experience with our new space law .
-Further , we must induce all industrialized nations of the Free World to work together to help lift the scourge of poverty from less fortunate .
-No matter how earnest is our quest for guaranteed peace , we must maintain a high degree of military effectiveness at the same time we are engaged in negotiating the issue of arms reduction .
-America possesses an enormous defense power .
-Her miraculous progress in material achievements flows from other qualities far more worthy and substantial : adherence to principles and methods consonant with our religious philosophy ; ;
-I believe that the industrial countries are ready to participate actively in supplementing the efforts of the developing nations to achieve progress .
-Our surplus from foreign business transactions has in recent years fallen substantially short of the expenditures we make abroad to maintain our military establishments overseas , to finance private investment , and to provide assistance to the less developed nations .
-It is world-wide knowledge that any power which might be tempted today to attack the United States by surprise , even though we might sustain great losses , would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction .
-We face , indeed , what may be a turning point in history , and we must act decisively and wisely .
-A common meeting ground is desirable for those nations which are prepared to assist in the development effort .
-Continuing deficits of anything like this magnitude would , over time , impair our own economic growth and check the forward progress of the Free World .
-In fourteen recent test launchings , at ranges of five thousand miles , Atlas has been striking on an average within two miles of the target .
-Yet we continue to be afflicted by nagging disorders .
-Until tangible and mutually enforceable arms reduction measures are worked out we will not weaken the means of defending our institutions .
-The immediate need for this kind of co-operation is underscored by the strain in this nation's international balance of payments .
-The accomplishment of the many tasks I have alluded to requires the continuous strengthening of the spiritual , intellectual , and economic sinews of American life .
-As a nation we can successfully pursue these objectives only from a position of broadly based strength .
-the continuing threat of inflation , together with the persisting tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility ; ;
-Not for a moment do we forget that our own fate is firmly fastened to that of these countries ; ;
-Free world decisions in this matter may spell the difference between world disaster and world progress in freedom .
-Certainly it is not necessary to repeat that the United States has no intention of interfering in the internal affairs of any nation ; ;
-This is necessary for a sounder collective defense system .
-America did not become great through softness and self-indulgence .
-The steady purpose of our society is to assure justice , before God , for every individual .
-the persistent refusal to come to grips with a critical problem in one sector of American agriculture ; ;
-Other countries , some of which I visited last month , have similar needs .
-Fourth , in the meantime , it is necessary to remember that we have only begun to probe the environment immediately surrounding the earth .
-Second , our military missile program , going forward so successfully , does not suffer from our present lack of very large rocket engines , which are necessary in distant space exploration .
-I am assured by experts that the thrust of our present missiles is fully adequate for defense requirements .
-New Nations , and others struggling with the problems of development , will progress only -- regardless of any outside help -- if they demonstrate faith in their own destiny and use their own resources to fulfill it .
-These peoples , desperately hoping to lift themselves to decent levels of living must not , by our neglect , be forced to seek help from , and finally become virtual satellites of , those who proclaim their hostility to freedom .
-I cannot express to you the depth of my conviction that , in our own and free world interest , we must co-operate with others to help these people achieve their legitimate ambitions , as expressed in their different multi-year plans .
-From all reports so far received , its performance conformed to the high standards I have just described .
-But , just as we drew on Europe for assistance in our earlier years , so now do these new and emerging nations that do have this faith and determination deserve help .
-The continuing modernization of these forces is a costly but necessary process .

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-He worked as a `` clothier '' in London , but was greatly concerned with religion .
-Gorton and company , however , promptly bought land from Miantonomi a few miles south of Pawtuxet , extending from the present Gaspee Point south to Warwick Neck and twenty miles inland .
-Some few and myself withstand his inhabitation and town privileges , without confession and reformation of his uncivil and inhuman practices at Portsmouth ; ;
-Then he became involved in a ruckus remarkably similar to the one in Plymouth .
-Gorton evidently still had plenty to learn about Massachusetts , but he was learning fast .
-It had been whispered privately that she had smiled in the congregation , and the Governor Prence sent to knoe her business , and command , after punishment as the bench see fit , her departure and also anyone who brought her to the place from which she came ' '' .
-He fought like a fiend for the helpless and oppressed , worked for the abolition of slavery , helped the Quakers and Indians , and worked against the prosecution of witches .
-During the trial he told off the jury , called them `` Just Asses '' and called a freeman `` a saucy boy and Jack-an-Apes '' .
-What he means when he saith , wee worship the starre of our God Remphan , Chion , Moloch '' ? ?
-Gorton reverted to his Plymouth tactics , refused to let her go , and appeared himself before the Portsmouth grand jury .
-4 .
-Up to now , Gorton had been looking for trouble , and now that he was trying to get away from it , trouble started looking for him .
-On the other hand , Dr. Ezra Styles recorded the following testimony of John Angell , the last disciple of Gorton : ``
-Although he did not attend any celebrated schools or universities , he was a master of Greek and Hebrew and could read the Bible in the original .
-Since Rhode Island at that time did not have such sanction , his opinion was not popular .
-Gorton said they were preparing to deport her as a vagabond , and to escape the shame she fled to the woods for several days , returning at night .
-At Shawomet , women and children fled in terror across the Bay .
-Roger Williams wrote his friend Winthrop as follows : ``
-A cow owned by an old woman trespassed on Gorton's land .
-He was universally beloved by his neighbours , and the Indians , who esteemed him , not only as a friend , but one high in communion with God in Heaven '' .
-His contemporaries in Massachusetts called him an arch-heretic , a beast , a miscreant , a proud and pestilent seducer , a prodigious minter of exorbitant novelties .
-The settlement was called Shawomet .
-Williams also stated : `` Our peace was like the peace of a man who hath the tertian ague '' .
-Soon he was in trouble there , for defending a woman who was accused of smiling in church .
-Governor Winthrop wrote : ``
-Gorton left England , he said , `` to enjoy libertie of conscience in respect to faith towards God , and for no other end '' .
-His wife was in delicate health and nursing an infant with measles .
-As it was the custom of that alert colony to take over the property of persons asking for protection , this was an act roughly equivalent to throwing open the door to a pack of wolves and saying `` Come and get it '' .
-Following the glorious lead of the heroes of Pawtuxet , they also submitted themselves to the protection of Massachusetts .
-He left in a storm for Pocasset , December 4 , 1638 .
-The old woman complained to the deputy governor , who ordered the servant brought before the court .
-There is plenty more to recommend Gorton , the facts of whose life are given in The Life And Times Of Samuel Gorton , by Adelos Gorton .
-On Sunday they refused to attend church .
-The prisoners agreed , provided they might speak after the sermon , which was permitted .
-He said Gorton was a holy man ; ;
-She was Ellen Aldridge , a widow of good repute who was employed by Gorton's wife and lived with the family .
-Samuel Gorton , founder of Warwick , was styled by the historian Samuel Greene Arnold `` one of the most remarkable men who ever lived '' .
-He was thrown out , more or less , from Boston , Plymouth , Pocasset , Newport , and Providence .
-wept day and night for the sins and blindness of the world had a long walk through the trees and woods by his house , where he constantly walked morning and evening , and even in the depths of the night , alone by himself , for contemplation and the enjoyment of the dispensation of light .
-He held that no group of colonists could set up or maintain a government without royal sanction .
-Then Massachusetts switched to its standard tactics .
-Pomham and Soconoco , a couple of minor sachems ( of something less than exalted character ) under Miantonomi , declared that they had never assented to the sale of land to Gorton and had never received anything for it .
-The unconquerable Mrs. Hutchinson was residing at Pocasset , after having been excommunicated by the Boston church and thrown out of the colony .
-The Commissioners at Boston wrote the victims to see their misdeeds and repent or they should `` look upon them as men prepared for slaughter '' .
-The report was : ``
-The historian Charles Francis Adams called him `` a crude and half-crazy thinker '' .
-He was jailed and banished .
-It pointed out twenty-six instances of blasphemy in the letters , and ordered the writers to submit or force of arms would be used .
-The Gortonists were charged with blasphemy and tried for their lives .
-Here was Gorton's chance to indulge in something at which he was supreme .
-The latter tried to arbitrate through a delegation from Providence , which offer was declined by the invaders .
-A biographer called him `` the premature John the Baptist of New England Transcendentalism '' .
-The men fortified a blockhouse and got ready to fight , but meanwhile appealed to the King and again tried to arbitrate .
-Nathaniel Morton stated he `` was deeply leavened with blasphemous and familistical opinions '' .
-Four ecclesiastical questions were presented by the General Court to Gorton : `` 1 .
-Seven of the prisoners were sentenced to be confined in irons for as long as it pleased the court , set to work and , if they broke jail or proclaimed heresy , to be executed if convicted .
-yet the tide is too strong against us , and I fear ( if the framer of hearts help not ) it will force me to little Patience , a little isle next to your Prudence '' .
-The three others got off easier .
-Gorton appeared for her , however , and what he told the magistrates must have been plenty , for he was charged with deluding the court , fined , and told to leave the colony within fourteen days .
-Upon intelligence that the formidable agitator was to favor them with his presence , the benighted inhabitants of Pawtuxet , alas , gave their allegiance to Massachusetts and asked that colony to expel the newcomers .
-Gorton replied with blasts that scandalized the congregation .
-Whether the only price of our redemption were not the death of Christ on the cross , with the rest of his sufferings and obediences , in the time of his life here , after he was born of the Virgin Mary ? ?
-When the captives arrived in Boston , `` the chaplain ( of their captors ) went to prayers in the open streets , that the people might take notice what they had done in a holy manner , and in the name of the Lord '' .
-The magistrates were determined to compel them .
-The next week , forty soldiers were sent to get the miscreants .
-One historical authority presents laborious and circuitous testimony tending to arouse suspicion that Massachusetts was behind the clouds settling down on the embattled Gorton .
-When , in March , 1640 , the two towns were united under Coddington , Gorton claimed the union was irregular and illegally constituted and that it had never been sanctioned by the majority of freeholders .
-If Gorton wanted peace and quiet for his complicated meditations this is where he should have had it .
-Who was the God whom he thinke we serve ? ?
-William Coddington , who was running the colony , felt constrained to move seven miles south where , with others -- as mentioned above -- he founded Newport .
-At the trial which took place later , the Pomham matter was completely omitted .
-Instead of that he was engulfed by bedlam .
-It was not within the jurisdiction of anybody or anything , including Providence and Massachusetts .
-He advised the poor woman not to appear in court as what she was charged with was not in violation of law .
-Gorton then moved to Providence and soon put the town in a turmoil .
-Gorton and his family moved to Plymouth .
-The attackers sent for more soldiers , and the defenders , to save bloodshed , surrendered under the promise that they would be treated as neighbors .
-You may do well to take notice , that besides the title to land between the English and the Indians there , there are twelve of the English that have subscribed their names to horrible and detestable blasphemies , who are rather to be judged as blasphemous than they should delude us by winning time under pretence of arbitration '' .
-Edward Rawson , secretary of the colony of Massachusetts Bay , described him as `` a man whose spirit was stark drunk with blasphemies and insolence , a corrupter of the truth , a disturber of the peace wherever he comes '' .
-Whether the Fathers , who died before Christ was born of the Virgin Mary , were justified and saved only by the blood which he shed , and the death which he suffered after his incarnation ? ?
-This town should not be confused with Pawtucket , just north of Providence , or Pawcatuck , Connecticut , on the Pawcatuck River , opposite Westerly , Rhode Island .
-Gorton answered in writing .
-He defied the Boston hierarchy , and after they sent a small army to get him he befuddled the court , including John Cotton , with one of the most complicated religious discourses ever heard .
-2 .
-Providence finally managed to get Gorton out of the town , and he and some friends bought land at Pawtuxet on the west side of Narragansett Bay , five miles south but still within the jurisdiction of the Providence colony .
-The convicts were put in chains , paraded before the congregation at the Reverend Cotton's lecture as an example , and sent to prisons in various towns , where they languished all winter , chains included .
-One can imagine that with her and Gorton there it was no place for anyone with weak nerves .
-The Boston elders were great at befuddling the opposition with torrents of ecclesiastical obscurities , but Gorton was better .
-Promptly their livestock was taken and according to Gorton the soldiers were ordered to knock down anyone who should utter a word of insolence , and run through anyone who might step out of line .
-However , the General Court at Boston ordered the purchasers of Shawomet to appear before them to answer the sachems' claim .
-With his wife and three or more children he arrived in Boston in March , 1637 , and soon found it was no place for anyone looking for liberty of conscience .
-Gorton and ten of his friends were thrown in jail .
-3 .
-The attack started on October 2 , 1643 , and the Gortonists held out for a day and a night .
-The purchasers rejected the order in two letters written in vigorous terms .
-While driving the cow back home the woman was assaulted by a servant maid of Gorton .
-All of the elders except three voted for death , but a majority of the deputies refused to sanction the sentence .
-Gorton sometimes signed himself `` a professor of the mysteries of Christ '' .
-Master Gorton , having foully abused high and low at Aquidneck is now bewitching and bemaddening poor Providence , both with his unclean and foul censures of all the ministers of this country ( for which myself have in Christ's name withstood him ) , and also denying all visible and external ordinances in depth of Familism : almost all suck in his poison , as at first they did at Aquidneck .
-Roger Williams had recently been thrown out , and Anne Hutchinson and her Antinomians were slugging it out with the powers-that-be .
-Samuel Gorton was born at Gorton , England , near the present city of Manchester , about 1592 .
-Reverend Cotton preached to them about Demetrius and the shrines of Ephesus .

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-The people everywhere had grown meanwhile in devotion to basic democratic principles , in understanding of and belief in the federal balance , and in love of their Union .
-The difference came down to this : The Southern States insisted that the United States was , in last analysis , what its name implied -- a Union of States .
-We began by declaring that all men are created equal .
-Here are the two Preambles : Federal Constitution , 1789
-Their President , Jefferson Davis , interpreted their Constitution to mean that it `` admits of no coerced association '' , but this remained so doubtful that `` there were frequent demands that the right to secede be put into the Constitution '' .
-Much as he abhorred slavery , Lincoln was always willing to concede to each `` slave state '' the right to decide independently whether to continue or end it .
-I think it is essential , however , to pinpoint here the difference between the two concepts of sovereignty that went to war in 1861 -- if only to see better how imperative is our need today to clarify completely our far worse confusion on this subject .
-On their decisive battlefield Lincoln did not distinguish between them when he paid tribute to the `` brave men , living and dead , who fought here '' .
-The fact is that the Southern Confederacy differed from the earlier one almost as much as the Federal Constitution did .
-The 140,414 Americans who gave `` the last full measure of devotion '' to prevent disunion , preserved individual freedom in the United States from the dangers of anarchy , inherent in confederations , which throughout history have proved fatal in the end to all associations composed primarily of sovereign states , and to the liberties of their people .
-`` We the people of the Confederate States , each state acting in its sovereign and independent character , in order to form a permanent federal government , establish justice , insure domestic tranquility , and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity -- invoking the favor and the guidance of Almighty God -- do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America '' .
-One is tempted to say that , on the difference between the concepts of sovereignty in these two preambles , the worst war of the Nineteenth century was fought .
-Nothing can show more than this the immensity of the danger to democratic peoples that lies in even relatively slight deviation from their true concept of sovereignty .
-They recognized that slavery was a moral issue and not merely an economic interest , and that to recognize it explicitly in their Constitution would be in explosive contradiction to the concept of sovereignty they had set forth in the Declaration of 1776 that `` all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights , that among them are life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness .
-There was also a lesson , one that has served ever since to keep Americans , in their conflicts with one another , from turning from the ballot to the bullet .
-But the fact that 70,524 other Americans gave the same measure of devotion to an opposing concept served Liberty-and-Union in other essential ways .
-Repeated efforts -- beginning with the Missouri Compromise of 1821 -- were made by such master moderates as Clay and Douglas to resolve the difference peacefully by compromise , rather than clear thought and timely action .
-The champions of the Union maintained that the Constitution had formed , fundamentally , the united people of America , that it was a compact among sovereign citizens rather than states , and that therefore the states had no right to secede , though the citizens could .
-It is much less difficult now than in Lincoln's day to see that on both sides sovereign Americans had given their lives in the Civil War to maintain the balance between the powers they had delegated to the States and to their Union .
-.
-These are not , however , differences in federal structure .
-'' The other important difference between the two Constitutions was that the President of the Confederacy held office for six ( instead of four ) years , and was limited to one term .
-Though his election was interpreted by many Southerners as the forerunner of a dangerous shift in the federal balance in favor of the Union , Lincoln himself proposed no such change in the rights the Constitution gave the states .
-After the war began , he long refused to permit emancipation of the slaves by Union action even in the Border States that stayed with the Union .
-The one of 1861 made clear that in making their government the people were acting through their states , whereas the Preamble of 1787-89 expressed , as clearly as language can , the opposite concept , that they were acting directly as citizens .
-To their leaders the Constitution was a compact made by the people of sovereign states , who therefore retained the right to secede from it .
-The Confederate Constitution copied much of the Federal Constitution verbatim , and most of the rest in substance .
-``
-The Constitution of the Southern `` Confederation '' differed from that of the Federal Union only in two important respects : It openly , defiantly , recognized slavery -- an institution which the Southerners of 1787 , even though they continued it , found so impossible to reconcile with freedom that they carefully avoided mentioning the word in the Federal Constitution .
-In homely terms whose timeliness is startling today , he thus declared his own right to secede .
-The North and the South were in greater agreement on sovereignty , through all their dispute about it , than were the Founding Fathers .
-The fact that the Americans who upheld the sovereignty of their states did this in order to keep many of their people more securely in slavery -- the antithesis of individual liberty -- made the conflict grimmer , and the greater .
-The present issue in Atlantica -- whether to transform an alliance of sovereign nations into a federal union of sovereign citizens -- resembles the American one of 1787-89 rather than the one that was resolved by Civil War .
-This right of the State , its upholders contended , was essential to maintain the federal balance and protect the liberty of the people from the danger of centralizing power in the Union government .
-The only important differences from that standpoint , between the two Constitutions , lies in their Preambles .
-But before this came about , 214,938 Americans had given their lives in battle for the two concepts of the sovereign rights of men and of states .
-Even so , confusion in this period gained such strength ( from compromise and other factors ) that it led to the bloodiest war of the Nineteenth century .
-Lincoln saw that the act of secession made the issue for the Union a vital one : Whether it was a Union of sovereign citizens that should continue to live , or an association of sovereign states that must fall prey either to `` anarchy or despotism '' .
-The lives so many of them gave , to forestall what they believed would be a fatal encroachment by the Union on the powers reserved to their states have continued ever since to safeguard all Americans against freedom's other foe .
-Its appeal from ballots to bullets at Fort Sumter ended by costing the Southerners their right to have slaves -- a right that was even less compatible with the sovereignty of man .
-Yet though the Southern States lost the worst errors in their case , they did not lose the truth they fought for .
-When it comes to this , I shall prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence of loving liberty -- to Russia , for instance , where despotism can be taken pure , without the base alloy of hypocrisy '' ( His emphasis )
-What Lincoln could not concede was that the states rather than the people were sovereign in the Union .
-We now practically read it , all men are created equal except Negroes .
-If the Union conceded this to them , the same right must be conceded to each remaining state whenever it saw fit to secede : This would destroy the federal balance between it and the states , and in the end sacrifice to the sovereignty of the states all the liberty the citizens had gained by their Union .
-Writing to Speed on August 24 , 1855 , Lincoln made the latter point clear .
-Dictionaries , as we have seen , still cite this government , along with the Articles of Confederation of 1781 , as an example of a confederacy .
-Many believe -- and understandably -- that the great difference between the Constitution of the Southern Confederacy and the Federal Constitution was that the former recognized the right of each state to secede .
-But though each of its members had asserted this right against the Union , the final Constitution which the Confederacy signed on March 11 -- nearly a month before hostilities began -- included no explicit provision authorizing a state to secede .
-To my knowledge , Lincoln remains the only Head of State and Commander-in-Chief who , while fighting a fearful war whose issue was in doubt , proved man enough to say this publicly -- to give his foe the benefit of the fact that in all human truth there is some error , and in all our error , some truth .
-So great a man could not but understand , too , that the thing that moves men to sacrifice their lives is not the error of their thought , which their opponents see and attack , but the truth which the latter do not see -- any more than they see the error which mars the truth they themselves defend .
-The difference between confederacy and federal union in 1861
-He issued his Emancipation Proclamation only when he felt that necessity left him no other way to save the Union .
-It operated on , by and for the people individually just as did the Federal Constitution .
-He fought to the end to preserve it as a `` government of the people , by the people , for the people '' .
-In his Message of December 2 , 1862 , he put his purpose and his policy in these words -- which I would call the Lincoln Law of Liberty-and-Union : `` In giving freedom to the slave , we assure freedom to the free '' .
-He understood that both sides were at fault , and he reached the height of saying so explicitly in his Second Inaugural .
-When the Southern States exercised their `` right to secede '' , they formed what they officially styled `` The Confederate States of America '' .
-It made substantially the same division of power between the central and state governments , and among the executive , legislative and judicial branches .
-Its drafters discussed this vital point but left it out of their Constitution .
-Confederate Constitution , 1861
-But though the Southern States , when drafting a constitution to unite themselves , narrowed the difference to this fine point by omitting to assert the right to secede , the fact remained that by seceding from the Union they had already acted on the concept that it was composed primarily of sovereign states .
-The truth in their conflicting concepts was expounded by statesmen of the calibre of Webster and Calhoun , and defended in the end by leaders of the nobility of Lincoln and Lee .
-Out of this ordeal the citizen emerged , in the South as in the North , as America's true sovereign , in `` a new birth of freedom '' , as Lincoln promised .
-The very fact that they came so near to winning by the wrong method , war , led directly to their losing both the war and the wrong thing they fought for , since it forced Lincoln to free their slaves as a military measure .
-The truth on each side won in the civil war
-`` we the People of the United States , in order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common Defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America '' .
-There was a divine justice in one wrong thus undoing another .
-They differed in the balance they believed essential to the sovereignty of the citizen -- but the supreme sacrifice each made served to maintain a still more fundamental truth : That individual life , liberty and happiness depend on a right balance between the two -- and on the limitation of sovereignty , in all its aspects , which this involves .
-And so I would only touch upon it now ( much as I have long wanted to write a book about it ) .
-When the Know-nothings get control , it will read , All men are created equal except Negroes and foreigners and Catholics .

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-As evidence to support that view , consider the following illustrative instances .
-If internal responsibility suggests acceptance of the socialist ideal of equality , then external responsibility implies adherence to principles of ideological supranationalism .
-National responsibility for individual welfare is a concept not limited to the United States or even to the Western nations .
-Reduced to its simplest terms , it is an assumption of a collective duty to compensate for the inability of individuals to cope with the rigors of the era .
-External national responsibility involves a burgeoning requirement that the leaders of the Western nations so guide their decisions as to further the viability of other friendly nations .
-to some degree they are being supplanted by a concept of national responsibility .
-It is one of the ironic quirks of history that the viability and usefulness of nationalism and the territorial state are rapidly dissipating at precisely the time that the nation-state attained its highest number ( approximately 100 ) .
-Nevertheless , nationalism and sovereignty are reputed , in the accepted wisdom , to describe the modern world .
-High-level abstractions are always difficult to pin down with precision .
-By prevailing over other claimants for the loyalties of men , the nation-state maintained an adequate measure of certainty and order within its territorial borders .
-Jean Bodin , writing in the sixteenth century , may have been the seminal thinker , but it was the vastly influential John Austin who set out the main lines of the concept as now understood .
-Hands-off the economy was replaced by conscious guidance through planning -- the economic side of the constitutional revolution .
-Of greater importance , however , is the content of those programs , which have had and are having enormous consequences for the American people .
-The content is not the same , however : rather than individual security , it is the security and continuing existence of an `` ideological group '' -- those in the `` free world '' -- that is basic .
-The former receives its legitimacy from the latter .
-Labor relations have been transformed , income security has become a standardized feature of political platforms , and all the many facets of the American version of the welfare state have become part of the conventional wisdom .
-In fact , however , both principles have always been nebulous and loosely defined .
-)
-less than a score of years later Congress enacted the Employment Act of 1946 , by which the national government assumed the responsibility of taking action to insure conditions of maximum employment .
-( Whether historical nationalism helped the peoples of the remainder of the world , and whether today's nationalism in the former colonial areas has equally beneficial aspects , are other questions .
-That any sort of duty was owed by his nation to other nations would have astonished a nineteenth-century statesman .
-The hypothesis ventured here is that it does , and that evidence is accumulating validating that proposition .
-The general acceptance of the idea of governmental ( i.e. , societal ) responsibility for the economic well-being of the American people is surely one of the two most significant watersheds in American constitutional history .
-The idea of national responsibility thus has become a common feature of the nations of the non-Soviet world .
-The nation-state , then , exemplifies the principle of nationalism and exercises sovereignty : supreme power over domestic affairs and independence from outside control .
-Complementing the political principle of nationalism is the legal principle of sovereignty .
-Thus , to cite but one example , the Pax Britannica of the nineteenth century , whether with the British navy ruling the seas or with the City of London ruling world finance , was strictly national in motivation , however much other nations ( e.g. , the United States ) may have incidentally benefited .
-Speaking generally , it furthered -- and still tends to further -- the interests of the Western powers .
-For it includes the emotional ties that bind men to their homeland and the complex motivations that hold a large group of people together as a unit .
-While the pattern is uneven , some having gained more than others , nationalism has in fact served the Western peoples well .
-Nevertheless , it may be helpful to cite one example -- that of employment -- for , as will be shown below , it cuts across both facets of the new concept .
-Within their confines , moreover , technological and industrial growth has proceeded at an accelerated pace , thus increasing the cornucopia from which material wants can be satisfied .
-In other words , nationalism worked well enough when it had limited application , both as to geography and as to population ; ;
-The American people have indeed come a long way in the brief interval between 1930 and 1961 .
-That guiding principle of the Hoover Administration fell to the siege guns of the New Deal ; ;
-Today , as new nations rise from the former colonial empires , nationalism is one of the hurricane forces loose in the world .
-It is noteworthy that the majority of the delegates to the Congress were from the less developed , former colonial nations .
-Austin's nineteenth-century view of law and sovereignty still dominates much of today's legal and political thinking .
-it becomes a perilous anachronism when adopted on a world-wide basis .
-However , in recent decades , for what doubtless are multiple reasons , an unannounced but nonetheless readily observable shift has occurred in both facets of national activity .
-A concept of responsibility is in process of articulation and establishment .
-His duty was to his sovereign and to his nation , and an extension to peoples beyond the territorial boundaries was not to be contemplated .
-Reference to two other concepts -- nationalism and sovereignty -- may help to reveal the contours of the new principle .
-Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '' , the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social , economic , educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized '' .
-Ratified in the Republican Party victory in 1952 , the Positive State is now evidenced by political campaigns being waged not on whether but on how much social legislation there should be .
-A national consensus of near unanimity exists that these governmental efforts are desirable as well as necessary .
-Operating side by side , together they helped shore up the nation-state .
-The short answer to those questions is `` yes '' .
-In its beginnings the nation-state had to struggle to assert itself -- internally , against feudal groups , and externally , against the power and influence of such other claimants for loyalty as the Church .
-For better or for worse , we all now live in welfare states , the organizing principle of which is collective responsibility for individual well-being .
-)
-In the past , the duties of the state , as Sir Henry Maine noted long ago , were only two in number : internal order and external security .
-By subduing disparate lesser groups the nation has , to some degree at least , broadened the capacity for individual liberty .
-In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus .
-Whether a concept analogous to the principle of internal responsibility operates in a nation's external relations is less obvious and more difficult to establish .
-Social Darwinism was able to stave off the incipient socialist movement until well into the present century .
-At the same time , all suggestions that some sort of societal responsibility existed for the welfare of the people within the territorial state was strongly resisted .
-The `` positive state '' came into existence .
-Both concepts are undergoing alteration ; ;
-For lawyers , reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences , there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '' , President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '' , the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation .
-( Since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the United States as an independent entity , it is perhaps natural for Americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order , something permanent and unchanging .
-Already firmly implanted internally , it is a growing factor in external matters .
-In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '' , the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform .
-( That corpus of law was a reflection of the power system in existence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries .
-To him , law is the command of the sovereign ( the English monarch ) who personifies the power of the nation , while sovereignty is the power to make law -- i.e. , to prevail over internal groups and to be free from the commands of other sovereigns in other nations .
-Internal national responsibility , now a truism , need not be documented .
-The other , of course , was the Civil War , the conflict which a century ago insured national unity over fragmentation .
-) The concept of nationalism is the political principle that epitomizes and glorifies the territorial state as the characteristic type of socal structure .
-The breakup of the Holy Roman Empire and the downfall of feudalism led , not more than two centuries ago , to the surge of nationalism .
-Meeting in New Delhi under the auspices of the International Commission of Jurists , a body of lawyers from the free world , the Congress redefined and expanded the traditional Rule of Law to include affirmative governmental duties .
-A little more than twenty years ago the American people turned an important corner .
-Historically , however , the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group .
-The Rule of Law , historically a principle according everyone his `` day in court '' before an impartial tribunal , was broadened substantively by making it a responsibility of government to promote individual welfare .
-Almost febrile in intensity , the principle has become worldwide in application -- unfortunately at the very time that nationalist fervors can wreak greatest harm .
-A measure of its widespread acceptance may be derived from a statement of the International Congress of Jurists in 1959 .
-It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which , it is pertinent to remember , was coined by Bentham ) , a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena .
-The enormous changes in world politics have , however , thrown it into confusion , so much so that it is safe to say that all international law is now in need of reexamination and clarification in light of the social conditions of the present era .
-Outside those limits it asserted , as against other states , a position of sovereign equality , and , as against the `` inferior '' peoples of the non-Western world , a position of dominance .
-Thirty years ago , while the nation was wallowing in economic depression , the prevailing philosophy of government was to stand aside and allow `` natural forces '' to operate and cure the distress .
-While sovereignty has roots in antiquity , in its present usage it is essentially modern .
-A third , one of at least equal and perhaps even greater importance , is now being traversed : American immersion and involvement in world affairs .
-Is there a different reality behind the facade ? ?
-But it is more than that .
-That is particularly true of sovereignty when it is applied to democratic societies , in which `` popular '' sovereignty is said to exist , and in federal nations , in which the jobs of government are split .
-Internal national responsibility is a societal response to the impact of the Industrial Revolution .
-These fundamental ideas -- the indivisibility of sovereignty and its dual ( internal-external ) aspects -- still remain the core of that concept of ultimate political power .
-Beyond the two basic tasks mentioned above , no attention was paid by statesman or scholar to an idea of state responsibility , either internally or externally .
-Does the surface hide a quite different picture ? ?
-This was particularly true in the world arena , which was an anarchical battleground characterized by strife and avaricious competition for colonial empires .
-But it is more than irony : one of the main reasons why nationalism is no longer a tenable concept is because it has spread throughout the planet .

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-If the historian was convinced of his own correctness , then he should not allow his vision to become fogged by disturbing facts .
-In all fairness it must be admitted that Adams made no pretense at being an impartial historian .
-The relic worship and monasticism of the Middle Ages were more advanced forms than were primitive fetish worship and nature myths .
-Furthermore , he must regard religion as the expression of human forces .
-It was history that must be in error , not the historian .
-Adams contended that once such a special class had been created it became a vested interest and sought to maintain itself by assuming exclusive control over the relationships between God and man .
-Impartiality to him meant an unwillingness to generalize and to search for a synthesis .
-It was this basic trait that separated Adams from the ranks of professional historians and led him to commit time and time again what was his most serious offense against the historical method -- namely , the tendency to assume the truth of an hypothesis before submitting it to the test of facts .
-The failure of Greece to reach the imperial destiny that Periclean Athens had seemed to promise was almost directly attributable to her physical conformation .
-To Adams that age in which religion exercised power over the entire culture of the race was one of imagination , and it is largely the admiration he so obviously held for such eras that betrays a peculiar religiosity -- a sentiment he would have probably denied .
-Moreover , he believed that most professional historians lacked some of the essential instruments for a proper study of history .
-All of Adams' work reflects this dogmatic characteristic .
-Moreover , stated Day , `` He always omits facts which tend to disprove his hypothesis '' .
-The fall of Rome , the discovery of precious metals , and the Protestant Reformation were all links and could only be explained and understood by comprehending the links that preceded and those that followed .
-To keep themselves entrenched in power , the priests were forced to demonstrate their unique status through the miracle .
-These basic ideas concerning the nature of religion were , Adams believed , some of the major keys to the understanding of history and the movement of society .
-What was perhaps more important than his concept of the nature of history and the historical method were those forces which shaped the direction of his thought .
-Students of anthropology and comparative religion had long been aware that there was , indeed , a direct connection .
-Conversely , if statistics were uncovered which contradicted a cherished theory , the sources were denounced as faulty .
-A credulousness , a distaste for documentation , an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts , and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public .
-He did not deny God ; ;
-Adams firmly contended that the historian must never underrate the impact of the geographical environment on history .
-In summary , Brooks Adams felt that the nature of history was order and that the order so discovered was as much subject to historical laws as the forces of nature .
-In The Law Of Civilization And Decay Brooks Adams traced this evolution , always pointing to the fact that although the forms became more rational , the substance remained unchanged .
-However , as a practicing historian , he , himself , has left few clues to the amount of professional scholarship that he used when writing history .
-Even D. A. Wasson , who compared The Emancipation Of Massachusetts to the lifting of a fog from ancient landscapes , was also forced to admit the methodological deficiencies of the author .
-Moreover , he rejects the contemporary accounts of Englishmen , casually adjudging them to be distorted by prejudice because `` the opinions of Englishmen are of no great value '' .
-The dark views about the Puritans found in The Emancipation Of Massachusetts were never altered .
-It was this fear which explained the development of a priestly caste whose function in society was to mollify and appease the angry deities .
-The desire to substantiate a thesis at the expense of sound research technique smacks more of the propagandist than the historian .
-However , despite the insight of many of his observations , his own conclusions are open to suspicion because of his failure to employ at all times the correct research methods .
-Adams depended largely on the dispatches of foreign ambassadors and observers in England , claiming that the reports of such agents had to be accurate because there were no newspapers .
-The power of every ecclesiastical organization has always rested on the miracle , and the clergy have always proved their divine commission as did Elijah '' .
-A. M. Wergeland called the Adams method literally antihistorical , while Clive Day maintained that the assumptions were not confined to theories alone but were also applicable to straight factual evidence .
-and , since the historian should only be interested in strictly terrestrial activity , his research should eliminate the supernatural .
-The German barbarians of the fourth century offered an excellent example :
-All critics of Adams and his methods have observed this particular deficiency .
-All areas of history were either favorably or adversely affected by the geographical environment , and no respectable historian could pursue the study of history without a thorough knowledge of geography .
-Brooks Adams preferred the chronicles of Froissart or the style and theorizing of Edward Gibbon , for at least they took a stand on the issues about which they wrote .
-They react in obedience to an instinct or urge which has itself been impelled by natural law .
-Much criticism has been leveled at this rather forced analogy , but what is equally significant is Adams' complete acceptance of the Biblical record as `` good and trustworthy history '' .
-In light of the scholarly reappraisals engendered by the higher criticism this is a most remarkable statement , particularly coming from one who was well known for his antifundamentalist views .
-He deplored the impact of German historiography on the writing of history , terming it a `` dismal monster '' .
-Often the historian must consider the use of intuition or instinct by those individuals or nations which he is studying .
-Unconsciously , governments or races or institutions may enter into some undertaking without fully realizing why they are doing so .
-There is no explanation of terms nor a qualification that most such revolts have been dealt with by force -- only a bald dogmatism that they must , because of some undefined compulsion , be so repelled .
-Religion and the churches were institutions which had been created by man , not God .
-The historian need not be concerned with the philosophical problems suggested by religion .
-Religion without supernaturalism
-In fact , if judgments are to be rendered upon the soundness of his historicism , they must be based on scanty evidence .
-What evidence is available would seem to indicate that Brooks , unlike his older brother Henry , had most of the methodological vices usually found in the amateur .
-But it was nothing more than that .
-On matters of race he was similarly inflexible : `` Most of the modern Latin races seem to have inherited the rigidity of the Roman mind '' .
-It made no difference that most evidence points to an opposite conclusion .
-This should not prejudice an evaluation of his findings , but they were not the findings of a completely impartial investigator .
-Thus , the Church was born and because of its intrinsic character was soon identified as a conservative institution , determined to resist the forces of change , to identify itself with the political rulers , and to maintain a kind of splendid isolation from the masses .
-If he found data that fitted his general plan , he used it and counted his sources trustworthy .
-it was also sacred , `` and no believer in an inspired church could tolerate having her canons examined as we should examine human laws '' .
-One example of this was his assertion that `` all servile revolts must be dealt with by physical force '' .
-Such manipulations are frequently encountered in his essay on the suppression of the monasteries during the English reformation .
-What is exposited by this observation is not the inherent prejudices of Englishmen but the Anglophobia of Brooks Adams .
-Brooks Adams considered religion as an extremely significant manifestation of man's fear of the unknown .
-When the historian encounters a situation in which he can perceive no visible cause and effect sequence , he should be alert to intuition and unconscious instinct as possible guides .
-he simply did not believe that a Creator intervened or interfered in human affairs .
-It was the use of the supernatural that kept them in business .
-A court may strike down a law on the basis of an intuitive feeling that the law is inimical to the numerical majority .
-His credulity is perhaps best illustrated in his introduction to The Emancipation Of Massachusetts , which purports to examine the trials of Moses and to draw a parallel between the leader of the Israelite exodus from Egypt and the leadership of the Puritan clergy in colonial New England .
-This is not to assume that his work was without merit , but the validity of his assumptions concerning the meaning of history must always be considered against this background of an unprofessional approach .
-There was no evidence , either of a positive or negative type , of the actions of a Divine Being in this world ; ;
-Doctrine was not only mysterious ; ;
-Yet , the idea imbedded in each was identical : to surround the unknown with mystery and to isolate that class which had been given special dominion over the secrets of God .
-`` The Germans in the fourth century were a very simple race , who comprehended little of natural laws , and who therefore referred phenomena they did not understand to supernatural intervention .
-Ranke and his disciples had reduced history to a profession of dullness ; ;
-But Adams was one of the first to suggest that this human incompetence was the only motivating factor behind religion .
-No page seems to be complete without the statement of at least one unproved generalization .
-Adams was not breaking new ground when he claimed that the worship of an unseen power was in reality a reflection of man's inability to cope with his environment .
-J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade , and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history , embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory , but also the modifications and exceptions '' .
-A similar amateurish characteristic is revealed in Adams' failure to check the accuracy and authenticity of his informational sources .
-He wrote eloquently to William James that impartial history was not only impossible but undesirable .
-In the final analysis his contribution to American historiography was founded on almost intuitive insights into religion , economics , and Darwinism , the three factors which conditioned his search for a law of history .
-Despite their adherence to the status quo , the forces of organized religion were compelled to make adjustments as increasing civilization augmented human knowledge .
-A nation may go to war on some trifling pretext , when in reality it may have been guided by an unconscious instinct that its very life was at stake .
-This is certainly an irrational dogmatism , in which the modern mind attempts to understand the spirit of the sixteenth century on twentieth-century terms .
-Indeed , he concluded that `` geographical conditions have exercised a great , possibly a preponderating , influence over man's destiny '' .
-He cites the French Revolution as typifying this rigidity but makes no mention of the Italians , who have been able to adapt to all types of circumstances .
-For Adams had made up his mind before all the facts were available .
-Certainly , he must recognize its power and attempt to ascertain its influence on the flow of history , but he must not confuse the natural and the mundane with the divine .
-He pontificates that `` one of the first signs of advancing civilization is the fall in the value of women in men's eyes '' .
-Brooks Adams was consistent in his admonishments to historians about the necessary tools or insights they needed to possess .
-This intervention could only be controlled by priests , and thus the invasions caused a rapid rise in the influence of the sacred class .
-Here was another indispensable tool .

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-The lazy sing-song was spaced in time like the drone of a bumble-bee .
-At four-o'clock , or four-thirty , the coming of the newsboy marked the end of the day ; ;
-she filled the waste spots of the yard with common things like the garden heliotrope in a corner by the woodshed , and the plantain lilies along the west side of the house .
-Time in the sum is nothing .
-These my grandmother left in their places ( they are still there , more persistent and longer-lived than the generations of man ) and planted others like them , that flourished without careful tending .
-Side fences were hidden beneath lilacs and hundred-leaf roses ; ;
-Dead fledgling birds , their squashed-looking nakedness and the odor of decay that clung to the hand when they had been buried in our graveyard in front of the purple flags .
-Every morning early , in the summer , we searched the trunks of the trees as high as we could reach for the locust shells , carefully detached their hooked claws from the bark where they hung , and stabled them , a weird faery herd , in an angle between the high roots of the tulip tree , where no grass grew in the dense shade .
-Another had ended before it began .
-The sun moved slant-wise across the sky and down ; ;
-morning-glory buds which could be so grasped and squeezed that they burst like a blown-up paper bag ; ;
-We enjoyed a paradoxical freedom when we were still too young for school .
-The horse plodded on , and he repeated his call .
-There were fences in the old days when we were children .
-Opposite every gate was a hitching post or a stone carriage-step , set with a rusty iron ring for tying a horse .
-The streets of any county town were like this on any sunshiny afternoon in summer ; ;
-bright flowers from the trumpet vine that made `` gloves '' on the ends of ten waggling fingers .
-That was one epoch : the apple-tree epoch .
-The primary quality of that view seems , now , to have been its quietness , but that cannot at the time have impressed us .
-they were topped by steeples complete in every detail : high-pitched roof , pinnacle , and narrow gable .
-Thus shielded , we played many foolish games in comfortable unselfconsciousness ; ;
-After his passage , the street was empty again .
-But the fences were still in place fifty-odd years ago , and when we stood on the gate to look over , the sidewalk under our eyes was not cement but two rows of paving stones with grass between and on both sides .
-They never troubled themselves about us while we were playing , because the fence formed such a definite boundary and `` Don't go outside the gate '' was a command so impossible of misinterpretation .
-Fuzzy caterpillars , snails with their sensitive horns , struggling grasshoppers held by their long hind legs and commanded to `` spit tobacco , spit '' .
-Other flowers we might gather as we pleased : myrtle and white violets from beneath the lilacs ; ;
-When these had been pocketed , we could still spend a morning cracking open other pebbles for our delight in seeing how much prettier they were inside than their dull exteriors indicated .
-And yet -- a year to a child is an eternity , and in the memory that phase of one's being -- a certain mental landscape -- will seem to have endured without beginning and without end .
-hollyhock blossoms that , turned upside down , make pink-petticoated ladies ; ;
-The curb was a line of stone laid edgewise in the dirt and tilted this way and that by frost in the ground or the roots of trees .
-Square corner- and gate posts were an open-work pattern of cast-iron foliage ; ;
-he tossed a paper toward every front door , and housewives came down to their steps to pick them up and read what their neighbors had been doing .
-The horse walked , the reins were slack , the huckster rode with bowed shoulders , his forearms across his knees .
-The hoofmarks of cattle and the prints of bare feet in the mud or in the dust were as numerous as the traces of shod horses .
-We collected `` lucky stones '' -- all the creamy translucent pebbles , worn smooth and round , that we could find in the driveway .
-Cows were kept in backyard barns , boys were hired to drive them to and from the pasture on the edge of town , and familiar to the ear , morning and evening , were the boys' coaxing voices , the thud of hooves , and the thwack of a stick on cowhide .
-I think that my grandmother was not an impassioned gardener : she was too indulgent a lover of dogs and grandchildren .
-Once , then -- for how many years or how few does not matter -- my world was bound round by fences , when I was too small to reach the apple tree bough , to twist my knee over it and pull myself up .
-Across the front of a yard and down the side , they were iron , either spiked along the top or arched in half circles .
-From high in the tree , the whole block lay within range of the eye , but the ground was almost nowhere visible .
-And the cast shell of a locust , straw-colored and transparent , weighing nothing , fragile but entire , with eyes like bubbles and a gaping slit down its back .
-It was mother who planted the verbenas .
-On these posts the gates swung open with a squeak and shut with a metallic clang .
-Every path from back door to barn was covered by a grape-arbor , and every yard had its fruit trees .
-If a child watched its progress he whispered , `` Hay , hay , load of hay -- make a wish and turn away '' , and then stared rigidly in the opposite direction until the sound of the horses' feet returned no more .
-Every slight sound that rose against that pressure fell away again , crushed beneath it .
-My great-grandmother , I have been told , made her garden her great pride ; ;
-That world was in scale with my own smallness .
-the mill-pond is quiet , its surface dark and shadowed , and there does not seem to be much water in it .
-but true memory does not count nor add : it holds fast to things that were and they are outside of time .
-We showed them to each other and said `` Would you have guessed '' ? ?
-the peonies , whose tight sticky buds would be blighted by the laying on of a finger , although they were not apparently harmed by the ants that crawled over them ; ;
-From above one could only occasionally catch a glimpse of life on the floor of this green sea : a neighbor's gingham skirt flashing into sight for an instant on the path beneath her grape-arbor , or the movement of hands above a clothesline and the flutter of garments hung there , half-way down the block .
-Alley fences were made of solid boards higher than one's head , but not so high as the golden glow in a corner or the hollyhocks that grew in a line against them .
-One looked down on a sea of leaves , a breaking wave of flower .
-Flowers , stones , and small creatures , living and dead .
-ripe pears lying in long grass , to be turned over by a dusty-slippered foot , cautiously , lest bees still worked in the ragged , brown-edged holes ; ;
-seed-pods of the balsams that snapped like fire-crackers at a touch ; ;
-I have no picture in my mind of the garden as a whole -- that I could not see -- but certain aspects of certain corners linger in the memory : wind-blown , frost-bitten , white chrysanthemums beneath a window , with their brittle brown leaves and their sharp scent of November ; ;
-even when the fences became a part of the game -- when a vine-embowered gate-post was the Sleeping Beauty's enchanted castle , or when Rapunzel let down her golden hair from beneath the crocketed spire , even then we paid little heed to those who went by on the path outside .
-they were like this fifty-odd years ago , and yesterday .
-The street was unpaved and rose steeply toward the center ; ;
-red-and-yellow columbines whose round-tipped spurs were picked off and eaten for the honey in them ; ;
-Time is a queer thing and memory a queerer ; ;
-A wheel squeaked on a hub , was still , and squeaked again .
-We were forbidden to swing on the gates , lest they sag on their hinges in a poor-white-trash way , but we could stand on them , when they were latched , rest our chins on the top , and stare and stare , committing to memory , quite unintentionally , all the details that lay before our eyes .
-Sleepily , as if half-reluctant to break the silence , he lifted his voice : `` Rhu-beb-ni-ice nice fresh rhu-beb today '' ! !
-our elders stayed in the dark house or sat fanning on the front porch .
-Squatting on our haunches beside the flat stone we broke them on , we were safe behind the high closed gates at the end of the drive : safe from interruption and the observation and possible amusement of the passers-by .
-In a stream that turns a mill-wheel there is a lot of water ; ;
-I have more than once sat cross-legged in the grass through a long summer morning and watched without touching while a poppy bud higher than my head slowly but visibly pushed off its cap , unfolded , and shook out like a banner in the sun its flaming vermilion petals .
-and the poppies .
-Pale yellow snapdragons that by pinching could be made to bite ; ;
-snowballs ; ;
-she cherished rare and delicate plants like oleanders in tubs and wall-flowers and lemon verbenas in pots that had to be wintered in the cellar ; ;
-and the little , dark blue larkspur that scattered its seed everywhere .
-We were not , however , entirely unacquainted with the varying aspects of the street .
-Three of these only were protected from us by stern commandment : the roses , whose petals might not be collected until they had fallen , to be made into perfume or rose-tea to drink ; ;
-It became so monotonous as to seem a part of the quietness .
-When the hay wagon had gone , and an interval passed , a huckster's cart might turn the corner .
-From maturity one looks back at the succession of years , counts them and makes them many , yet cannot feel length in the number , however large .
-What one actually remembers is its greenness .
-It had a bucolic atmosphere that it has lost long since .
-The part of the mind that preserves dates and events may remonstrate , `` It could have been like that for only a little while '' ; ;
-A hay-wagon moved slowly along the gutter , the top of it swept by the low boughs of the maple trees , and loose straws were left hanging tangled among the leaves .
-the lilacs themselves , that bloomed so prodigally but for the most part beyond our reach ; ;
-More potent a charm to bring back that time of life than this record of a few pictures and a few remembered facts would be a catalogue of the minutiae which are of the very stuff of the mind , intrinsic , because they were known in the beginning not by the eye alone but by the hand that held them .
-The street that is full now of traffic and parked cars then and for many years drowsed on an August afternoon in the shade of the curbside trees , and silence was a weight , almost palpable , in the air .
-In the heat of the summer , the garden solitudes were ours alone ; ;
-front fences were covered with Virginia creeper or trumpet vines or honeysuckle .
-No one seemed to hear him , no one heeded .
-the trees' shadows circled from street to sidewalk , from sidewalk to lawn .
-the tricks that time plays with memory and memory with time are queerest of all .
-hot-colored verbenas in the corner between the dining-room wall and the side porch , where we passed on our way to the pump with the half-gourd tied to it as a cup by my grandmother for our childish pleasure in drinking from it .
-it was mud in wet weather and dust , ankle-deep , in dry , and could be crossed only at the corner where there were stepping stones .
-The only extended view possible to anyone less tall than the fences was that obtained from an upper bough of the apple tree .
-In the center of any open space remaining our grandfathers had planted syringa and sweet-shrub , snowball , rose-of-Sharon and balm-of-Gilead .

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-Here I do not mean catharsis , the discharge of emotion .
-But there is one in particular which , it seems to me , deserves special attention .
-Clearly what the person brings to the reading is important .
-This is given some expression in Beardsley's notion of harmony and the resolution of indecision .
-Moreover , if the critic instructs his audience in what to see in a work , he is contributing to this pseudo-thinking ; ;
-In any inquiry into the way in which great literature affects the emotions , particularly with respect to the sense of harmony , or relief of tension , or sense of `` a transformed inner nature '' which may occur , a most careful exploration of the particular feature of the experience which produces the effect would be required .
-In the calm which follows the reading of a poem , for example , is the effect produced by the enforced quiet , by the musical quality of words and rhythm , by the sentiments or sense of the poem , by the associations with earlier readings , if it is familiar , by the boost to the self-esteem for the semi-literate , by the diversion of attention , by the sense of security in a legitimized withdrawal , by a kind license for some variety of fantasy life regarded as forbidden , or by half-conscious ideas about the magical power of words ? ?
-Literature may be said to give people a sense of purpose , dedication , mission , significance .
-I use this term to mean three things : a search for the human significance of an event or state of affairs , a tendency to look at wholes rather than parts , and a tendency to respond to these events and wholes with feeling .
-One , a reservation on the point I have just made , is the phenomenon of pseudo-thinking , pseudo-feeling , and pseudo-willing , which Fromm discussed in The Escape From Freedom .
-Still , it would be surprising if what one reads did not contribute to one's ideas of right and wrong ; ;
-A third idea is that artistic literature serves to reduce emotional conflicts , giving a sense of serenity and calm to individuals .
-But to go from here to the belief that those more sensitive to metaphor and language will also be more sensitive to personal differences is too great an inferential leap .
-One would need to test this proposition carefully ; ;
-I think these attributes cluster , but I have no evidence .
-The limits are suggested by an imaginary experiment : contrast the perceptual skill of English professors with that of their colleagues in discriminating among motor cars , political candidates , or female beauty .
-William Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks , it seems to me , have a penetrating insight into the way in which this control is effected : `` For if we say poetry is to talk of beauty and love ( and yet not aim at exciting erotic emotion or even an emotion of Platonic esteem ) and if it is to talk of anger and murder ( and yet not aim at arousing anger and indignation ) -- then it may be that the poetic way of dealing with these emotions will not be any kind of intensification , compounding , or magnification , or any direct assault upon the affections at all .
-In fact , I can only say this seems to me to follow from a wide , continuous , and properly guided exposure to literary art .
-I am not aware of great attention by any of these authors or by the psychotherapeutic profession to the role of literary study in the development of conscience -- most of their attention is to a pre-literate period of life , or , for the theologians of course , to the influence of religion .
-The study of literature contributes to this control in a curious way .
-The second timely part of this sketch of literature and the search for identity has to do with the difference between good and enduring literary works and the ephemeral mass culture products of today .
-It forms the core of many , perhaps most , problems of psychotherapy .
-I would say , too , that the study of literature tends to give a person what I shall call depth .
-The terms `` renewal '' and `` refreshed '' , which often come up in aesthetic discussion , seem partly to derive their import from the `` renewal '' of purpose and a `` refreshed '' sense of significance a person may receive from poetry , drama , and fiction .
-One of the most salient features of literary value has been deemed to be its influence upon and organization of emotion .
-It is the obverse of triviality , shallowness , emotional anaesthesia .
-Sensibility is a vague word , covering an area of meaning rather than any precise talent , quality , or skill .
-Let us differentiate a few of these ideas .
-The Aristotelian notion of catharsis , the purging of emotion , is a persistent and viable one .
-The observer of television or other products for a mass audience has only a permit to be , like the models he sees , even more like everybody else .
-after all , the large ( and probably unreliable ) Reader's Digest literature on the `` most unforgettable character I ever met '' deals with village grocers , country doctors , favorite if illiterate aunts , and so forth .
-It is possible that the idea of enrichment of emotion is a fifth idea .
-In B. M. Spinley's portrayal of the underprivileged and undereducated youth of London , a salient finding was the inability to postpone gratification , a need to satisfy impulses immediately without the pleasure of anticipation or of savoring the experience .
-How literature does this , or for whom , is certainly not clear , but the content , form , and language of the `` message '' , as well as the source , would all play differentiated parts in giving and molding a sense of purpose .
-Its truth is illustrated by the skill , sensitivity , and general expertise of the English professor with whom one attends the theatre .
-And this , I think , holds for values as well as life styles .
-I do not know that this is true ; ;
-It is at least possible that the capacity to postpone gratification is developed as well as expressed in a continuous and guided exposure to great literature .
-The idea here is one of discharge but this must stand in opposition to a second view , Plato's notion of the arousal of emotion .
-Among other things it means perception , discrimination , sensitivity to subtle differences .
-Feeling useless seems generally to be an unpleasant sensation .
-Along these lines , the particular point that sensitivity in literature leads to sensitivity in human relations would require more proof than I have seen .
-A sketch of the emotional value of the study of literature would have to take account of all of these .
-This , no doubt , is part of what Gilbert Seldes implies when he says of the arts , `` They give form and meaning to life which might otherwise seem shapeless and without sense '' .
-if he instructs them in how to evaluate a work , he is helping them to achieve their own identity .
-But still , the proposition is worth examination .
-F.S.C. Northrop , in his discussion of The `` Functions And Future Of Poetry '' , suggests this : `` One of the things which makes our lives drab and empty and which leaves us , at the end of the day , fatigued and deflated spiritually is the pressure of the taxing , practical , utilitarian concern of common-sense objects .
-There is a risk that instead of teaching a person how to be himself , reading fiction and drama may teach him how to be somebody else .
-I mean something more like Freud's concept of the utility of `` play '' to a small child : he plays `` house '' or `` doctor '' or `` fireman '' as a way of mastering slightly frightening experiences , reliving them imaginatively until they are under control .
-The rehearsal through literature of emotional life under controlled conditions may be a most valuable human experience .
-A need so deeply planted , asking for direction , so to speak , is likely to be gratified by the vivid examples and heroic proportions of literature .
-Something indirect , mixed , reconciling , tensional might well be the stratagem , the devious technique by which a poet indulged in all kinds of talk about love and anger and even in something like `` expressions '' of these emotions , without aiming at their incitement or even uttering anything that essentially involves their incitement '' .
-The notion of `` inspiration '' is somehow cognate to this feeling .
-Richards' view of the aesthetic experience might constitute a sixth variety : for him it constitutes , in part , the organization of impulses .
-Probably the most important thing to focus on is not the development of conscience , which may well be almost beyond the reach of literature , but the contents of conscience , the code which is imparted to the developed or immature conscience available .
-The reader , observing this process , might ask `` why not be different '' ? ?
-Both the extent to which this is true and the limits of the field of perceptual skill involved should be acknowledged .
-Two facets of this aspect of the literary process have special significance for our time .
-In the range and variety of characters who , in their literary lives , get along all right with life styles one never imagined possible , there is an implicit lesson in differentiation .
-certainly the awakened alarm over the comic books and the continuous concern over prurient literature indicate some peripheral aspects of this influence .
-This is in large part a code of behavior and a glossary of values : what is it that people do and should do and how one should regard it .
-In the wide range of experiences common to our earth-bound race none is more difficult to manage , more troublesome , and more enduring in its effects than the control of love and hate .
-One of the most frequent views of the value of literature is the education of sensibility that it is thought to provide .
-These are , if the research is done with subtlety and skill , researchable topics , but the research is missing .
-A fourth view is the transformation of emotion , as in Housman's fine phrase on the arts : they `` transform and beautify our inner nature '' .
-In a small way this is illustrated by the nineteenth-century novelist who argued for the powerful influence of literature as a teacher of society and who illustrated this with the way a girl learned to meet her lover , how to behave , how to think about this new experience , how to exercise restraint .
-In essence this involves grounding one's thought and emotion in the values and experience of others , rather than in one's own values and experience .
-Anyone who has watched children develop a taste for literature will understand what I mean .
-both Flugel and Ranyard West deal with the development and nature of conscience , as do such theologians as Niebuhr and Buber .
-If art is to release us from these postulated things ( things we must think symbolically about ) and bring us back to the ineffable beauty and richness of the aesthetic component of reality in its immediacy , it must sever its connection with these common sense entities '' .
-Scientists often turn out to be idiosyncratic , too .
-There is a second feature of the influences of literature , good literature , on emotional life which may have some special value for our time .
-It is possible that the study of literature affects the conscience , the morality , the sensitivity to some code of `` right '' and `` wrong '' .
-In a symposium and general exploration of the field of Personal Perception and Interpersonal Behavior the discussion does not touch upon this aspect of the subject , with one possible exception ; ;
-Perhaps it is only an analogy , but one of the most obvious differences between cheap fiction and fiction of an enduring quality is the development of a theme or story with leisure and anticipation .
-Solomon Asch shows the transcultural stability of metaphors based on sensation ( hot , sweet , bitter , etc. ) dealing with personal qualities of human beings and events .
-And find in the answer a license to be a variant of the human species .
-Men seem almost universally to want a sense of function , that is , a feeling that their existence makes a difference to someone , living or unborn , close and immediate or generalized .
-I take the central meaning here to be the contrast between the drab empty quality of life without literature and a life enriched by it .

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-And Lilly's whole family seemed to be an apology for Mr. Banks .
-The first time I went there he asked me to bring him water from Flagler's well -- water that reminded him of his first days in the mountains -- and before I came the next time I filled a five-gallon jug for him and brought it to the hospital .
-It ran north , away from the town and the people , through woods and past the nothingness of a graveyard .
-Alfred was getting too sick to stay in his own home .
-Instead she waited for Alfred to get better and take care of her .
-I felt very flattered to be included in the protection of their company even though I had nothing to be protected from .
-Her brother Karl was a very gentle soul , her mother was a quiet woman who said little but who had hard , probing eyes .
-I don't know how and I don't know why but the two stores , the one in Margaretville and the one in Fleischmanns that had been set up as a partnership , were dissolved , separated from each other .
-Spring was life -- and Alfred Alpert in his sickroom was death .
-Alfred , who was a good deal older than Harry , had treated him like a son , and when Harry decided to stay in business with Lew instead of going with Alfred , Alfred looked on the decision as a betrayal .
-The brother and sister seemed to be a sort of mutual-aid society , a little fortress of kindness for each other in a hard world .
-I could hear Alfred's voice a few words behind Meltzer's like a counterpoint , punctuated by sobs of sorrow and resignation .
-Harry ran to the side of the car where Alfred was sitting and looked at him , begging him to speak .
-So Meltzer learned a new trade from Banks , who supplied the town and the hotels with meat .
-Karl played well and his favorite song was a Schubert lullaby .
-Alfred looked straight ahead .
-We were almost the same age , she was fifteen , I was twelve , and where I felt there was a life to look forward to Lilly felt she had had as much of it as was necessary .
-He didn't want Alfred to leave me trouble because that's all it would be , and Alfred understood .
-It was a very tempting offer .
--- it evaporated , disappeared , and came back to the earth as rain -- maybe for another well or another stream or another Alfred Alpert .
-To people who didn't know her she was a gawky , badly dressed kid whose arms were too long , whose legs were a little too bony .
-And Lilly allowed me to help so that she could have her few little hours of escape .
-He entered the house in silence , walked into Alfred's room , and closed the door behind him .
-They lived in the same house and it didn't seem to be such a hard thing to do , but the sad realities of Lilly's life and the fact that Meltzer didn't love her never satisfied my wishful thinking .
-Banks had a family -- a wife , a daughter , and a son .
-I helped Lilly in the store .
-It usually turned out well for him because either he liked the right people or there were only a few wrong people in the town .
-She was the opposite of everything she should have been -- a positive pole in a negative home , a living reaction of warmth and kindness to the harsh reality of her father .
-Then Meltzer's voice , quiet , calm , strong , started the Kaddish , the prayer for the dead .
-When we went for our walks Lilly's brother would come along every once in a while .
-Solemnly he walked me back to Alfred's house without a word passing between us .
-The doctor wanted him in a hospital ; ;
-She had the hips of a boy and a loose-jointed walk that reminded me of a string of beads strolling down the street .
-Meltzer was a boarder with the Banks family .
-Karl was an almost exact copy of his father physically and it was strange to see the expected become the unexpected .
-The daughter , Lilly , was a very good friend of mine and I always had hopes that someday she and Meltzer would find each other .
-Every chance I got I left the hotel to visit Lilly .
-the nearest one was forty miles away in Kingston .
-Speak to me '' .
-12 `` where is it written '' ? ?
-For every rude word of Mr. Banks's the family had five in apology .
-And even hearing it in a concert hall surrounded by hundreds of people the words and the melody would make me a little colder and I would reach out for my husband's hand .
-Banks the Butcher was a hard master and a hard father , a man who didn't seem to know the difference between the living flesh of his family and the hanging carcasses of his stock in trade .
-She didn't turn away from the window .
-They had my mother's opinion of him : that he was too sharp or a little too good to be true .
-My father would have done it if it hadn't been for my mother , who had a fear of being in debt to anyone -- even Alfred Alpert .
-The car was waiting for him .
-He stood there watching until it had gone from his sight .
-Alfred wanted to invest in my father's hotel and advance enough money to build a larger place .
-I accepted her crossed eyes as she accepted my childishness ; ;
-There was a finality in the rhythm of the prayer -- it was the end of a life , the end of hope , and the wondering if there would ever be another beginning .
-He sent me for Meltzer the Butcher , whom he wanted not as a friend but as a rabbi .
-Tessie , everybody thought , was a strong woman , but she was only strong because she had Alfred to lean on .
-Alfred ! !
-Alfred began to put his affairs in order , and he went about it like a man putting his things into storage .
-When the work was finished , we would walk .
-And when Alfred was forced into his bed , Tessie left the front porch of the store and sat at home , rocking in her rocker in the living room , staring out the window -- the rose still in her hair .
-Later , when I was older , I found the song was part of Schubert's Die Schone Mullerin .
-Mr. Banks was always called Banks the Butcher until he left town and the shop passed over to Meltzer the Scholar who then became automatically Meltzer the Butcher .
-For a few minutes there was nothing to hear .
-To me it was a game , to her it was the deadly seriousness of life .
-Tessie could do nothing for Alfred .
-From that day on he never spoke to Harry or to Lew , or to Lew's two boys , Mort and Jimmy .
-Alfred walked past him without a word and got into the car .
-I was free but she was bound to her duties that not even the coming of Meltzer lightened .
-To me Lilly was a fine and lovely girl .
-childishness compared to her grown-up understanding that life was a punishment for as yet undisclosed sins .
-The six miles between the towns became an ocean and the Alperts became a family of strangers .
-Alfred was dressed for his trip to the hospital .
-And she had the kind of crossed eyes that shocked .
-I went to visit Alfred in the Kingston Hospital a few times .
-He was filled with knowledge of the Bible and the Talmud .
-The road past the butcher shop took us along the side of a stream .
-The store was their marriage , and when Alfred had to leave it there was nothing to hold them together .
-My father , who liked Alfred very much , was a constant visitor .
-She couldn't cook or clean or make him comfortable .
-He came to Fleischmanns directly from the boat that brought him to America from Russia .
-Alfred , leaning on Meltzer , stopped for a minute to look at Tessie .
-She had to clean the glass on the display cases in the butcher shop , help her brother scrub the cutting tables with wire brushes , mop the floors , put down new sawdust on the floors and help check the outgoing orders .
-It was in the spring of the year when he took to his bed and Tessie and Alfred found out that they didn't know each other .
-The jug stayed at the hospital and the water -- what can happen to water ? ?
-Lilly preferred the loneliness of that walk .
-I became fifteen , sixteen , then twenty , and still Tessie Alpert sat on the porch with a rose in her hair , and Alfred got richer and sicker with diabetes .
-I wanted to help so that we could find time to play .
-He was a learned man and a very gentle soul .
-if he wanted to leave me something let it be a trinket , nothing else .
-Harry followed the car until it reached the main road and turned towards Kingston .
-By leaving me everything he wouldn't be doing me a favor , my father told him , and he didn't want to see his daughter involved in a lawsuit .
-This huge hulk played the guitar and he would take it along on our walks and play for us as we sat alone in the woods or by the stream .
-It was unexpected , unexpected because Lilly walked with her head bent down , down , and her mark of friendship was to look into your face .
-My father , a wise man , asked him not to .
-Alfred nodded a little nod and went out through the door .
-Lilly Banks and I became friends .
-The car began to move and Harry ran after it crying , `` Alfred ! !
-He knew the whyfores and the wherefores but he was weak , very weak , on the therefores .
-Outside , his brother Harry was waiting for him -- he had come to say good-bye .
-It wasn't hard to understand .
-They were like two strangers .
-I remember him pointing out of the window and saying that he wished he could live to see another spring but that he wouldn't .
-He spoke no German but he could sing it and the words of the song were the only ones he knew in a foreign language .
-He knew Alfred liked me ; ;
-Alfred knew that , too .
-One of the people who was afraid of Alfred was his own brother , Lew .
-In spite of his being well liked there were a few people who were very careful about Alfred .
-The song , he said , was called `` The Stream's Lullaby '' , and when he sang , `` Gute ruh , Gute ruh , Mach't die augen zu , '' there was such longing and such simple sadness that it frightened me .
-He treated both with equal indifference and with equal contempt ; ;
-Meltzer knew why I had come for him .
-Meltzer stayed with Alfred , and when the door opened they both came out .
-But the car moved off and Alfred just looked straight ahead .
-I don't think he ever got to drink any of it .
-Banks the Butcher took Meltzer the Scholar as an apprentice and he made it very clear that a man of learning must be able to do more than just quote the Commentaries of the Talmud in order to live .
-One day Alfred told him that he had decided to leave everything to me .
-When these chores were finished , only then , was she allowed whatever freedom she could find .
-The day Alfred left his home and Fleischmanns he gave up the convictions of a lifetime .
-Time went on and everybody got older .
-I would have liked the town and the busyness of its people but I always followed Lilly into the peace of the silent and unstaring road .
-I sat down to wait , and I watched Tessie Alpert , who hadn't moved or said a word but kept staring out of the window .
-Everything was all very friendly , except when it came to Harry , the youngest brother .
-perhaps he was a little more sympathetic to the sides of beef that hung silently from his hooks .

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-Pohl and Kornbluth's ad men have long since thrown out appeals to reason and developed techniques of advertising which tie in with `` every basic trauma and neurosis in American life '' , which work on the libido of consumers , which are linked to the `` great prime motivations of the human spirit '' .
-While The Space Merchants indicates , as Kingsley Amis has correctly observed , some of the `` impending consequences of the growth of industrial and commercial power '' and satirizes `` existing habits in the advertising profession '' , its warning and analysis penetrate much deeper .
-There is , of course , nothing new about dystopias , for they belong to a literary tradition which , including also the closely related satiric utopias , stretches from at least as far back as the eighteenth century and Swift's Gulliver's Travels to the twentieth century and Zamiatin's We , Capek's War With The Newts , Huxley's Brave New World , E. M. Forster's `` The Machine Stops '' , C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength , and Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four , and which in science fiction is represented before the present deluge as early as Wells's trilogy , The Time Machine , `` A Story Of The Days To Come '' , and When The Sleeper Wakes , and as recently as Jack Williamson's `` With Folded Hands '' ( 1947 ) , the classic story of men replaced by their own robots .
-Mankind , as a result , attains previously undreamed of levels of civilization and culture , a golden age which the Overlords , a very evident symbol of science , have helped produce by introducing reason and the scientific method into human activities .
-Both abolition of war and new techniques of production , particularly robot factories , greatly increase the world's wealth , a situation described in the following passage , which has the true utopian ring : `` Everything was so cheap that the necessities of life were free , provided as a public service by the community , as roads , water , street lighting and drainage had once been .
-What is wrong with advertising is not only that it is an `` outrage , an assault on people's mental privacy '' or that it is a major cause for a wasteful economy of abundance or that it contains a coercive tendency ( which is closer to the point ) .
-Walter M. Miller , Jr.'s , A Canticle For Leibowitz ( 1959 ) finds men , after the great atomic disaster , stumbling back to their previous level of civilization and another catastrophe ; ;
-How effectively these warnings can be presented is seen in Pohl and Kornbluth's The Space Merchants , Vonnegut's Player Piano and Wyndham's Re-Birth .
-And we do it by taking talent -- and redirecting it '' .
-A more complete list would also include Bradbury's `` The Pedestrian '' ( 1951 ) , Philip K. Dick's Solar Lottery ( 1955 ) , David Karp's One ( 1953 ) , Wilson Tucker's The Long Loud Silence ( 1952 ) , Jack Vance's To Live Forever ( 1956 ) , Gore Vidal's Messiah ( 1954 ) , and Bernard Wolfe's Limbo ( 1952 ) , as well as the three perhaps most outstanding dystopias , Frederik Pohl and C. M. Kornbluth's The Space Merchants ( 1953 ) , Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano ( 1952 ) , and John Wyndham's Re-Birth ( 1953 ) , works which we will later examine in detail .
-Among the dystopias , for example , Isaac Asimov's The Caves Of Steel ( 1954 ) portrays the deadly effects on human life of the super-city of the future ; ;
-Rather what Kornbluth and Pohl are really doing is warning against the dangers inherent in perfecting `` a science of man and his motives '' .
-and the atmosphere is so befouled that no one dares walk in the open without respirators or soot plugs .
-The novels and stories like Pohl's Drunkard's Walk ( 1960 ) , with the focus on adventure and with the dystopian elements only a dim background -- in this case an uneasy , overpopulated world in which the mass of people do uninteresting routine jobs while a carefully selected , university-trained elite runs everything -- are in all likelihood as numerous as dystopias .
-Clifford D. Simak's `` How-2 '' ( 1954 ) tells of a future when robots have taken over , leaving men nothing to do ; ;
-Easily the best known of these three novels is The Space Merchants , a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life , though its most important warning is in this area , namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put .
-On the other hand , the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction , of course , is related , if sometimes distantly , to that utopian literature optimistic about science , literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia .
-Frederick Pohl's `` The Midas Touch '' ( 1954 ) predicts an economy of abundance which , in order to remain prosperous , must set its robots to consuming surplus production ; ;
-and Robert Sheckley's The Status Civilization ( 1960 ) describes a world which , frightened by the powers of destruction science has given it , becomes static and conformist .
-What makes the current phenomenon unique is that so many science-fiction writers have reversed a trend and turned to writing works critical of the impact of science and technology on human life .
-Indeed , again and again , the space merchants confirm the prediction of the humanists that the conditioners and behavioral scientists , once they have seen through human nature , will have nothing except their impulses and desires to guide them .
-As the hero , Mitchell Courtenay , explains before his conversion , the job of advertising is `` to convince people without letting them know that they're being convinced '' .
-James Blish's A Case Of Conscience ( 1958 ) describes a world hiding from its own weapons of destruction in underground shelters ; ;
-and among works of dystopian science fiction , not all provide intelligent criticism and very few have much merit as literature -- but then real quality has always been scarce in science fiction .
-Arriving just in time to stop men from turning their planet into a radioactive wasteland , the Overlords unite earth into one world in which justice , order , and benevolence prevail and ignorance , poverty , and fear have ceased to exist .
-The novel , which is not merely dystopian but also brilliantly satiric , describes a future America where one-sixteenth of the population , the men who run advertising agencies and big corporations , control the rest of the people , the submerged fifteen-sixteenths who are the workers and consumers , with the government being no more than `` a clearing house for pressures '' .
-Childhood's End -- apparently indebted to Kurd Lasswitz's Utopian romance , Auf Zwei Planeten ( 1897 ) , and also to Wells's Histories Of The Future , especially , The World Set Free ( 1914 ) and The Shape Of Things To Come ( 1933 ) -- describes the bloodless conquest of earth by the Overlords , vastly superior creatures who come to our world in order to prepare the human race for its next stage of development , an eventual merging with the composite mind of the universe .
-Like ours , the economy of the space merchants must constantly expand in order to survive , and , like ours , it is based on the principle of `` ever increasing everybody's work and profits in the circle of consumption '' .
-Not all recent science fiction , however , is dystopian , for the optimistic strain is still very much alive in Mission Of Gravity and Childhood's End , as we have seen , as well as in many other recent popular novels and stories like Fred Hoyle's The Black Cloud ( 1957 ) ; ;
-In Arthur Clarke's Childhood's End ( 1953 ) , though written after the present flood of dystopias began , we can see the bright vision of science fiction clearly defined .
-Thus the copywriter in the world of the space merchants is the person who in earlier ages might have been a lyric poet , the person `` capable of putting together words that stir and move and sing '' .
-In addition , there are many areas of the human situation besides the impact of science and technology which are examined , for science-fiction dystopias often extrapolate political , social , economic tendencies only indirectly related to science and technology .
-Nevertheless , with all these qualifications and exceptions , the current dystopian phenomenon remains impressive for its criticism that science and technology , instead of bringing utopia , may well enslave , dehumanize , and even destroy men .
-For example , even the most successful executive lives in a two-room apartment while ordinary people rent space in the stairwells of office buildings in which to sleep at night ; ;
-Now the basic question to be asked in this situation is what motivates the manipulators , that is , what are their values ? ?
-And they have done this on a very large scale , with a veritable flood of novels and stories which are either dystopias or narratives of adventure with dystopian elements .
-A man could travel anywhere he pleased , eat whatever he fancied -- without handing over any money '' .
-But the only ideal he can think of is `` Sales '' ! !
-The Space Merchants , like such humanist documents as Joseph Wood Krutch's The Measure Of Man and C. S. Lewis's The Abolition Of Man , considers what may result from the scientific study of human nature .
-Writers of this class of science fiction have clearly in mind the assumptions that man can master the principles of this cause-and-effect universe and that such mastery will necessarily better the human lot .
-Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years , it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four , an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101 , along with education by conditioning from Brave New World , a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia .
-As Courtenay explains , `` Here in this profession we reach into the souls of men and women .
-And this , of course , is exactly what Madison Avenue has been accused of doing albeit in a primitive way , with its `` hidden persuaders '' and what the space merchants accomplish with much greater sophistication and precision .
-Thus science is the savior of mankind , and in this respect Childhood's End only blueprints in greater detail the vision of the future which , though not always so directly stated , has nevertheless been present in the minds of most science-fiction writers .
-And the second requirement for convincing people without their knowledge is artistic talent to prepare the words and pictures which persuade by using the principles which the scientists have discovered .
-Considering then the optimism which has permeated science fiction for so long , what is really remarkable is that during the last twelve years many science-fiction writers have turned about and attacked their own cherished vision of the future , have attacked the Childhood's End kind of faith that science and technology will inevitably better the human condition .
--- since , as Courtenay says , `` Nobody should play with lives the way we do unless he's motivated by the highest ideals '' .
-And to do this requires first of all the kind of information about people which is provided by the scientists in industrial anthropology and consumer research , who , for example , tell Courtenay that three days is the `` optimum priming period for a closed social circuit to be triggered with a catalytic cue-phrase '' -- which means that an effective propaganda technique is to send an idea into circulation and then three days later reinforce or undermine it .
-Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 ( 1954 ) presents a book-burning society in which wall television and hearing-aid radios enslave men's minds ; ;
-If man is actually the product of his environment and if science can discover the laws of human nature and the ways in which environment determines what people do , then someone -- a someone probably standing outside traditional systems of values -- can turn around and develop completely efficient means for controlling people .
-Thus we will have a society consisting of the planners or conditioners , and the controlled .
-With destructive tensions and pressures removed men have the vigor and energy to construct a new human life -- rebuilding entire cities , expanding facilities for entertainment , providing unlimited opportunities for education -- indeed , for the first time giving everyone the chance to employ his talents to the fullest .
-soyaburgers have replaced meat , and wood has become so precious that it is saved for expensive jewelry ; ;
-Under their rule , earth becomes a technological utopia .
-Because of the means of publication -- science-fiction magazines and cheap paperbacks -- and because dystopian science fiction is still appearing in quantity the full range and extent of this phenomenon can hardly be known , though one fact is evident : the science-fiction imagination has been immensely fertile in its extrapolations .
-The consequences , of course , have been dreadful : reckless expansion has led to overpopulation , pollution of the earth and depletion of its natural resources .

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-For the tone of the editorials which greeted Mr. Eisenhower's original announcement of his running had been strangely disquieting .
-It is of the utmost importance to the people of America and of the world how their governing President `` ends up '' during the four years of his term .
-In no other situation would a group of doctors , struggling competently to improve the life expectancy of a man beloved by the world , be subjected to such merciless and persistent questioning , and before they were prepared to demonstrate the kind of verbal precision which alone can clarify for mankind the problems it faces .
-No consideration of risk urges itself upon him now : for this is what the mind does with the ideas on which it has not properly focussed .
-`` The Moral Creed '' and `` The Will To Risk '' live happily together , if we do not examine where the line is to be drawn .
-He gave us a simile to explain his admission that even at the worst period of his second illness it never occurred to him there was any renewed question about his running : as in the Battle of the Bulge , he had no fears about the outcome until he read the American newspapers .
-Only by means of an intensive preoccupation with the detailed considerations following from any decision can he ensure attention to the practical details to be dealt with if the implications of immorality in the major decision are effectively to be checked .
-And for the first time a representative of the highest office in the land would have been liable to the charge that he had attempted to make it a successorship by inheritance .
-About this man we had to think twice .
-It forced us to fix the responsibility for the position in which all medical commentators had been placed .
-Neither the vibrant enthusiasm which bespeaks a people's intuitive sense of the fitness of things at climactic moments nor the vital argumentation betraying its sense that something significant has transpired was in evidence .
-The Presidency demands an incisive awareness of the larger implications of the death of any incumbent .
-Drifting through a third illness , apparently without any provision for the handling of a major national emergency other than a talk with the vice-president , Eisenhower revealed the singularly static quality of his thinking .
-Ironically enough , in this instance such personal virtues were a luxury .
-Nothing testifies more clearly to that cleavage than the peculiar editorial page appearing in a July issue of Life Magazine , the issue which also carried the second announcement of the candidacy .
-He chooses to subordinate one to the other , sometimes reluctantly , accepting criticism for the lesser immoralities facts breed .
-It recurred in the press conferences : the President's remarks about his running developed a singular tone , one which we find in few statements made by public individuals on such a matter .
-And though we can look back now and see their errors , we can look back also to the ultimate error .
-For the President had dealt with the matter humbly , in what he conceived as the democratic way .
-The discussion of professional ethics inevitably reminded us that in the historical perspective the President's decision will finally clarify itself as a moral , rather than a medical , problem .
-But because it is the function of the mind to turn the one into the other by means of the capacities with which words endow it , we do not unwisely examine the type of distinction , in the sphere of politics , on which decisions hang .
-In his recent evaluation of Kennedy's potentialities for leadership , Walter Lippmann has cited the `` precision '' of his mind , his `` immense command '' of factual detail , and his `` instinct for the crucial point '' as impressive in the extreme ; ;
-Only recently , and perhaps because a television debate can so effectively dramatize President Kennedy's extraordinary mastery of detail , have the abilities on which the capacity for making distinctions depend begun to be clearly discernible at the level of politics .
-The double editorial on Two Aspects Of `` The U.S. Spirit '' was subtly calculated to suggest a moral sanction for gambles great as well as small , reflecting popular approval of this questionable attitude toward the highest office in the land .
-The making of distinctions , like the perception of the great distinctions made , is an inordinately difficult business .
-The capacity for making the distinctions of which diplomacy is compact , and the facility with language which can render them into validity in the eyes of other men are the leader's means for transforming the moral intuition into moral leadership .
-But the fact remains that even the unconscious acceptance of himself as a man of destiny divinely protected must be censored in any man who evades the responsibility for his major decisions , and thus for imposing his will on the people .
-But the problem is one which gives us the measure of a man , rather than a group of men , whether a group of doctors , a group of party members assembled at a dinner to give their opinion , or the masses of the voters .
-It was a response to the conflict between political pressure and the moral intuition which resulted in attempts at prediction .
-It is testimony to the deep respect in which Mr. Eisenhower was held by members of all parties that the moral considerations raised by his approach to the matter were not explicitly to be broached .
-and it is surely clear that the first of these is the result of the way in which the individual's command of language interacts with the other two .
-In assigning to God the responsibility which he learned could not rest with his doctors , Eisenhower gave evidence of that weakening of the moral intuition which was to characterize his administration in the years to follow .
-Only when that term is ended and he is a private citizen again can he be permitted the freedom and the courage to discount the dangers of his death .
-Because the responsibility for resolving the issue lay with the President , rather than with his doctors , nothing raises more surely for us the difficulties simple goodness faces in dealing with complex moral problems under political pressure .
-Only infrequently did the situation color his thinking .
-`` I may possibly be a greater risk than is the normal person of my age '' , the President had said on February 29th of the election year , ignoring the fact that no one of his age had ever lived out another term .
-and we watch him amid the overtones which suggest he could never in any conscience urge a risk upon the voters .
-By contrast , the energetic reaction of the leader to the full demands his decision imposes upon him strengthens the moral intuition and gives us the measure of the man .
-This does not mean that the decision to run for office should inevitably have been revoked .
-Like Lincoln , he can distinguish his relation to God from the constitutional responsibilities a questionable decision exacts of him .
-The press conference became a stage which betrayed the drift of his private thinking , rather than his convictions .
-These began to be apparent in a press conference held during the second illness in order that the consulting specialists might clarify the President's condition for the nation .
-The President's personality would have opened that office to him .
-Yet the attitude that the fate of the Presidency demands in such a situation is quite distinct from the simple courage that can proceed with battles to be fought , regardless of the consequences .
-He commented -- thoughtfully , a reporter told us -- that it was `` not too important for the individual how he ends up '' .
-Yet with a mind less shallow , if less sharp , than some of the fortune-happy syndicates which back him , he feels what he cannot formulate ; ;
-The very nature of a choice so grounded in distinction and fact leads to the valid convictions which become force of will in the manifest leader .
-We knew that it was , as reassurance , the ironic fruit of a deeply moral nature .
-Despite three warnings , no sense of moral urgency impelled him to distinguish his situation , and thus his responsibilities , from Wilson's .
-The portrait that had developed , fragmentarily but consistently , was the portrait of a man to whom serious thinking is alien enough that the making of a decision inhibits , when it does not forestall , any ability to review the decision in the light of new evidence .
-But by the time the risk was doubled , events had dismissed from his mind both increased percentages and a previously stated intention of considering carefully anything more serious than a bout of influenza .
-So it is that we relive his opening statement in the first television address with the dramatic immediacy of the present .
-it was not to be resumed .
-Like Roosevelt , he can distinguish an attitude toward a Russian leader he may share with a host of Americans from the responsibilities diplomatic convention may impose upon him .
-In any other man this reassurance to the electorate would have caused us a profound moral shock .
-But it is also the climax to one of the absorbing chapters in our current political history .
-As a means of silencing a discussion which ought to have taken place , the statement is an effective one : we sympathize with the universal confusion which gives rise to such convictions .
-At the national and international level , then , what is the highest kind of morality for the private citizen represents an instance of political immorality .
-Moving as he is into the phase of the campaign which demands conviction of him , he adopts a position that is morally indefensible .
-And in the context of drifting personal utterances we have examined , there was occasional evidence of the origin of all such evasions .
-When the possibility that he had not given reconsideration to so weighty a decision seemed to disconcert his questioners , Mr. Eisenhower was known to make his characteristic statement to the press that he was not going to talk about the matter any more .
-In the incessant struggle with recalcitrant political fact he learns to focus the essence of a problem in the significant detail , and to articulate the distinctions which clarify the detail as significant , with what is sometimes astounding rapidity .
-And we had the uneasy sense that the cleavage between the moral and the political progressed amid the events which concern us .
-Instead it means that the thinking in which decision issues has the power to determine the morality of the decision , as in this instance the pressure for renewed practical or legislative attention to the constitutional problems the decision had uncovered might have done .
-Ironically no president we have had would have regretted more than President Eisenhower the possibility to which his own words , in the press conference held at the beginning of August , testified : that unable as he was himself to say his running was best for the country , unconsciously he had placed his party before his nation .
-What is simply an opinion formed in defiance of the laws of human probability , whether or not it is later confirmed , has become by September of the election year `` a firm conviction '' .
-In this case others should not have had to raise the doubts and fears .
-Any attempt to reconcile this statement of the central issue in the campaign of 1956 with the nature of the man who could not conceive it as the central issue will at least resolve our confusions about the chaotic and misleading results of the earnestness of both doctors and President in a situation which should never have arisen .
-Lincoln's slow progress towards the several marking his achievement is even now unrecognizable as such , and loosely interpreted as the alternation of inconsistency with vision .
-`` My doctors assure me that this increased percentage of risk is not great '' .
-And if Howard Rutstein felt impelled thereafter to formulate the ethics of the medical profession , his article in the Atlantic Monthly accomplished a good deal more .
-He ascribes to the mercy of God the peace which this personal matter -- the assurance that he can physically sustain the burden of the office longer than any individual in the history of our nation has been able to do -- has brought him .
-Thinking had stopped ; ;

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-Then will you give me a visa to re-enter France '' ? ?
-Sure enough , mail began trickling in , delivered by a talkative , highly amused French postman who informed me there had been quite a debate at the post office as to whether that address would be recognized .
-To my great surprise and delight , when they saw the two trees they went rushing off , returning shortly with decorations from their own trees .
-One of the uniformed officers stepped in my way , demanding to know whether I had permission to enter Germany .
-I wouldn't hear of it because it meant giving up the `` line '' , though I realized I was in poor shape physically .
-Sighting a line from the bridge to a small field directly to the side , I pitched the tent that evening on the stateless `` line '' , digging a small trench around it as best I could with a toy spade donated by a neighborhood child .
-Now I learn I cannot enter Germany .
-One of the girl students , sitting by while I ate the thick soup , asked me if I had a sleeping bag .
-`` No line '' ? ?
-They would champion me .
-As usual , the press photographers were on hand .
-No matter how large the fire , I couldn't seem to shake off the chill that day .
-The waspish man stepped forward .
-As I got off the trolley at Kehl bridge the next morning , I was met by what looked like 5,000 students , some of whom were carrying sticks apparently for the coming `` battle '' with the police .
-We would all meet at ten o'clock at the Kehl bridge , five miles from Strasbourg , and march triumphantly across into Germany .
-I heard nothing more .
-Line ? ?
-This is full evidence of your support for my principles .
-`` I must then be standing on the line between France and Germany '' .
-`` I don't know '' , I told him , `` except that I will be here '' .
-`` No , I have no permission to enter Germany '' , I told him .
-Alarmed by this display of weapons , I looked toward the bridge and there saw , stretched across the near side , a cordon of policemen , their bicycles forming a roadblock before which stood several French officers in uniform and a small waspish man in a brown derby .
-`` Is this then the frontier '' ? ?
-Esther , mistaking my hesitation , assured me that the hospital expense would be taken care of by a leading merchant in Strasbourg whom she had already approached .
-On Christmas Eve , students brought out two small Christmas trees which I placed on either side of the tent .
-That evening , as I learned later , the students , enjoying that spontaneous immodesty in action known only to university students , surged out onto the streets of Strasbourg , overturning empty streetcars , marking up store fronts , and shouting imprudently , `` Garry Davis to power '' ! !
-That was all they needed .
-`` There must be a line '' ! !
-`` No , it's not that '' , I told her .
-The special guard , however , was still posted on Kehl bridge .
-A volunteer food brigade had been arranged , they told me , which would supply me with the necessities as long as I remained at the bridge .
-I was delighted to make that personal contact in such trying and unusual circumstances .
-The reporters were questioning the Interior man and the French officer , both of whom remained noncommittal as to what action , if any , would be taken in my regard .
-A special guard was posted at my end of the bridge to make sure I didn't cross , the ludicrousness of the situation being revealed fully in that everyone else -- men , women , and children , dogs , cats , horses , cars , trucks , baby carriages -- could cross Kehl bridge into Kehl without surveillance .
-Each evening the students appeared with the soup kettle and several petits pains , Esther usually being among them .
-She entreated me to see a doctor , and when I refused , brought one out to see me .
-`` I thank you most heartily for being here .
-`` But I have no permission to re-enter France , and I have just left '' , I told him .
-Later I learned that Sir Hugh Dalton had expressed a desire to see me , hence their trip to `` No Man's Land '' .
-`` Visa ? ?
-Finally they went off to file their stories , after the photographers had taken pictures of my latest vigil .
-`` But if there is no line , how can there be two countries ? ?
-There was only one hitch : the small town of Kehl , on the other side of the Rhine , was still under French jurisdiction .
-Esther looked at me .
-`` We're from the Council of Europe , British delegation .
-The waspish man stopped me three paces from the bicycle barricade , and asked me in French if I had papers to leave France .
-As it began raining at around eight o'clock on December 26th , I retired into my tent early , somewhat tired and discouraged , my body reacting sluggishly because of the continued exposure .
-Esther jumped up , ran to him and gave him a little hug .
-On the evening of December 27th , Esther noticed my pallid look and rasping voice .
-The Peter family proved wonderful and helpful friends in the following days , Mrs. Peter , little Esther , and Raoul , who generously lent me his sleeping bag for my `` Watch on the Rhine '' .
-When I informed her that I didn't , she said she would borrow her brother's and bring it to me later that evening .
-Seeing their hesitation , I said , `` Well , until I have permission to enter Germany , or a visa to re-enter France , I shall be obliged to remain here on the line between two countries '' , whereupon I moved to the side of the road , parked my backpack against the small guardhouse on the sidewalk , sat down , took out my typewriter , and began typing the above conversation .
-At that moment , up walked a tall young man with glasses who announced himself as a world citizen from Basel , Switzerland .
-`` May we come with you '' ? ?
-`` I am so happy .
-`` You do not know me '' , she said in good English , `` but my mother was your governess in Philadelphia when you were a child '' .
-You are still in France '' .
-`` Line ? ?
-Maybe they will take us '' .
-I've had a trying day and I just can't make it out again '' , I told them .
-After scouring around a bit in the open area , I came across what proved to be tar-soaked logs which crackled and burned brightly , giving off vast rolls of smoke into the ashen sky .
-`` Listen please '' , I called to the students in French .
-`` Yes '' .
-These principles , however , will not be served by violence in any form .
-You have just given me permission to leave France , which I did .
-I took one step eastward .
-`` What is your name '' ? ?
-`` Jean Babel '' .
-The day passed eventfully enough , with a constant stream of visitors , some stopping only to say hello , others getting into serious conversations , such as one Andre Fuchs , a free-lance journalist from Strasbourg who wrote an article for the Nouvelle Alsatian in highly sympathetic terms .
-`` I shall see about getting you a tent '' , he said .
-`` But of course , with pleasure '' , he replied .
-Twenty thousand world citizens at Stuttgart had signed a petition inviting me to visit their town .
-Called out a dozen young voices .
-When Dr. Adenauer was approached by a world citizen delegation to find out his disposition of my case , he gave them his personal approval of my entry , saying that all men advocating peace should be welcomed into Germany .
-`` I have a small sports shop in Strasbourg '' .
-`` It will be very cold '' .
-`` Ah , then please tell me where the frontier is because this gentleman here '' -- I indicated the French occupation officer -- `` informs me that Germany is just on the other side of him '' .
-Without preliminaries , Esther asked him , `` If you are a world citizen , will you take Garry Davis' place in his tent while he goes to the hospital '' ? ?
-I have witnesses .
-In fact , all persons were permitted to cross the Rhine into Kehl , there being no sentry posted on the west side of the river .
-Such were the incongruities of the situation that the very police assigned to check up on me were drafted into driving me to the Strasbourg Hospital while World Citizen Jean Babel waved adieu from the `` Line '' ! !
-If they are right , they will prevail of and by themselves .
-I had advised friends to write me to `` No Man's Land , Pont Kehl , Between Strasbourg and Kehl , France-Germany '' .
-`` Oh , Mr. Davis , are you there '' ? ?
-He advised immediate hospitalization .
-The wind from the Rhine was damp and chill , necessitating a fire for warmth .
-I stood on a table , surrounded by hundreds of expectant young faces .
-`` Alors , you may go no farther '' , he said imperiously .
-Her name was Esther Peter .
-`` You have just enlisted for the ' Rhine Campaign ' '' .
-A voice drifted in to me above the patter of the rain shortly after I had fallen into a fitful sleep .
-I asked .
-`` Shake '' , I said .
-I replied in the affirmative , taking out my recently acquired titre d'identite et de voyage , on which was stamped a permission to leave France .
-I asked him .
-I mean ''
-Now , let's go '' .
-`` You see , once I relinquish the position I've already established here , I couldn't regain it without sacrificing the logic of it '' .
-`` I'm sorry .
-May we have a word with you '' ? ?
-`` Mais non '' , the Interior Ministry man coaxed , `` you may come back to Strasbourg , now , if you wish '' .
-But there is no question of a visa .
-There is a police car outside .
-At this , the students let out a yell , knowing full well the actual frontier was beyond the town of Kehl .
-I have full confidence in you .
-Now come , Garry , we must go quickly .
-The students were laughing uproariously at this piece of logic , and even the policemen were trying hard not to smile .
-Asked a young mustached Frenchman .
-A little later , the sports shop man returned with a small pup tent .
-Questions came to me from all sides about my world citizenship activities .
-`` Well , I might not get that far '' , I told them , `` as actually I have no papers to enter Germany and , as a matter of fact , no permit to return to France once I leave '' .
-Your self-control in this respect will be the only witness to your understanding of what I am saying .
-That would be a great help , I told him , thanking him for his thoughtfulness .
-`` But what will you do this evening , Mr. Davis '' ? ?
-From the crowd were coming cries of `` He's right '' ! !
-I ask you all to support me in this .
-In the mail were invitations to speak at the universities of Cologne , Heidelberg , and Baden-Baden .
-The real Franco-German frontier was beyond the town's limits .
-If one finger is raised against the authorities , all our moral power will vanish .
-Some students from the University returned around six with a large pot containing enough hot soup to last me a week .
-Obviously I'm stuck on the line between the two countries '' .
-I looked from her to him .
-`` Who is it '' ? ?
-The Interior man looked uneasily at his French compatriot .
-`` Oh ? ?
-It was a merry if somewhat soggy Christmas for me that year .
-He examined it carefully , handed it back and said , `` Eh bien , you may leave France '' .
-And `` Bravo , Garry , continue '' ! !
-I marched up to the waiting officials , the students massed behind me .
-The students crowded around asking questions , slapping me on the back , and generally being friendly .
-I asked him .
-And as you know , I have no permission to re-enter France once out .
-As the field on which my tent was pitched was a favorite natural playground for the kids of the neighborhood , I had made many friends among them , taking part in their after-school games and trying desperately to translate Grimm's Fairy Tales into an understandable French as we gathered around the fire in front of the tent .
-After making a short statement about human rights , and the freedom to travel , I told them I would be going to the Kehl bridge the next morning in order to cross the Rhine into Germany .
-But there is no line between France and Germany , that is , no actual line .

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-His own testimony is that he has read very little in the history of the South , implying that what he knows of that history has come to him orally and that he knows the world around him primarily from his own unassisted observation .
-Although Faulkner was the heir in his own family to this tradition , he did not have Stark Young's inclination to romanticize and sentimentalize the planter society .
-Their books found no less willing readers outside than inside the South , even while memories of the war were still sharp .
-William Gilmore Simms , sturdy realist that he was , pleaded for a natural robustness such as he found in his favorites the great Elizabethans , to vivify the pale writings being produced around him .
-They have indicated the direction but they have not been explicit enough , I believe , in pointing out Faulkner's independence , his questioning if not indeed challenging the Southern tradition .
-His earliest work reflected heavy influences from English and continental writers .
-But in looking at Faulkner against his background in Mississippi and the South , it is important not to lose the broader perspective .
-He has employed from his section rich immediate materials which in a loose sense can be termed Southern .
-And , after all , he has lived comfortably at both Oxford , Mississippi , and Charlottesville , Virginia .
-Faulkner is a most untraditional traditionalist .
-and George Washington Harris , whose Tennessee hillbilly character Sut Lovingood perpetrated more unmalicious mischief and more unintended pain than any other character in literature .
-Such characters , with their low existence and often low morality , produce humorous effects in his novels and tales , as they did in the writing of Longstreet and Hooper and Harris , but it need not be added that he gives them far subtler and more intricate functions than they had in the earlier writers ; ;
-Others who wrote of low characters and low life included Thomas Bangs Thorpe , creator of the Big Bear Of Arkansas and Tom Owen , the Bee-Hunter ; ;
-One of the early humorists already mentioned , Thomas Bangs Thorpe , can be used to illustrate another point where Faulkner touches authentic Southern materials and also earlier literary treatment of those materials .
-It is to say rather , I believe , that he has brought to bear on the history , the traditions , and the lore of his region a critical , skeptical mind -- the same mind which has made of him an inveterate experimenter in literary form and technique .
-Faulkner's is not the mind of the apologist which Mr. O'Donnell implies that it is .
-nor is there need to add that among them are some of the most highly individualized and most successful of his characters .
-A useful comment on his relation to his region may be made , I think , by noting briefly how in handling Southern materials and Southern problems he has deviated from the pattern set by other Southern authors while remaining faithful to the essential character of the region .
-Simms admired the raucous tales emanating from the backwoods , but he had himself social affiliations which would not allow him to approve them fully .
-Among them are Frederick J. Hoffman , William Van O'Connor , and Mrs. Olga Vickery .
-Others writing on Faulkner have found the phrase `` traditional moralist '' either inadequate or misleading .
-His denials of extensive reading notwithstanding , it is no doubt safe to assume that he has spent time schooling himself in Southern history and that he has gained some acquaintance with the chief literary authors who have lived in the South or have written about the South .
-Faulkner's total works today , and in fact those of his works which existed in 1946 when Mr. Cowley made his comment , or in 1939 , when Mr. O'Donnell wrote his essay , reveal no such simple attitude toward the South .
-But Thorpe saw also the hardships of pioneer existence , the cultural poverty of the frontier settlements , and the slack morality which abounded in the new regions .
-The ingredients of Faulkner's novels and stories are by no means new with him , and most of the problems he takes up have had the attention of authors before him .
-He is not one to remain more comfortably and unquestioningly within a body of social , cultural , or literary traditions than he was within the traditions -- or possibly the regulations -- governing his tenure in the post office at Oxford , Mississippi , thirty-five years ago .
-It would be profitable , I believe , to read these realistic humorists alongside Faulkner's works , the thought being not that he necessarily read them and owed anything to them directly , but rather that they dealt a hundred years ago with a class of people and a type of life which have continued down to our time , to Faulkner's time .
-Such a comparison reminds us that in employing low characters in his works Faulkner is recording actuality in the South and moreover is following a long-established literary precedent .
-He and also Mr. Cowley and Mr. Warren have fallen to the temptation which besets many of us to read into our authors -- Nathaniel Hawthorne , for example , and Herman Melville -- protests against modernism , material progress , and science which are genuine protests of our own but may not have been theirs .
-There is evidence to suggest , in fact , that many authors of the humorous sketches were prompted to write them -- or to make them as indelicate as they are -- by way of protesting against the artificial refinements which had come to dominate the polite letters of the South .
-Augustus Baldwin Longstreet , a preacher and a college and university president in four Southern states , published the earliest of these backwoods sketches and in the character Ransy Sniffle , in the accounts of sharp horse-trading and eye-gouging physical combat , and in the shockingly unliterary speech of his characters , he set an example followed by many after him .
-Faulkner's low-class characters had but few counterparts in earlier Southern novels dealing with plantation life .
-The planter aristocracy has appeared in literature at least since John Pendleton Kennedy published Swallow-Barn in 1832 and in his genial portrait of Frank Meriwether presiding over his plantation dominion initiated the most persistent tradition of Southern literature .
-They have an ancestry extending back , however , at least to 1728 , when William Byrd described the Lubberlanders he encountered in the back country of Virginia and North Carolina .
-The myth of the Southern plantation has had only a tangential relation with actuality , as Francis Pendleton Gaines showed forty years ago , and I suspect it has had a far narrower acceptance as something real than has generally been supposed .
-The tradition reached its apex , perhaps , in the works of Thomas Nelson Page toward the end of the century , and reappeared undiminished as late as 1934 in the best-selling novel So Red The Rose , by Stark Young .
-Without saying or seeming to say that in portraying the Sartoris and the Compson families Faulkner's chief concern is social criticism , we can say nevertheless that through those families he dramatizes his comment on the planter dynasties as they have existed since the decades before the Civil War .
-As they looked with nostalgia to a society which had been swept away , they were probably no more than half-conscious that they painted in colors which had never existed .
-Evidence is plentiful that early and later also he has been indebted to the Gothic romancers , who deal in extravagant horror , to the symbolists writing at the end of the preceding century , and in particular to the stream-of-consciousness novelists , Henry James and James Joyce among them .
-If he sees the heroic in a Sartoris or a Sutpen , he sees also -- and he shows -- the blind and the mean , and he sees the Compson family disintegrating from within .
-Thorpe came to Louisiana from the East as a young man prepared to find in the new country the setting of romantic adventure and idealized beauty .
-His repeated experimentation with the techniques of fiction testifies to an independence of mind and an originality of approach , but it also shows him touching at many points the stream of literary development back of him .
-If he condemns the recent or the present , he condemns the past with no less force .
-To believe otherwise would be unrealistic .
-It would not be easy to discover a more thoroughly Southern pedigree than that of his family .
-My intention , therefore , is not to say that Faulkner's awareness has been confined within the borders of the South , but rather that he has looked at his world as a Southerner and that presumably his outlook is Southern .
-Besides showing no inclination , apparently , to absent himself from his native region even for short periods , and in addition writing a shelf of books set in the region , he has handled in those books an astonishingly complete list of matters which have been important in the South during the past hundred years .
-It may be that in this comment he has broken from the conventional pattern more violently than in any other regard , for the treatment in his books is far removed from even the genial irony of Ellen Glasgow , who was the only important novelist before him to challenge the conventional picture of planter society .
-That is not to deny that he has been aware of traditions , of course , that he is steeped in them , in fact , or that he has dealt with them , in his books .
-These narratives of coarse action and crude language appeared first in local newspapers , as a rule , and later found their way between book covers , though rarely into the planters' libraries beside the morocco-bound volumes of Horace , Mr. Addison , Mr. Pope , and Sir Walter Scott .
-The fact that he has cast over those materials the light of a skeptical mind does not make him any the less Southern , I rather think , for the South has been no more solid than other regions except in the political and related areas where patronage and force and intimidation and fear may produce a surface uniformity .
-It is more difficult with Faulkner than with most authors to say what is the extent and what is the source of his knowledge .
-Johnson Jones Hooper , whose character Simon Suggs bears a close kinship to Flem Snopes in both his willingness to take cruel advantage of all and sundry and the sharpness with which he habitually carried out his will ; ;
-Faulkner has found it useful , but he has employed it with his habitual independence of mind and skeptical outlook .
-The young William Faulkner in New Orleans in the 1920's impressed the novelist Hamilton Basso as obviously conscious of being a Southerner , and there is no evidence that since then he has ever considered himself any less so .
-As a consequence of the tensions thus produced in his thoughts and feelings , he wrote on the one hand sketches of idealized hunting trips and on the other an anecdote of the village of Hardscrabble , Arkansas , where no one had ever seen a piano ; ;
-If the barn-burner's family produces a Flem Snopes , who personifies commercialism and materialism in hyperbolic crassness , the Compson family produces a Jason Compson 4 .
-The thoroughgoing idealization of the planter society did not come , however , until after the Civil War when Southern writers were eager to defend a way of life which had been destroyed .
-The chief literary antecedents of the Snopes clan appeared in the realistic , humorous writing which originated in the South and the Southwest in the three decades before the Civil War .
-Some of us might be inclined to argue , in fact , that an independence of mind and action and an intolerance of regimentation , either mental or physical , are particularly Southern traits .
-Important as was Mr. O'Donnell's essay , his thesis is so restricting as to deny Faulkner the stature which he obviously has .
-If he is a traditionalist , he is an eclectic traditionalist .
-There is no necessity , I suppose , to assert that Mr. Faulkner is Southern .
-and he wrote also the masterpiece of frontier humor , `` The Big Bear Of Arkansas '' , in which earthy realism is placed alongside the exaggeration of the backwoods tall-tale and the awe with which man contemplates the grandeur and the mysteries of nature .

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-Commanding the Continental Army for six long years of the Revolution , he was the indispensable factor in the ultimate victory .
-John Adams took to heart the advice given him by his legal mentor , Jeremiah Gridley , to `` pursue the study of the law , rather than the gain of it '' .
-They thought of themselves , to use Jefferson's words , as `` the Argonauts '' who had lived in `` the Heroic Age '' .
-Once again , as in the days of the Founding Fathers , America faces a stern test .
-All seven recognized that independence was but the first step toward building a nation .
-His first inaugural address speaks of `` my country whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love '' .
-As first Chief Justice , his strong nationalist opinions anticipated John Marshall .
-Before merging them into a common profile it is well to remember that their separate careers were extraordinary .
-They fought hard , but they were forgiving to former foes , and sought to prevent vindictive legislatures from confiscating Tory property in violation of the Treaty of 1783 .
-Retiring to his beloved Mount Vernon , he returned to preside over the Federal Convention , and was the only man in history to be unanimously elected President .
-If Franklin was an authentic genius , then Alexander Hamilton , with his exceptional precocity , consuming energy , and high ambition , was a political prodigy .
-The young printer's apprentice achieved greatness in a half-dozen different fields , as editor and publisher , scientist , inventor , philanthropist and statesman .
-In taking account of seventeen years of law practice , Adams concluded that `` no lawyer in America ever did so much business as I did '' and `` for so little profit '' .
-Franklin retired from editing and publishing at the age of 42 , and for the next forty-two years devoted himself to public , scientific , and philanthropic interests .
-Madison once remarked : `` My life has been so much a public one '' , a comment which fits the careers of the other six .
-`` I have just come from viewing a man who had made the fortune of his country , but now is working all night in order to support his family '' , he reflected .
-All sought the fruition of that nationalism in a Federal Government with substantial powers .
-The active sponsor of Jefferson's measure for religious liberty in Virginia , Madison played the most influential single role in the drafting of the Constitution and in securing its ratification in Virginia , founded the first political party in American history , and , as Jefferson's Secretary of State and his successor in the Presidency , guided the nation through the troubled years of our second war with Britain .
-His bold fiscal program and his broad interpretation of the Constitution stand as durable contributions .
-He served as Commander in Chief during the Revolution without compensation .
-His collaboration with Washington , begun when he was the general's aide during the Revolution , was resumed when he entered the first Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury .
-Yet when , at war's end , the ex-Tory made the first move to resume correspondence , Jay wrote him from Paris , where he was negotiating the peace settlement :
-He ended his public career as a two-term governor of New York .
-His revolutionary pamphlets , published when he was only 19 , quickly brought him to the attention of the patriot leaders .
-During his two terms the Constitution was tested and found workable , strong national policies were inaugurated , and the traditions and powers of the Presidential office firmly fixed .
-Author of the Albany Plan Of Union , which , had it been adopted , might have avoided the Revolution , he fought the colonists' front-line battles in London , negotiated the treaty of alliance with France and the peace that ended the war , headed the state government of Pennsylvania , and exercised an important moderating influence at the Federal Convention .
-As different physically as the tall , angular Jefferson was from the chubby , rotund Adams , the seven were striking individualists .
-All seven combined ardent devotion to the cause of revolution with a profound respect for legality .
-Ardent , opinionated , even obstinate , they were amazingly articulate , wrote their own copy , and were masters of phrasemaking .
-Accordingly , they took special pains to preserve their papers as essential sources for posterity .
-The Frenchman was astonished .
-The latter in turn assured him that `` were I arraigned at the bar , and you my judge , I should expect to stand or fall only by the merits of my cause '' .
-Unlike so many of the power-starved intellectuals in underdeveloped nations of our own day , they commanded both prestige and influence before the Revolution started .
-He served as president of the Continental Congress .
-When the Revolution broke out , he , along with Jefferson and Jay , abandoned his career at the bar , with considerable financial sacrifice .
-While he was handling the multi-million-dollar funding operations of the Government he had to resort to borrowing small sums from friends .
-Principal author of `` The Federalist '' , he swung New York over from opposition to the Constitution to ratification almost single-handedly .
-Let the open enemy to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened ; ;
-As Madison commented to Jefferson in 1789 , `` We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us .
-When , in 1832 , the South Carolina nullifiers adopted the principle of state interposition which Madison had advanced in his old Virginia Resolve , they elicited no encouragement from that senior statesman .
-John Adams fashioned much of pre-Revolutionary radical ideology , wrote the constitution of his home state of Massachusetts , negotiated , with Franklin and Jay , the peace with Britain and served as our first Vice President and our second President .
-`` As an independent American I considered all who were not for us , and you amongst the rest , as against us , yet be assured that John Jay never ceased to be the friend of Peter Van Schaack '' .
-Talleyrand passed his New York law office one night on the way to a party .
-Incapable of self-delusion , the Founding Fathers found the crisis of their time to be equally grave , and yet they had confidence that America would surmount it and that a republic of free peoples would prosper and serve as an example to a world aching for liberty .
-Hamilton was bent over his desk , drafting a legal paper by the light of a candle .
-Hamilton , poorest of the seven , gave up a brilliant law practice to enter Washington's Cabinet .
-Their writings assume more than dramatic or patriotic interest because of their conviction that the struggle in which they were involved was neither selfish nor parochial but , rather , as Washington in his last wartime circular reminded his fellow countrymen , that `` with our fate will the destiny of unborn millions be involved '' .
-Certainly no other seven American statesmen from any later period achieved so much in so concentrated a span of years .
-Strong men with strong opinions , frank to the point of being refreshingly indiscreet , the Founding Seven were essentially congenial minds , and their agreements with each other were more consequential than their differences .
-He played the leading role in negotiating the treaty with Great Britain that ended the Revolution , and directed America's foreign affairs throughout the Confederation period .
-During the greater part of Jefferson's career he enjoyed the close collaboration of a fellow Virginian , James Madison , eight years his junior .
-It is well then that in this hour both of `` national peril '' and of `` national opportunity '' we can take counsel with the men who made the nation .
-Historians have traditionally regarded the great debates of the Seventeen Nineties as polarizing the issues of centralized vs. limited government , with Hamilton and the nationalists supporting the former and Jefferson and Madison upholding the latter position .
-`` If you can conveniently let me have twenty dollars '' , he wrote one friend in 1791 when he was Secretary of the Treasury .
-Washington never had a chance to work for an extended stretch at the occupation he loved best , plantation management .
-`` Think continentally '' , Hamilton counseled the young nation .
-In purchasing Louisiana , Jefferson had to adopt Hamilton's broad construction of the Constitution , and so did Madison in advocating the rechartering of Hamilton's bank , which he had so strenuously opposed at its inception , and in adopting a Hamiltonian protective tariff .
-Our successors will have an easier task '' .
-Their social status was achieved in some cases by birth , as with Washington , Jefferson and Jay ; ;
-In certain respects , their task was incomparably greater than ours today , for there was nobody before them to show them the way .
-Eldest of the seven , Benjamin Franklin , a New Englander transplanted to Philadelphia , wrote the most dazzling success story in our history .
-John Adams dismissed John Dickinson , who voted against the Declaration of Independence , as `` a certain great fortune and piddling genius '' .
-Save Jefferson , all participated in the framing or ratification of the Federal Constitution .
-This sense of moderation and fairness is superbly exemplified in an exchange of letters between John Jay and a Tory refugee , Peter Van Schaack .
-Washington castigated his critic , General Conway , as being capable of `` all the meanness of intrigue to gratify the absurd resentment of disappointed vanity '' .
-These Seven Founders constituted an intellectual and social elite , the most respectable and disinterested leadership any revolution ever confessed .
-The Seven Founders were completely dedicated to the public service .
-in others by business and professional acumen , as with Franklin and Adams , or , in Hamilton's case , by an influential marriage .
-That test , as President Kennedy forthrightly depicted it in his State of the Union message , will determine `` whether a nation organized and governed such as ours can endure '' .
-This new force , love of country , super-imposed upon -- if not displacing -- affectionate ties to one's own state , was epitomized by Washington .
-Jay had participated in the decision that exiled his old friend Van Schaack .
-His political opponent and lifetime friend , Thomas Jefferson , achieved immortality through his authorship of the Declaration of Independence , but equally notable were the legal and constitutional reforms he instituted in his native Virginia , his role as father of our territorial system , and his acquisition of the Louisiana Territory during his first term as President .
-`` We have now a national character to establish '' , Washington wrote in 1783 .
-On a military mission for his native Virginia the youthful George Washington touched off the French and Indian War , then guarded his colony's frontier as head of its militia .
-And Hamilton , who felt it `` a religious duty '' to oppose Aaron Burr's political ambitions , would have been a better actuarial risk had he shown more literary restraint .
-The state's rights position was formulated by Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves , but in their later careers as heads of state the two proved themselves better Hamiltonians than Jeffersonians .
-and the disguised one , as the serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into Paradise '' .
-To support his large family Hamilton went back to the law after each spell of public service .
-Capable of enduring friendships , they were also stout controversialists , who could write with a drop of vitriol on their pens .
-Seven Founders -- George Washington , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Alexander Hamilton , James Madison and John Jay -- determined the destinies of the new nation .
-In his political testament , `` Advice To My Country '' , penned just before his death , Madison expressed the wish `` that the Union of the States be cherished and perpetuated .
-They supported it , not as a perfect instrument , but as the best obtainable .
-John Adams asserted in the Continental Congress' Declaration of Rights that the demands of the colonies were in accordance with their charters , the British Constitution and the common law , and Jefferson appealed in the Declaration of Independence `` to the tribunal of the world '' for support of a revolution justified by `` the laws of nature and of nature's God '' .
-Less dazzling than Hamilton , less eloquent than Jefferson , John Jay commands an equally high rank among the Founding Fathers .
-Even though in most cases the completion of the definitive editions of their writings is still years off , enough documentation has already been assembled to warrant drawing a new composite profile of the leadership which performed the heroic dual feats of winning American independence and founding a new nation .
-Indeed , the old Jeffersonians were far more atune to the Hamilton-oriented Whigs than they were to the Jacksonian Democrats .

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-He ordered his editors to tone down on sensationalism and to refrain from using such words as `` seduction '' , `` rape '' , `` abortion '' , `` criminal assault '' and `` born out of wedlock '' .
-Of course , if you don't make the American a success , Hearst will have no further use for you '' .
-Hearst's luck was even poorer when he had a chat with Franklin K. Lane , a prominent California journalist and reform politician , whom he asked for his support .
-If he's going to the St. Louis convention as a delegate we ought to know it .
-He soon quarreled with all the party leaders in the House , and came to be regarded with detestation by regular Democrats as a professional radical leading a small pack of obedient terriers whose constant snapping was demoralizing to party discipline .
-This was not before the House but before the Judiciary Committee , where he asked for action on one of his pet bills , that calling for an investigation of the coal-railroad monopoly .
-Yet no leader had come to the fore who seemed likely to give the puissant T. R. a semblance of a race .
-''
-Hearst disclaimed blame for this , but the conversation , according to Lane , ended on a tart note .
-Hearst saw his wife and child , sent a joyful message to his mother in California , and soon returned to Washington , where on April 22 , for the first time , he opened his mouth in Congress .
-`` Mr. Lane '' , Hearst said , `` if you ever wish anything that I can do , all you will have to do will be to send me a telegram asking , and it will be done '' .
-This was the very sort of legislation that Roosevelt himself had in mind .
-Even the regular Democrats disowned him .
-In his fight for the Illinois and Indiana delegations , Hearst made several trips to Chicago to confer with Andrew Lawrence , the former San Francisco Examiner man who was now his Chicago kingpin , and once to meet with Bryan .
-They were repelled by his noisy newspapers , his personal publicity , his presumptuous campaign for the Presidential nomination , and by the swelling cloud of rumor about his moral lapses .
-`` I should , of course '' , he said , `` like any other man , be honored and gratified should the Democrats see fit to nominate me .
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-Hearst had spent more than $60,000 of his own money in the probe , but still Attorney General Knox was quiescent .
-When Nan Patterson , a stunning and money-minded chorus girl who had appeared in a Floradora road show , rode down Broadway in a hansom cab with her married lover , Frank Young , she stopped the cab to disclose that Young had been shot dead , tearfully insisting that he had shot himself although experts said he could not have done so .
-He showed little interest in measures put forward by the regular Democrats .
-The sneers at Hearst changed to concern when it was seen that he had strong support in many parts of the country .
-`` The argument that is cutting most ice is that Hearst is the only candidate who is fighting the trusts fearlessly and who would use all the powers of government to disrupt them if he were elected .
-Inherently incapable of cooperating with others , he ran his own show regardless of how many party-line Democratic toes he stepped on .
-Some preferred Judge Alton B. Parker of New York .
-His candidacy affected his journalism somewhat .
-This , it is urged , would relieve the national committee from the necessity of appealing to the trust magnates .
-But I do not have to be bribed by office to be a Democrat .
-The Hearst press followed the Chief's progress at the various state conventions with its usual admiring attention , stressing the `` enthusiasm '' and `` loyalty '' he inspired .
-What I want is to have this evidence come before Congress and if the Attorney General does not report it , as I am very sure he won't , as he has refused to do anything of the kind , I then wish that a committee of seven Representatives be appointed with power to take the evidence .
-He took the stack of mail and tossed it into the waste basket .
-Just when it was needed for the campaign , Hearst Paper No. 8 , the Boston American , began publication .
-`` The Attorney General has been brooding over that evidence like an old hen on a doorknob for eighteen months '' , Hearst said .
-He was a political maverick , a reformer with his own program , determined to bulldoze it through or to blazon the infamy of those who balked him .
-`` He has not acted in any way , and won't let anyone take it away from him .
-It has been a long time since he has seen any campaign money , and when the proposition is laid down to him as the friends of Mr. Hearst are laying it down these days he is quite likely to get aboard the Hearst bandwagon '' .
-In a story headed , `` Hearst Offers Cash '' , the Republican New York Tribune spread the money rumor , quoting an unnamed `` Hearst supporter '' as saying :
-There was a host of dark horses .
-If within one year you can make a success out of the American , you can practically name your own salary thereafter .
-Another Indiana observer later commented , `` Perhaps we shall never know how much was spent ( by Hearst ) , but if as much money was expended elsewhere as in Indiana a liberal fortune was squandered '' .
-The Hearst `` barrel ''
-`` There's nothing like buildin' from the bottom up .
-`` I understand [ Hearst ] is a candidate for Presidential honors '' , Devery said without cracking a smile .
-Hearst hopped into a private railroad car with Max Ihmsen and made an arduous personal canvass for delegates in the western and southern states , always wearing a frock coat , listening intently to local politicians , and generally making a good impression .
-`` The nomination of Hearst would compass the ruin of the party '' , Carmack said .
-`` Does any sane Democrat believe that Mr. Hearst , a person unknown even to his constituency and his colleagues , without a word or act in the public life of his country , past or present , that can be shown to be his to commend him , could by any possibility be elected President of the United States ? ?
-Yet his editors did not abandon their sense of story value .
-Roosevelt and others considered him partly responsible for the murder of McKinley .
-To old-line Democrats , the Hearst Presidential boom , now in full cry , was the joke of the new century .
-Attorney Shearn had worked on this for two years and had succeeded in getting a report supporting his stand from the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York .
-`` We are menaced for the first time in the history of the Republic by the open and unblushing effort of a multi-millionaire to purchase the Presidential nomination .
-This was historic in its way , for it marked the first time an American Presidential aspirant had advertised his own virtues in his own string of newspapers spanning the land .
-As for the paid Hessians from other states , we are here to instruct the Indiana Democracy in their duty , I have nothing but contempt .
-There can be little doubt that there was a conspiracy in Washington , overt or implied , to block anything Hearst wanted , even if it was something good .
-They had watered their stock at immense profit , then had raised the price of coal fifty cents a ton , netting themselves another $20,000,000 in annual profit .
-The average Democratic politician , especially in the country districts , is hungry for the spoils of office .
-Hearst won the Iowa state convention , but ran into a bitter battle in Indiana before losing to Parker , drawing an angry statement from Indiana's John W. Kern :
-The alternative to this is that if a conservative candidate is nominated the national committee will have to appeal to the trusts for their campaign funds , and in doing this will incur obligations which would make a Democratic victory absolutely fruitless .
-Our state has been overrun with a gang of paid agents and retainers .
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-A lone pro-Hearst voice from New York City was that of William Devery , who had been expelled as a Tammany leader but still claimed strong influence in his own district .
-On April 10 , 1904 , his first child was born , a son named George after the late Senator .
-Platoons of Hearst agents were traveling from state to state in a surprisingly successful search for delegates at the coming convention , and there were charges that money was doing a large part of the persuading .
-It caused Henry Watterson to sound a blast in his Louisville Courier-Journal :
-But there is a Hearst barrel .
-`` Don't bother .
-A Bay State supporter said , `` Mr. Hearst's fight has been helped along greatly by the starting of his paper in Boston '' .
-Hatred tied his hands in Congress .
-`` You could come down to the office once a day , look over a few exchanges , dictate an editorial , and then have the remainder of your time for your more serious literary labors .
-The Hearst dollar mark is all over them .
-If anything , the conservative Democrats were more opposed to Hearst than the Republicans .
-`` I must hurry to catch my train '' .
-There was talk of dragging old ex-President Cleveland out of retirement for another try .
-`` Mr. Hearst '' , Lane replied as he left , `` if you ever get a telegram from me asking you to do anything , you can put the telegram down as a forgery '' .
-The Congressman tried hard , but failed .
-He was the House pariah .
-He laughed at a story that he planned to bolt the party if he was not nominated .
-The blue-eyed Watson decided that he would dislike living in New York , and the deal fell through .
-They had lost twice with the radical Bryan , and were having no part of Hearst , whom they considered more radical than Bryan .
-Hearst took a brief respite to hurry home to New York to become a father .
-`` Never mind , thank you '' , he said .
-I intend to support the nominee of the party at St. Louis , whoever he may be '' .
-More splenetic was Senator Edward Carmack of Tennessee , a Parker man .
-He sought to run Congress as he ran his New York American or Journal , a scheme veteran legislators resisted .
-`` I'll show you '' , Hearst replied , grinning .
-The talk of a Hearst `` barrel '' was increasing .
-For a freshman Congressman to read political Lessons to graybeard Democrats was poor policy for one who needed to make friends .
-`` It would be a disgrace , and , as I have already said to the people of Tennessee , if Hearst is nominated , we may as well pen a dispatch , and send it back from the field of battle : ' All is lost , including our honor ' '' .
-In his own state of New York , the two Democratic bellwethers , State Leader Hill and Tammany Boss Murphy , were saying nothing openly against Hearst but industriously boosting their own favorites , Murphy being for Cleveland and Hill for Parker .
-Six of the railroads carrying coal to Tidewater from the Pennsylvania fields , Hearst said , not only had illegal agreements with coal operators but owned outright at least eleven mines .
-On one visit he stopped at the office of the American , where he was known surreptitiously as `` the Great White Chief '' , and for the first time met his managing editor , fat Moses Koenigsberg .
-Another editor pointed despairingly at a bundle of letters that had accumulated for him , saying , `` But Mr. Hearst , what shall I do with this correspondence '' ? ?
-I have supported the Democratic party in the last five campaigns .
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-Every letter answers itself in a couple of weeks '' .
-He might get votes from his constituents , but he would never get a helping hand in Congress .
-The Hearst men say that if Hearst is nominated , he and his immediate friends will contribute to the Democratic National Committee the sum of $1,500,000 .
-Lane was still burning because he had narrowly missed election as governor of California in 1902 and laid his defeat to the antagonism of Hearst's San Francisco Examiner .
-But his increasing strength in the West looked menacing .
-`` Suppose you take Mr. Hearst's morning American at $10,000 a year '' , Brisbane proposed .
-He's got a lot of friends , and he ought to come along and let us know if he wants our help '' .
-Koenigsberg never did learn what Hearst wanted , for the latter shook hands and moved toward the door .
-I supported Cleveland three times and Bryan twice .