Merge branch 'master' of mojotrollz.eu:college
This commit is contained in:
Victor-Philipp Negoescu
commit
dce06a918f
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<HTML>
|
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<HEAD>
|
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<TITLE>CS 105 C++ Fall 1996</TITLE>
|
||||
</HEAD>
|
||||
<BODY>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR></P>
|
||||
|
||||
<H1><FONT COLOR="#0000FF">CS 105 - Computer Programming: C++ </FONT></H1>
|
||||
|
||||
<H2><FONT COLOR="#0000FF">Fall 1996</FONT></H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR></P>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>Welcome to the homepage for CS105 C++ at UT Austin. <BR>
|
||||
The class is taught by Will Adams and <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/gajit">
|
||||
Ajit George</A>. </P>
|
||||
<H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR WIDTH="100%"></P>Course Announcement</H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p> The final is over now! If it's a surprise to you, contact Xun
|
||||
NOW for the make up test. -- Most likely it will be on 12/7.
|
||||
</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p>Solution for all the homeworks</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p>Review sessions' slides</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p>The slides for the second half of the semester. Please view them online
|
||||
if possible. Only print out those really need to be printed.</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p>Files for hw10 can be found on web now - UPDATED</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p>Homework 9 source file</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
<LI><p>Midterm solution is on web</p></LI>
|
||||
|
||||
</UL>
|
||||
|
||||
<H2>
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR WIDTH="100%"></P>TA Information & Weekly Timetable</H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<CENTER><TABLE BORDER=3 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 >
|
||||
<TR ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<TH WIDTH="20%">TA </TH>
|
||||
|
||||
<TH WIDTH="20%">Section </TH>
|
||||
|
||||
<TH WIDTH="30%">Office Hour </TH>
|
||||
|
||||
<TH WIDTH="20%">Location </TH>
|
||||
|
||||
<TH WIDTH="20%">Contact </TH>
|
||||
</TR>
|
||||
|
||||
<TR>
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>Guana Kumar Natarajan</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>12 / 13<br>
|
||||
47435 / 47440</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>Tuesday 13:30-15:00<BR>
|
||||
Thursday 15:00-16:30</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>TA Station 3</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER><A HREF="mailto:ngk@cs.utexas.edu">ngk@cs.utexas.edu</A></CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
</TR>
|
||||
|
||||
<TR>
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>Xun Feng</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>14 / 15<br>
|
||||
47445 / 47450</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>Tuesday 11:00-12:30<BR>
|
||||
Thursday 10:00-11:30<BR></CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER>TA Station 1
|
||||
</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
|
||||
<TD>
|
||||
<CENTER><A HREF="mailto:xfeng@cs.utexas.edu">xfeng@cs.utexas.edu</A>
|
||||
</CENTER>
|
||||
</TD>
|
||||
</TR>
|
||||
</TABLE></CENTER>
|
||||
|
||||
<P> See a detailed weekly <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/timetable.html">
|
||||
time table</A> of this course. <P>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<H2><HR WIDTH="100%"></P>Course Guide</H2>
|
||||
|
||||
<DL>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
A news group has been set up for this class:
|
||||
<A HREF="news:utexas.class.cs105.c++">news:utexas.class.cs105.c++</A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
Some notes for
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/meet1.html">
|
||||
class on 8/30</A>
|
||||
and this is <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw1.ps">Homework 1</A> (due 9/6/96),
|
||||
also <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/hw1tip.html">
|
||||
tips for HW1</A>.
|
||||
</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
Postscript file of <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw2.ps">Homework 2</A> (due this Friday)
|
||||
</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
Here are the two files for <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw3">Homework 3</A>
|
||||
</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw3.ps">Homework 3 PS file</A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
Download files for
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw4/hw4index.html">Homework 4</A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw1/s1.ps">Homework 1 solution</A> and <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/
|
||||
HW/hw1/points.html"> how it was scored </A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw2.solution">Homework 2 solution</A></DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw3.solution">Homework 3 solution</A></DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw4/hw4solutionwill.html">Model solution Homework 4</A>
|
||||
by Will </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
As required by some of you, here is <A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/wordlist.linux.o">
|
||||
wordlist.o on linux</A>,
|
||||
provided by Warren Wang,<A HREF="mailto:wwang@cs.utexas.edu">
|
||||
wwang@cs.utexas.edu</A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/testnotes.ps">Notes of the midterm test</A>
|
||||
</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/rev.txt">Xun's notes of the review session</A> and
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/rev.ans">answer to some of the exercises</A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/rev.kumar">Kumar's notes of the review session</A> </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/solt.hw5">Model solution of hw5</A> by Xun (I
|
||||
made some modifications on it Monday afternoon.) </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/solution.hw6.ps">Postscript file of model solution of hw6
|
||||
</A>by Ajit </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw7/10-18.ps">Postscript file of Hw7
|
||||
</A></DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
Postscript file of
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/solution.mid.ps">Midterm solution
|
||||
</A></DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw9/hw9.cc">hw9.cc
|
||||
</A> for homework 9</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
Files for HW 10
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/DecimalInteger.cc">DecimalInteger.cc </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/DecimalInteger.hh">DecimalInteger.hh </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/HexInteger.cc">HexInteger.cc </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/HexInteger.hh">HexInteger.hh </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/OctalInteger.cc">OctalInteger.cc </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/OctalInteger.hh">OctalInteger.hh </A>,
|
||||
</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/slides.ps">slides for section 12 and 13
|
||||
</A>in postscript format</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
slides for section 14 and 15.
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/1018.ps"> Oct. 18 </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/1025.ps"> Oct. 25 </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/1101.ps"> Nov. 01 </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/1108.ps"> Nov. 08 </A>,
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/1115.ps"> Nov. 15 </A>
|
||||
in postscript format</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/hw10.ps">Homework 10 assignment
|
||||
</A>in postscript format</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/kumar.final.txt">Kumar's review session
|
||||
</A> and
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/feng.final.txt">Xun's review session</A>
|
||||
</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw7/hw7.solution">Homework 7 solution
|
||||
</A> by Xun</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw8/hw8.solution">Homework 8 solution
|
||||
</A> by Kumar</DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw9/hw9.solution">Homework 9 solution
|
||||
</A></DT>
|
||||
|
||||
<DT><IMG SRC="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/icons/blueball.gif" HEIGHT=14 WIDTH=14 ALIGN=CENTER>
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw10/hw10.solution">Homework 10 solution
|
||||
</A>by Kumar, and
|
||||
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/xfeng/cs105/HW/hw11/hw11.solution">Homework 11 solution </A>
|
||||
by Xun </DT>
|
||||
|
||||
</DL>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR></P>
|
||||
|
||||
<ADDRESS>Maintained by Xun Feng, <A HREF="mailto:xfeng@cs.utexas.edu">xfeng@cs.utexas.edu<BR>
|
||||
</A>Department of Computer Sciences<BR>
|
||||
University of Texas at Austin </ADDRESS>
|
||||
|
||||
<P>
|
||||
<HR></P>
|
||||
|
||||
</BODY>
|
||||
</HTML>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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fall
|
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comput
|
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program
|
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fall
|
||||
welcom
|
||||
homepag
|
||||
austin
|
||||
class
|
||||
taught
|
||||
adam
|
||||
ajit
|
||||
georg
|
||||
cours
|
||||
announc
|
||||
final
|
||||
surpris
|
||||
contact
|
||||
xunnow
|
||||
make
|
||||
test
|
||||
like
|
||||
solut
|
||||
homeworksreview
|
||||
session
|
||||
slidesth
|
||||
slide
|
||||
second
|
||||
half
|
||||
semest
|
||||
pleas
|
||||
view
|
||||
onlineif
|
||||
possibl
|
||||
print
|
||||
realli
|
||||
need
|
||||
print
|
||||
file
|
||||
found
|
||||
updatedhomework
|
||||
sourc
|
||||
filemidterm
|
||||
solut
|
||||
webta
|
||||
inform
|
||||
weekli
|
||||
timetableta
|
||||
section
|
||||
offic
|
||||
hour
|
||||
locat
|
||||
contact
|
||||
guana
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
natarajan
|
||||
tuesdai
|
||||
thursdai
|
||||
station
|
||||
utexa
|
||||
eduxun
|
||||
feng
|
||||
tuesdai
|
||||
thursdai
|
||||
station
|
||||
xfeng
|
||||
utexa
|
||||
detail
|
||||
weekli
|
||||
time
|
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tabl
|
||||
cours
|
||||
cours
|
||||
guid
|
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new
|
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group
|
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class
|
||||
new
|
||||
utexa
|
||||
class
|
||||
note
|
||||
class
|
||||
homework
|
||||
also
|
||||
tip
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
file
|
||||
homework
|
||||
fridai
|
||||
file
|
||||
homework
|
||||
homework
|
||||
file
|
||||
download
|
||||
file
|
||||
homework
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solut
|
||||
score
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solut
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solut
|
||||
model
|
||||
solut
|
||||
homework
|
||||
requir
|
||||
wordlist
|
||||
linux
|
||||
provid
|
||||
warren
|
||||
wang
|
||||
wwang
|
||||
utexa
|
||||
note
|
||||
midterm
|
||||
test
|
||||
note
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
answer
|
||||
exercis
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
note
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
model
|
||||
solut
|
||||
made
|
||||
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|
||||
mondai
|
||||
afternoon
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
postscript
|
||||
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|
||||
postscript
|
||||
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|
||||
midterm
|
||||
solut
|
||||
homework
|
||||
file
|
||||
decimalinteg
|
||||
decimalinteg
|
||||
hexinteg
|
||||
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|
||||
octalinteg
|
||||
octalinteg
|
||||
slide
|
||||
section
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
format
|
||||
slide
|
||||
section
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
format
|
||||
homework
|
||||
assign
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
format
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
review
|
||||
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|
||||
homework
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||||
solut
|
||||
homework
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|
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|
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
comput
|
||||
sciencesunivers
|
||||
texa
|
||||
austin
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
|
||||
fall
|
||||
computer
|
||||
programming
|
||||
fall
|
||||
welcome
|
||||
homepage
|
||||
austin
|
||||
class
|
||||
taught
|
||||
adams
|
||||
ajit
|
||||
george
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
final
|
||||
surprise
|
||||
contact
|
||||
xunnow
|
||||
make
|
||||
test
|
||||
likely
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homeworksreview
|
||||
sessions
|
||||
slidesthe
|
||||
slides
|
||||
second
|
||||
half
|
||||
semester
|
||||
please
|
||||
view
|
||||
onlineif
|
||||
possible
|
||||
print
|
||||
really
|
||||
need
|
||||
printed
|
||||
files
|
||||
found
|
||||
updatedhomework
|
||||
source
|
||||
filemidterm
|
||||
solution
|
||||
webta
|
||||
information
|
||||
weekly
|
||||
timetableta
|
||||
section
|
||||
office
|
||||
hour
|
||||
location
|
||||
contact
|
||||
guana
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
thursday
|
||||
station
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
eduxun
|
||||
feng
|
||||
tuesday
|
||||
thursday
|
||||
station
|
||||
xfeng
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
detailed
|
||||
weekly
|
||||
time
|
||||
table
|
||||
course
|
||||
course
|
||||
guide
|
||||
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|
||||
group
|
||||
class
|
||||
news
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
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|
||||
notes
|
||||
class
|
||||
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|
||||
also
|
||||
tips
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
file
|
||||
homework
|
||||
friday
|
||||
files
|
||||
homework
|
||||
homework
|
||||
file
|
||||
download
|
||||
files
|
||||
homework
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
scored
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
model
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
required
|
||||
wordlist
|
||||
linux
|
||||
provided
|
||||
warren
|
||||
wang
|
||||
wwang
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
notes
|
||||
midterm
|
||||
test
|
||||
notes
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
answer
|
||||
exercises
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
notes
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
model
|
||||
solution
|
||||
made
|
||||
modifications
|
||||
monday
|
||||
afternoon
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
file
|
||||
model
|
||||
solution
|
||||
ajit
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
file
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
file
|
||||
midterm
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
files
|
||||
decimalinteger
|
||||
decimalinteger
|
||||
hexinteger
|
||||
hexinteger
|
||||
octalinteger
|
||||
octalinteger
|
||||
slides
|
||||
section
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
format
|
||||
slides
|
||||
section
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
format
|
||||
homework
|
||||
assignment
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
format
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
maintained
|
||||
feng
|
||||
xfeng
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
edudepartment
|
||||
computer
|
||||
sciencesuniversity
|
||||
texas
|
||||
austin
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
homework 16
|
||||
solut 14
|
||||
file 9
|
||||
postscript 7
|
||||
session 5
|
||||
kumar 5
|
||||
utexa 5
|
||||
class 4
|
||||
note 4
|
||||
review 4
|
||||
cours 3
|
||||
slide 3
|
||||
section 3
|
||||
model 3
|
||||
format 3
|
||||
fall 2
|
||||
comput 2
|
||||
austin 2
|
||||
ajit 2
|
||||
contact 2
|
||||
test 2
|
||||
print 2
|
||||
weekli 2
|
||||
tuesdai 2
|
||||
thursdai 2
|
||||
station 2
|
||||
feng 2
|
||||
xfeng 2
|
||||
new 2
|
||||
midterm 2
|
||||
decimalinteg 2
|
||||
hexinteg 2
|
||||
octalinteg 2
|
||||
program 1
|
||||
welcom 1
|
||||
homepag 1
|
||||
taught 1
|
||||
adam 1
|
||||
georg 1
|
||||
announc 1
|
||||
final 1
|
||||
surpris 1
|
||||
xunnow 1
|
||||
make 1
|
||||
like 1
|
||||
homeworksreview 1
|
||||
slidesth 1
|
||||
second 1
|
||||
half 1
|
||||
semest 1
|
||||
pleas 1
|
||||
view 1
|
||||
onlineif 1
|
||||
possibl 1
|
||||
realli 1
|
||||
need 1
|
||||
found 1
|
||||
updatedhomework 1
|
||||
sourc 1
|
||||
filemidterm 1
|
||||
webta 1
|
||||
inform 1
|
||||
timetableta 1
|
||||
offic 1
|
||||
hour 1
|
||||
locat 1
|
||||
guana 1
|
||||
natarajan 1
|
||||
eduxun 1
|
||||
detail 1
|
||||
time 1
|
||||
tabl 1
|
||||
guid 1
|
||||
group 1
|
||||
also 1
|
||||
tip 1
|
||||
fridai 1
|
||||
download 1
|
||||
score 1
|
||||
requir 1
|
||||
wordlist 1
|
||||
linux 1
|
||||
provid 1
|
||||
warren 1
|
||||
wang 1
|
||||
wwang 1
|
||||
answer 1
|
||||
exercis 1
|
||||
made 1
|
||||
modif 1
|
||||
mondai 1
|
||||
afternoon 1
|
||||
assign 1
|
||||
maintain 1
|
||||
edudepart 1
|
||||
sciencesunivers 1
|
||||
texa 1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
term, tf, in documents count, idf, tfidf, wordid
|
||||
comput 2 390 0.299154 0.598308 0
|
||||
inform 1 209 0.922967 0.922967 17
|
||||
program 1 195 0.992302 0.992302 26
|
||||
utexa 5 182 1.061295 5.306475 9
|
||||
austin 2 157 1.209055 2.418110 8
|
||||
texa 1 150 1.254666 1.254666 10
|
||||
offic 1 147 1.274869 1.274869 98
|
||||
cours 3 144 1.295488 3.886464 165
|
||||
time 1 131 1.390104 1.390104 36
|
||||
also 1 116 1.511711 1.511711 31
|
||||
group 1 111 1.555771 1.555771 25
|
||||
contact 2 108 1.583170 3.166340 15
|
||||
class 4 103 1.630572 6.522288 230
|
||||
fall 2 90 1.765492 3.530984 184
|
||||
model 3 77 1.921496 5.764488 55
|
||||
note 4 75 1.947813 7.791252 247
|
||||
postscript 7 73 1.974842 13.823894 253
|
||||
file 9 71 2.002621 18.023589 944
|
||||
pleas 1 71 2.002621 2.002621 261
|
||||
hour 1 70 2.016806 2.016806 58
|
||||
welcom 1 67 2.060609 2.060609 100
|
||||
final 1 66 2.075646 2.075646 273
|
||||
assign 1 66 2.075646 2.075646 48
|
||||
like 1 61 2.154427 2.154427 84
|
||||
make 1 57 2.222250 2.222250 135
|
||||
homepag 1 55 2.257968 2.257968 83
|
||||
provid 1 52 2.314057 2.314057 11894
|
||||
homework 16 50 2.353278 37.652448 66
|
||||
solut 14 46 2.436660 34.113240 201
|
||||
sourc 1 42 2.527632 2.527632 797
|
||||
need 1 41 2.551729 2.551729 654
|
||||
requir 1 40 2.576422 2.576422 557
|
||||
new 2 37 2.654383 5.308766 919
|
||||
test 2 35 2.709953 5.419906 637
|
||||
second 1 34 2.738941 2.738941 11770
|
||||
view 1 34 2.738941 2.738941 188
|
||||
semest 1 32 2.799565 2.799565 460
|
||||
guid 1 31 2.831314 2.831314 1402
|
||||
locat 1 30 2.864104 2.864104 810
|
||||
mondai 1 29 2.898005 2.898005 147
|
||||
format 3 28 2.933097 8.799291 11845
|
||||
detail 1 27 2.969464 2.969464 351
|
||||
made 1 27 2.969464 2.969464 263
|
||||
section 3 25 3.046425 9.139275 399
|
||||
thursdai 2 24 3.087247 6.174494 164
|
||||
announc 1 24 3.087247 3.087247 322
|
||||
found 1 24 3.087247 3.087247 472
|
||||
maintain 1 23 3.129807 3.129807 922
|
||||
review 4 22 3.174259 12.697036 605
|
||||
midterm 2 22 3.174259 6.348518 187
|
||||
tuesdai 2 21 3.220779 6.441558 194
|
||||
possibl 1 21 3.220779 3.220779 524
|
||||
tabl 1 21 3.220779 3.220779 6952
|
||||
answer 1 21 3.220779 3.220779 921
|
||||
download 1 19 3.320862 3.320862 904
|
||||
slide 3 18 3.374929 10.124787 757
|
||||
linux 1 18 3.374929 3.374929 1127
|
||||
session 5 17 3.432088 17.160440 493
|
||||
realli 1 14 3.626244 3.626244 441
|
||||
print 2 13 3.700352 7.400704 10719
|
||||
wang 1 13 3.700352 3.700352 479
|
||||
fridai 1 12 3.780395 3.780395 390
|
||||
station 2 11 3.867406 7.734812 1455
|
||||
taught 1 9 4.068077 4.068077 7450
|
||||
georg 1 9 4.068077 4.068077 685
|
||||
kumar 5 8 4.185860 20.929300 2292
|
||||
adam 1 8 4.185860 4.185860 11823
|
||||
half 1 8 4.185860 4.185860 11914
|
||||
sciencesunivers 1 8 4.185860 4.185860 743
|
||||
weekli 2 7 4.319391 8.638782 3815
|
||||
exercis 1 7 4.319391 4.319391 3826
|
||||
modif 1 7 4.319391 4.319391 1461
|
||||
score 1 6 4.473542 4.473542 1774
|
||||
surpris 1 4 4.879007 4.879007 12162
|
||||
tip 1 4 4.879007 4.879007 2651
|
||||
ajit 2 3 5.166689 10.333378 8810
|
||||
warren 1 3 5.166689 5.166689 4675
|
||||
edudepart 1 3 5.166689 5.166689 6380
|
||||
xfeng 2 2 5.572154 11.144308 12150
|
||||
natarajan 1 2 5.572154 5.572154 11976
|
||||
feng 2 1 6.265301 12.530602 8169
|
||||
decimalinteg 2 1 6.265301 12.530602 10322
|
||||
hexinteg 2 1 6.265301 12.530602 10496
|
||||
octalinteg 2 1 6.265301 12.530602 4897
|
||||
xunnow 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 10566
|
||||
homeworksreview 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 5265
|
||||
slidesth 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 7615
|
||||
onlineif 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 11111
|
||||
updatedhomework 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 7649
|
||||
filemidterm 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 11261
|
||||
webta 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 7012
|
||||
timetableta 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 3218
|
||||
guana 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 8861
|
||||
eduxun 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 5752
|
||||
wordlist 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 9537
|
||||
wwang 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 7923
|
||||
afternoon 1 1 6.265301 6.265301 7763
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
|
||||
fall
|
||||
computer
|
||||
programming
|
||||
fall
|
||||
welcome
|
||||
homepage
|
||||
austin
|
||||
class
|
||||
taught
|
||||
will
|
||||
adams
|
||||
ajit
|
||||
george
|
||||
course
|
||||
announcement
|
||||
final
|
||||
over
|
||||
surprise
|
||||
contact
|
||||
xunnow
|
||||
make
|
||||
test
|
||||
most
|
||||
likely
|
||||
will
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homeworksreview
|
||||
sessions
|
||||
slidesthe
|
||||
slides
|
||||
second
|
||||
half
|
||||
semester
|
||||
please
|
||||
view
|
||||
them
|
||||
onlineif
|
||||
possible
|
||||
only
|
||||
print
|
||||
those
|
||||
really
|
||||
need
|
||||
printed
|
||||
files
|
||||
found
|
||||
updatedhomework
|
||||
source
|
||||
filemidterm
|
||||
solution
|
||||
webta
|
||||
information
|
||||
weekly
|
||||
timetableta
|
||||
section
|
||||
office
|
||||
hour
|
||||
location
|
||||
contact
|
||||
guana
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
natarajan
|
||||
tuesday
|
||||
thursday
|
||||
station
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
eduxun
|
||||
feng
|
||||
tuesday
|
||||
thursday
|
||||
station
|
||||
xfeng
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
detailed
|
||||
weekly
|
||||
time
|
||||
table
|
||||
this
|
||||
course
|
||||
course
|
||||
guide
|
||||
news
|
||||
group
|
||||
been
|
||||
this
|
||||
class
|
||||
news
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
class
|
||||
some
|
||||
notes
|
||||
class
|
||||
this
|
||||
homework
|
||||
also
|
||||
tips
|
||||
postscript
|
||||
file
|
||||
homework
|
||||
this
|
||||
friday
|
||||
here
|
||||
files
|
||||
homework
|
||||
homework
|
||||
file
|
||||
download
|
||||
files
|
||||
homework
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
scored
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
solution
|
||||
model
|
||||
solution
|
||||
homework
|
||||
will
|
||||
required
|
||||
some
|
||||
here
|
||||
wordlist
|
||||
linux
|
||||
provided
|
||||
warren
|
||||
wang
|
||||
wwang
|
||||
utexas
|
||||
notes
|
||||
midterm
|
||||
test
|
||||
notes
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
answer
|
||||
some
|
||||
exercises
|
||||
kumar
|
||||
notes
|
||||
review
|
||||
session
|
||||
model
|
||||
solution
|
||||
made
|
||||
some
|
||||
modifications
|
||||
monday
|
||||
afternoon
|
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\documentclass[colorback,accentcolor=tud1b]{tudbeamer}
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\title{1 "Ubung}
|
||||
\author{Ulf Gebhardt, Victor-Philipp Negoescu, Michael Scholz}
|
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\date{04.06.2013}
|
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|
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% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 1. Folie % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
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% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
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\begin{document}
|
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|
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\frametitle{Web Mining \\ 3. "Ubung}
|
||||
\textbf{Gruppe 22:}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Ulf Gebhardt
|
||||
\item Victor-Philipp Negoescu
|
||||
\item Michael Scholz
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 1. Aufgabe % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
||||
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
\item Einteilung in Trainingsmenge/Testmenge: Erste Hälfte der alphabetisch sortieren Liste der Websites stellt die Testmenge dar.
|
||||
\item course: 115 Elemente in Trainingsmenge / 115 Elemente in Testmenge
|
||||
\item non-course: 410 Elemente in Trainingsmenge / 411 Elemente in Testmenge
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
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\end{frame}
|
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|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 2. Aufgabe % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
||||
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
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\section{2. Aufgabe}
|
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|
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|
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Transformation eines Textes (siehe /example/): \\
|
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Am Beispiel:\\
|
||||
course: http\_\^{}\^{}www.cs.utexas.edu\^{}users\^{}xfeng\^{}cs105\^{}cs105 \\
|
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\vspace*{0.5cm}
|
||||
\textbf{1. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Extrahiere alle Wörter. Wort hat mind. 4 Zeichen und ist kein HTML-Element. Wörter werden lowercase behandelt und enthalten keine Zahlen.
|
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|
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|
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|
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\begin{frame}
|
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\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
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\textbf{Ergebnis Schritt 1:} \\
|
||||
fall computer programming fall welcome homepage austin class taught will adams ajit george course announcement final over surprise contact xunnow make test most likely will solution homeworksreview sessions slidesthe slides second half semester please view them onlineif possible only print those really need printed files found updatedhomework source filemidterm solution webta information weekly timetableta section office hour location contact guana kumar natarajan tuesday thursday station utexas eduxun feng tuesday thursday station xfeng utexas detailed weekly time table this course course guide news group been this class news utexas class some notes class this homework also tips postscript file homework this friday here files homework homework file download files homework homework solution scored homework solution homework solution model solution homework will required some here wordlist linux provided warren wang wwang utexas notes midterm test notes review [...]
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
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|
||||
\textbf{2. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Filtere alle Stopwörter raus
|
||||
\item Genutzt werden hier alle englsichen Stopwörter aus Übung 1
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{Ergebnis Schritt 2:} \\
|
||||
fall computer programming fall welcome homepage austin class taught adams ajit george course announcement final surprise contact xunnow make test likely solution homeworksreview sessions slidesthe slides second half semester please view onlineif possible print really need printed files found updatedhomework source filemidterm solution webta information weekly timetableta section office hour location contact guana kumar natarajan tuesday thursday station utexas eduxun feng tuesday thursday station xfeng utexas detailed weekly time table course course guide news group class news utexas class notes class homework also tips postscript file homework friday files homework homework file download files homework homework solution scored homework solution homework solution model solution homework required wordlist linux provided warren wang wwang utexas notes midterm test notes review session answer exercises kumar notes review session model solution made modifications monday afternoon postscript file model solution ajit postscript file postscript file midterm solution homework files [...]
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{3. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Stemming der Wörter
|
||||
\item Genutzt wird eine Pythonimplementierung von PorterStemmer
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{Ergebnis Schritt 3:} \\
|
||||
fall comput program fall welcom homepag austin class taught adam ajit georg cours announc final surpris contact xunnow make test like solut homeworksreview session slidesth slide second half semest pleas view onlineif possibl print realli need print file found updatedhomework sourc filemidterm solut webta inform weekli timetableta section offic hour locat contact guana kumar natarajan tuesdai thursdai station utexa eduxun feng tuesdai thursdai station xfeng utexa detail weekli time tabl cours cours guid new group class new utexa class note class homework also tip postscript file homework fridai file homework homework file download file homework homework solut score homework solut homework solut model solut homework requir wordlist linux provid warren wang wwang utexa note midterm test note review session answer exercis kumar note review session model solut made modif mondai afternoon postscript file model solut ajit postscript file postscript file midterm solut homework file decimalinteg decimalinteg hexinteg hexinteg octalinteg octalinteg slide section postscript [...]
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{4. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Notiere Termfrequency für jeden Term des Dokuments
|
||||
\item Sortiere Terme entsprechend der Termfrequency
|
||||
\item tf(t, d) = f(t, d) $\to$ Termfrequenxy = Raw Frequency
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{Ergebnis Schritt 4:} \\
|
||||
homework 16 solut 14 file 9 postscript 7 session 5 kumar 5 utexa 5 class 4 note 4 review 4 cours 3 slide 3 section 3 model 3 format 3 fall 2 comput 2 austin 2 ajit 2 contact 2 test 2 print 2 weekli 2 tuesdai 2 thursdai 2 station 2 feng 2 xfeng 2 new 2 midterm 2 decimalinteg 2 hexinteg 2 octalinteg 2 program 1 welcom 1 homepag 1 taught 1 adam 1 georg 1 announc 1 final 1 surpris 1 xunnow 1 make 1 like 1 homeworksreview 1 slidesth 1 second 1 half 1 semest 1 pleas 1 view 1 onlineif 1 possibl 1 realli 1 need 1 found 1 updatedhomework 1 sourc 1 filemidterm 1 webta 1 inform 1 timetableta 1 offic 1 hour 1 locat 1 guana 1 natarajan 1 eduxun 1 detail 1 time 1 tabl 1 guid 1 group 1 also 1 tip 1 fridai 1 download 1 score 1 requir 1 wordlist 1 linux 1 provid 1 warren 1 wang 1 wwang 1 answer 1 exercis 1 made 1 modif 1 mondai 1 afternoon 1 assign 1 maintain 1 edudepart 1 sciencesunivers 1 texa 1
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{5. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
IDF für alle Dokumente der Testmenge berechnen: \\
|
||||
\begin{equation*}
|
||||
idf(t,D) = log(\frac{|D|}{|{d \in D : t \in d}|})
|
||||
\end{equation*}
|
||||
mit \\
|
||||
|D| : Kardinalität von D \\
|
||||
$|\{d \in D : t \in d\}|$ : Anzahl der Dokumente in denen ter Term auftritt
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{Ergebnis Schritt 5:} \\
|
||||
{\small term, in dicuments count, idf, in c count, in nc count, wordid, relevance} \\
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
{\tiny univers 283 0.617951 21 262 2 241\\
|
||||
comput 385 0.310155 75 310 0 235 \\
|
||||
scienc 328 0.470385 50 278 1 228 \\
|
||||
home 354 0.394101 71 283 4 212 \\
|
||||
page 368 0.355315 83 285 3 202 \\
|
||||
research 215 0.892760 8 207 5 199\\
|
||||
depart 232 0.816661 18 214 6 196\\
|
||||
interest 212 0.906812 20 192 11 172\\
|
||||
work 202 0.955131 28 174 13 146\\
|
||||
washington 187 1.032290 22 165 124 143\\
|
||||
madison 158 1.200803 9 149 823 140\\
|
||||
wisconsin 161 1.181994 11 150 805 139\\
|
||||
project 184 1.048463 27 157 20 130\\
|
||||
engin 164 1.163532 18 146 19 128\\
|
||||
system 210 0.916291 42 168 12 126 \\
|
||||
wisc 240 0.782759 60 180 2574 120 \\
|
||||
graduat 132 1.380596 7 125 24 118 \\
|
||||
current 153 1.232960 19 134 16 115 \\
|
||||
dayton 118 1.492714 3 115 8703 112 \\
|
||||
student 168 1.139434 28 140 14 112 \\
|
||||
seattl 110 1.562918 0 110 1034 110 \\
|
||||
public 116 1.509808 13 103 27 90 \\
|
||||
also 143 1.300554 29 114 31 85 \\
|
||||
link 134 1.365558 25 109 44 84 \\
|
||||
...}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{6. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
Berechne TF-IDF für jedes Dokument: \\
|
||||
\begin{equation*}
|
||||
tfidf(t,d,D) = tf(t,d) * idf(t,D)
|
||||
\end{equation*}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{Ergebnis Schritt 6:} \\
|
||||
{\small term, tf, in documents count, idf, tfidf, wordid} \\
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
{\tiny comput 2 390 0.299154 0.598308 0 \\
|
||||
inform 1 209 0.922967 0.922967 17 \\
|
||||
program 1 195 0.992302 0.992302 26 \\
|
||||
utexa 5 182 1.061295 5.306475 9 \\
|
||||
austin 2 157 1.209055 2.418110 8 \\
|
||||
texa 1 150 1.254666 1.254666 10 \\
|
||||
offic 1 147 1.274869 1.274869 98 \\
|
||||
cours 3 144 1.295488 3.886464 165 \\
|
||||
time 1 131 1.390104 1.390104 36 \\
|
||||
also 1 116 1.511711 1.511711 31 \\
|
||||
group 1 111 1.555771 1.555771 25 \\
|
||||
contact 2 108 1.583170 3.166340 15 \\
|
||||
class 4 103 1.630572 6.522288 230 \\
|
||||
fall 2 90 1.765492 3.530984 184 \\
|
||||
model 3 77 1.921496 5.764488 55 \\
|
||||
note 4 75 1.947813 7.791252 247 \\
|
||||
postscript 7 73 1.974842 13.823894 253 \\
|
||||
file 9 71 2.002621 18.023589 944 \\
|
||||
...}
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{2. Aufgabe \\ Aufbereitung der Daten}
|
||||
\textbf{7. Schritt:} \\
|
||||
Daten in Sparse-Repräsentation überführen. \\
|
||||
\textit{Beispiel (aus course):} \\
|
||||
+1 11:1.117807 13:1.083518 17:0.922967 20:3.646335 29:1.196397 36:2.780208 42:3.203724 48:2.075646 51:2.060609 56:1.630572 58:8.067224 59:2.353278 64:3.842992 65:4.479900 66:32.945892 73:1.947813 93:2.738941 98:2.549738 104:15.926298 113:1.573953 \\
|
||||
\vspace*{0.5cm}
|
||||
\textit{Beispiel (aus non-course):} \\
|
||||
-1 0:1.196616 5:0.890023 11:1.117807 13:1.083518 14:1.100515 17:0.922967 20:1.215445 21:1.680334 26:0.992302 29:1.196397 31:1.511711 36:1.390104 37:6.888024 39:20.168060 42:1.601862 48:2.075646 51:8.242436 55:3.842992 56:3.261144 57:4.244332 58:2.016806 59:4.706556 64:11.528976 66:16.472946 73:1.947813 77:1.583170 78:1.974842 90:4.746962 91:2.170957 98:2.549738 104:2.654383 109:2.415154 112:5.537588 113:3.147906
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 3. Aufgabe % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
||||
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
|
||||
\section{3. Aufgabe}
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.1 Aufgabe \\ Klassifikations-SVM}
|
||||
\textbf{linearer Kernel, C-Paramter = 50:}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Trainingszeit: < 1 Sekunde
|
||||
\item Testzeit: < 1 Sekunde
|
||||
\item Genauigkeit: 87,619 \% (460 / 525 korrekt klassifiziert)
|
||||
\item Genauigkeit eines Baseline-Algorithmus: 78,0952 \% (410 / 525 kottekt klassifiziert)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.2 Aufgabe \\ Recall/Precision}
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\noindent\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,keepaspectratio]{grafiken/a3_2_abb1.png}
|
||||
\caption{Recall/Precision-Graph}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.2 Aufgabe \\ Recall/Precision}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Werte von Recall und Precision sind sehr stark voneinander abhängig
|
||||
\item Entweder ist Recall oder Precision nahezu maximal
|
||||
\item Hohe Precision ist im Gegensatz zum Recall nur sehr schwer zu erreichen. Meisten Punkte liegen bei Recall = 1, nur wenige Punkte liegen bei Precision = 1.
|
||||
\item Break-Even-Point ist bei einer Schranke von 0,475194 erreicht. Mit dieser Schranke erreichen sowohl Recall als auch Precision den maximalen Wert 1.
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.3 Aufgabe \\ Performanz der SVM}
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\noindent\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,keepaspectratio]{grafiken/a3_3_abb1.png}
|
||||
\caption{Genauigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der benutzten Terme}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.3 Aufgabe \\ Performanz der SVM}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Steigerung der Genauigkeit bei Erhöhung der verwendeten Terme
|
||||
\item Verbesserung jedoch nicht monoton steigend
|
||||
\item Algorithmus liefert für Termanzahlen zwischen 130 und 170 zunächst sogar eine wesentlich schlechtere Genauigkeit (um 70\%)
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.3 Aufgabe \\ Performanz der SVM}
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\noindent\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,keepaspectratio]{grafiken/a3_3_abb2.png}
|
||||
\caption{Trainingszeit in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der benutzten Terme}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.3 Aufgabe \\ Performanz der SVM}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Training ist meist in wenigen Millisekunden beendet
|
||||
\item Bei 20 - 40 Termen dauert das Training zwischen 2,5 und 3 Sekunden
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.4 Aufgabe \\ Untersuchung des Sigmoider Kernels}
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\noindent\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,keepaspectratio]{grafiken/a3_4_abb1.png}
|
||||
\caption{Genauigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der benutzten Terme {\tiny (sigmoider Kernel)}}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.4 Aufgabe \\ Untersuchung des Sigmoider Kernels}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Genauigkeit nimmt zunächst zu, nimmt nach 300 verwendeten Termen jedoch wieder leicht ab.
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
$\to$ Wahl des Kernels hat großen Einfluss auf die Genauigkeit!
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.4 Aufgabe \\ Untersuchung des Sigmoider Kernels}
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\noindent\includegraphics[height=5.5cm,keepaspectratio]{grafiken/a3_4_abb2.png}
|
||||
\caption{Trainingszeit in Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der benutzten Terme {\tiny (sigmoider Kernel)}}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.4 Aufgabe \\ Untersuchung des Sigmoider Kernels}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item Trainingszeit ist nun auch bei 20 - 40 Termen sehr gering.
|
||||
\item Zuvor betrug die Trainingszeit hier 2,5 - 3 Sekunden
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
$\to$ Sigmoider Kernel reduziert die Traningszeit bei geringer Termanzahl!
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{frame}
|
||||
\frametitle{3.5 Aufgabe \\ Data-Mining-Wettbewerb}
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \textbf{Problem:} Bei diesem Setting können die Testdaten hinzugezogen werden um die Lernmethode zu trainieren
|
||||
\item Man könnte nun alle korrekten Klassifizierungen der Testdaten vom Verantstalter abfragen und diese schließend einfach wiedergeben.
|
||||
\item So würde man den Wettbewerb gewinnen, ohne überhaupt einen Lernalgorithmus einsetzen zu müssen.
|
||||
\item \textbf{Lösung:} Ändere die Aufteilung der Daten. Stelle Teilnehmern Trainingsdaten zu Verfügung, welche wie gehabt im Challenge-Response-Verfahren mit einer Testdatenmenge abgeglichen werden. Nach Beendigung der Implementierungsphase prüft der Verantstalter die fertig entwickelten Algorithmen mit einer dritten Trainingsmenge, die den Teilnehmern vorher nicht zugänglich ist.
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
\end{frame}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
5
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/3_Uebung/latex/solution.toc
Normal file
5
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/3_Uebung/latex/solution.toc
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\beamer@endinputifotherversion {3.12pt}
|
||||
\select@language {ngerman}
|
||||
\beamer@sectionintoc {1}{1. Aufgabe}{2}{0}{1}
|
||||
\beamer@sectionintoc {2}{2. Aufgabe}{3}{0}{2}
|
||||
\beamer@sectionintoc {3}{3. Aufgabe}{16}{0}{3}
|
||||
112
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/G22_predictions.txt
Normal file
112
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/G22_predictions.txt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
012fa0f142ab9049b98033b4f2a04d23.txt government
|
||||
03082d7773ec8e48918672e8ff5a9586.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
07cc34819968d0477a12c8cb4e7b8d84.txt learned
|
||||
0c30098b53e7d9e504654cebd08c5f32.txt romance
|
||||
1132de735e1484e049b6e8f348795107.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
126844b9f20fa2f7f47034bf5cb7173b.txt learned
|
||||
14151b77f3756f1370a2299e97015100.txt government
|
||||
14a798282a8af04a6bfaa88b34d5527c.txt fiction
|
||||
161d47074a030d99873d66c3c6642838.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
162f5619aeed1f6b0200716d60d477dc.txt fiction
|
||||
17e71f69a0069ee1adce12bdf929a927.txt adventure
|
||||
198bc3b45a21583ed1ac39a90b753c55.txt news
|
||||
19cbbf19d87eb261007b365b80b36cd9.txt learned
|
||||
1f2fb595979fae87256a680ed44bc68b.txt adventure
|
||||
2072b8b022eaa2235d3b2cac31b76aff.txt adventure
|
||||
286bfe4f3922b5ca011e3fee61a1f9fa.txt news
|
||||
2c2658d254f32f76cce505dd9f94de40.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
2cfac4c9c7e3d1e2311383fc9e989f69.txt news
|
||||
2f37d3a08ae2e515e26006065b5be41e.txt government
|
||||
30ba4caf10479b7e40bd190dce91396b.txt lore
|
||||
3226483e2aeb4d59962dfc2d41f31ac2.txt learned
|
||||
33956864edf161a7709d9a800115e83e.txt news
|
||||
362b40c09e90ff8eddbba2512c2e30fc.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
3631805552f870a691ffc148c75e7ac9.txt government
|
||||
39c41522fb3121202db704a56e9b3b23.txt news
|
||||
39c7806c1dac059d616915cece6a6f8a.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
3b5ae942f820c2cab0a8a2b8c7933d93.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
3e99926c9726313498585e57b02c2025.txt fiction
|
||||
40078cdbb4ac07002a030a2e1889532a.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
406740204294a1b6eec1de3b9e03a1a8.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
435f7dc7953761563de3e51047b1c768.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
497344c9dd4e6f067bf91cbaa39ecab8.txt fiction
|
||||
4b40c2ebba90f40a574feded743bcd98.txt learned
|
||||
509d0e3f64890a63fa3e9c47f646674e.txt editorial
|
||||
513d2e3269cdc4ba1622a995f4afad4c.txt government
|
||||
5517efae9dfe0329705627c9d4d44975.txt learned
|
||||
557e4a24e101d1ddb7ba4a18e39a0a25.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
5a0d893476b40989d91c21aded8bf0cd.txt lore
|
||||
5a47e4b991825910c1a3ed21a3536bd3.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
5abec9355450da30bdd0775c1242c97d.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
5c167a5979619f4d9f87cecc909a0f6a.txt news
|
||||
60ca9f5ea43651477a7a7c21f03d560f.txt fiction
|
||||
63cc7ef0b7d2f2157ba577a4277264ce.txt romance
|
||||
65006fb316d76ec98b05d5fa8e03589b.txt news
|
||||
653bb83743780a075aaf1e63eff9ad02.txt mystery
|
||||
664fe38352501c07da6e8f8db08f2992.txt government
|
||||
66bc41334df6a53c1cb8f562e30e219a.txt government
|
||||
66c4e8e7ad769939d4a750ee4544f84d.txt adventure
|
||||
676c868ecd6b7d0b93538fd2fedb5a5e.txt adventure
|
||||
68e7aa78095a9e59550ccff52c2cbf5d.txt mystery
|
||||
7470cf829ef67071235f544017d4bbec.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
75d7e971a4030f91b1c57f54b183759c.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
76955fe51f50dd1b5b33a865bdb8a66c.txt government
|
||||
76ed466edc4582c82661b20858061e4a.txt learned
|
||||
786fd803a84ab667d8531ab172366800.txt adventure
|
||||
7d3fc409d171813885a2dcb23daa0416.txt adventure
|
||||
7d939bd862a9d234bd9fc8a8db80274e.txt romance
|
||||
807409dafc12f0656362c7c8890adc3e.txt editorial
|
||||
84b5acf8f180edf04aaadc5e68b707fc.txt learned
|
||||
850925d9c1cf2254e7a3772d7d4c8498.txt learned
|
||||
883ff02bfa6afc87f75c3ba68ca2c807.txt adventure
|
||||
884c21f6a2cac42d0a9f3c5af7999d9f.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
88fe54edc393951ba83a9f4042e80d05.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
8b24b93a810185213792d14246f7b364.txt romance
|
||||
8c20ac5ae2181ebbc5d1c053e4d05528.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
8d5d4d062528c3d398762fcc7c5092e5.txt editorial
|
||||
8e045e25f72c235db6065d9640d8141a.txt government
|
||||
8f359316ad45817ab3c9731f62a60c99.txt romance
|
||||
9463b2eeedfa684007586bdc5406fee7.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
95370d34e735ae479e6700446b86e71b.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
962f83673551329b401603dbbec79d39.txt government
|
||||
a19509030b77aced49f69b2307113244.txt news
|
||||
a371d9d7f1437a47963ca12bbf13357c.txt government
|
||||
a5d46d61af0e1a8594eb6bc382137e90.txt news
|
||||
a79a5498a60d0a023871ac430ea00631.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
aa570f56850c38d545d99e129781fd46.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
abcbad90ab10dc9cdeb42f16ab68e40d.txt news
|
||||
ac6e10fc9711899273fe17a56b75a63d.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
ad64c6686c321b176c97ad1d2a81a6a6.txt editorial
|
||||
af6e1b59b73b71c55d7d7450fcf7ada4.txt learned
|
||||
b35883b4db7ddb175ab408ab5ee283e8.txt mystery
|
||||
b36c957bc782dd7a0a9bad61c180e16b.txt government
|
||||
b37ae788d05872a2f87f13a7cf307a3f.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
b5dcf0aa8e1ecb9c11176bf7f40bf681.txt fiction
|
||||
b9187f09deb844848d3ffcf72db4b8b1.txt news
|
||||
b9625919bb95ceec8ae36ae4ec068fd9.txt government
|
||||
ba3e75ac8b98b28f19cb2b96da9daf44.txt government
|
||||
bb662c1b6c3606ee366160e7f54010c7.txt romance
|
||||
bc9242e8ccd0ac40433b969dcb594a8f.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
beee951582b30025ae9da1bb0b2c204e.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
bf51ccae76c00c6dba9bdbd1e816d2f3.txt news
|
||||
c0c2dd5532e706980a1af9df86ed86ec.txt news
|
||||
c2e5aa9bb5817d6847f11b5d245894a6.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
caa62b74c6b9eae5d95a7eb3f8ae1dcc.txt learned
|
||||
d164ed7f3c23a5a4a7247a708d0a2752.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
d17f4a5866aca1a50915645db59263c9.txt learned
|
||||
d39000c4115ca637e6f655cdc190e08a.txt adventure
|
||||
d84fde158dcb9eca693d4a19965e1037.txt news
|
||||
da47a39c7911dea585d1691abe4cf44d.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
da90902eed346da8b195f47641b689c1.txt romance
|
||||
dad7f723b948b026c3b685dab6db8797.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
df5afd520d52e869c5b069c90e2108ce.txt news
|
||||
e56c371de52315460b74910e9b8a6e34.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
e8abd3caf8e7e9b17428e625ff411c24.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
ebc9cfe38ea4439b091b5b76dc9da27c.txt lore
|
||||
eeec8a4e80e55ac63879d8f60cdf35c4.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
eff02d42f53f8e533118275e794fb21b.txt learned
|
||||
effdf0796315f0aa259c3913e0fb8081.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
f1916ee53b187ab0f251e6a794e04799.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
f735b9d95a36c874142f7effea3aa7d0.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
f969d1cf23ec7de5e19f6114f6fbea6a.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
fa8eee55e2ca12c2dbdb7302190873ec.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
112
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/G22_predictions.txt
Normal file
112
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/G22_predictions.txt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
012fa0f142ab9049b98033b4f2a04d23.txt government
|
||||
03082d7773ec8e48918672e8ff5a9586.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
07cc34819968d0477a12c8cb4e7b8d84.txt learned
|
||||
0c30098b53e7d9e504654cebd08c5f32.txt romance
|
||||
1132de735e1484e049b6e8f348795107.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
126844b9f20fa2f7f47034bf5cb7173b.txt learned
|
||||
14151b77f3756f1370a2299e97015100.txt government
|
||||
14a798282a8af04a6bfaa88b34d5527c.txt fiction
|
||||
161d47074a030d99873d66c3c6642838.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
162f5619aeed1f6b0200716d60d477dc.txt fiction
|
||||
17e71f69a0069ee1adce12bdf929a927.txt adventure
|
||||
198bc3b45a21583ed1ac39a90b753c55.txt news
|
||||
19cbbf19d87eb261007b365b80b36cd9.txt learned
|
||||
1f2fb595979fae87256a680ed44bc68b.txt adventure
|
||||
2072b8b022eaa2235d3b2cac31b76aff.txt adventure
|
||||
286bfe4f3922b5ca011e3fee61a1f9fa.txt news
|
||||
2c2658d254f32f76cce505dd9f94de40.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
2cfac4c9c7e3d1e2311383fc9e989f69.txt news
|
||||
2f37d3a08ae2e515e26006065b5be41e.txt government
|
||||
30ba4caf10479b7e40bd190dce91396b.txt lore
|
||||
3226483e2aeb4d59962dfc2d41f31ac2.txt learned
|
||||
33956864edf161a7709d9a800115e83e.txt news
|
||||
362b40c09e90ff8eddbba2512c2e30fc.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
3631805552f870a691ffc148c75e7ac9.txt government
|
||||
39c41522fb3121202db704a56e9b3b23.txt news
|
||||
39c7806c1dac059d616915cece6a6f8a.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
3b5ae942f820c2cab0a8a2b8c7933d93.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
3e99926c9726313498585e57b02c2025.txt fiction
|
||||
40078cdbb4ac07002a030a2e1889532a.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
406740204294a1b6eec1de3b9e03a1a8.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
435f7dc7953761563de3e51047b1c768.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
497344c9dd4e6f067bf91cbaa39ecab8.txt fiction
|
||||
4b40c2ebba90f40a574feded743bcd98.txt learned
|
||||
509d0e3f64890a63fa3e9c47f646674e.txt editorial
|
||||
513d2e3269cdc4ba1622a995f4afad4c.txt government
|
||||
5517efae9dfe0329705627c9d4d44975.txt learned
|
||||
557e4a24e101d1ddb7ba4a18e39a0a25.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
5a0d893476b40989d91c21aded8bf0cd.txt lore
|
||||
5a47e4b991825910c1a3ed21a3536bd3.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
5abec9355450da30bdd0775c1242c97d.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
5c167a5979619f4d9f87cecc909a0f6a.txt news
|
||||
60ca9f5ea43651477a7a7c21f03d560f.txt fiction
|
||||
63cc7ef0b7d2f2157ba577a4277264ce.txt romance
|
||||
65006fb316d76ec98b05d5fa8e03589b.txt news
|
||||
653bb83743780a075aaf1e63eff9ad02.txt mystery
|
||||
664fe38352501c07da6e8f8db08f2992.txt government
|
||||
66bc41334df6a53c1cb8f562e30e219a.txt government
|
||||
66c4e8e7ad769939d4a750ee4544f84d.txt adventure
|
||||
676c868ecd6b7d0b93538fd2fedb5a5e.txt adventure
|
||||
68e7aa78095a9e59550ccff52c2cbf5d.txt mystery
|
||||
7470cf829ef67071235f544017d4bbec.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
75d7e971a4030f91b1c57f54b183759c.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
76955fe51f50dd1b5b33a865bdb8a66c.txt government
|
||||
76ed466edc4582c82661b20858061e4a.txt learned
|
||||
786fd803a84ab667d8531ab172366800.txt adventure
|
||||
7d3fc409d171813885a2dcb23daa0416.txt adventure
|
||||
7d939bd862a9d234bd9fc8a8db80274e.txt romance
|
||||
807409dafc12f0656362c7c8890adc3e.txt editorial
|
||||
84b5acf8f180edf04aaadc5e68b707fc.txt learned
|
||||
850925d9c1cf2254e7a3772d7d4c8498.txt learned
|
||||
883ff02bfa6afc87f75c3ba68ca2c807.txt adventure
|
||||
884c21f6a2cac42d0a9f3c5af7999d9f.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
88fe54edc393951ba83a9f4042e80d05.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
8b24b93a810185213792d14246f7b364.txt romance
|
||||
8c20ac5ae2181ebbc5d1c053e4d05528.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
8d5d4d062528c3d398762fcc7c5092e5.txt editorial
|
||||
8e045e25f72c235db6065d9640d8141a.txt government
|
||||
8f359316ad45817ab3c9731f62a60c99.txt romance
|
||||
9463b2eeedfa684007586bdc5406fee7.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
95370d34e735ae479e6700446b86e71b.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
962f83673551329b401603dbbec79d39.txt government
|
||||
a19509030b77aced49f69b2307113244.txt news
|
||||
a371d9d7f1437a47963ca12bbf13357c.txt government
|
||||
a5d46d61af0e1a8594eb6bc382137e90.txt news
|
||||
a79a5498a60d0a023871ac430ea00631.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
aa570f56850c38d545d99e129781fd46.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
abcbad90ab10dc9cdeb42f16ab68e40d.txt news
|
||||
ac6e10fc9711899273fe17a56b75a63d.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
ad64c6686c321b176c97ad1d2a81a6a6.txt editorial
|
||||
af6e1b59b73b71c55d7d7450fcf7ada4.txt learned
|
||||
b35883b4db7ddb175ab408ab5ee283e8.txt mystery
|
||||
b36c957bc782dd7a0a9bad61c180e16b.txt government
|
||||
b37ae788d05872a2f87f13a7cf307a3f.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
b5dcf0aa8e1ecb9c11176bf7f40bf681.txt fiction
|
||||
b9187f09deb844848d3ffcf72db4b8b1.txt news
|
||||
b9625919bb95ceec8ae36ae4ec068fd9.txt government
|
||||
ba3e75ac8b98b28f19cb2b96da9daf44.txt government
|
||||
bb662c1b6c3606ee366160e7f54010c7.txt romance
|
||||
bc9242e8ccd0ac40433b969dcb594a8f.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
beee951582b30025ae9da1bb0b2c204e.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
bf51ccae76c00c6dba9bdbd1e816d2f3.txt news
|
||||
c0c2dd5532e706980a1af9df86ed86ec.txt news
|
||||
c2e5aa9bb5817d6847f11b5d245894a6.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
caa62b74c6b9eae5d95a7eb3f8ae1dcc.txt learned
|
||||
d164ed7f3c23a5a4a7247a708d0a2752.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
d17f4a5866aca1a50915645db59263c9.txt learned
|
||||
d39000c4115ca637e6f655cdc190e08a.txt adventure
|
||||
d84fde158dcb9eca693d4a19965e1037.txt news
|
||||
da47a39c7911dea585d1691abe4cf44d.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
da90902eed346da8b195f47641b689c1.txt romance
|
||||
dad7f723b948b026c3b685dab6db8797.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
df5afd520d52e869c5b069c90e2108ce.txt news
|
||||
e56c371de52315460b74910e9b8a6e34.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
e8abd3caf8e7e9b17428e625ff411c24.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
ebc9cfe38ea4439b091b5b76dc9da27c.txt lore
|
||||
eeec8a4e80e55ac63879d8f60cdf35c4.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
eff02d42f53f8e533118275e794fb21b.txt learned
|
||||
effdf0796315f0aa259c3913e0fb8081.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
f1916ee53b187ab0f251e6a794e04799.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
f735b9d95a36c874142f7effea3aa7d0.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
f969d1cf23ec7de5e19f6114f6fbea6a.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
fa8eee55e2ca12c2dbdb7302190873ec.txt belles_lettres
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env python
|
||||
|
||||
"""Porter Stemming Algorithm
|
||||
This is the Porter stemming algorithm, ported to Python from the
|
||||
version coded up in ANSI C by the author. It may be be regarded
|
||||
as canonical, in that it follows the algorithm presented in
|
||||
|
||||
Porter, 1980, An algorithm for suffix stripping, Program, Vol. 14,
|
||||
no. 3, pp 130-137,
|
||||
|
||||
only differing from it at the points maked --DEPARTURE-- below.
|
||||
|
||||
See also http://www.tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer
|
||||
|
||||
The algorithm as described in the paper could be exactly replicated
|
||||
by adjusting the points of DEPARTURE, but this is barely necessary,
|
||||
because (a) the points of DEPARTURE are definitely improvements, and
|
||||
(b) no encoding of the Porter stemmer I have seen is anything like
|
||||
as exact as this version, even with the points of DEPARTURE!
|
||||
|
||||
Vivake Gupta (v@nano.com)
|
||||
|
||||
Release 1: January 2001
|
||||
|
||||
Further adjustments by Santiago Bruno (bananabruno@gmail.com)
|
||||
to allow word input not restricted to one word per line, leading
|
||||
to:
|
||||
|
||||
release 2: July 2008
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
||||
class PorterStemmer:
|
||||
|
||||
def __init__(self):
|
||||
"""The main part of the stemming algorithm starts here.
|
||||
b is a buffer holding a word to be stemmed. The letters are in b[k0],
|
||||
b[k0+1] ... ending at b[k]. In fact k0 = 0 in this demo program. k is
|
||||
readjusted downwards as the stemming progresses. Zero termination is
|
||||
not in fact used in the algorithm.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that only lower case sequences are stemmed. Forcing to lower case
|
||||
should be done before stem(...) is called.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
self.b = "" # buffer for word to be stemmed
|
||||
self.k = 0
|
||||
self.k0 = 0
|
||||
self.j = 0 # j is a general offset into the string
|
||||
|
||||
def cons(self, i):
|
||||
"""cons(i) is TRUE <=> b[i] is a consonant."""
|
||||
if self.b[i] == 'a' or self.b[i] == 'e' or self.b[i] == 'i' or self.b[i] == 'o' or self.b[i] == 'u':
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if self.b[i] == 'y':
|
||||
if i == self.k0:
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return (not self.cons(i - 1))
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
|
||||
def m(self):
|
||||
"""m() measures the number of consonant sequences between k0 and j.
|
||||
if c is a consonant sequence and v a vowel sequence, and <..>
|
||||
indicates arbitrary presence,
|
||||
|
||||
<c><v> gives 0
|
||||
<c>vc<v> gives 1
|
||||
<c>vcvc<v> gives 2
|
||||
<c>vcvcvc<v> gives 3
|
||||
....
|
||||
"""
|
||||
n = 0
|
||||
i = self.k0
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
if i > self.j:
|
||||
return n
|
||||
if not self.cons(i):
|
||||
break
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
if i > self.j:
|
||||
return n
|
||||
if self.cons(i):
|
||||
break
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
n = n + 1
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
if i > self.j:
|
||||
return n
|
||||
if not self.cons(i):
|
||||
break
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
|
||||
def vowelinstem(self):
|
||||
"""vowelinstem() is TRUE <=> k0,...j contains a vowel"""
|
||||
for i in range(self.k0, self.j + 1):
|
||||
if not self.cons(i):
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
|
||||
def doublec(self, j):
|
||||
"""doublec(j) is TRUE <=> j,(j-1) contain a double consonant."""
|
||||
if j < (self.k0 + 1):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if (self.b[j] != self.b[j-1]):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
return self.cons(j)
|
||||
|
||||
def cvc(self, i):
|
||||
"""cvc(i) is TRUE <=> i-2,i-1,i has the form consonant - vowel - consonant
|
||||
and also if the second c is not w,x or y. this is used when trying to
|
||||
restore an e at the end of a short e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
cav(e), lov(e), hop(e), crim(e), but
|
||||
snow, box, tray.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
if i < (self.k0 + 2) or not self.cons(i) or self.cons(i-1) or not self.cons(i-2):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
ch = self.b[i]
|
||||
if ch == 'w' or ch == 'x' or ch == 'y':
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
|
||||
def ends(self, s):
|
||||
"""ends(s) is TRUE <=> k0,...k ends with the string s."""
|
||||
length = len(s)
|
||||
if s[length - 1] != self.b[self.k]: # tiny speed-up
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if length > (self.k - self.k0 + 1):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if self.b[self.k-length+1:self.k+1] != s:
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
self.j = self.k - length
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
|
||||
def setto(self, s):
|
||||
"""setto(s) sets (j+1),...k to the characters in the string s, readjusting k."""
|
||||
length = len(s)
|
||||
self.b = self.b[:self.j+1] + s + self.b[self.j+length+1:]
|
||||
self.k = self.j + length
|
||||
|
||||
def r(self, s):
|
||||
"""r(s) is used further down."""
|
||||
if self.m() > 0:
|
||||
self.setto(s)
|
||||
|
||||
def step1ab(self):
|
||||
"""step1ab() gets rid of plurals and -ed or -ing. e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
caresses -> caress
|
||||
ponies -> poni
|
||||
ties -> ti
|
||||
caress -> caress
|
||||
cats -> cat
|
||||
|
||||
feed -> feed
|
||||
agreed -> agree
|
||||
disabled -> disable
|
||||
|
||||
matting -> mat
|
||||
mating -> mate
|
||||
meeting -> meet
|
||||
milling -> mill
|
||||
messing -> mess
|
||||
|
||||
meetings -> meet
|
||||
"""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("sses"):
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 2
|
||||
elif self.ends("ies"):
|
||||
self.setto("i")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] != 's':
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
if self.ends("eed"):
|
||||
if self.m() > 0:
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
elif (self.ends("ed") or self.ends("ing")) and self.vowelinstem():
|
||||
self.k = self.j
|
||||
if self.ends("at"): self.setto("ate")
|
||||
elif self.ends("bl"): self.setto("ble")
|
||||
elif self.ends("iz"): self.setto("ize")
|
||||
elif self.doublec(self.k):
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
ch = self.b[self.k]
|
||||
if ch == 'l' or ch == 's' or ch == 'z':
|
||||
self.k = self.k + 1
|
||||
elif (self.m() == 1 and self.cvc(self.k)):
|
||||
self.setto("e")
|
||||
|
||||
def step1c(self):
|
||||
"""step1c() turns terminal y to i when there is another vowel in the stem."""
|
||||
if (self.ends("y") and self.vowelinstem()):
|
||||
self.b = self.b[:self.k] + 'i' + self.b[self.k+1:]
|
||||
|
||||
def step2(self):
|
||||
"""step2() maps double suffices to single ones.
|
||||
so -ization ( = -ize plus -ation) maps to -ize etc. note that the
|
||||
string before the suffix must give m() > 0.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k - 1] == 'a':
|
||||
if self.ends("ational"): self.r("ate")
|
||||
elif self.ends("tional"): self.r("tion")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'c':
|
||||
if self.ends("enci"): self.r("ence")
|
||||
elif self.ends("anci"): self.r("ance")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'e':
|
||||
if self.ends("izer"): self.r("ize")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'l':
|
||||
if self.ends("bli"): self.r("ble") # --DEPARTURE--
|
||||
# To match the published algorithm, replace this phrase with
|
||||
# if self.ends("abli"): self.r("able")
|
||||
elif self.ends("alli"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.ends("entli"): self.r("ent")
|
||||
elif self.ends("eli"): self.r("e")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ousli"): self.r("ous")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'o':
|
||||
if self.ends("ization"): self.r("ize")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ation"): self.r("ate")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ator"): self.r("ate")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("alism"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.ends("iveness"): self.r("ive")
|
||||
elif self.ends("fulness"): self.r("ful")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ousness"): self.r("ous")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 't':
|
||||
if self.ends("aliti"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.ends("iviti"): self.r("ive")
|
||||
elif self.ends("biliti"): self.r("ble")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'g': # --DEPARTURE--
|
||||
if self.ends("logi"): self.r("log")
|
||||
# To match the published algorithm, delete this phrase
|
||||
|
||||
def step3(self):
|
||||
"""step3() dels with -ic-, -full, -ness etc. similar strategy to step2."""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 'e':
|
||||
if self.ends("icate"): self.r("ic")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ative"): self.r("")
|
||||
elif self.ends("alize"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k] == 'i':
|
||||
if self.ends("iciti"): self.r("ic")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k] == 'l':
|
||||
if self.ends("ical"): self.r("ic")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ful"): self.r("")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("ness"): self.r("")
|
||||
|
||||
def step4(self):
|
||||
"""step4() takes off -ant, -ence etc., in context <c>vcvc<v>."""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k - 1] == 'a':
|
||||
if self.ends("al"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'c':
|
||||
if self.ends("ance"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ence"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'e':
|
||||
if self.ends("er"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'i':
|
||||
if self.ends("ic"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'l':
|
||||
if self.ends("able"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ible"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'n':
|
||||
if self.ends("ant"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ement"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ment"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ent"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'o':
|
||||
if self.ends("ion") and (self.b[self.j] == 's' or self.b[self.j] == 't'): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ou"): pass
|
||||
# takes care of -ous
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("ism"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 't':
|
||||
if self.ends("ate"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("iti"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'u':
|
||||
if self.ends("ous"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'v':
|
||||
if self.ends("ive"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'z':
|
||||
if self.ends("ize"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return
|
||||
if self.m() > 1:
|
||||
self.k = self.j
|
||||
|
||||
def step5(self):
|
||||
"""step5() removes a final -e if m() > 1, and changes -ll to -l if
|
||||
m() > 1.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
self.j = self.k
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 'e':
|
||||
a = self.m()
|
||||
if a > 1 or (a == 1 and not self.cvc(self.k-1)):
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 'l' and self.doublec(self.k) and self.m() > 1:
|
||||
self.k = self.k -1
|
||||
|
||||
def stem(self, p, i, j):
|
||||
"""In stem(p,i,j), p is a char pointer, and the string to be stemmed
|
||||
is from p[i] to p[j] inclusive. Typically i is zero and j is the
|
||||
offset to the last character of a string, (p[j+1] == '\0'). The
|
||||
stemmer adjusts the characters p[i] ... p[j] and returns the new
|
||||
end-point of the string, k. Stemming never increases word length, so
|
||||
i <= k <= j. To turn the stemmer into a module, declare 'stem' as
|
||||
extern, and delete the remainder of this file.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
# copy the parameters into statics
|
||||
self.b = p
|
||||
self.k = j
|
||||
self.k0 = i
|
||||
if self.k <= self.k0 + 1:
|
||||
return self.b # --DEPARTURE--
|
||||
|
||||
# With this line, strings of length 1 or 2 don't go through the
|
||||
# stemming process, although no mention is made of this in the
|
||||
# published algorithm. Remove the line to match the published
|
||||
# algorithm.
|
||||
|
||||
self.step1ab()
|
||||
self.step1c()
|
||||
self.step2()
|
||||
self.step3()
|
||||
self.step4()
|
||||
self.step5()
|
||||
return self.b[self.k0:self.k+1]
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
|
||||
import os
|
||||
|
||||
actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
|
||||
dataDir = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
|
||||
trainDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
|
||||
testDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_test')
|
||||
predfile = os.path.join(actualDir, '../G22_predictions.txt')
|
||||
classes = [['adventure',0],['belles_lettres',1],['editorial',2],['fiction',3],['government',4],['hobbies',5],['learned',6],['lore',7],['mystery',8],['news',9],['romance',10]]
|
||||
classes_n = 11
|
||||
|
||||
preds = []
|
||||
#each [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] = 1 column -> 1 column = adventure
|
||||
conf_matr = [[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]]
|
||||
accuracy = 0
|
||||
document_count = 0
|
||||
precision = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
|
||||
precision_micro = 0
|
||||
precision_macro = 0
|
||||
recalls = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
|
||||
recall_micro = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def load_predictionfile(file):
|
||||
global document_count
|
||||
for line in open(file,'r'):
|
||||
document_count += 1
|
||||
str = line.split("\t")
|
||||
preds.append([str[0],str[1].split("\n")[0]])
|
||||
|
||||
def confusion_matrix():
|
||||
'''
|
||||
c1 c2 ... c11
|
||||
is c1
|
||||
is c2
|
||||
is c3
|
||||
...
|
||||
is c11
|
||||
'''
|
||||
for pred in preds:
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
if os.path.isfile(trainDir +"/"+ c[0]+"/"+ pred[0]):
|
||||
for p in classes:
|
||||
if pred[1] == p[0]:
|
||||
conf_matr[p[1]][c[1]] += 1
|
||||
|
||||
def accuracy():
|
||||
#alle werte auf der diagonale addiert / n (anzahl der dokumente)
|
||||
global accuracy
|
||||
global document_count
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
ok_recognized = 0
|
||||
wrong_recognized = 0
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
for c in conf:
|
||||
if i == j:
|
||||
ok_recognized += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
wrong_recognized += c
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
#print ok_recognized
|
||||
#print document_count
|
||||
if wrong_recognized + ok_recognized != 0:
|
||||
accuracy = float(ok_recognized) / float(ok_recognized+wrong_recognized)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
accuracy = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def prec():
|
||||
#per class -> positive matches / alle matches auf class
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
global precision
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
ok_values = 0
|
||||
not_ok_values = 0
|
||||
for c in conf:
|
||||
if j == i:
|
||||
ok_values = c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
not_ok_values += c
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
if not_ok_values + ok_values > 0:
|
||||
precision[i] = float(ok_values) / float(ok_values + not_ok_values)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
precision[i] = 0 #division by zero
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
def macro_prec():
|
||||
global precision_macro
|
||||
global precision
|
||||
for p in precision:
|
||||
precision_macro += p
|
||||
precision_macro = float(precision_macro) / 11
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_confusionmatrix():
|
||||
print "is\classed\t"+classes[0][0]+"\t"+classes[1][0]+"\t"+classes[2][0]+"\t"+classes[3][0]+"\t\t"+classes[4][0]+"\t"+classes[5][0]+"\t\t"+classes[6][0]+"\t\t"+classes[7][0]+"\t\t"+classes[8][0]+"\t\t"+classes[9][0]+"\t\t"+classes[10][0]
|
||||
lines = [classes[0][0]+"\t",classes[1][0]+"\t",classes[2][0]+"\t",classes[3][0]+"\t\t",classes[4][0]+"\t",classes[5][0]+"\t\t",classes[6][0]+"\t\t",classes[7][0]+"\t\t",classes[8][0]+"\t\t",classes[9][0]+"\t\t",classes[10][0]+"\t\t"]
|
||||
for column in conf_matr:
|
||||
lines[0] += str(column[0]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[1] += str(column[1]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[2] += str(column[2]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[3] += str(column[3]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[4] += str(column[4]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[5] += str(column[5]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[6] += str(column[6]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[7] += str(column[7]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[8] += str(column[8]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[9] += str(column[9]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[10] += str(column[10]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
|
||||
for l in lines:
|
||||
print l
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_accuracy():
|
||||
print "Accuracy: "+str(round(accuracy*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_prec():
|
||||
line = "Precision per class: "
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
for p in precision:
|
||||
line += classes[i][0]+":"+str(round(p*100,4))+"% "
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
print line
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_macroprec():
|
||||
print "Precision Macroavg: "+str(round(precision_macro*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
def recall():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
ok_values = 0
|
||||
not_okvalues = 0
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
if j == i:
|
||||
ok_values = conf[i]
|
||||
else:
|
||||
not_okvalues += conf[i]
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
if not_okvalues + ok_values != 0:
|
||||
recalls[i] = float(ok_values) / float(ok_values+not_okvalues)
|
||||
#else:
|
||||
# recalls[i] = 0
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_recall():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
line = "Recall per class: "
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
line += c[0]+":"+str(round(recalls[i]*100,4))+"% "
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
print line
|
||||
|
||||
def prec_micro():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
result = [0,0,0,0]
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
res = conf_micro_class(i)
|
||||
result[0] += res[0]
|
||||
result[1] += res[1]
|
||||
result[2] += res[2]
|
||||
result[3] += res[3]
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
global precision_micro
|
||||
if result[0]+result[1] != 0:
|
||||
precision_micro = float(result[0]) / float(result[0]+result[1])
|
||||
else:
|
||||
precision_micro = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def conf_micro_class(class_):
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
ok_values = 0 #class ok, is ok
|
||||
wrong_values = 0 # class ok, is not ok
|
||||
wrong_values_others = 0 # class not ok, is not ok
|
||||
ok_values_others = 0 # class not ok, is ok
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
for c in conf:
|
||||
if i == class_:
|
||||
if i == j:
|
||||
ok_values += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
wrong_values += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
if i == j:
|
||||
ok_values_others += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
wrong_values_others += c
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
return [ok_values,wrong_values,wrong_values_others,ok_values_others]
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_microprec():
|
||||
print "Precision Microavg: "+str(round(precision_micro*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
def recall_micro():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
result = [0,0,0,0]
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
res = conf_micro_class(i)
|
||||
result[0] += res[0]
|
||||
result[1] += res[1]
|
||||
result[2] += res[2]
|
||||
result[3] += res[3]
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
global recall_micro
|
||||
if result[0]+result[2] != 0:
|
||||
recall_micro = float(result[0]) / float(result[0]+result[2])
|
||||
else:
|
||||
recall_micro = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_microrecall():
|
||||
print "Recall Microavg: "+str(round(recall_micro*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
load_predictionfile(predfile)
|
||||
#print preds
|
||||
confusion_matrix()
|
||||
pp_confusionmatrix()
|
||||
|
||||
accuracy()
|
||||
pp_accuracy()
|
||||
|
||||
prec()
|
||||
pp_prec()
|
||||
macro_prec()
|
||||
pp_macroprec()
|
||||
prec_micro()
|
||||
pp_microprec()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
recall()
|
||||
pp_recall()
|
||||
recall_micro()
|
||||
pp_microrecall()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
348
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/code/naive_bayes.py
Normal file
348
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/code/naive_bayes.py
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
|
||||
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
|
||||
# imports
|
||||
|
||||
import os
|
||||
import shutil
|
||||
import random
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
import math
|
||||
import re
|
||||
from PorterStemmer import PorterStemmer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# config variables
|
||||
actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
|
||||
dataDir = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
|
||||
trainDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
|
||||
testDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_test')
|
||||
stopwords = os.path.join(dataDir, 'stopwords/english')
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
'''
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
--> CLASS Trainingsset <--
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
'''
|
||||
|
||||
class trainingsset:
|
||||
|
||||
#def __init__(self):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def createTrainingsset(self):
|
||||
self.splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self) # first split our data into trainings- and testdata
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# copies files randomly to new directories. Each directory will contain fileCount / 2 numbers of files
|
||||
# If fileCount is uneven /trainingsdata will contain one file more than /testdata
|
||||
def splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self):
|
||||
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(trainDir, topdown=False):
|
||||
newTrainDir = dirpath+'/trainingsdata'
|
||||
newTestDir = dirpath+'/testdata'
|
||||
fileCount = len(filenames)
|
||||
|
||||
if(fileCount > 0):
|
||||
#remove old dirs if they already exist
|
||||
if os.path.isdir(newTrainDir):
|
||||
shutil.rmtree(newTrainDir)
|
||||
if os.path.isdir(newTestDir):
|
||||
shutil.rmtree(newTestDir)
|
||||
|
||||
# create new directories
|
||||
os.mkdir(newTestDir)
|
||||
os.mkdir(newTrainDir)
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTraining = 0
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTest = 0
|
||||
|
||||
for actualFile in filenames:
|
||||
fileCopied = False
|
||||
|
||||
while(fileCopied == False):
|
||||
randomBool = bool(random.getrandbits(1))
|
||||
if(randomBool and numberOfFilesInTraining <= fileCount / 2):
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTraining += 1
|
||||
shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/trainingsdata/'+actualFile)
|
||||
fileCopied = True
|
||||
else:
|
||||
if numberOfFilesInTest < fileCount / 2:
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTest += 1
|
||||
fileCopied = True
|
||||
shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/testdata/'+actualFile)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
'''
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
--> CLASS MulticlassClassifier <--
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
'''
|
||||
class multiclassClassifier:
|
||||
|
||||
filesToPrediction = {}
|
||||
termfrequenciesOfClasses = {};
|
||||
countClasses = {}
|
||||
percentage = {}
|
||||
|
||||
def writePredictionFile(self):
|
||||
with open(actualDir+'/../G22_predictions.txt', 'w') as f:
|
||||
for k in sorted(self.filesToPrediction.iterkeys()):
|
||||
f.write(str(k)+'\t'+str(self.filesToPrediction[k])+'\n')
|
||||
f.closed
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
# calculates all necessary stuff for multiclass classifier
|
||||
def getTermfrequenciesOfClasses(self):
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
|
||||
for classes in listing: # classes
|
||||
self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = {}
|
||||
for classes in self.termfrequenciesOfClasses.keys():
|
||||
currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(currentPath)
|
||||
for infile in listing:
|
||||
if self.countClasses.has_key(classes):
|
||||
self.countClasses[classes] += 1
|
||||
else:
|
||||
self.countClasses[classes] = 1
|
||||
currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/'+infile
|
||||
# update termfrequency for specific class:
|
||||
self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = self.updateDictonary(currentPath, self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# "incudludes" a file into the termfrequency dictonary
|
||||
def updateDictonary(self, pathToFile, dictonary):
|
||||
f = open(pathToFile, 'r')
|
||||
lines = f.readlines();
|
||||
for line in lines:
|
||||
thisline = line.split(" ");
|
||||
for word in thisline:
|
||||
word = self.clean_word(word)
|
||||
if word != "":
|
||||
if dictonary.has_key(word):
|
||||
dictonary[str(word)] += 1
|
||||
else:
|
||||
dictonary[str(word)] = 1
|
||||
f.close()
|
||||
return dictonary
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def bayes(self, text, termfrequenciesOfClasses, termCount, percentage, cl):
|
||||
result = 1.0
|
||||
wordcount = 0.0
|
||||
notwordcount = 0.0
|
||||
for line in text:
|
||||
thisline = line.split(" ");
|
||||
for word in thisline:
|
||||
word = self.clean_word(word)
|
||||
if word != "":
|
||||
'''
|
||||
Accuracy: 21.2121%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:22.2222% editorial:17.6471% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:11.1111% learned:0.0% lore:17.5439% mystery:0.0% news:23.4043% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 15.2993%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 21.2121%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:14.8148% editorial:30.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:7.6923% learned:0.0% lore:55.5556% mystery:0.0% news:68.75% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 2.6217%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
|
||||
...
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 21.8182%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:22.2222% editorial:20.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:20.0% learned:0.0% lore:17.5439% mystery:0.0% news:22.9167% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 16.2769%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 21.8182%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:14.8148% editorial:30.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:15.3846% learned:0.0% lore:55.5556% mystery:0.0% news:68.75% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 2.7149%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
|
||||
...
|
||||
result += math.log(percentage)
|
||||
result += math.log(wordcount)
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 33.9394%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:0.0% belles_lettres:36.8421% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:20.0% hobbies:0.0% learned:38.9831% lore:0.0% mystery:36.8421% news:0.0% romance:52.9412%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 16.8735%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 33.9394%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:0.0% belles_lettres:25.9259% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:90.9091% hobbies:0.0% learned:76.6667% lore:0.0% mystery:87.5% news:0.0% romance:81.8182%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 4.8866%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1)
|
||||
#print "known word: "+word
|
||||
else:
|
||||
result -= 1./(termCount+1)
|
||||
#print "new word: "+word
|
||||
...
|
||||
result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 37.5758%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:66.6667% belles_lettres:36.5385% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:28.0% hobbies:0.0% learned:36.8421% lore:0.0% mystery:50.0% news:100.0% romance:37.5%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 32.3225%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 37.5758%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:70.3704% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:63.6364% hobbies:0.0% learned:70.0% lore:0.0% mystery:50.0% news:18.75% romance:54.5455%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 5.6777%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
result -= 1./(termCount+1)
|
||||
...
|
||||
result *= wordcount
|
||||
result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
#return result
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 40.6061%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:44.7368% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:23.6842% hobbies:66.6667% learned:40.0% lore:0.0% mystery:46.1538% news:100.0% romance:47.3684%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 37.1464%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 40.6061%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:62.963% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:81.8182% hobbies:15.3846% learned:60.0% lore:0.0% mystery:75.0% news:25.0% romance:81.8182%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 6.3992%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))*(1-percentage)
|
||||
...
|
||||
result *= wordcount
|
||||
result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 46.0606%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:25.0% belles_lettres:35.3846% editorial:0.0% fiction:31.25% government:40.0% hobbies:66.6667% learned:72.0% lore:20.0% mystery:66.6667% news:70.5882% romance:25.0%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 41.1415%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 46.0606%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:85.1852% editorial:0.0% fiction:45.4545% government:36.3636% hobbies:46.1538% learned:60.0% lore:5.5556% mystery:50.0% news:75.0% romance:9.0909%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 7.8675%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))
|
||||
else:
|
||||
notwordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (1./(termCount+1))
|
||||
...
|
||||
result *= (1-percentage)*wordcount
|
||||
result /= percentage*notwordcount
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
#result = 1.0
|
||||
#for word in text:
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
#result += math.log(1./(termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.))
|
||||
#result += math.log((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1)) #gewichte häufig auftretende terme am stärksten
|
||||
#result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
|
||||
result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))
|
||||
#print "known word: "+word
|
||||
else:
|
||||
notwordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (1./(termCount+1))
|
||||
#result += math.log(1./(termCount+1))
|
||||
#result += math.log(1.)
|
||||
#print "new word: "+word
|
||||
#result += math.log(percentage)
|
||||
#result /= percentage
|
||||
#result += math.log(wordcount)
|
||||
#result *= (wordcount/(wordcount + notwordcount))
|
||||
result *= (1-percentage)*wordcount
|
||||
result /= percentage*notwordcount
|
||||
#result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
#return result
|
||||
#print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
def clean_word(self, word):
|
||||
#print word
|
||||
word = word.lower() #lowercase
|
||||
word = word.strip() # remove lineendings etc
|
||||
#return word
|
||||
word = "".join(re.findall("[a-z]+", word)) #only characters
|
||||
#return word
|
||||
if len(word) <= 4: #only words longer 4
|
||||
return ""
|
||||
#return word
|
||||
if self.isStopWord(word): #stopwordfilter
|
||||
return ""
|
||||
#print word
|
||||
p = PorterStemmer() #stemming
|
||||
word = p.stem(word, 0,len(word)-1)
|
||||
return word
|
||||
|
||||
def isStopWord(self,word):
|
||||
for line in open(stopwords,'r').readlines():
|
||||
if line.strip() == word:
|
||||
return True
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
'''
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
--> Main method <--
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
'''
|
||||
|
||||
# main method
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
ts = trainingsset()
|
||||
#ts.splitTrainingsdataRandomly(); already done -> specific folder structure
|
||||
|
||||
mc = multiclassClassifier()
|
||||
|
||||
# calculates a dictonary depending on all testdata with the form:
|
||||
# dictonary[CLASSNAME][WORD] = Integer
|
||||
mc.getTermfrequenciesOfClasses()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# calculates the percentage of P(C) for all given classes
|
||||
sumOfClasses = 0.0
|
||||
for v in mc.countClasses.values():
|
||||
sumOfClasses += v
|
||||
|
||||
for classes in mc.countClasses.keys():
|
||||
mc.percentage[classes] = mc.countClasses[classes]/sumOfClasses
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#class_matches = []
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
|
||||
for classes in listing: # classes
|
||||
path = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/testdata'
|
||||
path = testDir
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(path)
|
||||
for infile in listing:
|
||||
currentPath = testDir+'/'+infile
|
||||
#print currentPath
|
||||
maxRes = sys.maxint * -1
|
||||
# check all possible classes
|
||||
for cl in mc.percentage.keys():
|
||||
f = open(currentPath, 'r')
|
||||
temp = mc.bayes(f.readlines(), mc.termfrequenciesOfClasses[cl], sumOfClasses, mc.percentage[cl], cl)
|
||||
#class_matches.append([infile,cl,temp])
|
||||
#print class_matches
|
||||
if (temp >= maxRes):
|
||||
maxRes = temp
|
||||
mc.filesToPrediction[infile] = cl
|
||||
f.close()
|
||||
print currentPath + " " + mc.filesToPrediction[infile]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mc.writePredictionFile()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Stopwords Corpus
|
||||
|
||||
This corpus contains lists of stop words for several languages. These
|
||||
are high-frequency grammatical words which are usually ignored in text
|
||||
retrieval applications.
|
||||
|
||||
They were obtained from:
|
||||
http://anoncvs.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/snowball/stopwords/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
og
|
||||
i
|
||||
jeg
|
||||
det
|
||||
at
|
||||
en
|
||||
den
|
||||
til
|
||||
er
|
||||
som
|
||||
på
|
||||
de
|
||||
med
|
||||
han
|
||||
af
|
||||
for
|
||||
ikke
|
||||
der
|
||||
var
|
||||
mig
|
||||
sig
|
||||
men
|
||||
et
|
||||
har
|
||||
om
|
||||
vi
|
||||
min
|
||||
havde
|
||||
ham
|
||||
hun
|
||||
nu
|
||||
over
|
||||
da
|
||||
fra
|
||||
du
|
||||
ud
|
||||
sin
|
||||
dem
|
||||
os
|
||||
op
|
||||
man
|
||||
hans
|
||||
hvor
|
||||
eller
|
||||
hvad
|
||||
skal
|
||||
selv
|
||||
her
|
||||
alle
|
||||
vil
|
||||
blev
|
||||
kunne
|
||||
ind
|
||||
når
|
||||
være
|
||||
dog
|
||||
noget
|
||||
ville
|
||||
jo
|
||||
deres
|
||||
efter
|
||||
ned
|
||||
skulle
|
||||
denne
|
||||
end
|
||||
dette
|
||||
mit
|
||||
også
|
||||
under
|
||||
have
|
||||
dig
|
||||
anden
|
||||
hende
|
||||
mine
|
||||
alt
|
||||
meget
|
||||
sit
|
||||
sine
|
||||
vor
|
||||
mod
|
||||
disse
|
||||
hvis
|
||||
din
|
||||
nogle
|
||||
hos
|
||||
blive
|
||||
mange
|
||||
ad
|
||||
bliver
|
||||
hendes
|
||||
været
|
||||
thi
|
||||
jer
|
||||
sådan
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
de
|
||||
en
|
||||
van
|
||||
ik
|
||||
te
|
||||
dat
|
||||
die
|
||||
in
|
||||
een
|
||||
hij
|
||||
het
|
||||
niet
|
||||
zijn
|
||||
is
|
||||
was
|
||||
op
|
||||
aan
|
||||
met
|
||||
als
|
||||
voor
|
||||
had
|
||||
er
|
||||
maar
|
||||
om
|
||||
hem
|
||||
dan
|
||||
zou
|
||||
of
|
||||
wat
|
||||
mijn
|
||||
men
|
||||
dit
|
||||
zo
|
||||
door
|
||||
over
|
||||
ze
|
||||
zich
|
||||
bij
|
||||
ook
|
||||
tot
|
||||
je
|
||||
mij
|
||||
uit
|
||||
der
|
||||
daar
|
||||
haar
|
||||
naar
|
||||
heb
|
||||
hoe
|
||||
heeft
|
||||
hebben
|
||||
deze
|
||||
u
|
||||
want
|
||||
nog
|
||||
zal
|
||||
me
|
||||
zij
|
||||
nu
|
||||
ge
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
|
||||
aber
|
||||
alle
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
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@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
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@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
vår
|
||||
blivit
|
||||
dess
|
||||
inom
|
||||
mellan
|
||||
sådant
|
||||
varför
|
||||
varje
|
||||
vilka
|
||||
ditt
|
||||
vem
|
||||
vilket
|
||||
sitta
|
||||
sådana
|
||||
vart
|
||||
dina
|
||||
vars
|
||||
vårt
|
||||
våra
|
||||
ert
|
||||
era
|
||||
vilkas
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
acaba
|
||||
ama
|
||||
aslında
|
||||
az
|
||||
bazı
|
||||
belki
|
||||
biri
|
||||
birkaç
|
||||
birşey
|
||||
biz
|
||||
bu
|
||||
çok
|
||||
çünkü
|
||||
da
|
||||
daha
|
||||
de
|
||||
defa
|
||||
diye
|
||||
eğer
|
||||
en
|
||||
gibi
|
||||
hem
|
||||
hep
|
||||
hepsi
|
||||
her
|
||||
hiç
|
||||
için
|
||||
ile
|
||||
ise
|
||||
kez
|
||||
ki
|
||||
kim
|
||||
mı
|
||||
mu
|
||||
mü
|
||||
nasıl
|
||||
ne
|
||||
neden
|
||||
nerde
|
||||
nerede
|
||||
nereye
|
||||
niçin
|
||||
niye
|
||||
o
|
||||
sanki
|
||||
şey
|
||||
siz
|
||||
şu
|
||||
tüm
|
||||
ve
|
||||
veya
|
||||
ya
|
||||
yani
|
||||
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/solution.pdf
Normal file
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/solution.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/uebung_4.zip
Normal file
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/abgabe/uebung_4.zip
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
344
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/PorterStemmer.py
Normal file
344
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/PorterStemmer.py
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env python
|
||||
|
||||
"""Porter Stemming Algorithm
|
||||
This is the Porter stemming algorithm, ported to Python from the
|
||||
version coded up in ANSI C by the author. It may be be regarded
|
||||
as canonical, in that it follows the algorithm presented in
|
||||
|
||||
Porter, 1980, An algorithm for suffix stripping, Program, Vol. 14,
|
||||
no. 3, pp 130-137,
|
||||
|
||||
only differing from it at the points maked --DEPARTURE-- below.
|
||||
|
||||
See also http://www.tartarus.org/~martin/PorterStemmer
|
||||
|
||||
The algorithm as described in the paper could be exactly replicated
|
||||
by adjusting the points of DEPARTURE, but this is barely necessary,
|
||||
because (a) the points of DEPARTURE are definitely improvements, and
|
||||
(b) no encoding of the Porter stemmer I have seen is anything like
|
||||
as exact as this version, even with the points of DEPARTURE!
|
||||
|
||||
Vivake Gupta (v@nano.com)
|
||||
|
||||
Release 1: January 2001
|
||||
|
||||
Further adjustments by Santiago Bruno (bananabruno@gmail.com)
|
||||
to allow word input not restricted to one word per line, leading
|
||||
to:
|
||||
|
||||
release 2: July 2008
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
||||
class PorterStemmer:
|
||||
|
||||
def __init__(self):
|
||||
"""The main part of the stemming algorithm starts here.
|
||||
b is a buffer holding a word to be stemmed. The letters are in b[k0],
|
||||
b[k0+1] ... ending at b[k]. In fact k0 = 0 in this demo program. k is
|
||||
readjusted downwards as the stemming progresses. Zero termination is
|
||||
not in fact used in the algorithm.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that only lower case sequences are stemmed. Forcing to lower case
|
||||
should be done before stem(...) is called.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
self.b = "" # buffer for word to be stemmed
|
||||
self.k = 0
|
||||
self.k0 = 0
|
||||
self.j = 0 # j is a general offset into the string
|
||||
|
||||
def cons(self, i):
|
||||
"""cons(i) is TRUE <=> b[i] is a consonant."""
|
||||
if self.b[i] == 'a' or self.b[i] == 'e' or self.b[i] == 'i' or self.b[i] == 'o' or self.b[i] == 'u':
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if self.b[i] == 'y':
|
||||
if i == self.k0:
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return (not self.cons(i - 1))
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
|
||||
def m(self):
|
||||
"""m() measures the number of consonant sequences between k0 and j.
|
||||
if c is a consonant sequence and v a vowel sequence, and <..>
|
||||
indicates arbitrary presence,
|
||||
|
||||
<c><v> gives 0
|
||||
<c>vc<v> gives 1
|
||||
<c>vcvc<v> gives 2
|
||||
<c>vcvcvc<v> gives 3
|
||||
....
|
||||
"""
|
||||
n = 0
|
||||
i = self.k0
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
if i > self.j:
|
||||
return n
|
||||
if not self.cons(i):
|
||||
break
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
if i > self.j:
|
||||
return n
|
||||
if self.cons(i):
|
||||
break
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
n = n + 1
|
||||
while 1:
|
||||
if i > self.j:
|
||||
return n
|
||||
if not self.cons(i):
|
||||
break
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
i = i + 1
|
||||
|
||||
def vowelinstem(self):
|
||||
"""vowelinstem() is TRUE <=> k0,...j contains a vowel"""
|
||||
for i in range(self.k0, self.j + 1):
|
||||
if not self.cons(i):
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
|
||||
def doublec(self, j):
|
||||
"""doublec(j) is TRUE <=> j,(j-1) contain a double consonant."""
|
||||
if j < (self.k0 + 1):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if (self.b[j] != self.b[j-1]):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
return self.cons(j)
|
||||
|
||||
def cvc(self, i):
|
||||
"""cvc(i) is TRUE <=> i-2,i-1,i has the form consonant - vowel - consonant
|
||||
and also if the second c is not w,x or y. this is used when trying to
|
||||
restore an e at the end of a short e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
cav(e), lov(e), hop(e), crim(e), but
|
||||
snow, box, tray.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
if i < (self.k0 + 2) or not self.cons(i) or self.cons(i-1) or not self.cons(i-2):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
ch = self.b[i]
|
||||
if ch == 'w' or ch == 'x' or ch == 'y':
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
|
||||
def ends(self, s):
|
||||
"""ends(s) is TRUE <=> k0,...k ends with the string s."""
|
||||
length = len(s)
|
||||
if s[length - 1] != self.b[self.k]: # tiny speed-up
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if length > (self.k - self.k0 + 1):
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
if self.b[self.k-length+1:self.k+1] != s:
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
self.j = self.k - length
|
||||
return 1
|
||||
|
||||
def setto(self, s):
|
||||
"""setto(s) sets (j+1),...k to the characters in the string s, readjusting k."""
|
||||
length = len(s)
|
||||
self.b = self.b[:self.j+1] + s + self.b[self.j+length+1:]
|
||||
self.k = self.j + length
|
||||
|
||||
def r(self, s):
|
||||
"""r(s) is used further down."""
|
||||
if self.m() > 0:
|
||||
self.setto(s)
|
||||
|
||||
def step1ab(self):
|
||||
"""step1ab() gets rid of plurals and -ed or -ing. e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
caresses -> caress
|
||||
ponies -> poni
|
||||
ties -> ti
|
||||
caress -> caress
|
||||
cats -> cat
|
||||
|
||||
feed -> feed
|
||||
agreed -> agree
|
||||
disabled -> disable
|
||||
|
||||
matting -> mat
|
||||
mating -> mate
|
||||
meeting -> meet
|
||||
milling -> mill
|
||||
messing -> mess
|
||||
|
||||
meetings -> meet
|
||||
"""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("sses"):
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 2
|
||||
elif self.ends("ies"):
|
||||
self.setto("i")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] != 's':
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
if self.ends("eed"):
|
||||
if self.m() > 0:
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
elif (self.ends("ed") or self.ends("ing")) and self.vowelinstem():
|
||||
self.k = self.j
|
||||
if self.ends("at"): self.setto("ate")
|
||||
elif self.ends("bl"): self.setto("ble")
|
||||
elif self.ends("iz"): self.setto("ize")
|
||||
elif self.doublec(self.k):
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
ch = self.b[self.k]
|
||||
if ch == 'l' or ch == 's' or ch == 'z':
|
||||
self.k = self.k + 1
|
||||
elif (self.m() == 1 and self.cvc(self.k)):
|
||||
self.setto("e")
|
||||
|
||||
def step1c(self):
|
||||
"""step1c() turns terminal y to i when there is another vowel in the stem."""
|
||||
if (self.ends("y") and self.vowelinstem()):
|
||||
self.b = self.b[:self.k] + 'i' + self.b[self.k+1:]
|
||||
|
||||
def step2(self):
|
||||
"""step2() maps double suffices to single ones.
|
||||
so -ization ( = -ize plus -ation) maps to -ize etc. note that the
|
||||
string before the suffix must give m() > 0.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k - 1] == 'a':
|
||||
if self.ends("ational"): self.r("ate")
|
||||
elif self.ends("tional"): self.r("tion")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'c':
|
||||
if self.ends("enci"): self.r("ence")
|
||||
elif self.ends("anci"): self.r("ance")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'e':
|
||||
if self.ends("izer"): self.r("ize")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'l':
|
||||
if self.ends("bli"): self.r("ble") # --DEPARTURE--
|
||||
# To match the published algorithm, replace this phrase with
|
||||
# if self.ends("abli"): self.r("able")
|
||||
elif self.ends("alli"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.ends("entli"): self.r("ent")
|
||||
elif self.ends("eli"): self.r("e")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ousli"): self.r("ous")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'o':
|
||||
if self.ends("ization"): self.r("ize")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ation"): self.r("ate")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ator"): self.r("ate")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("alism"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.ends("iveness"): self.r("ive")
|
||||
elif self.ends("fulness"): self.r("ful")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ousness"): self.r("ous")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 't':
|
||||
if self.ends("aliti"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.ends("iviti"): self.r("ive")
|
||||
elif self.ends("biliti"): self.r("ble")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'g': # --DEPARTURE--
|
||||
if self.ends("logi"): self.r("log")
|
||||
# To match the published algorithm, delete this phrase
|
||||
|
||||
def step3(self):
|
||||
"""step3() dels with -ic-, -full, -ness etc. similar strategy to step2."""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 'e':
|
||||
if self.ends("icate"): self.r("ic")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ative"): self.r("")
|
||||
elif self.ends("alize"): self.r("al")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k] == 'i':
|
||||
if self.ends("iciti"): self.r("ic")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k] == 'l':
|
||||
if self.ends("ical"): self.r("ic")
|
||||
elif self.ends("ful"): self.r("")
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("ness"): self.r("")
|
||||
|
||||
def step4(self):
|
||||
"""step4() takes off -ant, -ence etc., in context <c>vcvc<v>."""
|
||||
if self.b[self.k - 1] == 'a':
|
||||
if self.ends("al"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'c':
|
||||
if self.ends("ance"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ence"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'e':
|
||||
if self.ends("er"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'i':
|
||||
if self.ends("ic"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'l':
|
||||
if self.ends("able"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ible"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'n':
|
||||
if self.ends("ant"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ement"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ment"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ent"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'o':
|
||||
if self.ends("ion") and (self.b[self.j] == 's' or self.b[self.j] == 't'): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("ou"): pass
|
||||
# takes care of -ous
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 's':
|
||||
if self.ends("ism"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 't':
|
||||
if self.ends("ate"): pass
|
||||
elif self.ends("iti"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'u':
|
||||
if self.ends("ous"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'v':
|
||||
if self.ends("ive"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
elif self.b[self.k - 1] == 'z':
|
||||
if self.ends("ize"): pass
|
||||
else: return
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return
|
||||
if self.m() > 1:
|
||||
self.k = self.j
|
||||
|
||||
def step5(self):
|
||||
"""step5() removes a final -e if m() > 1, and changes -ll to -l if
|
||||
m() > 1.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
self.j = self.k
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 'e':
|
||||
a = self.m()
|
||||
if a > 1 or (a == 1 and not self.cvc(self.k-1)):
|
||||
self.k = self.k - 1
|
||||
if self.b[self.k] == 'l' and self.doublec(self.k) and self.m() > 1:
|
||||
self.k = self.k -1
|
||||
|
||||
def stem(self, p, i, j):
|
||||
"""In stem(p,i,j), p is a char pointer, and the string to be stemmed
|
||||
is from p[i] to p[j] inclusive. Typically i is zero and j is the
|
||||
offset to the last character of a string, (p[j+1] == '\0'). The
|
||||
stemmer adjusts the characters p[i] ... p[j] and returns the new
|
||||
end-point of the string, k. Stemming never increases word length, so
|
||||
i <= k <= j. To turn the stemmer into a module, declare 'stem' as
|
||||
extern, and delete the remainder of this file.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
# copy the parameters into statics
|
||||
self.b = p
|
||||
self.k = j
|
||||
self.k0 = i
|
||||
if self.k <= self.k0 + 1:
|
||||
return self.b # --DEPARTURE--
|
||||
|
||||
# With this line, strings of length 1 or 2 don't go through the
|
||||
# stemming process, although no mention is made of this in the
|
||||
# published algorithm. Remove the line to match the published
|
||||
# algorithm.
|
||||
|
||||
self.step1ab()
|
||||
self.step1c()
|
||||
self.step2()
|
||||
self.step3()
|
||||
self.step4()
|
||||
self.step5()
|
||||
return self.b[self.k0:self.k+1]
|
||||
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/PorterStemmer.pyc
Normal file
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/PorterStemmer.pyc
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
242
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/confusion_matrix.py
Normal file
242
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/confusion_matrix.py
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
|
||||
import os
|
||||
|
||||
actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
|
||||
dataDir = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
|
||||
trainDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
|
||||
testDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_test')
|
||||
predfile = os.path.join(actualDir, '../G22_predictions.txt')
|
||||
classes = [['adventure',0],['belles_lettres',1],['editorial',2],['fiction',3],['government',4],['hobbies',5],['learned',6],['lore',7],['mystery',8],['news',9],['romance',10]]
|
||||
classes_n = 11
|
||||
|
||||
preds = []
|
||||
#each [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] = 1 column -> 1 column = adventure
|
||||
conf_matr = [[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]]
|
||||
accuracy = 0
|
||||
document_count = 0
|
||||
precision = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
|
||||
precision_micro = 0
|
||||
precision_macro = 0
|
||||
recalls = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
|
||||
recall_micro = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def load_predictionfile(file):
|
||||
global document_count
|
||||
for line in open(file,'r'):
|
||||
document_count += 1
|
||||
str = line.split("\t")
|
||||
preds.append([str[0],str[1].split("\n")[0]])
|
||||
|
||||
def confusion_matrix():
|
||||
'''
|
||||
c1 c2 ... c11
|
||||
is c1
|
||||
is c2
|
||||
is c3
|
||||
...
|
||||
is c11
|
||||
'''
|
||||
for pred in preds:
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
if os.path.isfile(trainDir +"/"+ c[0]+"/"+ pred[0]):
|
||||
for p in classes:
|
||||
if pred[1] == p[0]:
|
||||
conf_matr[p[1]][c[1]] += 1
|
||||
|
||||
def accuracy():
|
||||
#alle werte auf der diagonale addiert / n (anzahl der dokumente)
|
||||
global accuracy
|
||||
global document_count
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
ok_recognized = 0
|
||||
wrong_recognized = 0
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
for c in conf:
|
||||
if i == j:
|
||||
ok_recognized += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
wrong_recognized += c
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
#print ok_recognized
|
||||
#print document_count
|
||||
if wrong_recognized + ok_recognized != 0:
|
||||
accuracy = float(ok_recognized) / float(ok_recognized+wrong_recognized)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
accuracy = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def prec():
|
||||
#per class -> positive matches / alle matches auf class
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
global precision
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
ok_values = 0
|
||||
not_ok_values = 0
|
||||
for c in conf:
|
||||
if j == i:
|
||||
ok_values = c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
not_ok_values += c
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
if not_ok_values + ok_values > 0:
|
||||
precision[i] = float(ok_values) / float(ok_values + not_ok_values)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
precision[i] = 0 #division by zero
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
def macro_prec():
|
||||
global precision_macro
|
||||
global precision
|
||||
for p in precision:
|
||||
precision_macro += p
|
||||
precision_macro = float(precision_macro) / 11
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_confusionmatrix():
|
||||
print "is\classed\t"+classes[0][0]+"\t"+classes[1][0]+"\t"+classes[2][0]+"\t"+classes[3][0]+"\t\t"+classes[4][0]+"\t"+classes[5][0]+"\t\t"+classes[6][0]+"\t\t"+classes[7][0]+"\t\t"+classes[8][0]+"\t\t"+classes[9][0]+"\t\t"+classes[10][0]
|
||||
lines = [classes[0][0]+"\t",classes[1][0]+"\t",classes[2][0]+"\t",classes[3][0]+"\t\t",classes[4][0]+"\t",classes[5][0]+"\t\t",classes[6][0]+"\t\t",classes[7][0]+"\t\t",classes[8][0]+"\t\t",classes[9][0]+"\t\t",classes[10][0]+"\t\t"]
|
||||
for column in conf_matr:
|
||||
lines[0] += str(column[0]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[1] += str(column[1]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[2] += str(column[2]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[3] += str(column[3]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[4] += str(column[4]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[5] += str(column[5]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[6] += str(column[6]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[7] += str(column[7]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[8] += str(column[8]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[9] += str(column[9]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
lines[10] += str(column[10]) + "\t\t"
|
||||
|
||||
for l in lines:
|
||||
print l
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_accuracy():
|
||||
print "Accuracy: "+str(round(accuracy*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_prec():
|
||||
line = "Precision per class: "
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
for p in precision:
|
||||
line += classes[i][0]+":"+str(round(p*100,4))+"% "
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
print line
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_macroprec():
|
||||
print "Precision Macroavg: "+str(round(precision_macro*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
def recall():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
ok_values = 0
|
||||
not_okvalues = 0
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
if j == i:
|
||||
ok_values = conf[i]
|
||||
else:
|
||||
not_okvalues += conf[i]
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
if not_okvalues + ok_values != 0:
|
||||
recalls[i] = float(ok_values) / float(ok_values+not_okvalues)
|
||||
#else:
|
||||
# recalls[i] = 0
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_recall():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
line = "Recall per class: "
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
line += c[0]+":"+str(round(recalls[i]*100,4))+"% "
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
print line
|
||||
|
||||
def prec_micro():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
result = [0,0,0,0]
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
res = conf_micro_class(i)
|
||||
result[0] += res[0]
|
||||
result[1] += res[1]
|
||||
result[2] += res[2]
|
||||
result[3] += res[3]
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
global precision_micro
|
||||
if result[0]+result[1] != 0:
|
||||
precision_micro = float(result[0]) / float(result[0]+result[1])
|
||||
else:
|
||||
precision_micro = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def conf_micro_class(class_):
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
ok_values = 0 #class ok, is ok
|
||||
wrong_values = 0 # class ok, is not ok
|
||||
wrong_values_others = 0 # class not ok, is not ok
|
||||
ok_values_others = 0 # class not ok, is ok
|
||||
for conf in conf_matr:
|
||||
j = 0
|
||||
for c in conf:
|
||||
if i == class_:
|
||||
if i == j:
|
||||
ok_values += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
wrong_values += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
if i == j:
|
||||
ok_values_others += c
|
||||
else:
|
||||
wrong_values_others += c
|
||||
j += 1
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
return [ok_values,wrong_values,wrong_values_others,ok_values_others]
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_microprec():
|
||||
print "Precision Microavg: "+str(round(precision_micro*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
def recall_micro():
|
||||
i = 0
|
||||
result = [0,0,0,0]
|
||||
for c in classes:
|
||||
res = conf_micro_class(i)
|
||||
result[0] += res[0]
|
||||
result[1] += res[1]
|
||||
result[2] += res[2]
|
||||
result[3] += res[3]
|
||||
i += 1
|
||||
|
||||
global recall_micro
|
||||
if result[0]+result[2] != 0:
|
||||
recall_micro = float(result[0]) / float(result[0]+result[2])
|
||||
else:
|
||||
recall_micro = 0
|
||||
|
||||
def pp_microrecall():
|
||||
print "Recall Microavg: "+str(round(recall_micro*100,4))+"%"
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
load_predictionfile(predfile)
|
||||
#print preds
|
||||
confusion_matrix()
|
||||
pp_confusionmatrix()
|
||||
|
||||
accuracy()
|
||||
pp_accuracy()
|
||||
|
||||
prec()
|
||||
pp_prec()
|
||||
macro_prec()
|
||||
pp_macroprec()
|
||||
prec_micro()
|
||||
pp_microprec()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
recall()
|
||||
pp_recall()
|
||||
recall_micro()
|
||||
pp_microrecall()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
348
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/naive_bayes.py
Normal file
348
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/code/naive_bayes.py
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
|
||||
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
|
||||
# imports
|
||||
|
||||
import os
|
||||
import shutil
|
||||
import random
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
import math
|
||||
import re
|
||||
from PorterStemmer import PorterStemmer
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# config variables
|
||||
actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
|
||||
dataDir = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
|
||||
trainDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
|
||||
testDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_test')
|
||||
stopwords = os.path.join(dataDir, 'stopwords/english')
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
'''
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
--> CLASS Trainingsset <--
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
'''
|
||||
|
||||
class trainingsset:
|
||||
|
||||
#def __init__(self):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def createTrainingsset(self):
|
||||
self.splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self) # first split our data into trainings- and testdata
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# copies files randomly to new directories. Each directory will contain fileCount / 2 numbers of files
|
||||
# If fileCount is uneven /trainingsdata will contain one file more than /testdata
|
||||
def splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self):
|
||||
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(trainDir, topdown=False):
|
||||
newTrainDir = dirpath+'/trainingsdata'
|
||||
newTestDir = dirpath+'/testdata'
|
||||
fileCount = len(filenames)
|
||||
|
||||
if(fileCount > 0):
|
||||
#remove old dirs if they already exist
|
||||
if os.path.isdir(newTrainDir):
|
||||
shutil.rmtree(newTrainDir)
|
||||
if os.path.isdir(newTestDir):
|
||||
shutil.rmtree(newTestDir)
|
||||
|
||||
# create new directories
|
||||
os.mkdir(newTestDir)
|
||||
os.mkdir(newTrainDir)
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTraining = 0
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTest = 0
|
||||
|
||||
for actualFile in filenames:
|
||||
fileCopied = False
|
||||
|
||||
while(fileCopied == False):
|
||||
randomBool = bool(random.getrandbits(1))
|
||||
if(randomBool and numberOfFilesInTraining <= fileCount / 2):
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTraining += 1
|
||||
shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/trainingsdata/'+actualFile)
|
||||
fileCopied = True
|
||||
else:
|
||||
if numberOfFilesInTest < fileCount / 2:
|
||||
numberOfFilesInTest += 1
|
||||
fileCopied = True
|
||||
shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/testdata/'+actualFile)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
'''
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
--> CLASS MulticlassClassifier <--
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
'''
|
||||
class multiclassClassifier:
|
||||
|
||||
filesToPrediction = {}
|
||||
termfrequenciesOfClasses = {};
|
||||
countClasses = {}
|
||||
percentage = {}
|
||||
|
||||
def writePredictionFile(self):
|
||||
with open(actualDir+'/../G22_predictions.txt', 'w') as f:
|
||||
for k in sorted(self.filesToPrediction.iterkeys()):
|
||||
f.write(str(k)+'\t'+str(self.filesToPrediction[k])+'\n')
|
||||
f.closed
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
# calculates all necessary stuff for multiclass classifier
|
||||
def getTermfrequenciesOfClasses(self):
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
|
||||
for classes in listing: # classes
|
||||
self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = {}
|
||||
for classes in self.termfrequenciesOfClasses.keys():
|
||||
currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(currentPath)
|
||||
for infile in listing:
|
||||
if self.countClasses.has_key(classes):
|
||||
self.countClasses[classes] += 1
|
||||
else:
|
||||
self.countClasses[classes] = 1
|
||||
currentPath = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/'+infile
|
||||
# update termfrequency for specific class:
|
||||
self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes] = self.updateDictonary(currentPath, self.termfrequenciesOfClasses[classes])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# "incudludes" a file into the termfrequency dictonary
|
||||
def updateDictonary(self, pathToFile, dictonary):
|
||||
f = open(pathToFile, 'r')
|
||||
lines = f.readlines();
|
||||
for line in lines:
|
||||
thisline = line.split(" ");
|
||||
for word in thisline:
|
||||
word = self.clean_word(word)
|
||||
if word != "":
|
||||
if dictonary.has_key(word):
|
||||
dictonary[str(word)] += 1
|
||||
else:
|
||||
dictonary[str(word)] = 1
|
||||
f.close()
|
||||
return dictonary
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def bayes(self, text, termfrequenciesOfClasses, termCount, percentage, cl):
|
||||
result = 1.0
|
||||
wordcount = 0.0
|
||||
notwordcount = 0.0
|
||||
for line in text:
|
||||
thisline = line.split(" ");
|
||||
for word in thisline:
|
||||
word = self.clean_word(word)
|
||||
if word != "":
|
||||
'''
|
||||
Accuracy: 21.2121%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:22.2222% editorial:17.6471% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:11.1111% learned:0.0% lore:17.5439% mystery:0.0% news:23.4043% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 15.2993%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 21.2121%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:14.8148% editorial:30.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:7.6923% learned:0.0% lore:55.5556% mystery:0.0% news:68.75% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 2.6217%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
|
||||
...
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 21.8182%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:22.2222% editorial:20.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:20.0% learned:0.0% lore:17.5439% mystery:0.0% news:22.9167% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 16.2769%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 21.8182%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:14.8148% editorial:30.0% fiction:36.3636% government:0.0% hobbies:15.3846% learned:0.0% lore:55.5556% mystery:0.0% news:68.75% romance:0.0%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 2.7149%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
|
||||
...
|
||||
result += math.log(percentage)
|
||||
result += math.log(wordcount)
|
||||
return result
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 33.9394%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:0.0% belles_lettres:36.8421% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:20.0% hobbies:0.0% learned:38.9831% lore:0.0% mystery:36.8421% news:0.0% romance:52.9412%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 16.8735%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 33.9394%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:0.0% belles_lettres:25.9259% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:90.9091% hobbies:0.0% learned:76.6667% lore:0.0% mystery:87.5% news:0.0% romance:81.8182%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 4.8866%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1)
|
||||
#print "known word: "+word
|
||||
else:
|
||||
result -= 1./(termCount+1)
|
||||
#print "new word: "+word
|
||||
...
|
||||
result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 37.5758%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:66.6667% belles_lettres:36.5385% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:28.0% hobbies:0.0% learned:36.8421% lore:0.0% mystery:50.0% news:100.0% romance:37.5%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 32.3225%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 37.5758%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:70.3704% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:63.6364% hobbies:0.0% learned:70.0% lore:0.0% mystery:50.0% news:18.75% romance:54.5455%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 5.6777%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
result -= 1./(termCount+1)
|
||||
...
|
||||
result *= wordcount
|
||||
result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
#return result
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 40.6061%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:40.0% belles_lettres:44.7368% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:23.6842% hobbies:66.6667% learned:40.0% lore:0.0% mystery:46.1538% news:100.0% romance:47.3684%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 37.1464%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 40.6061%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:62.963% editorial:0.0% fiction:0.0% government:81.8182% hobbies:15.3846% learned:60.0% lore:0.0% mystery:75.0% news:25.0% romance:81.8182%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 6.3992%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))*(1-percentage)
|
||||
...
|
||||
result *= wordcount
|
||||
result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
Accuracy: 46.0606%
|
||||
Precision per class: adventure:25.0% belles_lettres:35.3846% editorial:0.0% fiction:31.25% government:40.0% hobbies:66.6667% learned:72.0% lore:20.0% mystery:66.6667% news:70.5882% romance:25.0%
|
||||
Precision Macroavg: 41.1415%
|
||||
Precision Microavg: 46.0606%
|
||||
Recall per class: adventure:20.0% belles_lettres:85.1852% editorial:0.0% fiction:45.4545% government:36.3636% hobbies:46.1538% learned:60.0% lore:5.5556% mystery:50.0% news:75.0% romance:9.0909%
|
||||
Recall Microavg: 7.8675%
|
||||
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))
|
||||
else:
|
||||
notwordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (1./(termCount+1))
|
||||
...
|
||||
result *= (1-percentage)*wordcount
|
||||
result /= percentage*notwordcount
|
||||
print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
'''
|
||||
#result = 1.0
|
||||
#for word in text:
|
||||
if termfrequenciesOfClasses.has_key(str(word)):
|
||||
wordcount += 1
|
||||
#result += math.log(1./(termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.))
|
||||
#result += math.log((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1)) #gewichte häufig auftretende terme am stärksten
|
||||
#result += math.log(1./((termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]+1.)/(termCount+1))) #gewichte häufig auftretende worter am wenigsten, wenigauftretende am stärksten + termcount -> was ist das?
|
||||
result += (termfrequenciesOfClasses[word]/(termCount+1))
|
||||
#print "known word: "+word
|
||||
else:
|
||||
notwordcount += 1
|
||||
result += (1./(termCount+1))
|
||||
#result += math.log(1./(termCount+1))
|
||||
#result += math.log(1.)
|
||||
#print "new word: "+word
|
||||
#result += math.log(percentage)
|
||||
#result /= percentage
|
||||
#result += math.log(wordcount)
|
||||
#result *= (wordcount/(wordcount + notwordcount))
|
||||
result *= (1-percentage)*wordcount
|
||||
result /= percentage*notwordcount
|
||||
#result /= len(termfrequenciesOfClasses)
|
||||
#return result
|
||||
#print cl +" "+str(result)
|
||||
return math.log(result)
|
||||
|
||||
def clean_word(self, word):
|
||||
#print word
|
||||
word = word.lower() #lowercase
|
||||
word = word.strip() # remove lineendings etc
|
||||
#return word
|
||||
word = "".join(re.findall("[a-z]+", word)) #only characters
|
||||
#return word
|
||||
if len(word) <= 4: #only words longer 4
|
||||
return ""
|
||||
#return word
|
||||
if self.isStopWord(word): #stopwordfilter
|
||||
return ""
|
||||
#print word
|
||||
p = PorterStemmer() #stemming
|
||||
word = p.stem(word, 0,len(word)-1)
|
||||
return word
|
||||
|
||||
def isStopWord(self,word):
|
||||
for line in open(stopwords,'r').readlines():
|
||||
if line.strip() == word:
|
||||
return True
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
'''
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
--> Main method <--
|
||||
################################################################################################################################
|
||||
'''
|
||||
|
||||
# main method
|
||||
if __name__ == '__main__':
|
||||
ts = trainingsset()
|
||||
#ts.splitTrainingsdataRandomly(); already done -> specific folder structure
|
||||
|
||||
mc = multiclassClassifier()
|
||||
|
||||
# calculates a dictonary depending on all testdata with the form:
|
||||
# dictonary[CLASSNAME][WORD] = Integer
|
||||
mc.getTermfrequenciesOfClasses()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# calculates the percentage of P(C) for all given classes
|
||||
sumOfClasses = 0.0
|
||||
for v in mc.countClasses.values():
|
||||
sumOfClasses += v
|
||||
|
||||
for classes in mc.countClasses.keys():
|
||||
mc.percentage[classes] = mc.countClasses[classes]/sumOfClasses
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#class_matches = []
|
||||
#listing = os.listdir(trainDir)
|
||||
#for classes in listing: # classes
|
||||
path = trainDir+'/'+classes+'/testdata'
|
||||
path = testDir
|
||||
listing = os.listdir(path)
|
||||
for infile in listing:
|
||||
currentPath = testDir+'/'+infile
|
||||
#print currentPath
|
||||
maxRes = sys.maxint * -1
|
||||
# check all possible classes
|
||||
for cl in mc.percentage.keys():
|
||||
f = open(currentPath, 'r')
|
||||
temp = mc.bayes(f.readlines(), mc.termfrequenciesOfClasses[cl], sumOfClasses, mc.percentage[cl], cl)
|
||||
#class_matches.append([infile,cl,temp])
|
||||
#print class_matches
|
||||
if (temp >= maxRes):
|
||||
maxRes = temp
|
||||
mc.filesToPrediction[infile] = cl
|
||||
f.close()
|
||||
print currentPath + " " + mc.filesToPrediction[infile]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mc.writePredictionFile()
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Stopwords Corpus
|
||||
|
||||
This corpus contains lists of stop words for several languages. These
|
||||
are high-frequency grammatical words which are usually ignored in text
|
||||
retrieval applications.
|
||||
|
||||
They were obtained from:
|
||||
http://anoncvs.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/src/backend/snowball/stopwords/
|
||||
|
||||
94
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/danish
Normal file
94
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/danish
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
og
|
||||
i
|
||||
jeg
|
||||
det
|
||||
at
|
||||
en
|
||||
den
|
||||
til
|
||||
er
|
||||
som
|
||||
på
|
||||
de
|
||||
med
|
||||
han
|
||||
af
|
||||
for
|
||||
ikke
|
||||
der
|
||||
var
|
||||
mig
|
||||
sig
|
||||
men
|
||||
et
|
||||
har
|
||||
om
|
||||
vi
|
||||
min
|
||||
havde
|
||||
ham
|
||||
hun
|
||||
nu
|
||||
over
|
||||
da
|
||||
fra
|
||||
du
|
||||
ud
|
||||
sin
|
||||
dem
|
||||
os
|
||||
op
|
||||
man
|
||||
hans
|
||||
hvor
|
||||
eller
|
||||
hvad
|
||||
skal
|
||||
selv
|
||||
her
|
||||
alle
|
||||
vil
|
||||
blev
|
||||
kunne
|
||||
ind
|
||||
når
|
||||
være
|
||||
dog
|
||||
noget
|
||||
ville
|
||||
jo
|
||||
deres
|
||||
efter
|
||||
ned
|
||||
skulle
|
||||
denne
|
||||
end
|
||||
dette
|
||||
mit
|
||||
også
|
||||
under
|
||||
have
|
||||
dig
|
||||
anden
|
||||
hende
|
||||
mine
|
||||
alt
|
||||
meget
|
||||
sit
|
||||
sine
|
||||
vor
|
||||
mod
|
||||
disse
|
||||
hvis
|
||||
din
|
||||
nogle
|
||||
hos
|
||||
blive
|
||||
mange
|
||||
ad
|
||||
bliver
|
||||
hendes
|
||||
været
|
||||
thi
|
||||
jer
|
||||
sådan
|
||||
101
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/dutch
Normal file
101
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/dutch
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
||||
de
|
||||
en
|
||||
van
|
||||
ik
|
||||
te
|
||||
dat
|
||||
die
|
||||
in
|
||||
een
|
||||
hij
|
||||
het
|
||||
niet
|
||||
zijn
|
||||
is
|
||||
was
|
||||
op
|
||||
aan
|
||||
met
|
||||
als
|
||||
voor
|
||||
had
|
||||
er
|
||||
maar
|
||||
om
|
||||
hem
|
||||
dan
|
||||
zou
|
||||
of
|
||||
wat
|
||||
mijn
|
||||
men
|
||||
dit
|
||||
zo
|
||||
door
|
||||
over
|
||||
ze
|
||||
zich
|
||||
bij
|
||||
ook
|
||||
tot
|
||||
je
|
||||
mij
|
||||
uit
|
||||
der
|
||||
daar
|
||||
haar
|
||||
naar
|
||||
heb
|
||||
hoe
|
||||
heeft
|
||||
hebben
|
||||
deze
|
||||
u
|
||||
want
|
||||
nog
|
||||
zal
|
||||
me
|
||||
zij
|
||||
nu
|
||||
ge
|
||||
geen
|
||||
omdat
|
||||
iets
|
||||
worden
|
||||
toch
|
||||
al
|
||||
waren
|
||||
veel
|
||||
meer
|
||||
doen
|
||||
toen
|
||||
moet
|
||||
ben
|
||||
zonder
|
||||
kan
|
||||
hun
|
||||
dus
|
||||
alles
|
||||
onder
|
||||
ja
|
||||
eens
|
||||
hier
|
||||
wie
|
||||
werd
|
||||
altijd
|
||||
doch
|
||||
wordt
|
||||
wezen
|
||||
kunnen
|
||||
ons
|
||||
zelf
|
||||
tegen
|
||||
na
|
||||
reeds
|
||||
wil
|
||||
kon
|
||||
niets
|
||||
uw
|
||||
iemand
|
||||
geweest
|
||||
andere
|
||||
128
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/english
Normal file
128
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/english
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
i
|
||||
me
|
||||
my
|
||||
myself
|
||||
we
|
||||
our
|
||||
ours
|
||||
ourselves
|
||||
you
|
||||
your
|
||||
yours
|
||||
yourself
|
||||
yourselves
|
||||
he
|
||||
him
|
||||
his
|
||||
himself
|
||||
she
|
||||
her
|
||||
hers
|
||||
herself
|
||||
it
|
||||
its
|
||||
itself
|
||||
they
|
||||
them
|
||||
their
|
||||
theirs
|
||||
themselves
|
||||
what
|
||||
which
|
||||
who
|
||||
whom
|
||||
this
|
||||
that
|
||||
these
|
||||
those
|
||||
am
|
||||
is
|
||||
are
|
||||
was
|
||||
were
|
||||
be
|
||||
been
|
||||
being
|
||||
have
|
||||
has
|
||||
had
|
||||
having
|
||||
do
|
||||
does
|
||||
did
|
||||
doing
|
||||
a
|
||||
an
|
||||
the
|
||||
and
|
||||
but
|
||||
if
|
||||
or
|
||||
because
|
||||
as
|
||||
until
|
||||
while
|
||||
of
|
||||
at
|
||||
by
|
||||
for
|
||||
with
|
||||
about
|
||||
against
|
||||
between
|
||||
into
|
||||
through
|
||||
during
|
||||
before
|
||||
after
|
||||
above
|
||||
below
|
||||
to
|
||||
from
|
||||
up
|
||||
down
|
||||
in
|
||||
out
|
||||
on
|
||||
off
|
||||
over
|
||||
under
|
||||
again
|
||||
further
|
||||
then
|
||||
once
|
||||
here
|
||||
there
|
||||
when
|
||||
where
|
||||
why
|
||||
how
|
||||
all
|
||||
any
|
||||
both
|
||||
each
|
||||
few
|
||||
more
|
||||
most
|
||||
other
|
||||
some
|
||||
such
|
||||
no
|
||||
nor
|
||||
not
|
||||
only
|
||||
own
|
||||
same
|
||||
so
|
||||
than
|
||||
too
|
||||
very
|
||||
s
|
||||
t
|
||||
can
|
||||
will
|
||||
just
|
||||
don
|
||||
should
|
||||
now
|
||||
|
||||
235
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/finnish
Normal file
235
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/finnish
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
|
||||
olla
|
||||
olen
|
||||
olet
|
||||
on
|
||||
olemme
|
||||
olette
|
||||
ovat
|
||||
ole
|
||||
oli
|
||||
olisi
|
||||
olisit
|
||||
olisin
|
||||
olisimme
|
||||
olisitte
|
||||
olisivat
|
||||
olit
|
||||
olin
|
||||
olimme
|
||||
olitte
|
||||
olivat
|
||||
ollut
|
||||
olleet
|
||||
en
|
||||
et
|
||||
ei
|
||||
emme
|
||||
ette
|
||||
eivät
|
||||
minä
|
||||
minun
|
||||
minut
|
||||
minua
|
||||
minussa
|
||||
minusta
|
||||
minuun
|
||||
minulla
|
||||
minulta
|
||||
minulle
|
||||
sinä
|
||||
sinun
|
||||
sinut
|
||||
sinua
|
||||
sinussa
|
||||
sinusta
|
||||
sinuun
|
||||
sinulla
|
||||
sinulta
|
||||
sinulle
|
||||
hän
|
||||
hänen
|
||||
hänet
|
||||
häntä
|
||||
hänessä
|
||||
hänestä
|
||||
häneen
|
||||
hänellä
|
||||
häneltä
|
||||
hänelle
|
||||
me
|
||||
meidän
|
||||
meidät
|
||||
meitä
|
||||
meissä
|
||||
meistä
|
||||
meihin
|
||||
meillä
|
||||
meiltä
|
||||
meille
|
||||
te
|
||||
teidän
|
||||
teidät
|
||||
teitä
|
||||
teissä
|
||||
teistä
|
||||
teihin
|
||||
teillä
|
||||
teiltä
|
||||
teille
|
||||
he
|
||||
heidän
|
||||
heidät
|
||||
heitä
|
||||
heissä
|
||||
heistä
|
||||
heihin
|
||||
heillä
|
||||
heiltä
|
||||
heille
|
||||
tämä
|
||||
tämän
|
||||
tätä
|
||||
tässä
|
||||
tästä
|
||||
tähän
|
||||
tallä
|
||||
tältä
|
||||
tälle
|
||||
tänä
|
||||
täksi
|
||||
tuo
|
||||
tuon
|
||||
tuotä
|
||||
tuossa
|
||||
tuosta
|
||||
tuohon
|
||||
tuolla
|
||||
tuolta
|
||||
tuolle
|
||||
tuona
|
||||
tuoksi
|
||||
se
|
||||
sen
|
||||
sitä
|
||||
siinä
|
||||
siitä
|
||||
siihen
|
||||
sillä
|
||||
siltä
|
||||
sille
|
||||
sinä
|
||||
siksi
|
||||
nämä
|
||||
näiden
|
||||
näitä
|
||||
näissä
|
||||
näistä
|
||||
näihin
|
||||
näillä
|
||||
näiltä
|
||||
näille
|
||||
näinä
|
||||
näiksi
|
||||
nuo
|
||||
noiden
|
||||
noita
|
||||
noissa
|
||||
noista
|
||||
noihin
|
||||
noilla
|
||||
noilta
|
||||
noille
|
||||
noina
|
||||
noiksi
|
||||
ne
|
||||
niiden
|
||||
niitä
|
||||
niissä
|
||||
niistä
|
||||
niihin
|
||||
niillä
|
||||
niiltä
|
||||
niille
|
||||
niinä
|
||||
niiksi
|
||||
kuka
|
||||
kenen
|
||||
kenet
|
||||
ketä
|
||||
kenessä
|
||||
kenestä
|
||||
keneen
|
||||
kenellä
|
||||
keneltä
|
||||
kenelle
|
||||
kenenä
|
||||
keneksi
|
||||
ketkä
|
||||
keiden
|
||||
ketkä
|
||||
keitä
|
||||
keissä
|
||||
keistä
|
||||
keihin
|
||||
keillä
|
||||
keiltä
|
||||
keille
|
||||
keinä
|
||||
keiksi
|
||||
mikä
|
||||
minkä
|
||||
minkä
|
||||
mitä
|
||||
missä
|
||||
mistä
|
||||
mihin
|
||||
millä
|
||||
miltä
|
||||
mille
|
||||
minä
|
||||
miksi
|
||||
mitkä
|
||||
joka
|
||||
jonka
|
||||
jota
|
||||
jossa
|
||||
josta
|
||||
johon
|
||||
jolla
|
||||
jolta
|
||||
jolle
|
||||
jona
|
||||
joksi
|
||||
jotka
|
||||
joiden
|
||||
joita
|
||||
joissa
|
||||
joista
|
||||
joihin
|
||||
joilla
|
||||
joilta
|
||||
joille
|
||||
joina
|
||||
joiksi
|
||||
että
|
||||
ja
|
||||
jos
|
||||
koska
|
||||
kuin
|
||||
mutta
|
||||
niin
|
||||
sekä
|
||||
sillä
|
||||
tai
|
||||
vaan
|
||||
vai
|
||||
vaikka
|
||||
kanssa
|
||||
mukaan
|
||||
noin
|
||||
poikki
|
||||
yli
|
||||
kun
|
||||
niin
|
||||
nyt
|
||||
itse
|
||||
155
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/french
Normal file
155
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/french
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
|
||||
au
|
||||
aux
|
||||
avec
|
||||
ce
|
||||
ces
|
||||
dans
|
||||
de
|
||||
des
|
||||
du
|
||||
elle
|
||||
en
|
||||
et
|
||||
eux
|
||||
il
|
||||
je
|
||||
la
|
||||
le
|
||||
leur
|
||||
lui
|
||||
ma
|
||||
mais
|
||||
me
|
||||
même
|
||||
mes
|
||||
moi
|
||||
mon
|
||||
ne
|
||||
nos
|
||||
notre
|
||||
nous
|
||||
on
|
||||
ou
|
||||
par
|
||||
pas
|
||||
pour
|
||||
qu
|
||||
que
|
||||
qui
|
||||
sa
|
||||
se
|
||||
ses
|
||||
son
|
||||
sur
|
||||
ta
|
||||
te
|
||||
tes
|
||||
toi
|
||||
ton
|
||||
tu
|
||||
un
|
||||
une
|
||||
vos
|
||||
votre
|
||||
vous
|
||||
c
|
||||
d
|
||||
j
|
||||
l
|
||||
à
|
||||
m
|
||||
n
|
||||
s
|
||||
t
|
||||
y
|
||||
été
|
||||
étée
|
||||
étées
|
||||
étés
|
||||
étant
|
||||
étante
|
||||
étants
|
||||
étantes
|
||||
suis
|
||||
es
|
||||
est
|
||||
sommes
|
||||
êtes
|
||||
sont
|
||||
serai
|
||||
seras
|
||||
sera
|
||||
serons
|
||||
serez
|
||||
seront
|
||||
serais
|
||||
serait
|
||||
serions
|
||||
seriez
|
||||
seraient
|
||||
étais
|
||||
était
|
||||
étions
|
||||
étiez
|
||||
étaient
|
||||
fus
|
||||
fut
|
||||
fûmes
|
||||
fûtes
|
||||
furent
|
||||
sois
|
||||
soit
|
||||
soyons
|
||||
soyez
|
||||
soient
|
||||
fusse
|
||||
fusses
|
||||
fût
|
||||
fussions
|
||||
fussiez
|
||||
fussent
|
||||
ayant
|
||||
ayante
|
||||
ayantes
|
||||
ayants
|
||||
eu
|
||||
eue
|
||||
eues
|
||||
eus
|
||||
ai
|
||||
as
|
||||
avons
|
||||
avez
|
||||
ont
|
||||
aurai
|
||||
auras
|
||||
aura
|
||||
aurons
|
||||
aurez
|
||||
auront
|
||||
aurais
|
||||
aurait
|
||||
aurions
|
||||
auriez
|
||||
auraient
|
||||
avais
|
||||
avait
|
||||
avions
|
||||
aviez
|
||||
avaient
|
||||
eut
|
||||
eûmes
|
||||
eûtes
|
||||
eurent
|
||||
aie
|
||||
aies
|
||||
ait
|
||||
ayons
|
||||
ayez
|
||||
aient
|
||||
eusse
|
||||
eusses
|
||||
eût
|
||||
eussions
|
||||
eussiez
|
||||
eussent
|
||||
231
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/german
Normal file
231
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/german
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
|
||||
aber
|
||||
alle
|
||||
allem
|
||||
allen
|
||||
aller
|
||||
alles
|
||||
als
|
||||
also
|
||||
am
|
||||
an
|
||||
ander
|
||||
andere
|
||||
anderem
|
||||
anderen
|
||||
anderer
|
||||
anderes
|
||||
anderm
|
||||
andern
|
||||
anderr
|
||||
anders
|
||||
auch
|
||||
auf
|
||||
aus
|
||||
bei
|
||||
bin
|
||||
bis
|
||||
bist
|
||||
da
|
||||
damit
|
||||
dann
|
||||
der
|
||||
den
|
||||
des
|
||||
dem
|
||||
die
|
||||
das
|
||||
daß
|
||||
derselbe
|
||||
derselben
|
||||
denselben
|
||||
desselben
|
||||
demselben
|
||||
dieselbe
|
||||
dieselben
|
||||
dasselbe
|
||||
dazu
|
||||
dein
|
||||
deine
|
||||
deinem
|
||||
deinen
|
||||
deiner
|
||||
deines
|
||||
denn
|
||||
derer
|
||||
dessen
|
||||
dich
|
||||
dir
|
||||
du
|
||||
dies
|
||||
diese
|
||||
diesem
|
||||
diesen
|
||||
dieser
|
||||
dieses
|
||||
doch
|
||||
dort
|
||||
durch
|
||||
ein
|
||||
eine
|
||||
einem
|
||||
einen
|
||||
einer
|
||||
eines
|
||||
einig
|
||||
einige
|
||||
einigem
|
||||
einigen
|
||||
einiger
|
||||
einiges
|
||||
einmal
|
||||
er
|
||||
ihn
|
||||
ihm
|
||||
es
|
||||
etwas
|
||||
euer
|
||||
eure
|
||||
eurem
|
||||
euren
|
||||
eurer
|
||||
eures
|
||||
für
|
||||
gegen
|
||||
gewesen
|
||||
hab
|
||||
habe
|
||||
haben
|
||||
hat
|
||||
hatte
|
||||
hatten
|
||||
hier
|
||||
hin
|
||||
hinter
|
||||
ich
|
||||
mich
|
||||
mir
|
||||
ihr
|
||||
ihre
|
||||
ihrem
|
||||
ihren
|
||||
ihrer
|
||||
ihres
|
||||
euch
|
||||
im
|
||||
in
|
||||
indem
|
||||
ins
|
||||
ist
|
||||
jede
|
||||
jedem
|
||||
jeden
|
||||
jeder
|
||||
jedes
|
||||
jene
|
||||
jenem
|
||||
jenen
|
||||
jener
|
||||
jenes
|
||||
jetzt
|
||||
kann
|
||||
kein
|
||||
keine
|
||||
keinem
|
||||
keinen
|
||||
keiner
|
||||
keines
|
||||
können
|
||||
könnte
|
||||
machen
|
||||
man
|
||||
manche
|
||||
manchem
|
||||
manchen
|
||||
mancher
|
||||
manches
|
||||
mein
|
||||
meine
|
||||
meinem
|
||||
meinen
|
||||
meiner
|
||||
meines
|
||||
mit
|
||||
muss
|
||||
musste
|
||||
nach
|
||||
nicht
|
||||
nichts
|
||||
noch
|
||||
nun
|
||||
nur
|
||||
ob
|
||||
oder
|
||||
ohne
|
||||
sehr
|
||||
sein
|
||||
seine
|
||||
seinem
|
||||
seinen
|
||||
seiner
|
||||
seines
|
||||
selbst
|
||||
sich
|
||||
sie
|
||||
ihnen
|
||||
sind
|
||||
so
|
||||
solche
|
||||
solchem
|
||||
solchen
|
||||
solcher
|
||||
solches
|
||||
soll
|
||||
sollte
|
||||
sondern
|
||||
sonst
|
||||
über
|
||||
um
|
||||
und
|
||||
uns
|
||||
unse
|
||||
unsem
|
||||
unsen
|
||||
unser
|
||||
unses
|
||||
unter
|
||||
viel
|
||||
vom
|
||||
von
|
||||
vor
|
||||
während
|
||||
war
|
||||
waren
|
||||
warst
|
||||
was
|
||||
weg
|
||||
weil
|
||||
weiter
|
||||
welche
|
||||
welchem
|
||||
welchen
|
||||
welcher
|
||||
welches
|
||||
wenn
|
||||
werde
|
||||
werden
|
||||
wie
|
||||
wieder
|
||||
will
|
||||
wir
|
||||
wird
|
||||
wirst
|
||||
wo
|
||||
wollen
|
||||
wollte
|
||||
würde
|
||||
würden
|
||||
zu
|
||||
zum
|
||||
zur
|
||||
zwar
|
||||
zwischen
|
||||
199
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/hungarian
Normal file
199
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/hungarian
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
|
||||
a
|
||||
ahogy
|
||||
ahol
|
||||
aki
|
||||
akik
|
||||
akkor
|
||||
alatt
|
||||
által
|
||||
általában
|
||||
amely
|
||||
amelyek
|
||||
amelyekben
|
||||
amelyeket
|
||||
amelyet
|
||||
amelynek
|
||||
ami
|
||||
amit
|
||||
amolyan
|
||||
amíg
|
||||
amikor
|
||||
át
|
||||
abban
|
||||
ahhoz
|
||||
annak
|
||||
arra
|
||||
arról
|
||||
az
|
||||
azok
|
||||
azon
|
||||
azt
|
||||
azzal
|
||||
azért
|
||||
aztán
|
||||
azután
|
||||
azonban
|
||||
bár
|
||||
be
|
||||
belül
|
||||
benne
|
||||
cikk
|
||||
cikkek
|
||||
cikkeket
|
||||
csak
|
||||
de
|
||||
e
|
||||
eddig
|
||||
egész
|
||||
egy
|
||||
egyes
|
||||
egyetlen
|
||||
egyéb
|
||||
egyik
|
||||
egyre
|
||||
ekkor
|
||||
el
|
||||
elég
|
||||
ellen
|
||||
elõ
|
||||
elõször
|
||||
elõtt
|
||||
elsõ
|
||||
én
|
||||
éppen
|
||||
ebben
|
||||
ehhez
|
||||
emilyen
|
||||
ennek
|
||||
erre
|
||||
ez
|
||||
ezt
|
||||
ezek
|
||||
ezen
|
||||
ezzel
|
||||
ezért
|
||||
és
|
||||
fel
|
||||
felé
|
||||
hanem
|
||||
hiszen
|
||||
hogy
|
||||
hogyan
|
||||
igen
|
||||
így
|
||||
illetve
|
||||
ill.
|
||||
ill
|
||||
ilyen
|
||||
ilyenkor
|
||||
ison
|
||||
ismét
|
||||
itt
|
||||
jó
|
||||
jól
|
||||
jobban
|
||||
kell
|
||||
kellett
|
||||
keresztül
|
||||
keressünk
|
||||
ki
|
||||
kívül
|
||||
között
|
||||
közül
|
||||
legalább
|
||||
lehet
|
||||
lehetett
|
||||
legyen
|
||||
lenne
|
||||
lenni
|
||||
lesz
|
||||
lett
|
||||
maga
|
||||
magát
|
||||
majd
|
||||
majd
|
||||
már
|
||||
más
|
||||
másik
|
||||
meg
|
||||
még
|
||||
mellett
|
||||
mert
|
||||
mely
|
||||
melyek
|
||||
mi
|
||||
mit
|
||||
míg
|
||||
miért
|
||||
milyen
|
||||
mikor
|
||||
minden
|
||||
mindent
|
||||
mindenki
|
||||
mindig
|
||||
mint
|
||||
mintha
|
||||
mivel
|
||||
most
|
||||
nagy
|
||||
nagyobb
|
||||
nagyon
|
||||
ne
|
||||
néha
|
||||
nekem
|
||||
neki
|
||||
nem
|
||||
néhány
|
||||
nélkül
|
||||
nincs
|
||||
olyan
|
||||
ott
|
||||
össze
|
||||
õ
|
||||
õk
|
||||
õket
|
||||
pedig
|
||||
persze
|
||||
rá
|
||||
s
|
||||
saját
|
||||
sem
|
||||
semmi
|
||||
sok
|
||||
sokat
|
||||
sokkal
|
||||
számára
|
||||
szemben
|
||||
szerint
|
||||
szinte
|
||||
talán
|
||||
tehát
|
||||
teljes
|
||||
tovább
|
||||
továbbá
|
||||
több
|
||||
úgy
|
||||
ugyanis
|
||||
új
|
||||
újabb
|
||||
újra
|
||||
után
|
||||
utána
|
||||
utolsó
|
||||
vagy
|
||||
vagyis
|
||||
valaki
|
||||
valami
|
||||
valamint
|
||||
való
|
||||
vagyok
|
||||
van
|
||||
vannak
|
||||
volt
|
||||
voltam
|
||||
voltak
|
||||
voltunk
|
||||
vissza
|
||||
vele
|
||||
viszont
|
||||
volna
|
||||
279
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/italian
Normal file
279
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/italian
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
|
||||
ad
|
||||
al
|
||||
allo
|
||||
ai
|
||||
agli
|
||||
all
|
||||
agl
|
||||
alla
|
||||
alle
|
||||
con
|
||||
col
|
||||
coi
|
||||
da
|
||||
dal
|
||||
dallo
|
||||
dai
|
||||
dagli
|
||||
dall
|
||||
dagl
|
||||
dalla
|
||||
dalle
|
||||
di
|
||||
del
|
||||
dello
|
||||
dei
|
||||
degli
|
||||
dell
|
||||
degl
|
||||
della
|
||||
delle
|
||||
in
|
||||
nel
|
||||
nello
|
||||
nei
|
||||
negli
|
||||
nell
|
||||
negl
|
||||
nella
|
||||
nelle
|
||||
su
|
||||
sul
|
||||
sullo
|
||||
sui
|
||||
sugli
|
||||
sull
|
||||
sugl
|
||||
sulla
|
||||
sulle
|
||||
per
|
||||
tra
|
||||
contro
|
||||
io
|
||||
tu
|
||||
lui
|
||||
lei
|
||||
noi
|
||||
voi
|
||||
loro
|
||||
mio
|
||||
mia
|
||||
miei
|
||||
mie
|
||||
tuo
|
||||
tua
|
||||
tuoi
|
||||
tue
|
||||
suo
|
||||
sua
|
||||
suoi
|
||||
sue
|
||||
nostro
|
||||
nostra
|
||||
nostri
|
||||
nostre
|
||||
vostro
|
||||
vostra
|
||||
vostri
|
||||
vostre
|
||||
mi
|
||||
ti
|
||||
ci
|
||||
vi
|
||||
lo
|
||||
la
|
||||
li
|
||||
le
|
||||
gli
|
||||
ne
|
||||
il
|
||||
un
|
||||
uno
|
||||
una
|
||||
ma
|
||||
ed
|
||||
se
|
||||
perché
|
||||
anche
|
||||
come
|
||||
dov
|
||||
dove
|
||||
che
|
||||
chi
|
||||
cui
|
||||
non
|
||||
più
|
||||
quale
|
||||
quanto
|
||||
quanti
|
||||
quanta
|
||||
quante
|
||||
quello
|
||||
quelli
|
||||
quella
|
||||
quelle
|
||||
questo
|
||||
questi
|
||||
questa
|
||||
queste
|
||||
si
|
||||
tutto
|
||||
tutti
|
||||
a
|
||||
c
|
||||
e
|
||||
i
|
||||
l
|
||||
o
|
||||
ho
|
||||
hai
|
||||
ha
|
||||
abbiamo
|
||||
avete
|
||||
hanno
|
||||
abbia
|
||||
abbiate
|
||||
abbiano
|
||||
avrò
|
||||
avrai
|
||||
avrà
|
||||
avremo
|
||||
avrete
|
||||
avranno
|
||||
avrei
|
||||
avresti
|
||||
avrebbe
|
||||
avremmo
|
||||
avreste
|
||||
avrebbero
|
||||
avevo
|
||||
avevi
|
||||
aveva
|
||||
avevamo
|
||||
avevate
|
||||
avevano
|
||||
ebbi
|
||||
avesti
|
||||
ebbe
|
||||
avemmo
|
||||
aveste
|
||||
ebbero
|
||||
avessi
|
||||
avesse
|
||||
avessimo
|
||||
avessero
|
||||
avendo
|
||||
avuto
|
||||
avuta
|
||||
avuti
|
||||
avute
|
||||
sono
|
||||
sei
|
||||
è
|
||||
siamo
|
||||
siete
|
||||
sia
|
||||
siate
|
||||
siano
|
||||
sarò
|
||||
sarai
|
||||
sarà
|
||||
saremo
|
||||
sarete
|
||||
saranno
|
||||
sarei
|
||||
saresti
|
||||
sarebbe
|
||||
saremmo
|
||||
sareste
|
||||
sarebbero
|
||||
ero
|
||||
eri
|
||||
era
|
||||
eravamo
|
||||
eravate
|
||||
erano
|
||||
fui
|
||||
fosti
|
||||
fu
|
||||
fummo
|
||||
foste
|
||||
furono
|
||||
fossi
|
||||
fosse
|
||||
fossimo
|
||||
fossero
|
||||
essendo
|
||||
faccio
|
||||
fai
|
||||
facciamo
|
||||
fanno
|
||||
faccia
|
||||
facciate
|
||||
facciano
|
||||
farò
|
||||
farai
|
||||
farà
|
||||
faremo
|
||||
farete
|
||||
faranno
|
||||
farei
|
||||
faresti
|
||||
farebbe
|
||||
faremmo
|
||||
fareste
|
||||
farebbero
|
||||
facevo
|
||||
facevi
|
||||
faceva
|
||||
facevamo
|
||||
facevate
|
||||
facevano
|
||||
feci
|
||||
facesti
|
||||
fece
|
||||
facemmo
|
||||
faceste
|
||||
fecero
|
||||
facessi
|
||||
facesse
|
||||
facessimo
|
||||
facessero
|
||||
facendo
|
||||
sto
|
||||
stai
|
||||
sta
|
||||
stiamo
|
||||
stanno
|
||||
stia
|
||||
stiate
|
||||
stiano
|
||||
starò
|
||||
starai
|
||||
starà
|
||||
staremo
|
||||
starete
|
||||
staranno
|
||||
starei
|
||||
staresti
|
||||
starebbe
|
||||
staremmo
|
||||
stareste
|
||||
starebbero
|
||||
stavo
|
||||
stavi
|
||||
stava
|
||||
stavamo
|
||||
stavate
|
||||
stavano
|
||||
stetti
|
||||
stesti
|
||||
stette
|
||||
stemmo
|
||||
steste
|
||||
stettero
|
||||
stessi
|
||||
stesse
|
||||
stessimo
|
||||
stessero
|
||||
stando
|
||||
176
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/norwegian
Normal file
176
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/norwegian
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
|
||||
og
|
||||
i
|
||||
jeg
|
||||
det
|
||||
at
|
||||
en
|
||||
et
|
||||
den
|
||||
til
|
||||
er
|
||||
som
|
||||
på
|
||||
de
|
||||
med
|
||||
han
|
||||
av
|
||||
ikke
|
||||
ikkje
|
||||
der
|
||||
så
|
||||
var
|
||||
meg
|
||||
seg
|
||||
men
|
||||
ett
|
||||
har
|
||||
om
|
||||
vi
|
||||
min
|
||||
mitt
|
||||
ha
|
||||
hadde
|
||||
hun
|
||||
nå
|
||||
over
|
||||
da
|
||||
ved
|
||||
fra
|
||||
du
|
||||
ut
|
||||
sin
|
||||
dem
|
||||
oss
|
||||
opp
|
||||
man
|
||||
kan
|
||||
hans
|
||||
hvor
|
||||
eller
|
||||
hva
|
||||
skal
|
||||
selv
|
||||
sjøl
|
||||
her
|
||||
alle
|
||||
vil
|
||||
bli
|
||||
ble
|
||||
blei
|
||||
blitt
|
||||
kunne
|
||||
inn
|
||||
når
|
||||
være
|
||||
kom
|
||||
noen
|
||||
noe
|
||||
ville
|
||||
dere
|
||||
som
|
||||
deres
|
||||
kun
|
||||
ja
|
||||
etter
|
||||
ned
|
||||
skulle
|
||||
denne
|
||||
for
|
||||
deg
|
||||
si
|
||||
sine
|
||||
sitt
|
||||
mot
|
||||
å
|
||||
meget
|
||||
hvorfor
|
||||
dette
|
||||
disse
|
||||
uten
|
||||
hvordan
|
||||
ingen
|
||||
din
|
||||
ditt
|
||||
blir
|
||||
samme
|
||||
hvilken
|
||||
hvilke
|
||||
sånn
|
||||
inni
|
||||
mellom
|
||||
vår
|
||||
hver
|
||||
hvem
|
||||
vors
|
||||
hvis
|
||||
både
|
||||
bare
|
||||
enn
|
||||
fordi
|
||||
før
|
||||
mange
|
||||
også
|
||||
slik
|
||||
vært
|
||||
være
|
||||
båe
|
||||
begge
|
||||
siden
|
||||
dykk
|
||||
dykkar
|
||||
dei
|
||||
deira
|
||||
deires
|
||||
deim
|
||||
di
|
||||
då
|
||||
eg
|
||||
ein
|
||||
eit
|
||||
eitt
|
||||
elles
|
||||
honom
|
||||
hjå
|
||||
ho
|
||||
hoe
|
||||
henne
|
||||
hennar
|
||||
hennes
|
||||
hoss
|
||||
hossen
|
||||
ikkje
|
||||
ingi
|
||||
inkje
|
||||
korleis
|
||||
korso
|
||||
kva
|
||||
kvar
|
||||
kvarhelst
|
||||
kven
|
||||
kvi
|
||||
kvifor
|
||||
me
|
||||
medan
|
||||
mi
|
||||
mine
|
||||
mykje
|
||||
no
|
||||
nokon
|
||||
noka
|
||||
nokor
|
||||
noko
|
||||
nokre
|
||||
si
|
||||
sia
|
||||
sidan
|
||||
so
|
||||
somt
|
||||
somme
|
||||
um
|
||||
upp
|
||||
vere
|
||||
vore
|
||||
verte
|
||||
vort
|
||||
varte
|
||||
vart
|
||||
203
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/portuguese
Normal file
203
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/portuguese
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
|
||||
de
|
||||
a
|
||||
o
|
||||
que
|
||||
e
|
||||
do
|
||||
da
|
||||
em
|
||||
um
|
||||
para
|
||||
com
|
||||
não
|
||||
uma
|
||||
os
|
||||
no
|
||||
se
|
||||
na
|
||||
por
|
||||
mais
|
||||
as
|
||||
dos
|
||||
como
|
||||
mas
|
||||
ao
|
||||
ele
|
||||
das
|
||||
à
|
||||
seu
|
||||
sua
|
||||
ou
|
||||
quando
|
||||
muito
|
||||
nos
|
||||
já
|
||||
eu
|
||||
também
|
||||
só
|
||||
pelo
|
||||
pela
|
||||
até
|
||||
isso
|
||||
ela
|
||||
entre
|
||||
depois
|
||||
sem
|
||||
mesmo
|
||||
aos
|
||||
seus
|
||||
quem
|
||||
nas
|
||||
me
|
||||
esse
|
||||
eles
|
||||
você
|
||||
essa
|
||||
num
|
||||
nem
|
||||
suas
|
||||
meu
|
||||
às
|
||||
minha
|
||||
numa
|
||||
pelos
|
||||
elas
|
||||
qual
|
||||
nós
|
||||
lhe
|
||||
deles
|
||||
essas
|
||||
esses
|
||||
pelas
|
||||
este
|
||||
dele
|
||||
tu
|
||||
te
|
||||
vocês
|
||||
vos
|
||||
lhes
|
||||
meus
|
||||
minhas
|
||||
teu
|
||||
tua
|
||||
teus
|
||||
tuas
|
||||
nosso
|
||||
nossa
|
||||
nossos
|
||||
nossas
|
||||
dela
|
||||
delas
|
||||
esta
|
||||
estes
|
||||
estas
|
||||
aquele
|
||||
aquela
|
||||
aqueles
|
||||
aquelas
|
||||
isto
|
||||
aquilo
|
||||
estou
|
||||
está
|
||||
estamos
|
||||
estão
|
||||
estive
|
||||
esteve
|
||||
estivemos
|
||||
estiveram
|
||||
estava
|
||||
estávamos
|
||||
estavam
|
||||
estivera
|
||||
estivéramos
|
||||
esteja
|
||||
estejamos
|
||||
estejam
|
||||
estivesse
|
||||
estivéssemos
|
||||
estivessem
|
||||
estiver
|
||||
estivermos
|
||||
estiverem
|
||||
hei
|
||||
há
|
||||
havemos
|
||||
hão
|
||||
houve
|
||||
houvemos
|
||||
houveram
|
||||
houvera
|
||||
houvéramos
|
||||
haja
|
||||
hajamos
|
||||
hajam
|
||||
houvesse
|
||||
houvéssemos
|
||||
houvessem
|
||||
houver
|
||||
houvermos
|
||||
houverem
|
||||
houverei
|
||||
houverá
|
||||
houveremos
|
||||
houverão
|
||||
houveria
|
||||
houveríamos
|
||||
houveriam
|
||||
sou
|
||||
somos
|
||||
são
|
||||
era
|
||||
éramos
|
||||
eram
|
||||
fui
|
||||
foi
|
||||
fomos
|
||||
foram
|
||||
fora
|
||||
fôramos
|
||||
seja
|
||||
sejamos
|
||||
sejam
|
||||
fosse
|
||||
fôssemos
|
||||
fossem
|
||||
for
|
||||
formos
|
||||
forem
|
||||
serei
|
||||
será
|
||||
seremos
|
||||
serão
|
||||
seria
|
||||
seríamos
|
||||
seriam
|
||||
tenho
|
||||
tem
|
||||
temos
|
||||
tém
|
||||
tinha
|
||||
tínhamos
|
||||
tinham
|
||||
tive
|
||||
teve
|
||||
tivemos
|
||||
tiveram
|
||||
tivera
|
||||
tivéramos
|
||||
tenha
|
||||
tenhamos
|
||||
tenham
|
||||
tivesse
|
||||
tivéssemos
|
||||
tivessem
|
||||
tiver
|
||||
tivermos
|
||||
tiverem
|
||||
terei
|
||||
terá
|
||||
teremos
|
||||
terão
|
||||
teria
|
||||
teríamos
|
||||
teriam
|
||||
151
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/russian
Normal file
151
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/russian
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
|
||||
и
|
||||
в
|
||||
во
|
||||
не
|
||||
что
|
||||
он
|
||||
на
|
||||
я
|
||||
с
|
||||
со
|
||||
как
|
||||
а
|
||||
то
|
||||
все
|
||||
она
|
||||
так
|
||||
его
|
||||
но
|
||||
да
|
||||
ты
|
||||
к
|
||||
у
|
||||
же
|
||||
вы
|
||||
за
|
||||
бы
|
||||
по
|
||||
только
|
||||
ее
|
||||
мне
|
||||
было
|
||||
вот
|
||||
от
|
||||
меня
|
||||
еще
|
||||
нет
|
||||
о
|
||||
из
|
||||
ему
|
||||
теперь
|
||||
когда
|
||||
даже
|
||||
ну
|
||||
вдруг
|
||||
ли
|
||||
если
|
||||
уже
|
||||
или
|
||||
ни
|
||||
быть
|
||||
был
|
||||
него
|
||||
до
|
||||
вас
|
||||
нибудь
|
||||
опять
|
||||
уж
|
||||
вам
|
||||
ведь
|
||||
там
|
||||
потом
|
||||
себя
|
||||
ничего
|
||||
ей
|
||||
может
|
||||
они
|
||||
тут
|
||||
где
|
||||
есть
|
||||
надо
|
||||
ней
|
||||
для
|
||||
мы
|
||||
тебя
|
||||
их
|
||||
чем
|
||||
была
|
||||
сам
|
||||
чтоб
|
||||
без
|
||||
будто
|
||||
чего
|
||||
раз
|
||||
тоже
|
||||
себе
|
||||
под
|
||||
будет
|
||||
ж
|
||||
тогда
|
||||
кто
|
||||
этот
|
||||
того
|
||||
потому
|
||||
этого
|
||||
какой
|
||||
совсем
|
||||
ним
|
||||
здесь
|
||||
этом
|
||||
один
|
||||
почти
|
||||
мой
|
||||
тем
|
||||
чтобы
|
||||
нее
|
||||
сейчас
|
||||
были
|
||||
куда
|
||||
зачем
|
||||
всех
|
||||
никогда
|
||||
можно
|
||||
при
|
||||
наконец
|
||||
два
|
||||
об
|
||||
другой
|
||||
хоть
|
||||
после
|
||||
над
|
||||
больше
|
||||
тот
|
||||
через
|
||||
эти
|
||||
нас
|
||||
про
|
||||
всего
|
||||
них
|
||||
какая
|
||||
много
|
||||
разве
|
||||
три
|
||||
эту
|
||||
моя
|
||||
впрочем
|
||||
хорошо
|
||||
свою
|
||||
этой
|
||||
перед
|
||||
иногда
|
||||
лучше
|
||||
чуть
|
||||
том
|
||||
нельзя
|
||||
такой
|
||||
им
|
||||
более
|
||||
всегда
|
||||
конечно
|
||||
всю
|
||||
между
|
||||
313
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/spanish
Normal file
313
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/spanish
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
|
||||
de
|
||||
la
|
||||
que
|
||||
el
|
||||
en
|
||||
y
|
||||
a
|
||||
los
|
||||
del
|
||||
se
|
||||
las
|
||||
por
|
||||
un
|
||||
para
|
||||
con
|
||||
no
|
||||
una
|
||||
su
|
||||
al
|
||||
lo
|
||||
como
|
||||
más
|
||||
pero
|
||||
sus
|
||||
le
|
||||
ya
|
||||
o
|
||||
este
|
||||
sí
|
||||
porque
|
||||
esta
|
||||
entre
|
||||
cuando
|
||||
muy
|
||||
sin
|
||||
sobre
|
||||
también
|
||||
me
|
||||
hasta
|
||||
hay
|
||||
donde
|
||||
quien
|
||||
desde
|
||||
todo
|
||||
nos
|
||||
durante
|
||||
todos
|
||||
uno
|
||||
les
|
||||
ni
|
||||
contra
|
||||
otros
|
||||
ese
|
||||
eso
|
||||
ante
|
||||
ellos
|
||||
e
|
||||
esto
|
||||
mí
|
||||
antes
|
||||
algunos
|
||||
qué
|
||||
unos
|
||||
yo
|
||||
otro
|
||||
otras
|
||||
otra
|
||||
él
|
||||
tanto
|
||||
esa
|
||||
estos
|
||||
mucho
|
||||
quienes
|
||||
nada
|
||||
muchos
|
||||
cual
|
||||
poco
|
||||
ella
|
||||
estar
|
||||
estas
|
||||
algunas
|
||||
algo
|
||||
nosotros
|
||||
mi
|
||||
mis
|
||||
tú
|
||||
te
|
||||
ti
|
||||
tu
|
||||
tus
|
||||
ellas
|
||||
nosotras
|
||||
vosostros
|
||||
vosostras
|
||||
os
|
||||
mío
|
||||
mía
|
||||
míos
|
||||
mías
|
||||
tuyo
|
||||
tuya
|
||||
tuyos
|
||||
tuyas
|
||||
suyo
|
||||
suya
|
||||
suyos
|
||||
suyas
|
||||
nuestro
|
||||
nuestra
|
||||
nuestros
|
||||
nuestras
|
||||
vuestro
|
||||
vuestra
|
||||
vuestros
|
||||
vuestras
|
||||
esos
|
||||
esas
|
||||
estoy
|
||||
estás
|
||||
está
|
||||
estamos
|
||||
estáis
|
||||
están
|
||||
esté
|
||||
estés
|
||||
estemos
|
||||
estéis
|
||||
estén
|
||||
estaré
|
||||
estarás
|
||||
estará
|
||||
estaremos
|
||||
estaréis
|
||||
estarán
|
||||
estaría
|
||||
estarías
|
||||
estaríamos
|
||||
estaríais
|
||||
estarían
|
||||
estaba
|
||||
estabas
|
||||
estábamos
|
||||
estabais
|
||||
estaban
|
||||
estuve
|
||||
estuviste
|
||||
estuvo
|
||||
estuvimos
|
||||
estuvisteis
|
||||
estuvieron
|
||||
estuviera
|
||||
estuvieras
|
||||
estuviéramos
|
||||
estuvierais
|
||||
estuvieran
|
||||
estuviese
|
||||
estuvieses
|
||||
estuviésemos
|
||||
estuvieseis
|
||||
estuviesen
|
||||
estando
|
||||
estado
|
||||
estada
|
||||
estados
|
||||
estadas
|
||||
estad
|
||||
he
|
||||
has
|
||||
ha
|
||||
hemos
|
||||
habéis
|
||||
han
|
||||
haya
|
||||
hayas
|
||||
hayamos
|
||||
hayáis
|
||||
hayan
|
||||
habré
|
||||
habrás
|
||||
habrá
|
||||
habremos
|
||||
habréis
|
||||
habrán
|
||||
habría
|
||||
habrías
|
||||
habríamos
|
||||
habríais
|
||||
habrían
|
||||
había
|
||||
habías
|
||||
habíamos
|
||||
habíais
|
||||
habían
|
||||
hube
|
||||
hubiste
|
||||
hubo
|
||||
hubimos
|
||||
hubisteis
|
||||
hubieron
|
||||
hubiera
|
||||
hubieras
|
||||
hubiéramos
|
||||
hubierais
|
||||
hubieran
|
||||
hubiese
|
||||
hubieses
|
||||
hubiésemos
|
||||
hubieseis
|
||||
hubiesen
|
||||
habiendo
|
||||
habido
|
||||
habida
|
||||
habidos
|
||||
habidas
|
||||
soy
|
||||
eres
|
||||
es
|
||||
somos
|
||||
sois
|
||||
son
|
||||
sea
|
||||
seas
|
||||
seamos
|
||||
seáis
|
||||
sean
|
||||
seré
|
||||
serás
|
||||
será
|
||||
seremos
|
||||
seréis
|
||||
serán
|
||||
sería
|
||||
serías
|
||||
seríamos
|
||||
seríais
|
||||
serían
|
||||
era
|
||||
eras
|
||||
éramos
|
||||
erais
|
||||
eran
|
||||
fui
|
||||
fuiste
|
||||
fue
|
||||
fuimos
|
||||
fuisteis
|
||||
fueron
|
||||
fuera
|
||||
fueras
|
||||
fuéramos
|
||||
fuerais
|
||||
fueran
|
||||
fuese
|
||||
fueses
|
||||
fuésemos
|
||||
fueseis
|
||||
fuesen
|
||||
sintiendo
|
||||
sentido
|
||||
sentida
|
||||
sentidos
|
||||
sentidas
|
||||
siente
|
||||
sentid
|
||||
tengo
|
||||
tienes
|
||||
tiene
|
||||
tenemos
|
||||
tenéis
|
||||
tienen
|
||||
tenga
|
||||
tengas
|
||||
tengamos
|
||||
tengáis
|
||||
tengan
|
||||
tendré
|
||||
tendrás
|
||||
tendrá
|
||||
tendremos
|
||||
tendréis
|
||||
tendrán
|
||||
tendría
|
||||
tendrías
|
||||
tendríamos
|
||||
tendríais
|
||||
tendrían
|
||||
tenía
|
||||
tenías
|
||||
teníamos
|
||||
teníais
|
||||
tenían
|
||||
tuve
|
||||
tuviste
|
||||
tuvo
|
||||
tuvimos
|
||||
tuvisteis
|
||||
tuvieron
|
||||
tuviera
|
||||
tuvieras
|
||||
tuviéramos
|
||||
tuvierais
|
||||
tuvieran
|
||||
tuviese
|
||||
tuvieses
|
||||
tuviésemos
|
||||
tuvieseis
|
||||
tuviesen
|
||||
teniendo
|
||||
tenido
|
||||
tenida
|
||||
tenidos
|
||||
tenidas
|
||||
tened
|
||||
114
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/swedish
Normal file
114
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/swedish
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
||||
och
|
||||
det
|
||||
att
|
||||
i
|
||||
en
|
||||
jag
|
||||
hon
|
||||
som
|
||||
han
|
||||
på
|
||||
den
|
||||
med
|
||||
var
|
||||
sig
|
||||
för
|
||||
så
|
||||
till
|
||||
är
|
||||
men
|
||||
ett
|
||||
om
|
||||
hade
|
||||
de
|
||||
av
|
||||
icke
|
||||
mig
|
||||
du
|
||||
henne
|
||||
då
|
||||
sin
|
||||
nu
|
||||
har
|
||||
inte
|
||||
hans
|
||||
honom
|
||||
skulle
|
||||
hennes
|
||||
där
|
||||
min
|
||||
man
|
||||
ej
|
||||
vid
|
||||
kunde
|
||||
något
|
||||
från
|
||||
ut
|
||||
när
|
||||
efter
|
||||
upp
|
||||
vi
|
||||
dem
|
||||
vara
|
||||
vad
|
||||
över
|
||||
än
|
||||
dig
|
||||
kan
|
||||
sina
|
||||
här
|
||||
ha
|
||||
mot
|
||||
alla
|
||||
under
|
||||
någon
|
||||
eller
|
||||
allt
|
||||
mycket
|
||||
sedan
|
||||
ju
|
||||
denna
|
||||
själv
|
||||
detta
|
||||
åt
|
||||
utan
|
||||
varit
|
||||
hur
|
||||
ingen
|
||||
mitt
|
||||
ni
|
||||
bli
|
||||
blev
|
||||
oss
|
||||
din
|
||||
dessa
|
||||
några
|
||||
deras
|
||||
blir
|
||||
mina
|
||||
samma
|
||||
vilken
|
||||
er
|
||||
sådan
|
||||
vår
|
||||
blivit
|
||||
dess
|
||||
inom
|
||||
mellan
|
||||
sådant
|
||||
varför
|
||||
varje
|
||||
vilka
|
||||
ditt
|
||||
vem
|
||||
vilket
|
||||
sitta
|
||||
sådana
|
||||
vart
|
||||
dina
|
||||
vars
|
||||
vårt
|
||||
våra
|
||||
ert
|
||||
era
|
||||
vilkas
|
||||
53
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/turkish
Normal file
53
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/stopwords/turkish
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
acaba
|
||||
ama
|
||||
aslında
|
||||
az
|
||||
bazı
|
||||
belki
|
||||
biri
|
||||
birkaç
|
||||
birşey
|
||||
biz
|
||||
bu
|
||||
çok
|
||||
çünkü
|
||||
da
|
||||
daha
|
||||
de
|
||||
defa
|
||||
diye
|
||||
eğer
|
||||
en
|
||||
gibi
|
||||
hem
|
||||
hep
|
||||
hepsi
|
||||
her
|
||||
hiç
|
||||
için
|
||||
ile
|
||||
ise
|
||||
kez
|
||||
ki
|
||||
kim
|
||||
mı
|
||||
mu
|
||||
mü
|
||||
nasıl
|
||||
ne
|
||||
neden
|
||||
nerde
|
||||
nerede
|
||||
nereye
|
||||
niçin
|
||||
niye
|
||||
o
|
||||
sanki
|
||||
şey
|
||||
siz
|
||||
şu
|
||||
tüm
|
||||
ve
|
||||
veya
|
||||
ya
|
||||
yani
|
||||
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/u4_test.zip
Normal file
BIN
ss2013/1_Web Mining/Uebungen/4_Uebung/data/u4_test.zip
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
||||
At any rate , Manchester did not lag far behind the first commercial system which was set up in 1844 between Baltimore and Washington .
|
||||
The officers were John Marsden , president ; ;
|
||||
Besides being most convenient , the line `` soon proved a good investment for the owners '' .
|
||||
electricity plays such an important part in community life today that it is difficult to envision a time when current was not available for daily use .
|
||||
More aerial and underground equipment was installed as well as office improvements to take care of the expanding business .
|
||||
This was fortunate , as the Vail plant burned in 1905 .
|
||||
There the matter stands with the prospect that soon Manchester may be removed from the roster of towns contributing raw sewage to its main streams .
|
||||
George Woodcock was manager and troubleshooter ; ;
|
||||
Electric power
|
||||
These must have been for local calls strictly , as in May 1900 the `` only long distance telephone '' in town was transferred from C. B. Carleton's to Young's shoe store .
|
||||
From 1896 until 1910 John H. Whipple was manager of Western Union at the Center in the drugstore he purchased from Clark Wait .
|
||||
Eber L. Taylor of Manchester Depot recorded the setting of phone poles in East Dorset and Barnumville in his diary for 1906 .
|
||||
In 1918 the New England Telephone Company began erecting a building to house its operations on the corner of U. S. Rte. 7 and what is now Memorial Avenue at Manchester Center .
|
||||
Fire District No. 1 discussed its possible purchase in 1945 , but considered it an unwise investment .
|
||||
Marsden was manager of the company for ten years and manager of its successor company , the Colonial Light and Power Company , for one year .
|
||||
H. K. Fowler , vice-president and secretary ; ;
|
||||
After being located for some years in the Village at the Equinox Pharmacy under the supervision of Mrs. Harry Mercier , it is presently located in the Hill and Dale Shop , Manchester Center .
|
||||
Still existing on a `` Northern Union '' telegraph form is a typical peremptory message from Peru grocer J. J. Hapgood to Burton and Graves' store in Manchester -- `` Get and send by stage four pounds best Porterhouse or serloin stake , for Mrs. Hapgood send six sweet oranges '' .
|
||||
Shares of capital stock at $15 each in the latter company were payable at the Bank of Manchester or at various other Vermont banks .
|
||||
Anyone fortunate enough to have one of those early phones advertised the fact along with the telephone number in the Manchester Journal .
|
||||
In 1914 when the town was chosen for the U. S. Amateur Golf tournament , a representative hurried here from the Boston manager's office .
|
||||
The line soon lived up to its name , as local messages of moderate length could be sent for a dime and the company was quickly able to declare very liberal dividends on its capital stock .
|
||||
Telephone and telegraph
|
||||
The Manchester Journal commented editorially on the surprising amount of local telegraphic business .
|
||||
J. N. Hard , treasurer ; ;
|
||||
New Yorkers were kept informed of scores by reporters who telegraphed fifteen to twenty thousand words daily to the metropolitan newspapers .
|
||||
The layout of the sewer lines was designed by Henry W. Taylor , who was the engineer for the Manchester Village disposal plant .
|
||||
The Village office of Western Union with George Towsley as manager and telegrapher continued in Hard's drugstore until 1905 .
|
||||
In the fall of 1878 , the `` Popular Telegraph Line '' was established between Manchester and Factory Point by the owners , Paul W. Orvis , Henry Gray , J. N. Hard , and Clark J. Wait .
|
||||
The 1958 town meeting directed town authorities to seek federal and state funds with which to conduct a preliminary survey of a proposed sewage plant with its attendant facilities .
|
||||
In 1932 Dorset received its own exchange , which made business easier for the Manchester office , but it was not until February 1953 that area service was extended to include Manchester and Dorset .
|
||||
Manchester's unusual interest in telegraphy has often been attributed to the fact that the Rev. J. D. Wickham , headmaster of Burr and Burton Seminary , was a personal friend and correspondent of the inventor , Samuel F. B. Morse .
|
||||
The first mention of an electric plant in Manchester seems to be one installed in Reuben Colvin's and Houghton's gristmill on the West Branch in Factory Point .
|
||||
In his wake came the District Traffic Supervisor and the cream of the telegraphic profession , ten of Boston's best , chosen for their long experience and thorough knowledge of golf .
|
||||
It was at the end of the sidewalk in front of the Dellwood Cemetery cottage .
|
||||
In November 1887 a line connecting several dwelling houses in Dorset was extended to Manchester Depot .
|
||||
No records are available as to the date or extent of installation , but it may have been in 1896 .
|
||||
The committee submitted a report signed by Louis Martin and Leon Wiley with a map published in the 1946 town report .
|
||||
The sewer on Bonnet Street was constructed when there were only a few houses on the street .
|
||||
Since that time the telegraph office has shifted in location from the railroad station at the Depot and shops at the Center back to the town clerk's office and drugstore at the Village .
|
||||
The next step was construction by the Manchester Light and Power Company of a plant on the west bank of the Battenkill south of Union Street bridge .
|
||||
During that tournament alone , some 250,000 words winged their way out of Manchester .
|
||||
But companies continued to spring up .
|
||||
Goodwin was telegrapher for the `` American Telegraph Company '' and the `` Troy and Canada Junction Telegraph Company '' .
|
||||
The plant was located west of the Battenkill and south of the location of the former electric light plant .
|
||||
During the summers , Towsley often needed the assistance of a company operator .
|
||||
Yet one has to go back only some sixty years .
|
||||
On June 14 , 1900 the Manchester Journal reported that an electrical engineer was installing an electric light plant for Edward S. Isham at `` Ormsby Hill '' .
|
||||
This boosted local telegraph business and Manchester basked in all the free advertising .
|
||||
She was succeeded by Clarence Goyette .
|
||||
B. J. Connell is the present treasurer and manager .
|
||||
By 1883 the `` Battenkill Telegraph Company '' was in existence and Alvin Pettibone was its president .
|
||||
Telegraphers at the Depot at this time were Aaron C. Burr and Mark Manley of `` Burr and Manley '' , dealers in lumber and dry goods .
|
||||
and William F. Orvis , secretary .
|
||||
In 1846 Matthew B. Goodwin , jeweler and watchmaker , became the town's first telegrapher in a dwelling he built for himself and his business `` two doors north of the Equinox House '' or `` one door north of the Bank , Manchester , Vermont '' .
|
||||
A message of less than fifteen words to Bennington cost twenty-five cents .
|
||||
Manchester then had two competing power companies until 1904 , when the Manchester Light and Power Company purchased the transmission system of the Vail Company .
|
||||
Telephone wires from Louis Dufresne's house in East Manchester to the Dufresne lumber job near Bourn Pond were up about 1895 .
|
||||
William Hitchcock , who retired in 1938 , was a veteran of thirty-four years' local service .
|
||||
The Manchester Depot Sewer Company issued 214 shares of stock at $10 each for construction of a sewer in that locality , and assessments were made for its maintenance .
|
||||
F. H. Walker , superintendent ; ;
|
||||
This was nearly completed May 23 , 1901 with a promise of lights by June 10 , but the first light did not go on until September 28 .
|
||||
This was working by the end of August and giving satisfactory service .
|
||||
This eliminated toll calls between the two towns .
|
||||
At about the time the Marsden enterprise was getting under way , the Vail Light and Lumber Company started construction of a chair stock factory on the site of the present Bennington Co-operative Creamery , intending to use its surplus power for generating electricity .
|
||||
Elizabeth Way was the first operator ; ;
|
||||
By 1871 L. C. Orvis , manager of the `` Western Union Telegraph Company '' , expressed willingness to send emergency telegrams on Sundays from his Village drugstore .
|
||||
No figures were submitted with the report and no action was taken on it by the town .
|
||||
the smallest gusts of wind toppled poles , making communications impossible .
|
||||
The Colonial Light and Power Company was succeeded by the Vermont Hydro-Electric Corporation , which in turn was absorbed by the Central Vermont Public Service Corporation .
|
||||
John C. Blackmer , vice-president ; ;
|
||||
The latter now furnishes the area with electricity distributed from a modern sub-station at Manchester Depot which was put into operation February 19 , 1930 and was improved in January 1942 by the installation of larger transformers .
|
||||
The first directors of the Manchester Light and Power Company were John Marsden , M. L. Manley , William F. Orvis , George Smith , and John Blackmer .
|
||||
H. S. Walker , assistant superintendent .
|
||||
Operating in 1887 was the `` Valley Telegraph Line '' , officers of which were E. C. Orvis , president ; ;
|
||||
The old Morse system was replaced locally by the Simplex modern automatic method in 1929 , when Ellamae Heckman ( Wilcox ) was manager of the Western Union office .
|
||||
During summers , business was so brisk that Mrs. Wilcox had two assistants and a messenger .
|
||||
In 1879 the same Clark Wait , with H. H. Holley of South Dorset , formed the `` American Telegraph Line '' , extending from Manchester Depot via Factory Point and South Dorset to Dorset .
|
||||
George Smith , treasurer ; ;
|
||||
Two companies now had headquarters with Clark J. Wait , who by then had his own drugstore at Factory Point -- the `` Northern Union Telegraph Company '' and the `` Western Union '' .
|
||||
Orvis even needed to hire an assistant , Clark J. Wait .
|
||||
About 1888 J. E. McNaughton of Barnumville and E. G. Bacon became proprietors of the `` Green Mountain Telegraph Company '' , connecting all offices on the Western Union line and extending over the mountain from Barnumville to Peru , Londonderry , South Londonderry , Lowell Lake , Windham , North Windham , Grafton , Cambridgeport , Saxton's River , and Bellows Falls .
|
||||
This was extended the following year to include the railroad station agent's office and Thayer's Hotel at Factory Point .
|
||||
Early equipment was very flimsy ; ;
|
||||
A small single switchboard was installed in the Village over Woodcock's hardware store ( later E. H. Hemenway's ) .
|
||||
Service running through Barnumville and to Bennington County towns east of the mountains was in the hands of the `` Gleason Telephone Company '' in 1925 , but major supervision of telephone lines in Manchester was with the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company , which eventually gained all control .
|
||||
It has given considerable trouble at times and empties right into the Battenkill .
|
||||
Operators were Arthur Koop and Norman Taylor .
|
||||
Another veteran telephone operator was Edith Fleming Blackmer , who had been in the office forty years at the time of her death in 1960 .
|
||||
The first known telephone line in Manchester was established in July 1883 between Burr and Manley's store at Manchester Depot and the Kent and Root Marble Company in South Dorset .
|
||||
For a time following the abandonment of the local plant , electric current for Manchester was brought in from the south with an emergency tie-in with the Vermont Marble Company system to the north .
|
||||
Within a month , calls were up seventy per cent .
|
||||
The final step was a vote for a $230,000 bond issue for the construction of a sewage system by the 1959 town meeting , later confirmed by a two-thirds vote at a special town meeting June 21 , 1960 .
|
||||
and a night operator was also employed .
|
||||
These were the years when people flocked to Manchester not only to play golf , which had come into vogue , but also to witness the Ekwanok Country Club tournaments .
|
||||
The 1946 town meeting voted to have the Selectmen appoint a committee to investigate and report on the feasibility of some system of sewage disposal and a disposal plant to serve Manchester Center , Depot , and Way's Lane .
|
||||
In 1931 Mrs. F. H. Briggs , agent and chief operator , who was to retire in 1946 with thirty years' service , led agency offices in sales for the year with $2,490 .
|
||||
As new homes were built they were connected so that all residences south of School Street are served by it .
|
||||
In November 1900 surveying was done under John Marsden on the east mountains to ascertain if it would be possible to get sufficient water and fall to operate an electric power plant .
|
||||
Nothing came of it , perhaps due to lack of opportunity for water storage .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
||||
the poet of The Odyssey , reputed blind , reveals himself not at all in singing of the blind minstrel Demodocus .
|
||||
Limited to a few thousand lines of heroic verse in Anglo-Saxon as in the other Germanic dialects , we cannot say how frequently the kennings in Beowulf recurred in contemporary epic on the same soil .
|
||||
The poet in a written tradition who generally never blots a line may once in a while pause and polish without incurring blame .
|
||||
The Iliad has two words for the shield , ASPIS and SAKOS .
|
||||
the language , however , is a proper object of scrutiny , and the effects of the language are palpable even if sometimes inevitable .
|
||||
The account of the growth and final transcription of these epics rests partly , however , upon the degree to which they were formulaic .
|
||||
there is no reason to think that the scop used and re-used whole lines and even lengthy passages after the manner of his Homeric colleague .
|
||||
Anglo-Saxon and Greek epic each provide on two occasions a seemingly authentic account of the narration of verse in the heroic age .
|
||||
Combellack argues further , and here he makes his main point , that once The Iliad and The Odyssey are thought formulaic poems composed for an audience accustomed to formulaic poetry , Homeric critics are deprived of an entire domain they previously found arable .
|
||||
To the extent that a language is formulaic , its individual components must be regarded as no more distinguished than other cliches .
|
||||
Words or phrases that connoisseurs have admired as handsome or ironic or humorous must therefore lose merit and become regarded as mere inevitable time-servers , sometimes accurate and sometimes not .
|
||||
Proceeding from Parry's conclusions and adopting one of his schemata , Francis P. Magoun , Jr. , argues that Beowulf likewise was created from a legacy of oral formulas inherited and extended by bards of successive generations , and the thesis is striking and compelling .
|
||||
the Homeric poet had epithets , which provided for recurring needs in the hexameter .
|
||||
he must improvise continuously with no apparent effort .
|
||||
he further reasoned that frequent formulas in epic verse indicate oral composition , and assumed the slightly less likely corollary that oral epic is inclined towards the use of formulas .
|
||||
The Germanic poet had such aids in the kennings , which provided for the difficulties of alliteration ; ;
|
||||
Yet , if the argument is turned awry , there may be found a great deal in Bryan's view , after all .
|
||||
In determining the extent to which any poem is formulaic it is idle , however , to inspect nothing besides lines repeated in their entirety , for a stock of line-fragments would be sufficient to permit the poet to extemporize with deftness if they provided for prosodic needs .
|
||||
The poet's intentions are difficult to discern and , except to biographers , unimportant ; ;
|
||||
Verbal and adverbial elements too participated in each epic diction , but it is for the present sufficient to mark the large nominal and adjectival supply of semantic near-equivalents , and to designate the members of any system of equivalents as basic formulas of the poetic language .
|
||||
One of the greatest Homerists of our time , Frederick M. Combellack , argues that when it is assumed The Iliad and The Odyssey are oral poems , the postulated single redactor called Homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing .
|
||||
If Cynewulf was literate , the Beowulf poet may have been also , and so may the final redactor of The Iliad and The Odyssey .
|
||||
The quest of the historical Homer is likely never to have further success ; ;
|
||||
it was partly his master .
|
||||
Yet a fresh inspection will indicate one crucial amendment : Beowulf and the Homeric poems are not at all formulaic to the same extent .
|
||||
It is false to be certain of having discovered in the language of Beowulf such effects as intentional irony .
|
||||
Nothing in all this is autobiographical : unlike the poets of Deor and Widsith , the poet of Beowulf is not concerned with his own identity ; ;
|
||||
Other theories of origin are compatible with the formulaic theory : Beowulf may contain a design for terror , and The Iliad may have a vast hysteron-proteron pattern answering to a ceramic pattern produced during the Geometric Period in pottery .
|
||||
In Coriolanus the agnomen of Marcius is used deliberately and pointedly , but the Homeric epithets and the Anglo-Saxon kennings are used casually and recall to the hearer `` a familiar story or situation or a useful or pleasant quality of the referent '' .
|
||||
To the extent that a tale is twice told , its final author must be suspect , although plagiarism in an oral tradition is less a misdemeanor than the standard modus dicendi .
|
||||
if any words or phrases are formulaic , they will be .
|
||||
no-one today would hope to discover the unmistakable ruins of Heorot or the palace of Priam .
|
||||
Anglo-Saxon poetry appears to have no comparable amount of repetition ; ;
|
||||
Albert B. Lord suggests that the Homeric poems were dictated to a scribe by a minstrel who held in his mind the poems fully matured but did not himself possess the knowledge of writing since it would be useless to his guild , and Magoun argues that the Beowulf poet and Cynewulf may have dictated their verse in the same fashion .
|
||||
The bondage endurable by an oral poet is to be estimated only by a very skilful oral poet , but it appears safe to assume that no sustained narrative in rhyme could be composed without extreme difficulty , even in a language of many terminal inflections .
|
||||
True , we do not know how they were regarded in their day , but we need not believe the epic audience to have been more insensitive to the formulas than the numerous scholars of modern times who have read Germanic or Homeric poetry all their lives and still found much to admire in occasional occurrences of the most familiar phrases .
|
||||
Achilles , like Siegfried in The Nibelungenlied , is potentially the swiftest of men and may accordingly be called swift-footed even when he stands idle .
|
||||
Alcinous' court bard sings of the discovered adultery of Ares and Aphrodite ( Odyssey 8 266-366 ) , and takes up a tale of Odysseus while the Ithacan wanderer listens on ( Odyssey 8 499-520 ) .
|
||||
With a few important and a few more unimportant exceptions , no expression can be deemed le mot juste for its context , because each was very probably the only expression that long-established practice and ease of rapid recitation would allow .
|
||||
no individual word in The Iliad or The Odyssey can be credited to any one man ; ;
|
||||
Milman Parry rigorously defended the observation that the extant Homeric poems are largely formulaic , and was led to postulate that they could be shown entirely formulaic if the complete corpus of Greek epic survived ; ;
|
||||
In lieu of the amanuensis to the blind or illiterate bard , one may conceive of a man who heard a vast store of oral poetry recited , and became intimately familiar with the established aids to poetizing , and himself wrote his own compositions or his edition of the compositions of the past .
|
||||
The epic language was not entirely the servant of the poet ; ;
|
||||
This explanation is attractive , but is vitiated at least in part by the observation that Cynewulf , though he used kennings in the traditional manner , was a literate man who four times inscribed his name by runes into his works .
|
||||
A formulaic element need not be held meaningless merely because it was selected with little conscious reflection .
|
||||
This observation is of interest not only to students of Homeric poetry but to students of Anglo-Saxon poetry as well .
|
||||
the verse of Beowulf or of The Iliad and The Odyssey was not easy to create but was not impossible for poets who had developed their talents perforce in earning a livelihood .
|
||||
Either poet could quickly and easily select words or phrases to supply his immediate requirements as he chanted out his lines , because the kennings and the epithets made possible the construction of systems of numerous synonyms for the chief common and proper nouns .
|
||||
Even though the bondage of his verse is not so great as the writing poet can manage , it is still great enough for him often to be seriously impeded unless he has aids to facilitate rapid composition .
|
||||
Even when defenseless of weapons the Danes would be Gar-Dene ( as their king is Hrothgar ) and Priam would be EUMMELIHS .
|
||||
Yet certain aids were valuable and quite credibly necessary for reciting long stretches of verse without a pause .
|
||||
The ratio is thoroughly remarkable , because the lines are so long -- half again as long as those of Beowulf .
|
||||
Carl Eduard Schmidt counted 1804 different lines repeated exactly in the two Homeric poems , and by increasing this figure so as to include lines repeated with very slight modifications he counted 2118 different lines used a total of 5612 times .
|
||||
If the master of scops who was most responsible for the poem ever used kennings that were traditional , he was at least partly deprived of free will and not inclined towards shrewd and sophisticated misuse of speech elements .
|
||||
The Anglo-Saxon alliterative line and the Homeric hexameter probably imposed less of a restraint ; ;
|
||||
Time-servers , though the periphrastic expressions are , they may nevertheless be handsome or ironic or humorous .
|
||||
That such a tradition lies behind The Iliad and The Odyssey , at least , is hard to deny .
|
||||
The closest scrutiny is owed to the Anglo-Saxon kennings and the Homeric epithets ; ;
|
||||
Since none of these glimpses of poetizing without writing is intended to incorporate a signature into the epic matter , there is prima-facie evidence that Beowulf and the Homeric poems each derive from an oral tradition .
|
||||
A long evolution in an oral tradition caused the poetic language of the heroic age to be based upon formulas that show the important qualities of things , and these formulas are therefore potentially rather than always actually accurate .
|
||||
Once many significant phrases are found in theory or in recurrent practice to provide for prosodic necessity , they are not to be defended for their semantic properties in isolated contexts .
|
||||
Assonance seems nearly as severe a curb , although in a celebrated passage William of Malmesbury declares that A Song Of Roland was intoned before the battle commenced at Hastings .
|
||||
A ship at dry-dock could be called a foamy-necked floater in Anglo-Saxon or a swift ship in Greek .
|
||||
Reliance is therefore not to be placed upon the archaeological particulars in an oral poem ; ;
|
||||
no strikingly effective element of speech in the extant poems can with assurance be said not to have been a commonplace in the vaster epic corpus that may have existed at the beginning of the first millennium before Christ .
|
||||
Beowulf and the Homeric poems appear oral compositions .
|
||||
Hrothgar's court bard sings of the encounters at Finnsburg ( lines 1068 - 1159 ) , and improvises the tale of Beowulf's exploits in a complimentary comparison of the Geatish visitor with Sigemund ( lines 871 - 892 ) ; ;
|
||||
Other synonyms could of course serve the same function , and for the sake of ease I shall speak of kennings and epithets in the widest and loosest possible sense , and name , for example , Gar-Dene a kenning for the Danes .
|
||||
Thus one line in five from The Iliad and The Odyssey is to be found somewhere else in the two poems .
|
||||
But the oral poet cannot pause ; ;
|
||||
But we can say that since a writing poet , with leisure before him , would seem unlikely to invent a technique based upon frequent and substantial circumlocution , the kennings like the epithets must reasonably be ascribed to an oral tradition .
|
||||
This observation too may have reference to Anglo-Saxon poetry .
|
||||
Yet they are written ; ;
|
||||
in an oral tradition they may be chosen for the entire epic corpus , and tend towards idealization rather than distinctive delineation .
|
||||
W. F. Bryan suggests that certain kennings in Beowulf were selected sometimes for appropriateness and sometimes for ironic inappropriateness , but such a view would appear untenable unless it is denied that the language of Beowulf is formulaic .
|
||||
Nouns and adjectives in a written tradition are chosen for the nonce ; ;
|
||||
Any example of grand or exquisite diction may have been created by the poet who compiled numerous lays into the two works we possess or may be due to one of his completely unknown fellow-craftsmen .
|
||||
at some stage in their evolution they were transcribed .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
|
||||
Thus , this readiness to relax controls , evidenced in the Kohnstamm situation , appears to be a more general personality factor .
|
||||
She had felt that her arm wanted to go up in the first trial , but had consciously prevented it from so doing .
|
||||
The above discussion does not mean to imply that control factors were completely in abeyance in the Kohnstamm-positive subjects ; ;
|
||||
but rather that they could be diminished sufficiently not to interfere with arm-levitation .
|
||||
These were the same subjects who were given the Rorschach test .
|
||||
One prediction had been made about the difference in security or self-confidence between those subjects who shifted their Kohnstamm reactivity when informed and those who did not .
|
||||
These subjects implied that they too could prevent their arms from rising if they tried .
|
||||
Guilford-Martin personality inventories .
|
||||
One subject spontaneously asked ( after her arm had finally risen ) , `` Do you suppose I was unconsciously keeping it down before '' ? ?
|
||||
One Kohnstamm-positive subject who had both arms rise while being tested in the naive condition described her subjective experience as follows : `` You feel they're going up and you're on a stage and it's not right for them to do so and then you think maybe that's what's supposed to happen '' .
|
||||
A t test on these two groups , shifters vs. nonshifters , gave a `` t '' value of 2.405 which is significant on the two-tail test at the
|
||||
The nonreactors had been separated into two groups on this assumption with the presumably `` secure '' nonreactors and `` secure '' reactors being used as the groups for comparative personality studies .
|
||||
Instructions to relax , i.e. , to be `` spontaneous '' , and react immediately to whatever impulse they might have , was not sufficiently reassuring until some idea of the possibilities of normal reactions had been given .
|
||||
Four subjects ( 10% ) did not change even then but needed the additional information that an arm-elevation under these circumstances was a perfectly normal reflex reaction which some people showed while others did not .
|
||||
Guilford-Martin ; ;
|
||||
Individual differences in Kohnstamm reactivity to controlled Kohnstamm situations were found among the subjects used in the study .
|
||||
The Kohnstamm-positive subjects seemed to be freer to experience the unusual and seemingly impossible in the external world .
|
||||
The change in perceptions by some of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects , after they had been informed of the possibilities of normal reactions , suggests that their constriction and guardedness is associated with their general mode of responding to strange or unknown situations .
|
||||
Guilford-Martin ) were filled out by 12 of the Kohnstamm-positive subjects and 19 of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects .
|
||||
I thought it wasn't supposed to '' .
|
||||
They felt that they too could counteract the upward arm movement by a voluntary effort after they had once experienced the reaction .
|
||||
It was predicted that those who shifted in their Kohnstamm reactivity would differ significantly from those who did not on the factor I which the investigators refer to as the `` Inferiority '' factor .
|
||||
It is our belief that this readiness to relinquish some control was evidenced by the Kohnstamm-positive subjects in some of the other experimental situations to be discussed below .
|
||||
Autosuggestibility , the reaction of the subject in such a way as to conform to his own expectations of the outcome ( i.e. , that the arm-rise is a reaction to the pressure exerted in the voluntary contraction , because of his knowledge that `` to every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction '' ) also seems inadequate as an explanation for the following reasons : ( 1 ) the subjects' apparently genuine experience of surprise when their arms rose , and ( 2 ) manifestations of the phenomenon despite anticipations of something else happening ( e.g. , of becoming dizzy and maybe falling , an expectation spontaneously volunteered by one of the subjects ) .
|
||||
There were 24% ( 10 subjects ) who shifted from a negative to a positive reaction after they were reassured as to the normalcy of the Kohnstamm-positive reaction .
|
||||
When informed as to the various possibilities of normal reactions , they were then able to experience the uniqueness of the present .
|
||||
While the interpretations that have been given are inferences only , they gain support from such comments as the following , which was made by one of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects who did not , on the first trial , perceive the tilt illusion .
|
||||
The subjects were only given information about other possibilities of `` normal '' reaction .
|
||||
At no time was it implied by the experimenter that the subject's initial reaction was deviant .
|
||||
individual differences
|
||||
Some predictions had been made concerning factors R , N , I and Co on these inventories which appeared to be directly related to control and security aspects of personality functioning which were hypothesized as being of importance in differential Kohnstamm reactivity .
|
||||
There was no implication made that their initial reaction ( absence of an arm-elevation ) was less preferred than the presence of levitation .
|
||||
While other conditions might be even more effective in bringing about a change from immobility to mobility in Kohnstamm reactivity , it is our hypothesis that all such conditions would have as a common factor the capacity to induce an attitude in the subject which enabled him to divorce himself temporarily from feelings of responsibility for his behavior .
|
||||
Only Co differentiated between the two groups at less than the 5% level ( Af ) .
|
||||
Discussion
|
||||
Only 27% ( 11 subjects ) gave a positive Kohnstamm reaction when completely naive concerning the phenomenon .
|
||||
Responses such as `` rope with a loop in it '' , and `` two pieces of rope '' , were quite characteristic .
|
||||
It was predicted that Kohnstamm-negative subjects would adhere to more liberal , concretistic reports of what the ambiguous figure `` looked like '' as reflecting their hesitancy about taking chances .
|
||||
They felt that they were relaxing as much as they could and that any control factors which might be present to prevent response must be on an unconscious level .
|
||||
It might be postulated that these subjects are unduly afraid of being wrong ; ;
|
||||
Another said that her arm did not go up at first `` because I wouldn't let it ; ;
|
||||
She described herself as having the same kind of `` irresponsible '' feeling as she had once experienced under hypnosis .
|
||||
Moreover , when the experimenter did inform those subjects that there were some normal people who did not have their arm rise once they relaxed , the Kohnstamm-positive subjects were uninfluenced in their subsequent reactions to the Kohnstamm situation .
|
||||
There was evident delight on the part of the subject in response to her experience of the freedom of movement .
|
||||
Yet they were not so bound by past experience and constriction as to deny their immediate perceptions and to be dominated by their knowledge of what the experience should be .
|
||||
Alcohol ingestion succeeded in changing immobility to mobility quite strikingly in one pilot subject ( the only one with whom this technique was tried ) .
|
||||
There was a significantly greater number in this group who reported a desk as being in a tilted position while a tennis ball resting on it remained stationary on the incline .
|
||||
After two drinks containing alcohol , her arm flew upward very freely .
|
||||
They knew that their perceptual experience differed from objective reality since they had seen the desk and ball prior to putting on the aniseikonic lenses .
|
||||
level .
|
||||
This subject , who has been undergoing psychoanalytic psychotherapy for five years , did not give a positive Kohnstamm reaction under any of the four standardized conditions used in this experiment while sober .
|
||||
In no way , either verbally or behaviorally , did the experimenter indicate to the subjects any preferred mode of responding to the voluntary contraction .
|
||||
She then described her experience as one in which she first had difficulty accepting for herself a state of being in which she relinquished control .
|
||||
A suggestion Hypothesis also seems inadequate as an explanation for those who shifted their reactions after they were informed of the possibilities of `` normal '' reactions different from those which they gave .
|
||||
Thus it is reasonable to believe that there is a significant difference between the two groups in their performance on this task after a brief `` structuring '' experience .
|
||||
that they can give up their control and allow themselves to be reactors rather than actors .
|
||||
The positive Kohnstamm reactivity in Condition 1 ( ( the naive state ) is not adequately explained by such a concept as suggestibility ( if suggestibility is defined as the influence on behavior by verbal cues ) .
|
||||
She explained nonreactivity of others by saying that they were `` not letting themselves relax '' .
|
||||
They were not free to be themselves in this situation , an interpersonal one , where there was an observer of their reactions and they had no guide for acceptable behavior .
|
||||
In contrast to this voluntary-control explanation for nonreactivity given by the Kohnstamm-positive subjects , the Kohnstamm-negative subjects offered an involuntary-control hypothesis to explain nonreactivity .
|
||||
They continued to give an arm-elevation .
|
||||
Among this latter group there were also differences in the amount and kind of information necessary before a shift in reaction occurred .
|
||||
that they perceive new internal and environmental situations as `` threatening '' until they are tested and proved otherwise .
|
||||
They explained its absence in others on the basis of an intervention of control factors .
|
||||
They were able to experience at first , in terms of past conventionality .
|
||||
However , she was able to relax and yield to the moment .
|
||||
A differential suggestibility would have to be invoked to explain the failure of this additional information to influence the Kohnstamm-positive reactors and yet attribute their naive Kohnstamm reactivity to suggestion .
|
||||
The three personality inventories ( Guilford ; ;
|
||||
These suggested interpretations were given by the subjects spontaneously when they were told that there were people who reacted differently than they had .
|
||||
While they were told that there were some normal people who reacted differently than they had , they were also informed that there were other normals who reacted as they had .
|
||||
It is our hypothesis that Kohnstamm-positive subjects are less hesitant about relinquishing control than are Kohnstamm-negative subjects ; ;
|
||||
This subject was one who gave an arm-elevation on the second trial in the naive state but not in the first .
|
||||
There were 49% ( 20 subjects ) who did not give a positive reaction even after they were informed of the normalcy of such a reaction and had been given a demonstration .
|
||||
This information was accepted with the frequent interpretation that those persons who did not show arm-levitation must be preventing it .
|
||||
Many subjects attributed differences in Kohnstamm reactivity to differences in degrees of subjective control -- voluntary as the Kohnstamm-positive subjects perceived it and involuntary as the Kohnstamm-negative subjects perceived it .
|
||||
A more tenable explanation for the change in reactions is that the added knowledge and increased familiarity with the total situation made it possible for these subjects to be less guarded and to relax , since any reaction seemed acceptable to the examiner as `` normal '' .
|
||||
One subject changed when given only the information that some people have something happen to their arm when they relax .
|
||||
Aniseikonic illusion
|
||||
Five subjects ( 12% ) did not change until they had been told that some people have something happen to their arm , what that something was , and also were given a demonstration .
|
||||
She ascribed her delight with both experiences to the effect they seemed to have of temporarily removing from her the controls which she felt so compulsively necessary to maintain even when it might seem appropriate to relax these controls .
|
||||
All of the subjects in the Kohnstamm-negative and Kohnstamm-positive groups ( as defined for purposes of the personality studies ) were compared with those subjects who shifted in Conditions 3 , or 4 .
|
||||
This was true mostly of those Kohnstamm-negative subjects who did not perceive the ambiguous figure as people in action .
|
||||
When informed that there were some persons who did not have their arm go up , she commented , `` I don't see how they can prevent it '' .
|
||||
This occurred in spite of the rational awareness that the ball should be going downhill .
|
||||
Some of those who did not initially react with an arm-elevation also associated their behavior in the situation with control factors -- an inability to relinquish control voluntarily .
|
||||
The Kohnstamm-positive subjects described the vivid experience of having their arms rise as one in which they exercised no control .
|
||||
Those who responded with an arm-elevation in the naive state did not change their reaction when told that there were some normal people who did not react in this fashion .
|
||||
The naive state , Condition 1 , , could therefore be viewed as an inhibiting one for 24% of the subjects in this study .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
|
||||
Watching her , he felt like a spectator at a tennis game , with the ball being bounced back and forth .
|
||||
`` What's the matter with them '' ? ?
|
||||
Look at them '' .
|
||||
Changing his clothes , he put on his dark-blue flannel suit , and laid away the gray jacket with the feeling that he might be putting it aside for good .
|
||||
He asked , trying to touch a part of her life Alberto hadn't discussed ; ;
|
||||
Aren't you going out to mass ? ?
|
||||
`` Are your people still alive '' ? ?
|
||||
`` Oh , I'd drink with newspaper people .
|
||||
`` Nothing .
|
||||
Jobs would be lost and new faces would become prominent .
|
||||
`` What is this '' ? ?
|
||||
There's so little to do '' .
|
||||
Was she just naturally sloppy about everything but her physical appearance ? ?
|
||||
`` This afternoon let's take an air with them .
|
||||
I like them '' .
|
||||
`` What about me '' ? ?
|
||||
Let's be fine superior people of great dignity '' , he said as if he were joking .
|
||||
A half hour later he got her up to go out for breakfast so the Ferraros , hearing them hurrying down the stairs , would think they were going to a late mass .
|
||||
But Carla's eyes were on Agnese whose glowing face and softening eyes gave her a look of warmth and happiness .
|
||||
`` I'm not trying to worry you '' .
|
||||
And Sam thanked her , and hoped he might meet her nephew back home , and asked her if she had any further news of the Pope .
|
||||
`` I had a rather small place of my own .
|
||||
`` You talk so well , Carla '' , he went on .
|
||||
He straightened up , ready to vent his exasperation , then grew afraid .
|
||||
You know something more about me every day , don't you ? ?
|
||||
Can't you get another pair '' ? ?
|
||||
`` If you find it necessary , Sam , go ahead '' , she said , turning on the stair .
|
||||
Did Signor Raymond understand ? ?
|
||||
Carla translated .
|
||||
She would turn to them , then turn to him , then turn again .
|
||||
`` Since we're having coffee with them this afternoon '' , he said , `` I think I'll ask the daughter if we can pay her to come in every day to clean for us '' .
|
||||
The Holy Father would die soon , she said to Carla , so she could translate for Sam , although he had a brilliant doctor , a man who did not need the assistance of those doctors offered by the great rulers of the world .
|
||||
The Pope , in the splendor of his great intellect , had neglected them a little .
|
||||
`` Come on , you'll be late '' .
|
||||
Devout , orthodox and plain like a family she might meet in Brooklyn or Malta or Ireland .
|
||||
No , he was indeed a saint now .
|
||||
Nothing at all '' , he said quietly .
|
||||
I can't help it '' .
|
||||
`` I am what I am .
|
||||
When they walked into the Ferraro apartment , the old lady , bowing and smiling , said softly .
|
||||
It was a good thing that she clung to her religion , he thought .
|
||||
When she had wiped some of the lipstick from her mouth , she stared solemnly at her image in the mirror .
|
||||
`` I think I'll sleep in this morning '' , she said drowsily , and as she snuggled against him , he wondered if she ever went to church .
|
||||
`` You must have been good at history at school .
|
||||
Agnese , smiling too , said , `` 'ello '' , and then more slowly , `` I am happy '' .
|
||||
It seemed to him that if the Ferraros felt sure of them , could place them , it would help him to feel more sure of himself with Carla .
|
||||
`` Why not '' ? ?
|
||||
I think I was what you might call a convivial man , and yet it was when I was alone in my studio , doing my work , that I really felt alive .
|
||||
He had never heard so many bells , and as he lay there listening , he thought of her scolding him for his remarks when he had looked up at the obelisk and the church at the top of the Spanish Steps .
|
||||
Pausing , he waited for her to turn , to ask a question .
|
||||
`` They're an expensive English shoe for walking around a lot .
|
||||
Would you be happier if I made up some stories about my life , told you some lies ? ?
|
||||
There would be changes made , and Signor Raymond should understand that when the Pope died it was like the end of a regime in Rome .
|
||||
`` What's the matter with it '' ? ?
|
||||
`` Ciao , '' and put out her hand .
|
||||
Nodding approvingly and swelling with importance , the old lady whispered confidentially .
|
||||
She had some amusing scandal about the Farneses in the old days .
|
||||
It would be good for her .
|
||||
Would he have to clean up after her every day , clean the kitchen , the bathroom , and get down on his knees and scrub the kitchen floor , then hang up her dresses , pick up her stockings , make the bed while she lay around ? ?
|
||||
This is my town .
|
||||
`` It's ten o'clock .
|
||||
The old woman had a nephew from North Italy , a poor boy from a lumber mill who had got tired of the seasonal unemployment , and who had migrated to Canada to work on the railway .
|
||||
A nice bachelor apartment in a place called the Lancaster Arms '' .
|
||||
For a year the boy had lived in the bush in a boxcar .
|
||||
Signora Ferraro , bobbing her head encouragingly , asked Sam about Canada , having a special interest .
|
||||
She wanted to know .
|
||||
`` Uhhu '' .
|
||||
As for himself , he just didn't have the temperament for it .
|
||||
Had Sam ever lived in a boxcar ? ?
|
||||
She asked , turning slowly .
|
||||
`` It means so much to her .
|
||||
Indeed he did , Sam said solemnly , trying to get Carla's eye .
|
||||
`` Carla , wake up '' , he said shaking her .
|
||||
It's like a flame , I guess '' , she said in a dreamy tone .
|
||||
Yes , the Pope could die and quickly be made a saint .
|
||||
She might like to take him to St. Peter's .
|
||||
But very mystical too .
|
||||
Where did you go to school '' ? ?
|
||||
`` Did you make friends easily '' ? ?
|
||||
You look like a tweedy Englishman .
|
||||
Acting only as interpreter Carla , her hands folded on her lap , was utterly impersonal .
|
||||
A very great Pope , this one , the old woman explained , her black eyes sparkling .
|
||||
From the time he had been at college he had achieved a certain tranquility and composure by accepting the fact that there were certain things he could never know .
|
||||
`` And I don't know why you want to go on wearing that outfit '' , she said , making a face .
|
||||
The Ferraros offered them biscuits with the coffee .
|
||||
`` What's the matter '' ? ?
|
||||
It was too bad he wasn't a Catholic himself .
|
||||
`` And then I had another place farther downtown I used as a studio '' .
|
||||
It was too bad he had no feeling himself for church .
|
||||
When they got home at midnight she was tired out .
|
||||
`` Me '' ? ?
|
||||
`` Umm , uhhu '' .
|
||||
Then they had dinner .
|
||||
`` I don't mind at all '' , he said , delighted with her attention .
|
||||
How about it '' ? ?
|
||||
He wondered Probably because it was a place where she might get a feeling of certainty and security .
|
||||
He had put on the gray jacket and the dark-gray slacks and the fawn-colored shirt he had worn that first night in Rome when he had encountered her on the street .
|
||||
It was the times , he was sure .
|
||||
It was all too wearying .
|
||||
Look somewhere else .
|
||||
Then he thought of those Old Testament figures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel .
|
||||
`` Maybe I could '' , he said , surprised that she could turn from herself and notice anything about him .
|
||||
Can't you wear something else and look a little more as though you belonged '' ? ?
|
||||
She would have been better off if she had stuck to her Bible .
|
||||
I sleep with you .
|
||||
Not his poor mother's fault .
|
||||
`` Sam , no one around here wears such heavy soles .
|
||||
Regretfully Sam explained that he had no experience with boxcars .
|
||||
`` I'm not good at that kind of thing '' .
|
||||
`` Are those the only shoes you have , Sam '' ? ?
|
||||
All evening she was eloquent and pleased with herself .
|
||||
She asked , turning suddenly .
|
||||
And he waited for her to say , `` Oh , no , I can do it , Sam .
|
||||
Being a woman though , she would take only what she needed from church .
|
||||
It was said that he had had a vision .
|
||||
Just the same , he thought , pondering over it , it would be a good thing for a girl like Carla if she got up and went to church .
|
||||
Could he honestly believe it would be good for Carla to have those old prophets gripping her imagination now ? ?
|
||||
She said .
|
||||
You could take me to St. Peter's '' .
|
||||
There was a certain discontent among the cardinals .
|
||||
And in the morning when he woke up at ten the church bells were ringing .
|
||||
`` I guess so '' , she said taking a Kleenex from her purse .
|
||||
She showed no interest at all in the life he had led back home , and it hurt him a little .
|
||||
Then they took a taxi to Trastevere .
|
||||
`` Somehow I imagine that as you grew up you were alone a lot .
|
||||
That day they loafed around , just getting the feel of the city .
|
||||
If he dwelt on the indignities he suffered he would lose all respect for her , and without the respect he might lose his view of her , too .
|
||||
Now a little flush came on her pale homely face and enchantment in her eyes .
|
||||
Just as thousands that day in Portugal had seen the sun dancing in the sky , he had seen the same thing later in his own garden , and she turned to Agnese for confirmation .
|
||||
An intellectual .
|
||||
My name's Carla Caneli .
|
||||
He didn't know how she would behave with other people .
|
||||
He wondered .
|
||||
He let her tell him all about the church .
|
||||
`` Well , what about you , Carla '' ? ?
|
||||
The cleansing tissues she had been using had been falling on the floor , and he got up and picked up one , then another , hoping she would notice what he was doing .
|
||||
`` Uhhu '' , she said , hardly listening as she studied her left eyelid .
|
||||
She no longer wanted anything about him to remind her of the circumstances of their meeting that first night in Parioli .
|
||||
They looked at the ruins of the old Roman wall on the lower Via Veneto , then they went to the Farnese Gardens .
|
||||
Her little brown face wrinkled up , her brown eyes gleamed , and with her little gestures she said all the courteous things .
|
||||
Just figures out of a tribal folklore .
|
||||
And Carla , watching in wonder , turned to Sam .
|
||||
Or a Protestant , or one of those amusing dogmatic atheists , or a strict orthodox Communist .
|
||||
And they sat down and began their little coffee party .
|
||||
Just the same , the old woman said , she would write to her nephew in his boxcar and tell him she had met a nice man from his adopted country .
|
||||
But where ? ?
|
||||
`` Well , all right then '' .
|
||||
At home he had been a clean orderly man , and now he had to hide his annoyance .
|
||||
`` There's a church you should see '' , she said .
|
||||
But it was a hopeful sign , he told himself .
|
||||
Her words remained with him , worrying him for hours .
|
||||
Agnese had been sitting quietly , listening with the serenity of the unaware .
|
||||
Why did he want her to go to church ? ?
|
||||
`` Let's go out '' .
|
||||
`` I'll get an elegant pair of thin-soled Italian shoes tomorrow , Carla '' .
|
||||
Why are you trying to worry me '' ? ?
|
||||
`` I'm not a man who has many close intimate friends , Carla '' , he said , wanting her to know all about him .
|
||||
`` Don't you know all about me by this time ? ?
|
||||
`` The heavy thick soles .
|
||||
And when they stood by the fountain in the piazza looking at Santa Maria he had to keep a straight face , not letting on he had been there with Alberto .
|
||||
`` You seem to have read so much , you have a natural gift for words '' , he added , trying to flatter her vanity .
|
||||
Did many of Sam's countrymen live in boxcars in the bush ? ?
|
||||
`` Oh , Sam .
|
||||
She asked suddenly .
|
||||
Surely she could see that these women were her Italians , too , he thought .
|
||||
All the ideologies changing from day to day , right under his eyes , so how could a man look to any one of them for an enlargement of his freedom ? ?
|
||||
What was the matter with him that they all wearied him ? ?
|
||||
so he could have something of her for himself .
|
||||
But I think a man needs at least one intimate friend to communicate with '' .
|
||||
`` Uhhu '' , she muttered .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
In child care , the opposite extreme prevails ; ;
|
||||
With the group of boys it is different .
|
||||
What additional roles has the scientific understanding of the 19th and 20th centuries played ? ?
|
||||
The frequently postulated antique worry that the daylight hours might dwindle to complete darkness apparently gave rise to a ritual and celebration which we still recognize .
|
||||
But it has been during the last two centuries , during the scientific revolution , that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides .
|
||||
We perform elaborate international exhortations and ceremonies with virtually no understanding of social cause and effect .
|
||||
There is a haunting resemblance between the notion of cause in Copernicus and in Freud .
|
||||
3 ,
|
||||
Apparently the population as a whole eventually acquires enough confidence in the explanations of the scientists to modify its procedures and its fears .
|
||||
In fact , the recent warnings about the use of X-rays have introduced fears and ambiguities of action which now require more detailed understanding , and thus in this instance , science has momentarily aggravated our fears .
|
||||
I am certainly not adequately trained to describe or enlarge on human fears , but there are certain features of the fears dispelled by scientific explanations that stand out quite clearly .
|
||||
It is difficult to reconstruct the primeval fears of man .
|
||||
In some areas , the progress is slower than in others .
|
||||
It is curious that even centuries of repetition of the yearly cycle did not induce a sufficient degree of confidence to allow people to abandon the ceremonies of the winter solstice .
|
||||
Social invention did not have to await social theory any more than use of the warmth of a fire had to await Lavoisier or the buoyant protection of a boat the formulations of Archimedes .
|
||||
Most of these , with horrible exceptions , were conceived as is a ship , not as an attempt to quell the ocean of mankind , nor to deny its force , but as a means to survive and enjoy it .
|
||||
How and why this process occurs would provide an interesting separate subject for study .
|
||||
The answer is , of course , yes .
|
||||
The achievements which dispelled our fears of the cosmos took place three centuries ago .
|
||||
They arise in situations in which one believes that what happens depends not only on the external world , but also on the precise pattern of behavior of the individual or group .
|
||||
Consitutional government , popular vote , trial by jury , public education , labor unions , cooperatives , communes , socialized ownership , world courts , and the veto power in world councils are but a few examples .
|
||||
Is the future of psychology akin to the rich future of physics at the time of Newton ? ?
|
||||
Lucretius has remarked : `` The reason why all Mortals are so gripped by fear is that they see all sorts of things happening in the earth and sky with no discernable cause , and these they attribute to the will of God '' .
|
||||
As cells coalesced into organisms , they built new `` unnatural '' and internally controlled environments to cope even more successfully with the entropy-increasing properties of the external world .
|
||||
And yet we obviously also believe that the avoidance of the disaster depends in some obscure or at least uncertain way on the details of how we behave .
|
||||
The fear of disease was formerly very much the kind of fear I have tried to describe .
|
||||
Solar activities could presumably bring long periods of flood or drought .
|
||||
We talk about national character in the same way that Copernicus talked of the compulsions of celestial bodies to move in circles .
|
||||
I am usually filled with an uneasiness that through some unwitting slip all hell may break loose .
|
||||
The useful suggestion of Professor David Hawkins which considers culture as a third stage in biological evolution fits quite beautifully then with our suggestion that science has provided us with a rather successful technique for building protective artificial environments .
|
||||
I want , therefore , to discuss a second and quite different fruit of science , the connection between scientific understanding and fear .
|
||||
They are in general those fears that once seemed to have been amenable to prayer or ritual .
|
||||
There are certainly large areas of understanding in the human sciences which in themselves and even without political invention can help to dispel our present fears .
|
||||
The persistent horror of having a malformed child has , I believe , been reduced , not because we have gained any control over this misfortune , but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it .
|
||||
Small wonder , then , that we fear .
|
||||
we fly through the air , although gravity pulls us down ; ;
|
||||
In the physical sciences , these achievements concern electricity , chemistry , and atomic physics .
|
||||
For the family is the simplest example of just such a unit , composed of people , which gives us both some immunity from , and a way of dealing with , other people .
|
||||
Often it is recognized that all the details of the pattern may not be essential to the outcome but , because the pattern was empirically determined and not developed through theoretical understanding , one is never quite certain which behavior elements are effective , and the whole pattern becomes ritualized .
|
||||
What elements of our behavior are decisive ? ?
|
||||
In fact , although we have dispelled the fear , we have not necessarily assured ourselves that there are no dangers .
|
||||
Our understanding of the solar system has taught us to replace our former elaborate rituals with the appropriate action which , in this case , amounts to doing nothing .
|
||||
And it is certainly no slight to either of them to compare both their achievements and their impact .
|
||||
Much of the former extreme uneasiness associated with visions and hallucinations and with death has disappeared .
|
||||
procedures change rapidly and parental confidence probably exceeds anything warranted by established psychological theory .
|
||||
If an automobile were approaching him , he would know what was required of him , even though he might not be able to act quickly enough .
|
||||
The most effective political inventions seem to make maximum use of natural harbors and are aware that restraining breakwaters can play only a minor part in the whole scheme .
|
||||
I believe that what I do has some effect on his actions and I have learned , in a way , to commune with drunks , but certainly my actions seem to resemble more nearly the performance of a rain dance than the carrying out of an experiment in physics .
|
||||
We have staved off a war and , since our behavior has involved all these elements , we can only keep adding to our ritual without daring to abandon any part of it , since we have not the slightest notion which parts are effective .
|
||||
In fact , insofar as science generates any fear , it stems not so much from scientific prowess and gadgets but from the fact that new unanswered questions arise , which , until they are understood , create uncertainty .
|
||||
We are forced , in our behavior towards others , to adopt empirically successful patterns in toto because we have such a minimal understanding of their essential elements .
|
||||
He does not know whether to look up or look aside , to put his hands in his pockets or to clench them at his side , to cross the street , or to continue on the same side .
|
||||
This understanding provides a very simple example of the fact that one can eliminate fear without instituting any controls .
|
||||
We have ample light when the sun sets ; ;
|
||||
We are worried about what people may do with them -- that some crazy fool may `` push the button '' .
|
||||
But a somewhat more detailed analysis of this process may be illuminating .
|
||||
Political theoretical understanding , although almost at a standstill during this century , did develop during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , and resulted in a flood of inventions which increased the possibility for man to coexist with man .
|
||||
At what stage are social sciences then ? ?
|
||||
This almost trivial example is nevertheless suggestive , for there are some elements in common between the antique fear that the days would get shorter and shorter and our present fear of war .
|
||||
In the life sciences , there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease , in the mechanisms of heredity , and in bio- and physiological chemistry .
|
||||
Yet often fear persists because , even with the most rigid ritual , one is never quite free from the uneasy feeling that one might make some mistake or that in every previous execution one had been unaware of the really decisive act .
|
||||
The situation with regard to our attitude and `` control '' of disease contains close analogies to problems confronting us with respect to people .
|
||||
There are many domains in which understanding has brought about widespread and quite appropriate reduction in ritual and fear .
|
||||
We get some clue from a few remembrances of childhood and from the circumstance that we are probably not much more afraid of people now than man ever was .
|
||||
The major effect of these advances appears to lie in the part they have played in the industrial revolution and in the tools which scientific understanding has given us to build and manipulate a more protective environment .
|
||||
We are not now afraid of atomic bombs in the same way that people once feared comets .
|
||||
They include both individual fears and collective ones .
|
||||
This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually , first , with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then , more firmly , with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions .
|
||||
A meteor could fall on San Francisco .
|
||||
Just as present technology had to await the explanations of physics , so one might expect that social invention will follow growing sociological understanding .
|
||||
There is still the remote possibility of planetoid collision .
|
||||
Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking , but where some explanations are possible , as with lightning and weather and earthquakes , the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated .
|
||||
To say that science had reduced many such fears merely reiterates the obvious and frequent statement that science eliminated much of magic and superstition .
|
||||
the range of our voice ignores distance .
|
||||
When confronted with a drunk or an insane person I have no notion of what any one of them might do to me or to himself or to others .
|
||||
Will advances in human sciences help us build social structures and governments which will enable us to cope with people as effectively as the primitive combination of protein and nucleic acid built a structure of molecules which enabled it to adapt to a sea of molecular interaction ? ?
|
||||
Yet we no longer feel uneasy .
|
||||
We are desperately in the need of such invention , for man is still very much at the mercy of man .
|
||||
the temperature of our homes is independent of the seasons ; ;
|
||||
We , in our country , think of war as an external threat which , if it occurs , will not be primarily of our own doing .
|
||||
Perhaps things were even worse then .
|
||||
In agriculture , for example , despite the advances in biology , elaborate rituals tend to persist along with a continued sense of the imminence of some natural disaster .
|
||||
Our inability to explain why certain people are fond of us frequently induces the same kind of ritual and malaise .
|
||||
In fact the accumulation of the hardware of destruction is day by day increasing our fear of each other .
|
||||
Perhaps the most illuminating example of the reduction of fear through understanding is derived from our increased knowledge of the nature of disease .
|
||||
We use terms from our personal experience with individuals such as `` trust '' , `` cheat '' , and `` get tough '' .
|
||||
In addition , our way of dealing directly with natural phenomena has also changed .
|
||||
One wonders about its applicability to people .
|
||||
The bombs are as harmless as an automobile in a garage .
|
||||
I think that we are here also talking of the kind of fear that a young boy has for a group of boys who are approaching at night along the streets of a large city .
|
||||
Our weapons production , our world prestige , our ideas of democracy , our actions of trust or stubbornness or secrecy or espionage ? ?
|
||||
Our collective policies , group and national , are similarly based on voodoo , but here we often lack even the empirically successful rituals and are still engaged in determing them .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
||||
We know that in the C-plane both C and Af are analytic .
|
||||
For any such square the middle corner of these will be called the vertex of the square and the corner not on the curve will be called the diagonal point of the square .
|
||||
We consider now the graph of the function f{t} on Af .
|
||||
Suppose Af crosses C when Af .
|
||||
The values Af are the ordinary values at Af of a multi-valued function g{t} which has components corresponding to those of f{t} .
|
||||
The arc is itself a segment of an analytic curve .
|
||||
otherwise by Lemma 1 the component would extend beyond these points .
|
||||
As S varies from zero to T , the values of S for which Af and Af cross C will be denoted by Af and Af respectively .
|
||||
Thus if E is sufficiently small , there can be only one intersection of C and Af near Q , for if there were more than one intersection for every E then the difference between C and Af near Q would not be a monotone function .
|
||||
A square inscribed in a curve C means a square with its four corner points on the curve , though it may not lie entirely in the interior of C .
|
||||
A tangent point Q in the C-plane occurs when C and Af are tangent to one another .
|
||||
There are three possibilities : ( A ) Af remains tangent to C as it is translated ; ;
|
||||
We define these values as Af , and define g{t} in the same way for each T .
|
||||
We now have certain squares with three corners on C .
|
||||
In the third category the function is double-valued in this interval .
|
||||
In some neighborhood of an isolated tangent point in the f-plane , say Af , the function Af is either double-valued or has no values defined , except at the tangent point itself , where it is single-valued .
|
||||
This theorem is similar to the theorem of Kakutani that there exists a circumscribing cube around any closed , bounded convex set in Af .
|
||||
Any other point of intersection between C and Af will be called a tangent point .
|
||||
We will denote the values of f{t} on different components by Af .
|
||||
Thus Af is also continuous at Af , and in a neighborhood of Af which does not contain a tangent point .
|
||||
Suppose Af is defined in the sub-interval Af .
|
||||
Proof .
|
||||
But this is a contradiction , for we know that the multiplicity of f{t} is odd for every T .
|
||||
We first show that the function is single-valued in some neighborhood .
|
||||
The same remarks apply to an interval on the other side of Af .
|
||||
This set must consist of isolated points and closed intervals .
|
||||
Lemma 2 .
|
||||
Each point on C , as a vertex , may possess a finite number of corresponding diagonal points by the above construction .
|
||||
The latter theorem has been generalized by Yamabe and Yujobo , and Cairns to show that in Af there are families of such cubes .
|
||||
We will refer to the plane of C and Af as the C-plane and to the plane of the graph as the Aj .
|
||||
Proof .
|
||||
We first define a function b{t} as follows : given the set of squares such that each has three corners on C and vertex at t , b{t} is the corresponding set of positive parametric differences between T and the backward corner points .
|
||||
In the C-plane we construct a set of rectangular Cartesian coordinates u , V with the origin at Q and such that both C and Af have finite slope at Q .
|
||||
As S increases we consider the two free corner points of the square , Af and Af , adjacent to P and Q respectively .
|
||||
As S approaches T the square will be outside C and therefore both Af and Af must cross C an odd number of times as S varies from zero to T .
|
||||
Furthermore , one can find a neighborhood of Q in which the difference function is monotone , for since it is analytic it can have only a finite number of extrema in any interval .
|
||||
In the f-plane the coordinates of the corresponding point are Af .
|
||||
This is true of all components which have such a bounded support .
|
||||
We must now show that on some component of the graph there exist two points for which the corresponding diagonal points in the C-plane are on opposite sides of C .
|
||||
We have Af , plus tangent points .
|
||||
Now with P fixed at Af , Af-values occur when the corner Af crosses C , and are among the values of S such that Af .
|
||||
Now Af and Af must both be tangent points on the T component in the f-plane ; ;
|
||||
The set of intersections of Af , the rotated curve , with the original curve C consists of just the set of forward corner points on C corresponding to the vertex at Af , plus the vertex itself .
|
||||
Lemma 1 .
|
||||
We suppose not .
|
||||
Again , the analyticity of the two curves guarantees that such intervals exist .
|
||||
Here , for the case of squares inscribed in plane curves , we remove the restriction to convexity and give certain other results .
|
||||
Therefore , for any value of T the number of values of f{t} is equal to the ( finite ) number of tangent points corresponding to the argument T plus an odd number .
|
||||
The remaining ( incomplete ) components all have an even number of ordinary points at any argument , and are defined only on a proper sub-interval of Aj .
|
||||
Now , to find Af , one needs the intersection of C and Af near Q .
|
||||
The graph , as a set , may have a finite number of components .
|
||||
With each vertex we associate certain numerical values , namely the set of positive differences in the parameter T between the vertex and its corresponding forward corner points .
|
||||
It is also seen that Af , since the change from Af to Af is accomplished by a continuous translation .
|
||||
We erect a square with PQ as a side and with free corners Af and Af adjacent to P and Q respectively .
|
||||
In some neighborhood in the f-plane of any ordinary point of the graph , the function f is a single-valued , continuous function .
|
||||
Then every component of the graph of F must be defined over a bounded sub-interval .
|
||||
This prevents the occurrence of an infinite sequence of isolated tangent points .
|
||||
Proof
|
||||
In the following paper it is shown that in a certain definite sense , exactly an odd number of squares can be inscribed in every such curve which does not contain an infinite number of inscribed squares .
|
||||
With the above results we can make the following remarks about the graph of F .
|
||||
We turn now to the set of tangent points on the graph .
|
||||
Further , we see by Lemma 2 that the multiplicity of F can only change at a tangent point , and at such a point can only change by an even integer .
|
||||
We again consider a fixed point P at Af and a variable point Q at Af on C .
|
||||
First , for any value of T for which all values of f{t} are ordinary points the number of values of f{t} must be odd .
|
||||
There must be an odd number of such components , which will be called complete components .
|
||||
We note that two such curves C and Af , cannot coincide at more than a finite number of points ; ;
|
||||
Therefore , Af is single-valued near Q .
|
||||
These s-values are just the ordinary values of Af .
|
||||
The function f{t} defined in this way is multi-valued .
|
||||
Lemma 3 .
|
||||
The functions F and B have exactly the same multiplicity at every argument T .
|
||||
There are two types of such intersections , depending essentially on whether the curves cross at the point of intersection .
|
||||
Consider a simple , closed , plane curve C which is a real-analytic image of the unit circle , and which is given by Af .
|
||||
Indeed , the spiral Af , with the two endpoints connected by a straight line possesses only one inscribed square .
|
||||
The square has one corner point on the straight line segment , and does not lie entirely in the interior .
|
||||
Definition .
|
||||
( B ) Af moves away from C and does not intersect it at all for Af ; ;
|
||||
To each paired vertex and diagonal point there corresponds a unique forward corner point , i.e. , the corner on C reached first by proceeding along C from the vertex in the direction of increasing T .
|
||||
Lemma 4 .
|
||||
otherwise , being analytic , they would coincide at all points , which is impossible since they do not coincide near Af .
|
||||
Proof .
|
||||
In a neighborhood of Q the difference between these functions is also a single-valued , analytic function of U .
|
||||
This terminology will also be applied to the corresponding points in the Aj .
|
||||
( C ) Af cuts across C and there are two ordinary intersections for every T in Af .
|
||||
In the neighborhood of an end point of an interval of tangent points in the f-plane the function is two-valued or no-valued on one side , and is a single-valued function consisting entirely of tangent points on the other side .
|
||||
These are real analytic periodic functions with period T .
|
||||
Thus we obtain g{t} by introducing an oblique g{t}-axis in the Aj .
|
||||
An ordinary point will be any point of intersection A such that in every neighborhood of A in the C-plane , Af meets both the interior and the exterior of C .
|
||||
For it is clear that the total number of ordinary intersections of C and Af must be even ( otherwise , starting in the interior of C , Af could not finally return to the interior ) , and the center of rotation at T is the argument of the function , not a value .
|
||||
The number of ordinary values of the function f{t} at T will be called its multiplicity at T .
|
||||
For the vertex at Af , these values will be denoted by Af .
|
||||
Each point with abscissa T on the graph represents an intersection between C and Af .
|
||||
We can now prove several lemmas .
|
||||
The roots of this equation are just the ordinates of the intersections of the graph of B with a straight line of unit slope through Af in the b-plane ( the plane of the graph of b ) .
|
||||
The points may also touch C without crossing .
|
||||
Thus the multiplicity of Af for a given T must be an even number .
|
||||
But Af is just the curve Af translated without rotation through a small arc , for Af is always obtained by rotating C through exactly 90-degrees .
|
||||
On C , from the point P at Af to the point Q at Af , we construct the chord , and upon the chord as a side erect a square in such a way that as S approaches zero the square is inside C .
|
||||
In the second category the function Af has no values defined in a neighborhood Af .
|
||||
We have shown that the graph of F contains at least one component whose inverse is the entire interval {0,T} , and whose multiplicity is odd .
|
||||
A continuous change in T through an amount E results in a translation along an analytic arc of the curve Af .
|
||||
The first possibility results in a closed interval of tangent points in the f-plane , the end points of which fall into category ( B ) or ( C ) .
|
||||
Near Q , both curves can be represented by analytic functions of U .
|
||||
The graph of f has at least one component whose support is the entire interval Aj .
|
||||
With the vertex at Af in the C-plane we assume that Af is the parametric location on C of an ordinary intersection Q between C and Af .
|
||||
The fact that there can not be any limit points of the set except in closed intervals follows from the argument used in Lemma 1 , namely , that near any tangent point in the C-plane the curves C and Af are analytic , and therefore the difference between them must be a monotone function in some neighborhood on either side of the tangent point .
|
||||
If the vertex is at Af , and if the interior of C is on the left as one moves in the direction of increasing t , then every such corner can be found from the curve obtained by rotating C clockwise through 90-degrees about the vertex .
|
||||
.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
The Strategic Air Command is the principal element of our long-range nuclear capability .
|
||||
The first Atlas ICBM's are now operational , the first two Polaris submarines are expected to be operational this calendar year , and the first Titan ICBM's next year .
|
||||
Strategy and tactics of the U.S. military forces are now undergoing one of the greatest transitions in history .
|
||||
These examples underscore the importance of even more searching evaluations of new major development programs and even more penetrating and far-ranging analyses of the potentialities of future technology .
|
||||
This aircraft , which was planned for initial operational use about 1965 , would be complementary to but likewise competitive with the four strategic ballistic missile systems , all of which are scheduled to become available earlier .
|
||||
As a result , the scope of this project has been sharply curtailed .
|
||||
I endorse pending legislation that will restore the traditional relationship between retired and active duty pay rates .
|
||||
In 1961 , these expenditures are estimated at $18.9 billion , compared to $19.3 billion in 1960 .
|
||||
Notable in this category are the Jupiter and Thor intermediate range ballistic missiles , which have been successfully developed , produced , and deployed , but the relative importance of which has diminished with the increasing availability of the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile .
|
||||
A substantial increase is estimated in the cost of operating additional communications systems in the air defense program , as well as in all programs where speed and security of communications are essential .
|
||||
a Marine Corps of 3 divisions and 3 air wings with 175,000 men ; ;
|
||||
Accordingly , if it is not repealed by the Congress at its present session , I shall have no alternative thereafter but to direct the Secretary of Defense to disregard the section unless a court of competent jurisdiction determines otherwise .
|
||||
one B-52 can do the work of several B-47's which it will replace .
|
||||
Military personnel costs .
|
||||
New obligational authority for 1961 recommended in this budget for aircraft procurement ( excluding amounts for related research and construction ) totals $4,753 million , which is $1,390 million below that enacted for 1960 .
|
||||
The first capability is represented by a combination of manned bombers , carrier-based aircraft , and intercontinental and intermediate range missiles .
|
||||
As I have stated previously , the Attorney General has advised me that this section violates fundamental constitutional principles .
|
||||
-- The deterrent power of our Armed Forces comes from both their nuclear retaliatory capability and their capability to conduct other essential operations in any form of war .
|
||||
The last few years have witnessed what have been perhaps the most rapid advances in military technology in history .
|
||||
Some weapons systems have become obsolescent while still in production , and some while still under development .
|
||||
Expenditures for shipbuilding are estimated at about the same level as in 1960 .
|
||||
The substantial progress being made in ballistic missile technology is rapidly shifting the main threat from manned bombers to missiles .
|
||||
I strongly recommend to the Congress the avoidance of mandatory floors on the size of the reserve components so that we may have the flexibility to make adjustments in keeping with military necessity .
|
||||
These increased costs are partially offset by a decrease of $56 million in expenditures for the reserve forces , largely because of the planned reduction in strength of the Army Reserve components during 1961 .
|
||||
The Minuteman solid-fueled ICBM is planned to be operational about mid-1963 .
|
||||
The forces to be supported include an Army of 14 divisions and 870,000 men ; ;
|
||||
I am recommending additional acquisitions of the improved version of the B-52 ( the B-52H with the new turbofan engine ) and procurement of the B-58 supersonic medium bomber , together with the supporting refueling tankers in each case .
|
||||
Forces and military personnel strength .
|
||||
In the budget message for 1959 , and again for 1960 , I recommended immediate repeal of section 601 of the Act of September 28 , 1951 ( 65 Stat. 365 ) .
|
||||
On the other hand , the new authority of $3,825 million proposed for missile procurement ( excluding research and construction ) in 1961 is $581 million higher than for 1960 .
|
||||
Considering the high cost of the F-108 system -- over $4 billion for the force that had been planned -- and the time period in which it would become operational , it was decided to stop further work on the project .
|
||||
The Department of Defense appropriation acts for the past several years have contained a rider which limits competitive bidding by firms in other countries on certain military supply items .
|
||||
Also , the program for fleet modernization will be stepped up in 1961 causing an increase in expenditures .
|
||||
I have requested the Secretary of Defense to reexamine the roles and missions of the reserve components in relation to those of the active forces and in the light of the changing requirements of modern warfare .
|
||||
Quality and combat readiness must take precedence over mere numbers .
|
||||
The cost of developing a major weapon system is now so enormous that the greatest care must be exercised in selecting new systems for development , in determining the most satisfactory rate of development , and in deciding the proper time at which either to place a system into production or to abandon it .
|
||||
I again proposed a reduction in the Army National Guard and Army Reserve -- from their present strengths of 400,000 and 300,000 , respectively , to 360,000 and 270,000 by the end of the fiscal year 1961 .
|
||||
Retired pay costs are increased by $94 million in 1961 over 1960 , partly because of a substantial increase in the number of retired personnel .
|
||||
The 1958 military pay act departed from this established formula by providing for a 6% increase rather than a proportionate increase for everyone retired prior to its effective date of June 1 , 1958 .
|
||||
The impact of technological factors is also illustrated by the history of the high-energy fuel program .
|
||||
Continuing technical problems involved in the use of this fuel , coupled with significant improvements in aircraft range through other means , have now raised serious questions about the value of the high-energy fuel program .
|
||||
I urge once again that the Congress not reenact this rider .
|
||||
For example , the importance of the Regulus 2 , a very promising aerodynamic ship-to-surface missile designed to be launched by surfaced submarines , was greatly diminished by the successful acceleration of the much more advanced Polaris ballistic missile launched by submerged submarines .
|
||||
By 1965 , several or all of these systems will have been fully tested and their reliability established .
|
||||
-- This budget will provide in the fiscal year 1961 for the continued support of our forces at approximately the present level -- a year-end strength of 2,489,000 men and women in the active forces .
|
||||
Basic long-line communications in Alaska are now provided through Federal facilities operated by the Army , Air Force , and Federal Aviation Agency .
|
||||
The second capability is represented by our deployed ground , naval , and air forces in essential forward areas , together with ready reserves capable of effecting early emergency reinforcement .
|
||||
These contrasting trends in procurement reflect the anticipated changes in the composition and missions of our Armed Forces in the years ahead .
|
||||
Strategic forces .
|
||||
Further increases arise from the civilian employee health program enacted by the Congress last year .
|
||||
By that time we should be in a much better position to determine the value of that aircraft as a weapon system .
|
||||
As I have repeatedly stated , this provision is much more restrictive than the general law , popularly known as the Buy American Act .
|
||||
Meanwhile , other air defense forces are being made effective , as described later in this message .
|
||||
This section prevents the military departments and the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization from carrying out certain transactions involving real property unless they come into agreement with the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives .
|
||||
-- Expenditures for operating and maintaining the stations and equipment of the Armed Forces are estimated to be $10.3 billion in 1961 , which is $184 million more than in 1960 .
|
||||
The growing communications needs of this new State can best be met , as they have in other States , through the operation and development of such facilities by private enterprise .
|
||||
-- About 30% of the expenditures for the Department of Defense in 1961 are for military personnel costs , including pay for active , reserve , and retired military personnel .
|
||||
These strengths are considered adequate to meet the essential roles and missions of the reserves in support of our national security objectives .
|
||||
The size and scope of other important programs have been reduced from earlier plans .
|
||||
In the coming fiscal year additional quantities of Atlas , Titan , and Polaris missiles also will be procured .
|
||||
Similar restrictions on the strength of the Army National Guard contained in the 1960 Department of Defense Appropriation Act should likewise be dropped .
|
||||
and an Air Force of 91 combat wings and 825,000 men .
|
||||
Procurement , research , and construction .
|
||||
Thus , the need for the B-70 as a strategic weapon system is doubtful .
|
||||
This project was started at a time when there was a critical need for a high-energy fuel to provide an extra margin of range for high performance aircraft , particularly our heavy bombers .
|
||||
Under modern conditions , this is especially true of the ready reserve .
|
||||
Thus , in the last few years , a number of programs which looked very promising at the time their development was commenced have since been completely eliminated .
|
||||
The decreases , which are largely in construction and in aircraft procurement , are offset in part by increases for research and development and for procurement of other military equipment such as tanks , vehicles , guns , and electronic devices .
|
||||
The task of providing a reasonable level of military strength , without endangering other vital aspects of our security , is greatly complicated by the swift pace of scientific progress .
|
||||
Operation and maintenance .
|
||||
One of the important and difficult decisions which had to be made in this budget concerned the role of the B-70 , a long-range supersonic bomber .
|
||||
Funds are also included in this budget to continue the equipping of the B-52 wings with the Hound Dog air-to-surface missile .
|
||||
a Navy of 817 active ships and 619,000 men ; ;
|
||||
Last year the Congress discontinued its previously imposed minimum personnel strength limitations on the Army Reserve .
|
||||
Legislation has already been proposed to authorize the sale of these Government-owned systems in Alaska , and its early enactment is desirable .
|
||||
-- Approximately 45% of the expenditures for the Department of Defense are for procurement , research , development , and construction programs .
|
||||
However , I am recommending that development work on the B-70 air-frame and engines be continued .
|
||||
Traditionally , rates of pay for retired military personnel have been proportionate to current rates of pay for active personnel .
|
||||
Another example is the recent cancellation of the F-108 , a long-range interceptor with a speed three times as great as the speed of sound , which was designed for use against manned bombers in the period of the mid-1960's .
|
||||
Furthermore , unexpectedly rapid progress or a technological break-through on any one weapon system , in itself , often diminishes the relative importance of other competitive systems .
|
||||
Other factors increasing operating costs include the higher unit cost of each flying hour , up 11% in two years , and of each steaming hour , up 15% .
|
||||
In total , these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures , such as reduced numbers of units and installations , smaller inventories of major equipment , and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces .
|
||||
The increase stems largely from the growing complexity of and higher degree of maintenance required for newer weapons and equipment .
|
||||
The change of emphasis from conventional-type to missile-type warfare must be made with care , mindful that the one type of warfare cannot be safely neglected in favor of the other .
|
||||
If the reserve components are to serve effectively in time of war , their basic organization and objectives must conform to the changing character and missions of the active forces .
|
||||
It is expected that in 1963 two prototype aircraft will be available for flight testing .
|
||||
These expenditures are estimated to be $12.1 billion , an increase of $187 million over 1960 , reflecting additional longevity pay of career personnel , more dependents , an increased number of men drawing proficiency pay , and social security tax increases ( effective for the full year in 1961 compared with only 6 months in 1960 ) .
|
||||
This has necessitated a continuous review and reevaluation of the defense program in order to redirect resources to the newer and more important weapons systems and to eliminate or reduce effort on weapons systems which have been overtaken by events .
|
||||
These additional modern bombers will replace some of the older B-47 medium bombers ; ;
|
||||
Our military forces must be capable of contending successfully with any contingency which may be forced upon us , from limited emergencies to all-out nuclear general war .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
|
||||
Surely there was a better word .
|
||||
At two that morning , he was still walking -- up and down Peony , up and down the veranda , up and down the silent , moonlit beach .
|
||||
Just look at that sky .
|
||||
There were a sprinkling of daring bikinis and a preponderance of glorified tank suits .
|
||||
`` I've got this cold .
|
||||
He had noticed before that the natives seemed to regard really filthy weather as a kind of Pyhrric victory over the tourists .
|
||||
She had explained it -- something about summer people's eating out and not enough space in the units .
|
||||
They would be black or white or horse-blanket plaid , chic and splashy , like Vivian herself .
|
||||
He leafed through the light reading provided by Mrs. Kirby for her guests : four separate adventures of the Bobbsey Twins ( At the Seashore , At the Mountains , On the Farm , and In Danger ) and several agricultural bulletins on the treatment of hoof-and-mouth disease in cattle , hideously illustrated .
|
||||
`` You've got a peaked look .
|
||||
And where was the thing ? ?
|
||||
She bellowed triumphantly .
|
||||
It was Mrs. Kirby , making her toilsome way along the veranda , laden with a clattery collection of mops , brushes , and pails .
|
||||
`` I hope so .
|
||||
`` I guess that redhead next to me took your advice .
|
||||
This was a very warm , sympathetic girl , he decided .
|
||||
Charlie couldn't see Vivian offering any hand lotion .
|
||||
He had to write very small to get it on the bottom of the scrap of paper .
|
||||
Are you ? ?
|
||||
In these damp circumstances , he was an odds-on bet to develop pneumonia .
|
||||
`` Ah '' .
|
||||
Under normal circumstances , he had a certain bright-eyed all-American-boy charm , with great appeal for young ladies , old ladies , and dogs .
|
||||
but on further investigation , the thing proved to be a sweater , of the long-hair variety that sheds onto men's jackets -- pale , pale pink and , according to the label , size thirty-four .
|
||||
But then , neither was peaked .
|
||||
Once burned -- scalded , really , because Vivian had given him every encouragement -- forever shy .
|
||||
She sounded a little like a redhead .
|
||||
`` Would you mind wrapping your onion '' ? ?
|
||||
`` I spoke to the fellow next door , too '' , she might say .
|
||||
`` I've got this sunburn '' , said the note , `` and I used some of your hand lotion .
|
||||
`` Of course I don't mind '' , she answered .
|
||||
The sweater was gone from the refrigerator , and in its place was a large plastic bag , full of wet pink clothes .
|
||||
She didn't say you were puny .
|
||||
Finally , in desperation , he opened the refrigerator , filched her hand lotion , and left a note .
|
||||
She might peel him , once the worst of the agony was over .
|
||||
He didn't know what was so tough about Vivian's world , slopping around Nassau with what's-his-name .
|
||||
`` He's that peaked kind '' .
|
||||
Charlie forbore to mention that the wet was somewhat universal , Peony being less than weatherproof .
|
||||
She didn't sound like a pale girl .
|
||||
`` Oh , yes .
|
||||
Yes , take Vivian .
|
||||
`` I'm not that anxious , but maybe that's why you're so fair '' .
|
||||
`` Lots of sun , lots of rest .
|
||||
The sun , blazing hot as prophesied , was far from kind to Mrs. Kirby's varicolored properties .
|
||||
He remembered seeing it last night , when he put away his small store of bachelor-type eatables .
|
||||
I haven't seen her on the beach '' .
|
||||
`` Oh , nothing .
|
||||
The note was propped against his pill bottles and bore a postscript : `` You're not at all well , are you '' ? ?
|
||||
Hardly an inviting description .
|
||||
Not that he had supposed , considering the evidence , that he was sharing this refrigerator with a member of the Beach Patrol .
|
||||
Just glad the rain's stopped '' .
|
||||
You young men get to be my age , you won't take flu so lightly '' .
|
||||
He looked up to see Mrs. Kirby , awesome in a black-and-yellow polka-dotted slicker , bearing down on him .
|
||||
Also the canoe '' .
|
||||
`` Broiled out .
|
||||
Not that it was any of her business .
|
||||
Eh '' ? ?
|
||||
`` Gee , neither do I '' .
|
||||
He didn't want to encourage anything here ; ;
|
||||
`` Ugh '' .
|
||||
The red pills are a vitamin-and-iron compound .
|
||||
The note paper was pink , too , and the handwriting small and dainty and utterly feminine .
|
||||
Do you have anything to read while you're shut up ? ?
|
||||
Hope you don't mind '' .
|
||||
but on the other hand , he didn't want her swiping his salami .
|
||||
This is a sleeping capsule .
|
||||
He had loved and lost Vivian Wayne to somebody else , had watched her marry the somebody else , and had caught a bear of a cold by kissing the bride good-by forever , which was really piling it on .
|
||||
`` My , you're peaked .
|
||||
He paid little attention to her because she was a redhead and because she was wearing white -- one of those bulky , turtle-neck sweaters .
|
||||
`` I don't have a lemon '' .
|
||||
Meanwhile , he had this miserable cold , and as he leaned against the refrigerator , watching the rain make sandy puddles at his feet , the doctor's prescription for lots of sun seemed like a hollow mockery .
|
||||
He dozed , only to dream of Vivian , and woke , only to crash into the night table , bruising his other shin .
|
||||
`` Why does this girl keep a sweater in the refrigerator '' ? ?
|
||||
It was still raining , and Mrs. Kirby's cottages bloomed through the gray haze like the names they bore , vivid blue and green and magenta .
|
||||
Somebody had .
|
||||
But then , as he well knew , women are not guided by logic or common sense .
|
||||
Said this note .
|
||||
it was a tough world , and you had to be tough to hold your own .
|
||||
`` You won't , if you're looking for a redhead .
|
||||
`` How's your sunburn now ? ?
|
||||
She felt , and said , that sympathy only made people feel sorry for themselves ; ;
|
||||
Share bath , maybe -- but share refrigerator ? ?
|
||||
`` Puny goes with pale and peaked .
|
||||
Then he remembered .
|
||||
This weekend , he thought , he would look around for some more subdued retreat , with Cape roses , maybe , at the door .
|
||||
He could not imagine a flower's being brave enough to grow beside Peony , Larkspur , and the rest .
|
||||
but the picture of Tom Swift is pretty sinister .
|
||||
Sympathy is a fine quality in a woman .
|
||||
Charlie grinned .
|
||||
He scrawled `` Sorry '' across the bottom of the note and then , against his better judgment , added : `` Don't you eat '' ? ?
|
||||
Today , he looked like an Astronaut who had left his vitamin pills on the bureau and spent six months in space : hollow eyes , hollow cheeks , hollow stomach .
|
||||
The others will make you a little more comfortable until you get it licked .
|
||||
He took a yellow pill , only to choke on it , and went for the salami , only to find something alive in the refrigerator -- something pink and fuzzy .
|
||||
Better get in out of the wet '' .
|
||||
I've got this cold '' .
|
||||
No wonder she was so pale , wearing all those cold clothes .
|
||||
You want to watch out that you don't get burned to an ash , first sunny day .
|
||||
I must remember to warn the girl next to you in Larkspur .
|
||||
Take Vivian .
|
||||
He looked more closely .
|
||||
`` Fine , day after tomorrow '' , she added .
|
||||
By the next morning , she had turned the paper over .
|
||||
Pink , Vivian once had told him , was for baby girls , and grown-up girls who wore pink were subconsciously clinging to their infancy .
|
||||
It gave him a good feeling .
|
||||
He had caught , too , like an ailment , a confirmed distrust of women .
|
||||
`` What's that you say '' ? ?
|
||||
When Charlie came up from the beach for his four-o'clock pill , the whole establishment ( gaudy enough when seen through mist and fog ) looked like a floodlit modern painting -- great blocks of dizzy color , punctuated at regular intervals by the glaring white of five community refrigerators .
|
||||
Run-down , iron-poor .
|
||||
`` I hope so '' , he said .
|
||||
Breakfast , he thought .
|
||||
Up on a dune , he saw a girl , all by herself , sitting on a camp stool before an easel and absorbed in her painting .
|
||||
`` M-m-m .
|
||||
Why don't you try that '' ? ?
|
||||
She studied him briefly .
|
||||
On the beach , there were pale girls and not-so-pale girls .
|
||||
As for its being fine , day after tomorrow , he had the unhappy conviction that it would never be fine again , with Vivian lost to him forever .
|
||||
From now on , his was going to be a man's world : the North Woods , duck blinds at dawning , beer and poker and male secretaries .
|
||||
But then , redheads are often pale .
|
||||
What's puny '' ? ?
|
||||
There are two things here about Surviving in the Wilderness , and a book called ' Tom Swift and His Speedy Canoe ' ; ;
|
||||
Everything being the sweater , a lipstick case , and a squirt bottle of Kissin' Kare pink hand lotion .
|
||||
His first thought was that Mrs. Kirby , in her mania for color , had dyed a cat and that cat had somehow managed to open the refrigerator door and climb in ; ;
|
||||
The doctor could call it anything from flu to beriberi ; ;
|
||||
Charlie downed his orange juice and one of the long , skinny green pills , his spirits as damp as the day .
|
||||
He looked around his little Eden : bureau , bed , table , chair , two-burner stove .
|
||||
`` So you said '' .
|
||||
`` It's none of my business '' , said the next note , `` but my Aunt Elsie used to take lemon juice and honey in hot water for a cold , and she lived to be ninety-six .
|
||||
`` You're having a miserable time , aren't you ? ?
|
||||
`` That Mrs. Kirby ! !
|
||||
A shot of orange juice would make everything seem better .
|
||||
`` Three-day blow '' ! !
|
||||
`` The smell permeates everything '' ! !
|
||||
He spent that afternoon on the beach , looking for a pale , browny-haired girl in a pink bathing suit .
|
||||
He could hear Mrs. Kirby now , warning her pale guest against sunburn .
|
||||
`` You share a refrigerator '' , Mrs. Kirby had said , and somehow , at midnight , after the long drive from New York in pelting rain , that had sounded reasonable .
|
||||
but Charlie knew what was wrong with him and knew , too , that there was no pill to cure it .
|
||||
Ah , yes -- his half of a refrigerator stood outside , on the `` curving veranda '' between Unit Number Three and Unit Number Four .
|
||||
Be a scorcher by afternoon '' .
|
||||
He could imagine her at this minute , honeymooning in Nassau with what's-his-name , lounging on golden sands , looking forward to a life of unalloyed bliss .
|
||||
Charlie had accepted the diagnosis without comment .
|
||||
I'll bet she told you I was puny , too .
|
||||
Suppose what's-his-name got a sunburn ? ?
|
||||
All Charlie could look forward to was a yellow pill at noon , a salami sandwich for lunch , and a lonely old age -- if he lived that long .
|
||||
She scrutinized him .
|
||||
He mused aloud .
|
||||
She's got browny hair '' .
|
||||
Thought I'd bake it out in the sun '' .
|
||||
Charlie looked in the mirror .
|
||||
Must have really smelled up her sweater , he thought , and wondered idly just why she kept the sweater fast-frozen .
|
||||
He thought about it for a minute , could find no reasonable explanation for the presence of a sweater in the refrigerator , got the salami , bread , and a Bermuda onion , and put the whole thing out of his mind .
|
||||
Use all the lotion you want , and for goodness' sake , stay in out of the sun for a couple of days '' .
|
||||
Now Vivian , for instance , was not too long on sympathy .
|
||||
Correspondence passed back and forth .
|
||||
This vacation had seemed like a good idea last week , when his doctor had prescribed it .
|
||||
I mean , she's still living , and she's ninety-six .
|
||||
There were pink bathing suits on blondes , and browny-haired girls in red or black or green bathing suits .
|
||||
He stuck his head in Mrs. Kirby's little rental office .
|
||||
`` I've got this cold '' , he wrote .
|
||||
Frail , feeble -- peaked .
|
||||
How's your cold '' ? ?
|
||||
Charlie spent the next two days in his pajama bottoms , waiting for the fire in his back to subside , and used generous quantities of the hand lotion .
|
||||
`` Take a full month '' , the doctor had said .
|
||||
`` Not onions '' , came the answer the following day .
|
||||
And he saw them all as he walked up and down .
|
||||
Thanks '' , was her answer the next day .
|
||||
Next morning , he found a note in the refrigerator .
|
||||
That pale kind's the worst '' .
|
||||
The only thing , this lotion has glycerin in it , and that whitens the skin , so if you're so anxious to get a tan , you may not want to use it '' .
|
||||
He got a red pill and a beer and then , on impulse , transferred the rest of his salami to her side of the refrigerator and scrawled `` Be my guest '' on the wrapping .
|
||||
Clearly , two damp days with the Bobbsey Twins had done him no good .
|
||||
In the cold light of day , it seemed a lunatic arrangement .
|
||||
Now , if this were Vivian next door to him and if , for some obscure female reason , she kept her clothes in the refrigerator , they would not be pink .
|
||||
That pale kind , Charlie thought .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
A band of robbers enters a railroad station , overpowers and ties up the telegraph operator , holds up the train and escapes .
|
||||
The man was D.W. Griffith .
|
||||
The phonograph today , for all its high fidelity and stereophonic sound , is precisely what the early art purveyors in the movies wished to make of the camera .
|
||||
Movement itself was the chief and often the only attraction of the primitive movies of the nineties .
|
||||
Each scene is shot straight through , as had been the universal custom , from a camera fixed in a single position , but in the outdoor scenes , especially in the capture and destruction of the outlaws , Porter's camera position breaks , necessarily , with the camera position standard until then , which had been , roughly , that of a spectator in a center orchestra seat at a play .
|
||||
Thus such great American documentaries as The River and The Plow That Broke The Plains were composed as visual stories rather than as illustrated lectures .
|
||||
Moreover , the most artistically successful of the nonfiction films have invariably borrowed the narrative form from the fiction feature .
|
||||
Time and space have both become cinematic .
|
||||
In about seven years Griffith either invented or first realized the possibilities of virtually every resource at the disposal of the film maker .
|
||||
Before he was forty Griffith had created the art of the film .
|
||||
Now time is also the concern of the fictional narrative , which is , at its simplest , the story of an action with , usually , a beginning , a middle , and an end -- elements which demand time as the first condition for their existence .
|
||||
The effort produced a valuable record of stage techniques in the early years of the century and some interesting records of great theater figures who would otherwise be only names .
|
||||
The robbers run from the hide-out , take cover in a wooded declivity , and are shot dead by the posse .
|
||||
Staggeringly condensed versions of famous novels and famous plays were presented .
|
||||
For a moment or two , both scenes are present simultaneously , one growing weaker , one growing stronger .
|
||||
you are cutting .
|
||||
The creator of the art of the film : D.W. Griffith
|
||||
The plane of the action in the scene is not parallel with the plane of the film in the camera or on the screen .
|
||||
This is the rate of projection ; ;
|
||||
The material of the Porter film is simplicity itself ; ;
|
||||
In a series of fairy tales and fantasies , Melies demonstrated that the film is superbly equipped to tell a straightforward story , with beginning , middle and end , complications , resolutions , climaxes , and conclusions .
|
||||
When he came to the movies -- more or less by accident -- they were still cheap entertainment capable of enthralling the unthinking for an idle few minutes .
|
||||
A posse is formed and pursues the robbers , who , having made their escape , are whooping it up with some wild , wild women in a honky-tonk hide-out .
|
||||
Great actors and actresses -- the most notable being Sarah Bernhardt -- were hired to repeat their stage performances before the camera .
|
||||
the headsman swung his axe ; ;
|
||||
The Great Train Robbery is a one-reel film .
|
||||
But no art at all was born of the art effort in the early movies .
|
||||
Almost everything about the movies that is peculiarly of the movies derives from a tension created and maintained between narrative time and film time .
|
||||
you are employing the basic technique of film ; ;
|
||||
We leap from event to event -- including the formation of the posse -- even though the events , in `` reality '' are taking place not in sequence but simultaneously , and not near each other but at a considerable distance .
|
||||
it is also the rate of photographing .
|
||||
Brief snips of actual events were shown : parades , dances , street scenes .
|
||||
The `` projection '' time of painting and sculpture is highly subjective , varying from person to person and even varying for a given person on different occasions .
|
||||
The unfortunate queen mounted the scaffold ; ;
|
||||
The physical film is cut with a knife at the end of one complete sequence , and the cut edge is joined physically , by cement , to the cut edge of the beginning of the next sequence .
|
||||
it presumes both speed and urgency and it demands cutting -- both from pursued to pursuer and from stage to stage of the journey of both .
|
||||
The two events are taking place at the same time .
|
||||
The simple , naked idea of one man chasing another is of its nature better fitted for the film than it is for any other form of fiction .
|
||||
The chase in itself is a narrative ; ;
|
||||
In response , the industry allowed the discovery of the motion picture as a form of fiction and thus gave the movies the essential form they have had to this day .
|
||||
the head dropped off ; ;
|
||||
If , in preparing that shot for the inevitable showing to your friends , you interrupt the sequence to paste in a few frames of the child's grandmother watching this event , you have begun to be an artist in film ; ;
|
||||
In the field of entertainment there is no spur to financial daring so effective as audience boredom , and the first decade of the new device was not over before audiences began staying away in large numbers from the simple-minded , one-minute shows .
|
||||
In all of this extensive and expensive effort , the camera was downgraded to the status of recording instrument for art work produced elsewhere by the actor or by the author .
|
||||
Cutting , of course , takes place automatically in the creation of a film .
|
||||
The `` moving '' picture of the train or the wave coming at the audience is , to be sure , more intense than a still picture of the same subject , but the difference is really one of degree ; ;
|
||||
Color was delayed until 1935 , the wide screen until the early fifties .
|
||||
He did more than that .
|
||||
An early film by a competitor of the Wizard of Menlo Park simply showed a long kiss performed by two actors of the contemporary stage .
|
||||
The movie was The Great Train Robbery and its effects on the young industry and art were all but incalculable .
|
||||
Despite the sheer beauty and spectacle of numerous documentaries , art films , and travelogues , despite the impressive financial success of such a recent development as Cinerama , the movies are at heart a form of fiction , like the play , the novel , or the short story .
|
||||
In narrative , time is essential , as it is in film .
|
||||
All this is simple enough , but in telling the story Porter did two important things that had not been done before .
|
||||
In that apparently simple shift Porter opened the way to the sensitive use of the camera as an instrument of art as well as a mechanical recording device .
|
||||
So is the time of the novel .
|
||||
Melies , however , out of his professional instincts as a magician , discovered and made use of a number of illusionary techniques that remain part of the vocabulary of film .
|
||||
It was Porter , however , who produced the very first movie whose name has lived on through the half century of film history that has since ensued .
|
||||
the cinematic element of time is merely used to increase the realism of an object which would still be reasonably realistic in a still photo .
|
||||
Overnight , for one thing , Porter's film multiplied the standard running time of movies by ten .
|
||||
The discovery that movies are a form of fiction was made in the early years of this century and it was made chiefly by two men , a French magician , Georges Melies , and an American employee of Edison , Edwin S. Porter .
|
||||
There still remained the need for one great film artist to explore the full potential of the new form and to make it an art .
|
||||
The `` chase '' as a standard film device probably dates from The Great Train Robbery , and there is a reason for the continued popularity of the device .
|
||||
Each film consisted of fifty feet , which gives a running time of about one minute on the screen .
|
||||
The cowboy films , the cops and robbers films , and the slapstick comedy films culminating in an insane chase are not only catering to what critics may assume to be a vulgar taste for violence ; ;
|
||||
If the change , at first sight , seems minor , we may recall that it took the Italian painters about two hundred years to make an analogous change , and the Italian painters , by universal consent , were the most brilliant group of geniuses any art has seen .
|
||||
One of these is the `` dissolve '' , which makes possible a visually smooth transition from scene to scene .
|
||||
As the first scene begins to fade , the succeeding scene begins to appear .
|
||||
Immediately , the film improved and it improved because in narrative it found a content based on time to complement its own unbreakable connection with time .
|
||||
One reel -- from eight to twelve minutes -- became the standard length from the year of Robbery , 1903 , until Griffith shattered that limit forever with Birth Of A Nation in 1915 .
|
||||
end of film .
|
||||
This discovery of Melies was vastly more important than his sometimes dazzling , magician's tricks produced on film .
|
||||
This is what Porter did .
|
||||
The reel itself became and still is the standard of measure for the movies .
|
||||
The sensational and frightening enjoyed popularity : a train rushes straight at the audience , or a great wave threatens to break over the seats .
|
||||
She dashes around in alarm .
|
||||
Of the two , Porter is justly the better known , for he went far beyond the vital finding of fiction for films to take the first step toward fashioning a language of film , toward making the motion picture the intricate , efficient time machine that it has remained since , even in the most inept hands .
|
||||
Motion-picture exhibitions took place in stores in a general atmosphere like that of the penny arcade which can still be found in such urban areas as Times Square .
|
||||
The film consists of a series of still , transparent photographs , or `` frames '' , 35-mm.-wide .
|
||||
Time is built into the motion picture , which cannot exist without time .
|
||||
The meaning of the word is quite physical , to begin with .
|
||||
The drama in the theater and the concert in the hall both have a fixed time , but the time is fixed by the director and the players , the conductor and the instrumentalists , subject , therefore , to much variation , as record collectors well know .
|
||||
these films and these sequences are also seeking out -- instinctively or by design -- the peculiarly cinematic elements of narrative .
|
||||
If , as a home movie maker , you shoot the inevitable footage of your child taking its first steps , you have merely recorded an historical event .
|
||||
Narrative time and film time
|
||||
As long as audiences came to see the movement , there seemed little reason to adventure further .
|
||||
As the robbers leave the looted train , the film suddenly cuts back to the station , where the telegrapher's little daughter arrives with her father's dinner pail only to find him bound on the floor .
|
||||
Not that there had not been attempts , mostly European , to do exactly that .
|
||||
Physically , a movie is possible because a series of images is projected one at a time at such a speed that the eye `` remembers '' the one that has gone before even as it registers the one now appearing .
|
||||
much of it has continued to be used over the years and the heart of it -- good guys and bad guys in the old West -- pretty well dominated television toward the end of the 1950's .
|
||||
An early Edison production was The Execution Of Mary , Queen Of Scots .
|
||||
But in general the European efforts to make an art of the entertainment had ignored the slowly emerging language of the film itself .
|
||||
Linking the smoothly changing images together , the eye itself endows them with the illusion of movement .
|
||||
Not surprisingly , this approach did not work .
|
||||
He revealed the potential value of the `` cut '' as the basic technique in the art of the film .
|
||||
The time of the motion picture is fixed absolutely .
|
||||
As a finale is appended a close-up of one of the band taking aim and firing his revolver straight at the audience .
|
||||
Each frame comes between the light and the lens and is individually projected on the screen , at the rate , for silent movies , of 16 frames per second , and , for sound films , 24 frames per second .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
Solomon Chandler hadn't misjudged the strength of his lungs , not at all .
|
||||
I know that I myself felt that it was a mortal shame for a man to be torn open by a British musket ball , as Isaac had been , yet I also felt relieved and lucky that it had been him and not myself .
|
||||
It was my initiation to war and the insane symphony war plays ; ;
|
||||
but when he passed us by , a musket roared , and he reared his horse , swung it around , and began to whip it back in the direction from which he had come .
|
||||
It was the first time any of us had laughed since the morning began .
|
||||
My Cousin Simmons carried a musket , but he had loaded it with bird shot , and as the officer came opposite him , he rose up behind the wall and fired .
|
||||
There was a clump of trees that appeared to provide cover right up to the road , and the shouting and gunfire never slackened .
|
||||
He came spurring and whooping down the road , his horse kicking up clouds of dust , shouting :
|
||||
`` I learned that now '' , I said .
|
||||
the passage and rhythm of time changed , and when I remember back to what happened then , each event is a separate and frozen incident .
|
||||
I must state that the faster things happened , the slower they happened ; ;
|
||||
and though he had found the strength to run with us , now he collapsed and lay on the ground , dying , the Reverend holding his head and wiping his hot brow .
|
||||
The gunfire , which was so near that it seemed just a piece up the road now , stopped for long enough to count to twenty ; ;
|
||||
While this was being discussed , we saw the militia to the west of us fanning out and breaking into little clusters of two and three men as they approached the road .
|
||||
And now the redcoats were coming , and the gunfire was a part of the dust cloud on the road to the west of us .
|
||||
Three men were around him .
|
||||
The last thing in the world that resembled a war was our line of farmers and storekeepers and mechanics perched on top of a stone wall , and this dashing rider made us feel a good deal sharper and more alert to the situation .
|
||||
Mattathias Dover said :
|
||||
We ran east for about half a mile before we turned back to the road , panting from the effort and soaked with sweat .
|
||||
The redcoat officer collapsed like a punctured bolster , and the horse reared and threw him from the saddle , except that one booted foot caught in the stirrup .
|
||||
I didn't offer any advice , but I certainly did not want to go back to where the officer lay with his brains dashed out .
|
||||
I went off with Cousin Simmons , who maintained that if he didn't see to me , he didn't know who would .
|
||||
Under the trees , there was a dead redcoat , a young boy with a pasty white skin and a face full of pimples , who had taken a rifle ball directly between the eyes .
|
||||
`` Committeemen , hold your fire ! !
|
||||
It was the opinion of some of us that these must be part of the Committeemen who had been in the Battle of the North Bridge , which entitled them to a sort of veteran status , and we felt that if they employed this tactic , it was likely enough the best one .
|
||||
We tumbled to a stop in Deacon Gordon's cow hole , a low-lying bit of pasture with a muddy pool of water in its middle .
|
||||
A voice called , and what made it even more terrible and unreal was that the redcoat ranks never paused for an instant , only some of them glancing toward the stone wall , from behind which the voice came .
|
||||
I was drunk with excitement and the smell of gunpowder that came floating down from the road , and the fact that I was not afraid now , but only waiting to know what to do next .
|
||||
Yet it could not have been more than a matter of seconds , and then the front of the British army came into view .
|
||||
Their only hope of survival was to hold to the road and keep marching .
|
||||
The rider from Concord was as good as his word .
|
||||
but this grinning , broken head , not ten feet away from me , was the sharp definition of what my reality had become .
|
||||
Someone said that while we were standing here and arguing about it , the British would be gone ; ;
|
||||
Meanwhile , I reloaded my gun , as the other men were doing .
|
||||
One moment there was a man in the saddle ; ;
|
||||
It may appear that we were cruel and callous , but no one had time to spend sympathizing with poor Isaac -- except the Reverend .
|
||||
I have heard people talk with contempt about the British regulars , but that only proves that a lot of people talk about things of which they are deplorably ignorant .
|
||||
It was only hours since I had last seen them , but they had changed and I had changed .
|
||||
but Cousin Simmons said he had watched them marching west early in the morning , and moving at a much brisker pace it had still taken half an hour for their column to pass , what with the narrowness of the road and their baggage and ammunition carts .
|
||||
Isaac Pitt , one of the men from Lincoln , had taken a musket ball in his belly ; ;
|
||||
In my recollection , there was a long interval between the death of the officer and the appearance of the first of the retreating redcoats , and in that interval the dust cloud over the road seems to hover indefinitely .
|
||||
One moment , the road was filled with disciplined troops , marching four by four with a purpose as implacable as death ; ;
|
||||
the next a headless horror on a horse that bolted through the redcoat ranks , and during the next second or two , we all of us fired into the suddenly disorganized column of soldiers .
|
||||
Later we realized that the redcoats had stopped their charge at the wall .
|
||||
By God , they're a-coming , they are '' ! !
|
||||
Cousin Simmons roared .
|
||||
`` It makes sense .
|
||||
Whatever we felt about the redcoats , we respected them in terms of their trade , which was killing ; ;
|
||||
The front of their column had already passed us , when another officer came riding down the side of the road , not five paces from where we were .
|
||||
That settled it , and we broke into parties of two and three .
|
||||
As for this rider , I never saw him before or afterwards and never saw him dismounted , so whether he stood tall or short in his shoes , I can't say ; ;
|
||||
for what had happened on the common was only terror and flight ; ;
|
||||
Cousin Joshua Dover decided to remain with the Reverend and poor Isaac Pitt until life passed away -- and he was hurt so badly he did not seem for long in this world .
|
||||
but I do know that he gave the day tone and distinction .
|
||||
Hold your fire '' ! !
|
||||
I don't know whether he was after our rider , who had gone by a minute before , or whether he was simply scouting conditions ; ;
|
||||
I have observed that being up on a horse changes the whole character of a man , and when a very small man is up on a saddle , he'd like as not prefer to eat his meals there .
|
||||
I put a lot more trust in my two legs than in the gun , because the most important thing I had learned about war was that you could run away and survive to talk about it .
|
||||
No drummers here , no pipers , and the red coats were covered with a fine film of dust .
|
||||
and about a mile to the west a cluster of at least fifty Militia were making their way in our direction .
|
||||
They had stripped him of his musket and equipment , and now they were pulling his boots and jacket off .
|
||||
Rank after rank of them came down the road , and the faces were all the same , and they walked in a sea of dust .
|
||||
I think you could have heard him a mile away , and he was bursting at every seam with importance .
|
||||
and then I was adding my own voice to the crescendo of sound , hurling more vile language than I ever thought I knew , sobbing and shouting , and aware that if I had passed water before , it was not enough , for my pants were soaking wet .
|
||||
We came down off the wall as if he had toppled all of us , and we crouched behind it .
|
||||
Cousin Simmons grabbed one of them by the shoulder and flung him away .
|
||||
and in that brief interval , a redcoat officer came tearing down the road , whipping his horse fit to kill .
|
||||
`` God's name , what are you to rob the dead with the fight going on '' ! !
|
||||
From above me and somewhere behind me , a rifle cracked .
|
||||
`` Good heavens , Adam '' , he said , `` I thought one thing you'd have no trouble learning is when to get out of a place '' .
|
||||
I would have stood there and died there if left to myself , but Cousin Simmons grabbed my arm in his viselike grip and fairly plucked me out of there ; ;
|
||||
If we cluster together , the redcoats can make an advantage out of it , but there's not a blessed thing they can do with two or three of us except chase us , and we can outrun them '' .
|
||||
Wherever you looked , you saw Committeemen running across the meadows , some away from the road , some toward it , some parallel to it ; ;
|
||||
`` They're a-coming ! !
|
||||
They tried to outface him , but Joseph Simmons was as wide as two average men , and it would have taken braver men than these were to outface him .
|
||||
They marched with bayonets fixed , and as fixed on their faces was anger , fear , and torment .
|
||||
That's understandable , and I appreciate the sentiment .
|
||||
In the course of this , they had fired on us ; ;
|
||||
We were less than a quarter of a mile from the road , and we could trace its shape from the ribbon of powder smoke and dust that hung over it .
|
||||
I wanted to wipe my flint , but I didn't dare to , the state my hands were in , just as I didn't dare to do anything about the priming .
|
||||
Everyone else was running .
|
||||
In the very front rank , two men were wounded and staggered along , trailing blood behind them .
|
||||
the next , a cloud of gun smoke covered a screaming fury of sound , out of which the redcoat soldiers emerged with their bayonets and their cursing fury .
|
||||
A dozen cows mooed sadly and regarded us as if we were insane , as perhaps we were at that moment , with the crazy excitement of our first encounter , the yelling and shooting still continuing up at the road , and the thirst of some of the men , which was so great that they waded into the muddy water and scooped up handfuls of it .
|
||||
He was a fine and showy rider , but his skill was wasted on us .
|
||||
and then I came to some sanity and plunged away with such extraordinary speed that I outdistanced Cousin Simmons by far .
|
||||
We heard him before he ever showed , and we heard him yelling after he was out of sight .
|
||||
and I know that I , myself , was nauseated with apprehension and fear and that my hands were soaking wet where they held my gun .
|
||||
Half crazed by the weight dragging , the dust , and the heat , the horse leaped our wall , dashing out the rider's brains against it , and leaving him lying there among us -- while the horse crashed away through the brush .
|
||||
I had squeezed the trigger of my own gun , and to my amazement , it had fired and kicked back into my shoulder with the force of an angry mule ; ;
|
||||
Cousin Joshua and some others felt that we should march toward Lexington and take up new positions ahead of the slow-moving British column , but another group maintained that we should stick to this spot and this section of road .
|
||||
The gun would fire or not , just as chance willed .
|
||||
but I have no memory of that .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
||||
As they were riding along this winding road on the bench of land between the two bluffs , a volley of rifle fire suddenly crashed around the two officers .
|
||||
Since the strength of the Mexicans had been underrated , too small a posse had been collected , and since the deputy had not been provided with search warrants , MacPherson and his men decided it was much wiser to withdraw .
|
||||
Three weeks later , following his recovery , armed with a writ issued by the Catskill justice on affidavits prepared by the district attorney , Cook and Russell rode to arrest Martinez .
|
||||
When they were refused entrance to his brother's house nearby , they smashed down the door , broke the window , and threw lighted clothes wet with kerosene into the room .
|
||||
Receiving no answer , they set the fire .
|
||||
The posse's retreat encouraged the Mexicans to be overbearing and impudent .
|
||||
Bullets were so thick , throwing sand in his face , that he found it difficult to return the fire .
|
||||
nothing accomplished , and the whole distribution of justice in this county seems to be an absolute farce '' .
|
||||
While talking with Julian M. Beall , Francisco Archuleta and Juan Marcus appeared , both heavily armed , and after watching the house for a while , rode away .
|
||||
Both Cook's and Russell's lives were threatened by the Mexicans following the killing , but the company officers felt that in the end , it would serve to quiet them despite their immediate emotion .
|
||||
District Attorney M. W. Mills warned that he would vigorously prosecute persons caught committing these crimes or carrying arms -- he just didn't catch anyone .
|
||||
and a store was broken into and robbed .
|
||||
There were three houses in Salyer's Canyon just at the foot of a low bluff , the road winding along the top , entering above , and then passing down in front of the houses , thence to the Vermejo .
|
||||
Finding him dead , Cook caught Russell's horse and rode to the cattle foreman's house to report the incident and request bloodhounds to trail the assassins .
|
||||
When it became obvious that he could stay inside no longer , taking a thousand to one chance Gonzales rushed outside , square against the muzzle of a Winchester .
|
||||
They stayed with a rancher Friday night and by eleven o'clock Saturday morning passed the old Garnett Lee ranch .
|
||||
Still there was no Gonzales and the family would say nothing .
|
||||
In deadly earnest , the besiegers methodically stripped away portions of the roof and tossed lighted rags inside , only to have most stamped out by the women as soon as they hit the floor .
|
||||
The posse then asked that he send out the women and children as the building would be fired or torn down over his head if necessary to take him dead or alive .
|
||||
Just before leaving the arroyo where he was partially concealed , he did hear shots down at the house .
|
||||
The men helped them gather their belongings and escorted them to Raton along with three other families desiring to leave .
|
||||
Occasionally they heard gun-shot signals and a number of horsemen were sighted on the hills , disappearing at the posse's approach .
|
||||
Arriving at daybreak , they found Julio in his corral and demanded that he surrender .
|
||||
A bullet fired by one of the Mexicans hiding in a little chicken house had passed through his head , tearing a hole two-inches square on the outgoing side .
|
||||
some buildings , farm tools , two horses , plows , and hay owned by Bonito Lavato , a friendly interpreter for the company , and Pedro Chavez' hay were stolen or destroyed ; ;
|
||||
By 3:00 A.M. they reached his house and found it vacant .
|
||||
His friends advised that it would be only a question of time until either the Mexicans killed him by ambuscade or he would be compelled to kill them in self-defense , perpetuating the troubles .
|
||||
public money spent ; ;
|
||||
Traveling all night , Clark and twelve men arrived at about seven o'clock May 22 .
|
||||
Not a bullet touched Cook who was nearer the ambush , but one hit Russell in the leg and another broke his arm , passing on through his body .
|
||||
The ten or more dangerous parties singled out for prosecution were still at large , and Pels realized that if these men entrenched themselves in their adobe houses , defending themselves through loopholes , it would be most difficult to capture them .
|
||||
Instead , he whirled and ran to his house for a gun , forcing them to kill him , Cook reported .
|
||||
The judge became ill just as the Colfax District Court convened , no substitute was brought in , no criminal cases heard , only 5 out of 122 cases docketed were tried , and court adjourned sine die after sitting a few days instead of the usual three weeks .
|
||||
His problem then became one of restraining the American fighters who wanted to clean out the Vermejo by force immediately .
|
||||
By early summer , he wrote from Laramie that he was suffering from the wound inflicted in the ambush and was in a bad way financially , so Pels sent him a draft for $100 , warning that it was still not wise for him to return .
|
||||
The sheriff and District Attorney Mills hastily swore out a number of warrants against men who had been riding about armed , according to signed statements by Chavez and Dr. I. P. George , and ordered Deputy Barney Clark of Raton to rescue the posseman .
|
||||
And the law virtually ignored the situation .
|
||||
Thinking the evidence insufficient to get a conviction , he later released him .
|
||||
Cook had discovered a beef in his possession a few days earlier and , when he could not show the hide , arrested him .
|
||||
To the west of this road was another low bluff , forty or fifty feet high , covered with scrub oak and other brush .
|
||||
Pels complained : `` Litigants and witnesses were put to the expense and inconvenience of going long distances to transact business ; ;
|
||||
Grabbing his Winchester from its sheath , Cook prepared to fight from behind the arroyo bank .
|
||||
The men inside informed him that they had some wounded men among them but he would not be allowed to see them even though he offered medical aid .
|
||||
Early the next morning , a Mexican telephoned Pels that Celso Chavez , one of the posse members , was surrounded by ten Mexicans at his father's home on the upper Vermejo .
|
||||
Increasing threats on his life finally convinced Cook that he should leave New Mexico .
|
||||
They had traveled only a short distance when they spotted five Mexicans riding along a horse-trail across the stream just ahead of them .
|
||||
About 300 yards up the creek was a cluster of Mexican houses containing six rooms in the form of a square .
|
||||
They were reluctant to appoint sheriffs to protect the property , thus running the risk of creating disturbances such as that on the Vermejo , and yet the cowboys protested that they got no salary for arresting cattle thieves and running the risk of being shot .
|
||||
It was nearly sundown before they finished the business with Beall and began riding down the stream .
|
||||
Although wanted by the sheriff for killing an old man named Asher Jones , the warrant for his arrest had never been served .
|
||||
There was no extra horse so it was left to his comrades who , though numbering in the fifties , had stood around on the hillside nearby without firing a shot during the entire attack .
|
||||
the Mexicans not only refused to give them , but told the possemen if they wanted a fight they could have it .
|
||||
Shot near the heart , he turned to one side and plunged for a door to another room several feet away , three bullets following him .
|
||||
As he pushed open the door he fell on his face , one of his comrades pulling him inside .
|
||||
On February 17 , Russell and Cook were sent to the Pena Flor community on the Vermejo to see about renting out ranches the company had purchased .
|
||||
Several slugs fired into the bed jerked aside the blanket to reveal an apparently lifeless hand .
|
||||
MacPherson boldly approached the fortified adobe house and demanded entrance .
|
||||
Russell had reached the house as Cook surmised , dismounted , but just as the old trapper opened the door to receive him , he fell into the trapper's arms -- dead .
|
||||
Before daylight Sunday morning , a posse of twenty-three men under the leadership of Deputy Sheriff Frank MacPherson of Catskill followed the trail to the house of Francisco Chaves , where 100 to 150 Mexicans had gathered .
|
||||
Again he refused .
|
||||
Not realizing the seriousness of the wound , the besiegers warned that if he did not surrender the house would be burned down around him .
|
||||
Finding it true that he was not inside , the deputies returned to the first house and tore holes through the side and the roof until they could see a body on the bed covered by a blanket .
|
||||
Suspecting an ambush , the two deputies decided to ride up a side canyon taking a short cut into Catskill .
|
||||
After spending two nights ( Wednesday and Thursday ) in Catskill , the deputies again headed for the Vermejo to finish their business .
|
||||
On May 19 , a deputy sheriff's posse of eight men left Maxwell City and rode thirty-five miles up the Vermejo where they were joined by Juan Jose Martinez .
|
||||
Noticing Russell's horse in front of the long log building , he assumed his friend had slipped inside and would be able to put up a good fight , so he began working his way down the ditch to join him .
|
||||
General manager Pels even suggested that it might be wise to keep the Mexicans in suspense rather than accept their offers to sell out and move away , and try to have a few punished .
|
||||
Cattle stealing and killing , again serious during the spring of 1891 , placed the land grant company officers in a perplexing position .
|
||||
While prowling around these buildings , two of the posse recognized the voice of Gonzales speaking to the people inside .
|
||||
When the house was about half consumed , his comrade ran to the door and threw up his hands , declaring repeatedly that he did not know the whereabouts of Manuel .
|
||||
If not , how long to order and what is the price '' ? ?
|
||||
He wisely decided that it would be foolish to create a disturbance during the coming roundup , particularly since the Mexicans were on their guard .
|
||||
justice delayed ; ;
|
||||
Half a mile below at the mouth of Salyer's Canyon was an old ranch that the company had purchased from A. J. Armstrong , occupied by a Mexican , his wife , and an old trapper .
|
||||
Pels also sent a check for $100 to Russell's widow and had a white marble monument erected on his grave .
|
||||
During the following week , six tons of hay belonging to one rancher were burned ; ;
|
||||
He was promised that no harm would befall him if he would come out , but he cursed and replied that he would shoot any man coming near the door .
|
||||
Thus he wired J. P. Lower and Sons of Denver : `` Have you any percussion hand grenades for throwing in a house or across a well loaded with balls or shrapnel shot ? ?
|
||||
With the first reports , Russell's horse wheeled to the right and ran towards the buildings while Cook , followed by a hail of bullets , raced towards the arroyo of Salyer's Canyon immediately in front of him , just reaching it as his horse fell .
|
||||
Shot six or eight times the body was draped with Russell's pistol , belt , and cartridges .
|
||||
The officer demanded the names of the injured men ; ;
|
||||
Word reached the company that the man behind these depredations was Manuel Gonzales , a man with many followers , including a number who were kept in line through fear of him .
|
||||
Even while suffering the trip to his home , Cook swore to Moore and Lane that he would kill the Indian .
|
||||
At a very shallow place , two Mexicans rushed into the open for a shot .
|
||||
Dropping to one knee , Cook felled one , and the other struggled off with his comrade , sending no further fire in his direction .
|
||||
A Mexican justice of the peace had issue a writ against Chavez for taking part in the `` murder '' of Manuel Gonzales so he and his father were anxious to be taken out of danger .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
The last 10 cases in the investigation of the Nov. 8 election were dismissed yesterday by Acting Judge John M. Karns , who charged that the prosecution obtained evidence `` by unfair and fundamentally illegal means '' .
|
||||
Wexler had charged the precinct judges in these cases with `` complementary '' miscount of the vote , in which votes would be taken from one candidate and given to another .
|
||||
The President said his proposals combine the `` indispensable elements in a sound health program -- people , knowledge , services , facilities , and the means to pay for them '' .
|
||||
Enforce by demand
|
||||
Both figures would go higher in later years .
|
||||
Only 11 senators were on the floor and there was no record vote .
|
||||
Shortly after the Chief Executive returned to Washington in midmorning from Hyannis Port , Mass. , a White House spokesman said the address text still had `` quite a way to go '' toward completion .
|
||||
Moreover , he said , many qualified young people are not going into medicine and dentistry because they can't afford the schooling costs .
|
||||
The President said the nation's 92 medical and 47 dental schools cannot now handle the student load needed to meet the rising need for health care .
|
||||
The schools could use the money to pay 4-year scholarships , based on need , of up to $2,000 a year per student .
|
||||
The plan does not cover doctor bills .
|
||||
`` Actually , the abuse of the process may have constituted a contempt of the Criminal court of Cook county , altho vindication of the authority of that court is not the function of this court '' , said Karns , who is a City judge in East St. Louis sitting in Cook County court .
|
||||
Calls proposal modest
|
||||
In the child health field , the President said he will recommend later an increase in funds for programs under the children's bureau .
|
||||
The President recommended federal `` matching grants '' totaling 700 million dollars in 10 years for constructing new medical and dental schools or enlarging the capacity of existing ones .
|
||||
A number of scattered `` ayes '' and `` noes '' was heard .
|
||||
In the area of `` community health services '' , the President called for doubling the present 10 million dollar a year federal grants for nursing home construction .
|
||||
Wexler admitted in earlier court hearings that he issued grand jury subpenas to about 200 persons involved in the election investigation , questioned the individuals in the Criminal courts building , but did not take them before the grand jury .
|
||||
`` Some of the defendants strongly indicated they knew they were receiving stolen property .
|
||||
He did not say by how much .
|
||||
Asked to elaborate , Pierre Salinger , White House press secretary , replied , `` I would say it's got to go thru several more drafts '' .
|
||||
Washington , Feb. 9
|
||||
Bellows made the request while the all-woman jury was out of the courtroom .
|
||||
The President spent much of the week-end at his summer home on Cape Cod writing the first drafts of portions of the address with the help of White House aids in Washington with whom he talked by telephone .
|
||||
The scholarship plan would provide federal contributions to each medical and dental school equal to $1,500 a year for one-fourth of the first year students .
|
||||
The President said he will ask Congress to increase grants to states for vocational rehabilitation .
|
||||
Reaction as expected
|
||||
`` The statements may be highly prejudicial to my client '' , Bellows told the court .
|
||||
Claims precedent lacking
|
||||
The disclosure by Charles Bellows , chief defense counsel , startled observers and was viewed as the prelude to a quarrel between the six attorneys representing the eight former policemen now on trial .
|
||||
3
|
||||
Every person will choose his own doctor and hospital '' .
|
||||
The President noted that Congress last year passed a law providing grants to states to help pay medical bills of the needy aged .
|
||||
These would be paid for out of general , not payroll , taxes .
|
||||
The cases involved judges in the 33d , 24th , and 42d precincts of the 31st ward , the 21st and 28th precincts of the 29th ward , the 18th precinct of the 4th ward , and the 9th precinct of the 23d ward .
|
||||
Those who backed a similar plan last year hailed the message .
|
||||
Customary Senate rules were ignored in order to speed approval of the Negro leader as administrator of the housing and home finance agency .
|
||||
Washington , Feb. 9
|
||||
Contributions to schools
|
||||
4
|
||||
Faced seven cases
|
||||
Apart from the aged care plan the President's most ambitious and costly proposals were for federal scholarships , and grants to build or enlarge medical and dental schools .
|
||||
After reading his statement discharging the 23d ward case , Karns told Wexler that if the seven cases scheduled for trial also involved persons who had been subpenaed , he would dismiss them .
|
||||
Karns' ruling pertained to eight of the 10 cases .
|
||||
The social security payroll tax is now 6 per cent -- 3 per cent on each worker and employer -- on the first $4,800 of pay per year .
|
||||
Wouldn't pay doctors
|
||||
2
|
||||
Nursing home care
|
||||
He said this constituted a `` very serious misuse '' of the Criminal court processes .
|
||||
House Speaker Sam Rayburn ( D. , Tex. ) called the Kennedy program `` a mighty fine thing '' , but made no prediction on its fate in the House .
|
||||
He also asked Congress to approve establishment of a national child health institute .
|
||||
-- Acting hastily under White House pressure , the Senate tonight confirmed Robert C. Weaver as the nation's federal housing chief .
|
||||
In addition , the government would pay a $1,000 `` cost of education '' grant to the schools for each $1,500 in scholarship grants .
|
||||
The President said he will also propose increasing , by an unspecified amount , the 540 million dollars in the 1961-62 budget for direct government research in medicine .
|
||||
Karns said that the cases involved a matter `` of even greater significance than the guilt or innocence '' of the 50 persons .
|
||||
Salinger said the work President Kennedy , advisers , and members of his staff were doing on the address involved composition and wording , rather than last minute decisions on administration plans to meet the latest Berlin crisis precipitated by Russia's demands and proposals for the city .
|
||||
Similar payroll tax boosts would be imposed on those under the railroad retirement system .
|
||||
Full payment of nursing home bills for up to 180 days following discharge from a hospital .
|
||||
Judge Parsons leaned over the bench and inquired , `` You mean some of the defendants made statements admitting this '' ? ?
|
||||
The case of the judges in the 58th precinct of the 23d ward had been heard previously and taken under advisement by Karns .
|
||||
For medical research he asked a 20 million dollar a year increase , from 30 to 50 millions , in matching grants for building research facilities .
|
||||
It was defeated in Congress last year .
|
||||
In the two other cases he ruled that the state had been `` unable to make a case '' .
|
||||
Mayer Goldberg , attorney for election judges in the 58th precinct of the 23d ward , argued this procedure constituted intimidation .
|
||||
Bellows made the disclosure when he asked Judge Parsons to grant his client , Alan Clements , 30 , a separate trial .
|
||||
In the last eight years , all Presidential appointments , including those of cabinet rank , have been denied immediate action because of a Senate rule requiring at least a 24 hour delay after they are reported to the floor .
|
||||
Wexler has denied repeatedly that coercion was used in questioning .
|
||||
`` This is not a program of socialized medicine .
|
||||
Washington , July 24
|
||||
Halleck said the voluntary care plan enacted last year should be given a fair trial first .
|
||||
He asked for another 10 million dollar `` initial '' appropriation for `` stimulatory grants '' to states to improve nursing homes .
|
||||
Outlays would increase
|
||||
More for nursing homes
|
||||
Karns had been scheduled this week to hear seven cases involving 35 persons .
|
||||
`` Yes , your honor '' , replied Bellows .
|
||||
Decisions are made
|
||||
The President , in a special message to Congress , tied in with his aged care plan requests for large federal grants to finance medical and dental scholarships , build 20 new medical and 20 new dental schools , and expand child health care and general medical research .
|
||||
Cost up to $37 a year
|
||||
-- President Kennedy today pushed aside other White House business to devote all his time and attention to working on the Berlin crisis address he will deliver tomorrow night to the American people over nationwide television and radio .
|
||||
He further proposed grants of an unspecified sum for experimental hospitals .
|
||||
Contempt proceedings originally had been brought against 677 persons in 133 precincts by Morris J. Wexler , special prosecutor .
|
||||
It would be financed by boosting the social security payroll tax by as much as $37 a year for each of the workers now paying such taxes .
|
||||
Community visiting nurse services at home for up to 240 days an illness .
|
||||
Several defendants in the Summerdale police burglary trial made statements indicating their guilt at the time of their arrest , Judge James B. Parsons was told in Criminal court yesterday .
|
||||
He said evidence was obtained `` in violation of the legal rights of citizens '' .
|
||||
The payroll tax would actually rise to 7.5 per cent starting Jan. 1 , 1963 , if the plan is approved , because the levy is already scheduled to go up by 1 per cent on that date to pay for other social security costs .
|
||||
He said his plan is designed to `` meet the needs of those millions who have no wish to receive care at the taxpayers' expense , but who are nevertheless staggered by the drain on their savings -- or those of their children -- caused by an extended hospital stay '' .
|
||||
Full payment of hospital bills for stays up to 90 days for each illness , except that the patient would pay $10 a day of the cost for the first nine days .
|
||||
Asks research funds
|
||||
The rule was enforced by demand of Sen. Wayne Morse ( D. , Ore. ) in connection with President Eisenhower's cabinet selections in 1953 and President Kennedy's in 1961 .
|
||||
Issue jury subpoenas
|
||||
`` What this amounts to , if true , is that there will be a free-for-all fight in this case .
|
||||
Karns said it was a `` wrongful act '' for Wexler to take statements `` privately and outside of the grand jury room '' .
|
||||
A patient could receive up to 300 days paid-for nursing home care under a `` unit formula '' allowing more of such care for those who use none or only part of the hospital-care credit .
|
||||
Fears prejudicial aspects
|
||||
`` This is a very modest proposal cut to meet absolutely essential needs '' , he said , `` and with sufficient ' deductible ' requirements to discourage any malingering or unnecessary overcrowding of our hospitals .
|
||||
Officials estimated the annual tax boost for the medical plan would amount to 1.5 billion dollars and that medical benefits paid out would run 1 billion or more in the first year , 1963 .
|
||||
Officials estimated the combined programs would cost 5.1 million dollars the first year and would go up to 21 millions by 1966 .
|
||||
The aged care plan carries these benefits for persons over 65 who are under the social security and railroad retirement systems : 1
|
||||
Other parts of the Kennedy health plan would entail federal grants of 750 million to 1 billion dollars over the next 10 years .
|
||||
-- President Kennedy today proposed a mammoth new medical care program whereby social security taxes on 70 million American workers would be raised to pay the hospital and some other medical bills of 14.2 million Americans over 65 who are covered by social security or railroad retirement programs .
|
||||
Hospital outpatient clinic diagnostic service for all costs in excess of $20 a patient .
|
||||
It is impossible to get a fair trial when some of the defendants made statements involving themselves and others '' .
|
||||
Two other cases also were under advisement .
|
||||
The aged care plan , similar to one the President sponsored last year as a senator , a fight on Capitol hill .
|
||||
Senate Republican Leader Dirksen ( Ill. ) and House Republican Leader Charles Halleck ( Ind. ) said the message did not persuade them to change their opposition to compulsory medical insurance .
|
||||
Congressional reaction to the message was along expected lines .
|
||||
There is a conflict among the defendants '' .
|
||||
Legislators who last year opposed placing aged-care under the social security system criticized the President's plan .
|
||||
The Kennedy plan alone would boost the base to $5,000 a year and the payroll tax to 6.5 per cent -- 3.25 per cent each .
|
||||
They would still be paid by the patient .
|
||||
It is a program of prepayment of health costs with absolute freedom of choice guaranteed .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
Overwhelmed with the care of five young children and concerned about persistent economic difficulties due to her husband's marginal income , her defense of denial was excessively strong .
|
||||
Similarities to the approach which I have described are evident in the prompt establishment of a helping relationship , quick appraisal of key issues , and the immediate mobilization of treatment plans as the essential dynamics in helping to further the ego's coping efforts in dealing with the interplay of inner and outer stresses .
|
||||
The unhealthy use of denial in the initial reaction to a stress must be handled through the medium of a positive controlled transference .
|
||||
In addition , in many cases , a variety of concrete social resources -- homemaker , day care , medical and financial aid -- must be reasonably available for the reality support needed to bolster the family in its individual and collective coping and integrative efforts .
|
||||
Here there is a specific preventive component which applies in a more generalized sense to any casework situation .
|
||||
Further research in the meaning of crises as experienced by the consumers of traditional social casework services -- including attempts to develop a typology of family structures , crisis problems , reaction mechanisms , and differential treatment approaches -- and the establishment of new experimental programs are imperative social needs which should command the best efforts of caseworkers in collaboration with community planners .
|
||||
Simultaneously , a variety of environmental supports -- a calm but not too motherly homemaker , referral for temporary economic aid , intelligent use of nursing care , accompaniment to the well-baby clinic for medical advice on the twins' feeding problem -- combined to prevent further development of predictable pathological mechanisms .
|
||||
While some suppression and some denial are not only necessary but healthy , the worker's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used , what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated , and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed .
|
||||
Direct confrontation and acceptance of Mrs. B.'s anger against the second baby soon dissipated her fears of annihilation .
|
||||
The father , accurately perceiving the child's needs , not only respected them as worthy of his attention , but immediately satisfied them by taking him on his lap along with the twins , saying , `` I have a big lap ; ;
|
||||
To establish an emotionally meaningful relationship the worker must demonstrate actual or potential helpfulness immediately , preferably within the first interview , by meeting the client's specific needs .
|
||||
While expensive in time and involving a great deal of adaptation on the part of the worker ( in terms of his willingness to leave the sanctity of his office and enter actively into the client's life ) , techniques of accompaniment were found to be of tremendous value when in the service of specific preventive objectives .
|
||||
there is room for you , too , Johnnie '' .
|
||||
Soon Mrs. B.'s fears threatened to burst into a full-blown panic concerning the welfare of the entire family .
|
||||
Probably , in the immediate future , we will have to settle for middle-range efforts that fall short of utopian models .
|
||||
Increased experimentation with multipurpose agencies , especially those that combine afresh the traditional functions of family and child welfare services , holds rich promise for the future .
|
||||
Our literature is already replete with a fantastic number of suggestions for preventive agency programming ranging from the immediately practical to the globally utopian .
|
||||
While there are many different possibilities for the timing of casework intervention , the experiments recently reported from a variety of traditional settings all point up the importance of an immediate response to the client's initial need for help .
|
||||
We are preventing or averting pathogenic phenomena such as undue regression , unhealthy suppression and repression , excessive use of denial , and crippling guilt turned against the self .
|
||||
In general , the approach is more active than passive , more out-reaching than reflective .
|
||||
Especially noteworthy is Levinger's finding that the length of treatment per se is not a reliable indicator of successful outcome .
|
||||
Inability to care for the other children , difficulty in feeding the babies , who seemed colicky , bone-weary fatigue , repeated crying episodes , and short tempers reflected the family's helplessness in coping with the stressful situation .
|
||||
These reports refer to a level of secondary prevention in a child guidance clinic approached by the customary route of voluntary referral by the family or by other professional people .
|
||||
Having outlined an approach to the theory and practice of preventive casework , we now address ourselves to our final question : What place should brief , crisis-oriented preventive casework occupy in our total spectrum of services ? ?
|
||||
In a joint interview Mr. and Mrs. B. were helped to understand the meaning of a younger son's wandering away from home in terms of his feelings of displacement in reaction to the arrival of the twins .
|
||||
This problem is perhaps as old as social casework itself .
|
||||
Over a relatively short period of time , usually about four to twelve weeks , the worker must be able to shift the focus , back and forth , between immediate external stressful exigencies ( `` precipitating stress '' ) and the key , emotionally relevant issues ( `` underlying problem '' ) which are , often in a dramatic preconscious breakthrough , reactivated by the crisis situation , and hence once again amenable to resolution .
|
||||
Moreover , the shortage of treatment resources and the chronically persistent shortage of mental health manpower force us to innovate additional refinements of preventive intervention techniques to make services more widely available -- and on a more effective basis to more people .
|
||||
On the anniversary of her father's death she poured out with agonized tears her feelings of guilt about not having attended his funeral .
|
||||
Willingness to take the risk of early and direct interpretation ( with the proviso that if the interpretation is too threatening , the worker can withdraw ) is another prominent feature in these efforts .
|
||||
As seen in the B. family , there must be an attempt to help the client develop conscious awareness of the problem , especially in the absence of a formal request for assistance .
|
||||
While some regression is inevitable , it is discouraged rather than encouraged so that the transference does not follow the stages of planned regression associated with certain casework adaptations of the psychoanalytic model for insight therapy .
|
||||
Though there is obviously nothing new about these techniques , they do challenge the worker's skill to articulate them precisely on the spot and on the basis of quick and accurate diagnostic assessments .
|
||||
In some programs , treatment is concentrated over a short period of time , while in others , after the initial contact is established , flexible spacing of interviews has been experimentally used with apparent success .
|
||||
The initial interview must be therapeutic rather than purely exploratory in an information-seeking sense .
|
||||
In the family's own words ( during the third of twelve visits ) , they had `` reached the crisis peak -- either the situation will give or we will break '' ! !
|
||||
Mrs. B. compared her feelings of weakness to her feelings of weakness and helplessness at the time of her mother's death when she was eight , as well as her subsequent anger at her father for remarrying .
|
||||
Thus , the client receives enough ego support to engage in constructive efforts on his own behalf .
|
||||
Follow-up visits of the nurse and social worker indicated continued success in the care of the new babies as well as a marked improvement in the family's day-to-day mental health and social functioning .
|
||||
For example , child welfare experience abounds with cases in which the parental request for substitute care is precipitated by a crisis event which is meaningfully linked with a fundamental unresolved problem of family relationships .
|
||||
In steering the family toward ego-adaptive and away from maladaptive responses , the worker uses time-honored focused casework techniques of specific emotional support , clarification , and anticipatory guidance .
|
||||
Of startling significance , too , is the assertion that it was possible to carry out this program with only a 6 percent attrition rate as compared with a rate of 59 percent reported for a comparable group of families who were receiving help in traditionally operated child guidance services .
|
||||
These needs usually concern the reduction of guilt and some relief of tension .
|
||||
Finally , whatever the techniques used , a twin goal is common to all preventive casework service : to cushion or reduce the force of the stress impact while at the same time to encourage and support family members to mobilize and use their ego capacities .
|
||||
In this relationship-building stage the worker must communicate confidence in the client's ability to deal with the problem .
|
||||
Woodward , for example , has emphasized the `` need for a broad spectrum of services , including very brief services in connection with critical situations '' .
|
||||
In so doing he implicitly offers the positive contagion of hope as a kind of maturational dynamic to counteract feelings of helplessness and hopelessness generally associated with the first stages of stress impact .
|
||||
The lack of awareness usually springs from deep but disguised anxiety , often assuming the superficial guise of `` not knowing '' or `` not caring '' .
|
||||
The result , dramatically visible in a matter of days in the family's disrupted daily functioning , was a phobic-like fear that some terrible harm would befall the second twin , whose birth had not been anticipated .
|
||||
Thus , casework involving a limited number of interviews is still to be regarded in terms of the quality of service rendered rather than of the quantity of time expended .
|
||||
Clearly , this was a family in crisis .
|
||||
Then , too , the utmost clinical flexibility is necessary in judiciously combining carefully timed family-oriented home visits , single and group office interviews , and appropriate telephone follow-up calls , if the worker is to be genuinely accessible and if the predicted unhealthy outcome is to be actually averted in accordance with the principles of preventive intervention .
|
||||
Though there is obviously great need for continued experimentation with various types of short-term intervention to further efforts in developing an operational definition of prevention at the secondary -- or perhaps , in some instances , primary -- level , the place of short-term intervention has already been documented by a number of investigators in a wide variety of settings .
|
||||
Ideally , brief treatment should be arrived at as a treatment of choice rather than as a treatment of chance .
|
||||
Abreaction of her anxiety and guilt concerning the death of her parents , when linked up with her current feelings of anger and her fears of loss , abandonment , and annihilation , produced further relief of tension .
|
||||
Her conclusion has been borne out in the experience of many practitioners : `` short-contact interviewing is neither a truncated nor a telescoped experience but is of the same essential quality as the so-called intensive case work '' .
|
||||
Thus the lack of effective recognition of the responsibilities involved in caring for two babies showed signs of becoming a disabling problem .
|
||||
For example , the level of improvement noted in a recent experiment with a short course of immediate treatment for parent-child relationship problems compared favorably with the results reported by typical child guidance clinics where the hours spent in purely diagnostic study may equal or exceed the number of hours devoted to actual treatment interviews in the experimental project .
|
||||
Her previous traumatic experiences flashed through her mind as if they had happened yesterday .
|
||||
According to a number of studies , the important predictors are the nature and management of the client's anxiety as well as the accessibility of the helping person .
|
||||
At certain critical stages , and only for sound diagnostic reasons , it may be important to accompany family members in their use of these resources if their problem-solving behavior is to be constructive rather than defeating .
|
||||
My aim in mentioning this factor obviously is not to give license to `` wild therapy '' but rather to encourage us to use the time-honored clinical casework skills we already possess , and to use them with greater confidence , precision , and professional pride .
|
||||
We should first recognize our tendency to develop a hierarchy of values , locating brief treatment at the bottom and long-term intensive service at the top , instead of seeing the services as part of a continuum , each important in its own right .
|
||||
That we are experiencing an upsurge of interest in the many formulations and preventive adaptations of brief treatment in social casework is evident from even a small sampling of current literature .
|
||||
Almost three decades ago Bertha Reynolds undertook a study of short-contact interviewing because of her conviction that short-term casework had an important but neglected place in our network of social services .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
|
||||
The waters lay muddy but placid , without a ripple of movement against the wheels ; ;
|
||||
It wasn't the roughness and crudity and discomfort of the trip that had frightened her .
|
||||
She had hated the whole idea before they started .
|
||||
Only the heavy bones of the oxen kept them anchored .
|
||||
Of all their worldly belongings , next to the oxen and his gun , the seed grain had been the most treasured .
|
||||
`` Somewhere ! !
|
||||
`` There must be some water under there '' .
|
||||
She had jumped away from his shy touch like a cat confronted by a sidewinder .
|
||||
The oxen might as well enjoy it .
|
||||
'' She repeated .
|
||||
The girl murmured harshly .
|
||||
He darkened under his heavy burn .
|
||||
There was no valley like this on your map .
|
||||
Actually , she had hated him before she ever saw him .
|
||||
He let down the tailgate and was knocked over by the sluice of water .
|
||||
You don't even know where we're headed '' .
|
||||
`` Hettie '' , he said as gently as he could , `` we're still headed west .
|
||||
That's a good trunk .
|
||||
His wife didn't give a sign she'd heard .
|
||||
At least , the wheels dug in .
|
||||
`` Hoa-whup '' ! !
|
||||
The spokes were tight again , the iron tires gripped onto the wheels as if of one piece .
|
||||
To his puzzlement , there suddenly was no haze .
|
||||
Through the splash of the rising waters , they could hear the roar of the river as it raged through its canyon , gnashing big chunks out of the banks .
|
||||
It raced closer and they could see a woman with white hair , sitting astride an upright branch .
|
||||
He tilted his homely face toward the dry bed of the river .
|
||||
Thank the Lord , they still had water ! !
|
||||
He found a jar of preserved tomatoes and one of eggs that they had meant to save .
|
||||
Beaten with fear and sound and wet and chill , they crawled to the hurricane deck and looked out haggardly at a world of water that reached clear to the surrounding hills .
|
||||
there was not a match-width of damp mark to show they were receding .
|
||||
The clouds bulged downward and burst suddenly into a great black funnel .
|
||||
The six-ton Conestoga began to whip and shake .
|
||||
Without money or property , what would you have had at Baton Rouge '' ? ?
|
||||
They cringed under sodden covers , listening to the waves slop against the bottom .
|
||||
As cheerfully as possible , he said , `` Well , I guess we could all do with a little drink '' .
|
||||
Then the darkness thinned , and there was light again , and then bright sunlight .
|
||||
The dust-thick saliva came from his mouth like balled cotton .
|
||||
He winced .
|
||||
`` There's the one who's lucky '' ! !
|
||||
`` The tires are rattling on the wheels now .
|
||||
`` You had better get inside '' , he warned her .
|
||||
Her thick hair was the color and texture of charcoal .
|
||||
She asked smolderingly .
|
||||
A ripple ran through the muscles of his jaws , but he kept control upon his voice .
|
||||
He had picked out this pathless trail , instead of the common one , in a moment of romantic fancy , to give them privacy on their honeymoon .
|
||||
He took a long but carefully controlled draught .
|
||||
He moved back to the wheel and stood there blowing , grasping the top of a spoke to still the trembling of his played-out limbs .
|
||||
They watched the tree until it twisted sharply on a bend .
|
||||
The heavens opened , pelting them with hail the size of walnuts .
|
||||
His blue eyes sought the shimmering sea of haze ahead .
|
||||
She was like charcoal , he thought -- dark , opaque , explosive .
|
||||
`` What happens when there's no more water '' ? ?
|
||||
It was filled with dust and wind and sound and violence .
|
||||
Frozen , they stared at it whirling down the valley , gouging and spitting out boulders and chunks of earth like a starving hound dog cracking marrowbones .
|
||||
Then he took off his wet boots and dropped down into the water to talk with the beasts , needing their comfort more than they needed his .
|
||||
Then he noticed that the dry wood of the wheels had swollen .
|
||||
His wide mouth compressed .
|
||||
`` And add fever to our troubles '' ? ?
|
||||
He unlashed the dipper and drew water from a barrel .
|
||||
Ben Prime extended his high-stepped stride until he could lay his goad across the noses of the oxen .
|
||||
Her chin sharpened .
|
||||
He said hesitantly , `` Hettie , I don't figure your things got wet too much .
|
||||
They were west of the Sabine , but only God knew where .
|
||||
She said without turning her head , `` After that rain beating in atop the dust , there isn't a thing that won't be streaked '' .
|
||||
He gripped the wheel hard to fight the despondency of defeat .
|
||||
He doubted if a man could wade as far as the desolate , dry hills that rimmed the valley .
|
||||
They'll roll off in another day .
|
||||
A terrible , numbing sense of futility swept over him .
|
||||
He drew a long breath and opened the trunk and hung out her clothes and spoilables upon the wagon ribs .
|
||||
The pale blob of the woman disappeared .
|
||||
She was watching a tree ride wildly down that roiling current .
|
||||
`` Or do you want to see if I can stand fever , too '' ? ?
|
||||
But it was water .
|
||||
The water was warm and stale and had a brackish taste .
|
||||
It was nearly sundown and he went to the back of the wagon , half-swimming his way , for he was not a tall man .
|
||||
Molten glare singed their eyelids an angry crimson ; ;
|
||||
The bitterness of their wedding night still ripped within him like an open wound .
|
||||
He hollered hoarsely , `` Hang on '' ! !
|
||||
He wanted to turn them , putting the wagon against the storm .
|
||||
`` We can boil it '' , he said .
|
||||
The burning air dried his sweat-soaked clothes in salt-edged patches .
|
||||
`` Hettie , they didn't sell you '' , he said miserably .
|
||||
If you want to get them aired ''
|
||||
The water level was higher than their hubs .
|
||||
But each mile westward , she had hated him the deeper .
|
||||
Clumps of brush rode down the ribbon .
|
||||
He got a small fire started and put on bacon and coffee .
|
||||
Still , he felt better .
|
||||
She did not call out .
|
||||
It speared up into the air , then sinking back , the up-jutting branch turned slowly .
|
||||
The dangerous current upon the prairie ceased , but the water stood and kept on rising .
|
||||
He poured the water off the sourdough and off the flour , salvaging the chunky , watery messes for biscuits of a sort .
|
||||
`` They knew I was a good sharecrop farmer back in Carolina , but out West was a chance to build a real farm of our own .
|
||||
He had never seen clouds like them before , but he had the primitive feel of danger that gripped a man before a hurricane in Carolina .
|
||||
The cloudburst cut off abruptly .
|
||||
And all the time , she had the heat of hatred in her , like charcoal that is burning on its under side , but not visibly .
|
||||
He removed his hat to let the trapped sweat cut rivulets through the dust film upon his gaunt face .
|
||||
They could no longer afford the luxury of the canvas sweat bag that cooled it by evaporation .
|
||||
She drank and pushed back her gingham bonnet to wet a kerchief and wipe her face .
|
||||
The valley lay clear , and open to the eye , right up to the sharp-limbed line of gaunt , scoured hills that formed the horizon twenty miles ahead .
|
||||
Their world turned black .
|
||||
suffocating air sapped their strength and strained their nerves to snapping ; ;
|
||||
The jetting , frothing surface of the river reached the level of the runoff .
|
||||
And then came the water -- not rain , but solid sheets that sluiced down like water slopping from a bucket .
|
||||
Her laugh was hard .
|
||||
The girl crawled out into the renewing warmth of the sunshine , hugging her shoulders and still trembling .
|
||||
`` I suppose '' , he muttered , `` I can sell the outfit for enough to send you home to your folks , once we find a settlement '' .
|
||||
A tight wagon meant so much .
|
||||
Too late , he realized that in turning , he had wheeled them onto a patch of sandy ground , instead of atop a grade or ridge .
|
||||
He stared at the dipper , turning it over and over in his wide , calloused hands .
|
||||
Somebody was riding the tree .
|
||||
Their jams and jellies had not suffered .
|
||||
And goaded the oxen as he yelled .
|
||||
They were already swollen to bursting .
|
||||
Hope surged within him .
|
||||
He swung toward the front to give the news to Hettie , then stopped , barred from her by the vehemence of her blame and hate .
|
||||
He furled the slashed sides of the canvas tarpaulins , leaving the ribs and wagon open .
|
||||
Then he noticed the clouds racing upon them -- heavy , ominous , leaden clouds that formed even as they sliced over the crests of the surrounding hills .
|
||||
They thought it would be a chance for you to make a life out where nobody will be thought any better than the next except for just what's inside of them .
|
||||
It had been five days too late before he learned that she'd gone through the wedding ceremony in a semitrance of laudanum , administered by her mother .
|
||||
`` We can get it if we dig '' , he said patiently .
|
||||
Walls of water rushed down the slopes and filled the hollows like the crests of flash floods .
|
||||
He had left her inviolate , thinking familiarity would gentle her in time .
|
||||
He sputtered back to his feet and scrambled madly to pull his bags of seed grain forward .
|
||||
Out of compulsion to say something cheery , Ben Prime blurted , `` Well , we were lucky to be on soft ground when the first floodheads hit .
|
||||
He cleansed his mouth with a small quantity .
|
||||
Her face was pale but set and her dark eyes smoldered with blame for Ben .
|
||||
There was no real sign of the river now , just a roiling , oily ribbon of liquid movement through muddy waters that reached everywhere .
|
||||
`` I might have starved , but at least I wouldn't be fried to a crisp and soaked with dirt '' ! !
|
||||
He looked thoughtfully at his wife's trunk , holding her meager treasures .
|
||||
She set the dipper on the edge of the deck , leaving it for him to stretch after it while she looked on scornfully .
|
||||
`` We're lost and burning up already '' , she bit out tensely .
|
||||
But as the tree passed , she lifted an arm in gesture of better luck and farewell .
|
||||
He commanded from his raw throat , and felt the pain of movement in his cracked , black burned lips .
|
||||
dust choked their throats and lay like acid in their lungs .
|
||||
The soaking will put life back in the wagon , too '' .
|
||||
Somewhere , we'll hit a trail '' .
|
||||
He swung up over the wheel .
|
||||
She took it grudgingly , her dark eyes baleful as they met his .
|
||||
But she sat on in stubborn silence .
|
||||
He replenished the dipper and handed it to his young wife riding the hurricane deck .
|
||||
She scoffed .
|
||||
He cleared his throat and wet his lips .
|
||||
Now he broke them open , hoping a good meal might lessen this depression crushing Hettie .
|
||||
And the valley stretched endlessly out ahead , scorched and baked and writhing in its heat , until it vanished into the throbbing wall of fiery orange brown haze .
|
||||
It was spoiled now for seed , and it would sour and mold in three days if they failed to find a place and fuel to dry it .
|
||||
Her temper sparked like charcoal when it first lights up .
|
||||
`` They wouldn't have sold me in the first place if there'd been food enough to go around '' .
|
||||
It had been a mistake , but anything would have been a mistake , as it turned out .
|
||||
He examined the water marks on the iron tires when the animals were finished .
|
||||
His long nose wiggled at the smells of frizzling bacon and heating java , but the fire was low , and he wanted to waste no time .
|
||||
Now and then , the glistening side of a half-swamped object showed as it swept past .
|
||||
`` Don't try to be noble '' ! !
|
||||
Ben's eyes strained with the bitter hurt , his homely face slashed with gray and crimson .
|
||||
He spat .
|
||||
`` Maybe in time to make a cross and dig our graves '' .
|
||||
In a way , he couldn't blame her .
|
||||
For three days , their stolid oxen had plodded up a blazing valley as flat and featureless as a dead sea .
|
||||
They were engulfed by the weird silence , broken only by the low , angry murmur of the river .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
|
||||
It seemed as if they were all under a spell .
|
||||
Nick recalled stories that the two best fishing spots in Southern California were over the La Jolla Deep and the Redondo Deep , two spots where the ocean dropped off to fantastic depths almost from the shoreline .
|
||||
He asked .
|
||||
Suddenly Poet stopped struggling and the two of them hung suspended in the water , not rising , not sinking .
|
||||
Elaine turned and started toward the companionway .
|
||||
Elaine recovered first , so quickly that Nick thought he might have imagined her sudden reaction .
|
||||
Elaine shook her head as she slipped out of her harness , but Poet nodded .
|
||||
And Graham wanted money probably to roam among the dice tables in Las Vegas .
|
||||
Alfredo certainly must have enjoyed being alone .
|
||||
A moment later , moving awkwardly because of the swimming fins , she picked up the gun , handed the knife to Poet , then rolled off the transom of the boat , back first .
|
||||
At the same instant , Nick hit the barrel and threw himself upon the smaller man .
|
||||
The small helicopter with its two steel skids churned offshore and Nick raised up to watch it heading south .
|
||||
If Elaine's uncle had stuck to this desire for aloneness , he probably would still be alive .
|
||||
Her face was frozen into the mask of a mannequin , her body absolutely motionless .
|
||||
`` Will you drop the anchor '' ? ?
|
||||
Clasping his hands behind his head , he stared at the blue sky .
|
||||
A couple couldn't even find a secluded spot anywhere on a beach to neck nowadays without someone swooping down upon them .
|
||||
But instead of chatter there was a null , like on the radio direction finder .
|
||||
Desperately , Nick flashed one hand up , catching Poet's neck in the bend of his elbow .
|
||||
Poet ! !
|
||||
It was an odd combination a strange pair to stumble upon the wreck of the Trinidad .
|
||||
Poet a murderer ? ?
|
||||
At once the excruciating pain in his chest stopped and he was seized with a sudden , wild exultation .
|
||||
But in the plane there was a concrete reason for it .
|
||||
`` We're out just a little too far .
|
||||
Another moment and they were out of sight , leaving behind only a string of bubbles as a clue to their whereabouts .
|
||||
Strolling down to the galley , he lit the butane under the coffee pot and when the brew was heated , poured himself a cup and went up to the chartroom .
|
||||
The fin on his foot caught on the moulding , throwing him off balance .
|
||||
They remained close together , their air trail wiggling like serpents traveling side by side .
|
||||
Poet twisted again and Nick's knuckles scraped on the air tank , ripping off the skin .
|
||||
A sharp pain lanced across Nick's chest and a bubble of air escaped from his tortured lungs , joining dozens of others that sailed lazily toward the surface like helium balloons rising into the sky .
|
||||
The wide flippers on Poet's feet gave his legs incredible power , driving the two of them down into the water as they rolled over and over .
|
||||
All had fallen into a complete silence , listening to the wind whistle over the wings .
|
||||
A second later she came behind the wheel and backed off the anchor line until it was set in the ocean floor .
|
||||
Poet came in , raising his eyebrows appreciatively as he saw Elaine .
|
||||
`` And the deadliest '' , Poet commented as he buckled on his tank harness .
|
||||
Turning slowly he saw Poet in a brilliant glare of horror .
|
||||
He tossed her a towel , then repeated the service for Poet .
|
||||
Sometimes the fish exploded as they neared the surface because of the difference in pressure .
|
||||
Nick sensed it .
|
||||
Poet nodded to Nick and entered the water in a similar fashion .
|
||||
Nobody , he suddenly realized , was saying anything .
|
||||
And then Nick knew that all of them knew Elaine , himself and Poet .
|
||||
`` They are the most efficient '' .
|
||||
The gun fired next to his ear with a vicious whoosh like the first stroke of an old steam engine .
|
||||
There should be an excited conversation , for somewhere , directly below them , was a treasure lost for more than four hundred years .
|
||||
Poet was the captured , arms pinioned to his side , and he twisted convulsively trying to escape .
|
||||
The fisherman was right in the middle of the Deep .
|
||||
Why , he wondered , had Elaine wanted him along on this trip ? ?
|
||||
Elaine nodded .
|
||||
Turning quickly toward Elaine , Nick saw that she , too , stood in shocked surprise .
|
||||
Elaine and Poet returned together , popping up over the transom almost like dolphins breaking water .
|
||||
`` Why do you need an arsenal '' ? ?
|
||||
Poet whistled softly as he looked at the gun .
|
||||
`` Hurts like hell for a second , then it disappears '' .
|
||||
The sudden silence was too silent .
|
||||
For a split second , Nick relaxed his grip and Poet's slippery body spun completely around before Nick could stop him , holding him now from the rear .
|
||||
His face was still creased in pain as he studied the underside of his arm .
|
||||
There had been tension in the plane during the silent descent ; ;
|
||||
A black , snake-like object swayed eerily in front of him , spewing bubbles from its flat cobra head .
|
||||
The air hose was free ! !
|
||||
No one had prayed .
|
||||
`` Do you need a bandage '' ? ?
|
||||
He asked .
|
||||
Instinctively aware of the charged atmosphere , Poet raised his head slowly , looking first at Elaine .
|
||||
As if this was a signal , Poet abruptly began to thrash the water and the quick movement slowly made them sink through the water .
|
||||
Poet shook his head , sliding his face mask up on his forehead .
|
||||
`` Not a thing '' .
|
||||
Poet would escape , Nick thought grimly , because he wore the apparatus which would keep him alive under water .
|
||||
Next to the ocean , probably the loneliest spot was the desert .
|
||||
They had all been laughing , joking , when suddenly the engine had failed .
|
||||
`` Pretty quick '' , she replied .
|
||||
He'd landed the plane on a small airstrip in Connecticut and as soon as the aircraft had coasted to a stop , everyone had burst into chatter at the same moment .
|
||||
Poet rubbed his arm .
|
||||
Once , in New York , he had gone flying with some friends in a small private airplane with a single engine .
|
||||
At the same instant , Elaine screamed wildly , the sound ending abruptly as Nick went off the boat and into the water on top of the frantic , struggling Poet .
|
||||
Nick watched her somewhat enviously as she efficiently cut the engines , and started the auxiliary motor .
|
||||
She cut the engines and slowly the cruiser swung around on the end of its lines until its bow was pointing into the wind and the cockpit faced toward the shore .
|
||||
He stood up , stretched , looked around for the bubbles , but could see none .
|
||||
His forearm smashed painfully into the narrow washboard and he grimaced as he grabbed his bruised limb with his other hand and rolled into the boat .
|
||||
She kicked the locker lid shut and replaced the cushion .
|
||||
Poet came up from below , wearing new bathing trunks .
|
||||
But Graham hadn't stumbled on it .
|
||||
Behind it a cabin cruiser drifted crossways in the small ground-swell , a lone fisherman in the chair aft .
|
||||
`` Any news '' ? ?
|
||||
`` Kee-reist '' ! !
|
||||
`` It's quite possible there's more than codfish down there , man '' , Poet replied with a short , nervous laugh as he held the harness for Elaine .
|
||||
But her walk was too steady , too slow , telegraphing her fear .
|
||||
Now , at this moment , there should be none unless skin diving was much more dangerous than he had been led to believe .
|
||||
Silently , Elaine picked up her keys from the table and went out into the cockpit , Poet behind her , Nick trailing behind him .
|
||||
Springing like a cat , he leaped back , swooped up the spring gun and , whirling , pointed it toward the cabin .
|
||||
`` Now '' ? ?
|
||||
For a while Nick followed the twisting course of the bubbles , wondering which set came from Elaine .
|
||||
The moment the sea closed over Nick , some atavistic sense warned him that he would survive in this alien element only if he did not panic .
|
||||
The rock and roll music coming from the radio station suddenly faded as the boat coasted into the null on the Aj .
|
||||
Turning on the hi-fi , he went back to the cockpit , stretched out on the cushions and listened to the music .
|
||||
`` Reverse '' , Elaine said , then peered through the loop of the RDF and waved to Poet .
|
||||
His feet still hung over the stern of the transom , but as he reached for the smoke he raised them to swing them in .
|
||||
a tension similar to the one now .
|
||||
He sat up and watched as they pulled themselves over the stern .
|
||||
The same taut-nerved relationship as there had been between the passengers on the plane now strained at the three of them here on the boat .
|
||||
It hung over them like a cloud , its arrival as sudden as a cloud skidding over the sun .
|
||||
Poet was not fighting Nick now .
|
||||
Yet tension existed .
|
||||
The price tag hung from the belt and he pulled it off as he entered the chartroom and looked at it curiously .
|
||||
Relentlessly , Nick held on , sucking on the hose , inhaling the air that belonged to Poet .
|
||||
Poet nodded , swung below and a moment later emerged from the forward hatch where he picked up the anchor .
|
||||
She threw back a cushion over one of the seats , unlocked a padlock on the chest beneath it , then presently straightened , holding a long knife and a wicked looking spear gun in her hand .
|
||||
At the same instant , he grabbed the loose , writhing hose with his other hand and bit down on the hard rubber mouthpiece .
|
||||
Nick's body became rigid .
|
||||
Off to the west a beautiful schooner slowly beat its way into the wind , headed on a tack toward San Clemente .
|
||||
Someday , geologists had warned , the land on both sides of these deeps would fall into the ocean and no more La Jolla or Redondo Beach .
|
||||
Something flailed at the side of Nick's head as they rolled around and around .
|
||||
`` I'll get some ointment '' .
|
||||
She had caught the implication of the oath .
|
||||
He couldn't skindive , he couldn't run a boat , except on the open sea .
|
||||
`` Hydraulic '' ? ?
|
||||
But the murderer to whom he clung had a tremendous advantage .
|
||||
Nick asked , apprehensively , staring at the weapon .
|
||||
That was a hell of a note , he thought .
|
||||
She asked steadily .
|
||||
Two to three weeks prior to the charter of the Virginia , Graham had been snooping around the San Luis Rey Mission .
|
||||
Slowly he pulled out the hand throttle until the boat was moving at little more than a crawl , and watched Elaine rapidly spin from one station to another , tune in the null , then draw in a line on the chart .
|
||||
`` We're right on the edge of the Deep '' , Elaine said .
|
||||
`` Cigarette '' ? ?
|
||||
Meanwhile , fishermen took advantage of them to pull up whoppers .
|
||||
`` They are the best '' .
|
||||
Pulling off her face mask , she carefully placed the spear gun across the stern , then lifted her wet hair from her back and squeezed out the water .
|
||||
`` Any luck '' ? ?
|
||||
The rubber and glass face mask slipped from Poet's forehead , bounced painlessly off Nick's chin , then disappeared .
|
||||
No one had screamed .
|
||||
Instinctively he exhaled through his nose then sucked in the air from the hose .
|
||||
`` Which is a break as the area to search is less than a square mile '' , she added as she swung her legs over the transom .
|
||||
Make a 90 degree straight for shore '' .
|
||||
But Nick would not let go .
|
||||
If the character flying that thing had gone over San Clemente Island yesterday he would have had an eyeful .
|
||||
The discovery struck Nick like a blow .
|
||||
The word hissed distinctly from Poet's lips as he struggled to his feet .
|
||||
He asked .
|
||||
There was nothing quite like being alone on a boat on the ocean .
|
||||
So did Poet .
|
||||
Nick wondered if Elaine had bought them , but he said nothing .
|
||||
Eventually the bubbles became lost in the sparkle of the ocean surface , and he rolled over on his back .
|
||||
Yet Alfredo wanted money wanted money to roam through the deserts .
|
||||
`` It's like banging a shin '' , he said , his eyes lingered on Nick's face , then moved back to Elaine .
|
||||
The pilot had been good .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
The Narragansett Race Track grounds is one assembly point , he said , and a drive-in theater in Seekonk would be another .
|
||||
`` Our most immediate goal is to increase public awareness of the movement '' , he indicated , `` and to tell them what this will mean for the town '' .
|
||||
The statutes , similar in both the Bay State and Rhode Island and dating back in some instances to colonial times , severely limit the types of merchandise that may be sold on the Sabbath .
|
||||
He said he favors wage increases for workers -- `` but manufacturers are caught in a profit squeeze '' -- and raises should only come when the public is conditioned to higher prices , he added .
|
||||
The lawyer with whom I studied law steered me off the Socialist track .
|
||||
Some opposition to the home rule movement started to be heard yesterday , with spokesmen for the town's insurgent Democratic leadership speaking out against the home rule charter in favor of the model municipal league charter .
|
||||
A copy was released to the press .
|
||||
He would assign one of the rescue trucks to the Riverside section of the city and the other to the Rumford area .
|
||||
He suggested that a regrouping of forces might allow the average voter a better pull at the right lever for him on election day .
|
||||
He will then appoint the study committee with Mr. Nugent's cooperation , the governor said .
|
||||
The governor wrote Miss Grant that he has been concerned for some time `` with the continuous problem which confronts our local and state law enforcement officers as a result of the laws regulating Sunday sales '' .
|
||||
The council advised the governor that `` large supermarkets , factory outlets and department stores not be allowed to do business '' on Sunday .
|
||||
Mr. Martinelli said yesterday that the Citizens Group of Johnston will meet again July 24 to plan further strategy in the charter movement .
|
||||
He explained that by law the council must establish procedures for a vote on the issue within 60 days after the board of canvassers completes its work .
|
||||
Such vital information , he said , has to be made available to the public frequently and at regular intervals for residents to know .
|
||||
Mr. Hawksley said yesterday he would be willing to go before the city council `` or anyone else locally '' to outline his proposal at the earliest possible time .
|
||||
A difference of opinion arose between Mr. Martinelli and John P. Bourcier , town solicitor , over the exact manner in which the vote is handled .
|
||||
Mr. Bourcier said that he had consulted several Superior Court justices in the last week and received opinions favoring both procedures .
|
||||
Along with a director , the city should provide a CD headquarters so that pertinent information about the local organization would be centralized .
|
||||
Several signers affixed their names , it was learned , after being told that no tax increase would be possible without consent of the General Assembly and that a provision could be included in the charter to have the town take over the Johnston Sanitary District sewer system .
|
||||
Should there be evidence they are shirking , he has said , the state police will step into the situation .
|
||||
Council president Frank SanAntonio said yesterday he may ask the council to formally request Town Solicitor Michael A. Abatuno to draft the ordinance .
|
||||
Speaking of the present status of civil defense in the city , Mr. Hawksley said he would be willing to bet that not more than one person in a hundred would know what to do or where to go in the event of an enemy attack .
|
||||
Nothing has been done yet to take advantage of the enabling legislation .
|
||||
Misunderstanding of the real meaning of a home rule charter was cited as a factor which has caused the Citizens Group to obtain signatures under what were termed `` false pretenses '' .
|
||||
Action on a new ordinance permitting motorists who plead guilty to minor traffic offenses to pay fines at the local police station may be taken at Monday's special North Providence Town Council meeting .
|
||||
While the city council suggested that the Legislative Council might perform the review , Mr. Notte said that instead he will take up the matter with Atty. Gen. J. Joseph Nugent to get `` the benefit of his views '' .
|
||||
Mr. Hawksley said he believed there are a number of qualified city residents who would be willing to take the full-time CD job .
|
||||
The law which governs home rule charter petitions states that they must be referred to the chairman of the board of canvassers for verification of the signatures within 10 days and Mr. Martinelli happens to hold that post .
|
||||
The Central Falls City Council expressed concern especially that more foods be placed on the eligible list and that neighborhood grocery and variety stores be allowed to do business on Sunday .
|
||||
`` I would expect the proposed committee to hold public hearings '' , Mr. Notte said , `` to obtain the views of the general public and religious , labor and special-interest groups affected by these laws '' .
|
||||
Other steps would be developed after information drifts down to the local level from the federal government .
|
||||
Mr. Martinelli explained that there should be more than enough signatures to assure the scheduling of a vote on the home rule charter and possible election of a nine member charter commission within 70 days .
|
||||
He said he was `` confessing that I was a member of the Socialist Party in 1910 '' .
|
||||
Mr. Hawksley said he was not critical of city residents for not knowing what to do or where to assemble in case of an air attack .
|
||||
One of the first things he would do , he said , would be to organize classes in first aid .
|
||||
Mr. Martinelli has , in recent weeks , been of the opinion that a special town meeting would be called for the vote , while Mr. Bourcier said that a special election might be called instead .
|
||||
Mr. Notte was responding to a resolution adopted by the Central Falls City Council on July 10 and sent to the state house by Miss Grant .
|
||||
Liberals and conservatives in both parties -- Democratic and Republican -- should divorce themselves and form two independent parties , George H. Reama , nationally known labor-management expert , said here yesterday .
|
||||
He said he would not be surprised if some of the more than 30 members of the group are interested in running on the required non-partisan ballot for posts on the charter commission .
|
||||
He suggested that without the Socialist Party ever gaining a national victory , most of its original program has come to pass under both major parties .
|
||||
One advantage that would come to the city in having a full-time director , he said , is that East Providence would become eligible to apply to the federal government for financial aid in purchasing equipment needed for a sound civil defense program .
|
||||
It declares that Sunday sales licenses provide `` great revenue '' to the local government .
|
||||
They `` operate on a volume basis '' , it was contended , `` and are not essential to provide the more limited but vital shopping needs of the community '' .
|
||||
At present all offenses must be taken to Sixth District Court for disposition .
|
||||
If the city council fails to consider appointment of a full-time CD director , Mr. Hawksley said , then he plans to call a meeting early in September so that a civil defense organization will be developed locally .
|
||||
`` It has become our responsibility and I hope that the Citizens Group will spearhead the movement '' .
|
||||
`` That was before I studied law .
|
||||
The governor's move into the so-called `` blue law '' controversy came in the form of a letter to Miss Mary R. Grant , deputy city clerk of Central Falls .
|
||||
Mr. Hawksley believes that East Providence could use two more rescue trucks , similar to the CD vehicle obtained several years ago and now detailed to the Central Fire Station .
|
||||
Matching funds also can be obtained for procurement of such items as radios , sirens and rescue trucks , he said .
|
||||
The small shops `` must be retained , for they provide essential service to the community '' , according to the resolution , which added that they `` also are the source of livelihood for thousands of our neighbors '' .
|
||||
One of these men is former Fire Chief John A. Laughlin , he said .
|
||||
He said that the group has no candidates for the charter commission in mind at present , but that it will undoubtedly endorse candidates when the time comes .
|
||||
The only day they `` have a chance to compete with large supermarkets is on Sunday '' , the council's resolution said .
|
||||
At the last session of the General Assembly , the town was authorized to adopt such an ordinance as a means of making enforcement of minor offenses more effective .
|
||||
East Providence now has no civil defense program .
|
||||
Indicating the way in which he has turned his back on his 1910 philosophy , Mr. Reama said : `` A Socialist is a person who believes in dividing everything he does not own '' .
|
||||
Increasing opposition can be expected in coming weeks , it was indicated .
|
||||
Noting that President Kennedy has handed the Defense Department the major responsibility for the nation's civil defense program , Mr. Hawksley said the federal government would pay half the salary of a full-time local director .
|
||||
Rhode Island is going to examine its Sunday sales law with possible revisions in mind .
|
||||
`` After inspiring this , I think we should certainly follow through on it '' , he declared .
|
||||
He is not interested in being named a full-time director .
|
||||
The resolution urges the governor to have a complete study of the Sunday sales laws made with an eye to their revision at the next session of the legislature .
|
||||
He steered me to the right track -- the free enterprise track '' .
|
||||
Riverside residents would go to the Seekonk assembly point .
|
||||
Mr. Hawksley , the state's general treasurer , has been a part-time CD director in the city for the last nine years .
|
||||
Some of my fellow workers were grooming me for an office in the Socialist Party .
|
||||
William A. Martinelli , chairman of the Citizens Group of Johnston , transferred the petitions from his left hand to his right hand after the council voted to accept them at the suggestion of Council President Raymond Fortin Sr. .
|
||||
A petition bearing the signatures of more than 1,700 Johnston taxpayers was presented to the town council last night as what is hoped will be the first step in obtaining a home rule charter for the town .
|
||||
There has been more activity across the state line in Massachusetts than in Rhode Island in recent weeks toward enforcement of the Sunday sales laws .
|
||||
Mr. Reama told the Rotary Club of Providence at its luncheon at the Sheraton-Biltmore Hotel that about half of the people in the country want the `` welfare '' type of government and the other half want a free enterprise system .
|
||||
He said that when he was a Socialist in 1910 , the party called for government operation of all utilities and the pooling of all resources .
|
||||
He expects that if the present timetable is followed a vote will be scheduled during the last week in September .
|
||||
Mr. Hawksley said .
|
||||
East Providence should organize its civil defense setup and begin by appointing a full-time director , Raymond H. Hawksley , the present city CD head , believes .
|
||||
The attorney general has advised local police that it is their duty to enforce the blue laws .
|
||||
Governor Notte said last night he plans to name a committee to make the study and come up with recommendations for possible changes in time for the next session of the General Assembly .
|
||||
Local police have hesitated to prosecute them because of the heavy court costs involved even for the simplest offense .
|
||||
Mr. Reama , who retired as vice president of the American Screw Co. in 1955 said , `` Both parties in the last election told us that we need a five per cent growth in the gross national product -- but neither told us how to achieve it '' .
|
||||
Mr. Reama , far from really being retired , is engaged in industrial relations counseling .
|
||||
He assured Mr. Martinelli and the council that he would study the correct method and report back to the council as soon as possible .
|
||||
That , he added , was when he was `` a very young man , a machinist and toolmaker by trade .
|
||||
He expressed the opinion the city could hire a CD director for about $3,500 a year and would only have to put up half that amount on a matching fund basis to defray the salary costs .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
||||
He is driven back by his yearning to the wintry homeland of his fathers in the forest of Tiveden '' .
|
||||
all is seen and felt and experienced , the observation is sharp and the imagination lively .
|
||||
The family estate was situated near Vadstena on Lake Vattern in south central Sweden .
|
||||
There are , however , some wonderful chapters at the beginning of the second part , concerning the reactions of the Swedes in adversity .
|
||||
Then suddenly there was a tremendous revulsion of popular feeling .
|
||||
Among the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English .
|
||||
he tells stories of the Thousand and One Nights , and conjures up before us the bazaars of Damascus .
|
||||
In the care-free indolence of the East he sees the last reflection of the old happy existence , and for that reason he loves it .
|
||||
In one of his summers at home he married , to the great disapproval of his father , who objected because of his extreme youth .
|
||||
Heidenstam could never be satisfied by surface .
|
||||
By the death of his father in 1888 he had come into possession of the family estate and had re-assumed its traditions .
|
||||
Being somewhat delicate in health , at the age of sixteen he was sent to Southern Europe , for which he at once developed a passion , so that he spent nearly all of the following ten years abroad , at first in Italy , then in Greece , Egypt , Asia Minor , and Palestine .
|
||||
His next major work , completed in 1892 , was a long fantastic epic in prose , entitled Hans Alienus , which Professor Book describes as a monument on the grave of his carefree and indolent youth .
|
||||
This is brought out in the next to last chapter of the book , `` A Hero's Funeral '' , written in the form of an impassioned prose poem .
|
||||
With the first of a group of historical novels , The Charles Men ( Karolinerna ) , published in 1897-8 , he achieved the masterpiece of his career .
|
||||
Though it centers around the brilliant and enigmatic figure of Charles 12 , , the true hero is not finally the king himself .
|
||||
Deciding to become a painter , he entered the studio of Gerome in Paris , where he enjoyed the life of the artists , but soon found that whatever talent he might have did not lie in that direction .
|
||||
Heidenstam wrote four other works of fiction about earlier figures revered in Swedish memory .
|
||||
To carry out this exalted conception the author has combined the vivid realism and imaginative power we have noticed in his early poetry and carried them out on a grand scale .
|
||||
All his people ask for is no more war .
|
||||
The Charles Men consists not of a connected narrative but of a group of short stories , each depicting a special phase of the general subject .
|
||||
He is utterly disappointed in himself and in the desultory life he has been leading .
|
||||
The general effect is tragic .
|
||||
Slowly the procession of warriors and statesmen passes through the snow beside the black water and into the brilliantly lighted cathedral , the shrine of so many precious memories .
|
||||
The career of Charles 12 , is obviously very similar to that of Napoleon .
|
||||
Like Napoleon , he was the worst of losers .
|
||||
As a boy in a local school he was shy and solitary , absorbed in his fondness for nature and his visions of Sweden's ancient glory .
|
||||
As he had longed to be , he became the echo of a saga .
|
||||
The Charles Men has a tremendous range of characters , of common folk even more than of major figures .
|
||||
In `` The King's Ride '' , Charles breaks out of a long period of petulance and inertia , regains his old self , escapes from Turkey , and finally reaches his own land after an absence of eighteen years .
|
||||
I looked unceasingly With my cold mind and with my burning heart '' .
|
||||
He did not , however , find himself at once .
|
||||
But he plunges into yet another , this time with Norway , and is killed in an assault on the fortress of Fredrikshall , being only thirty-six years of age when he died .
|
||||
On his father's side he was of German descent , on his mother's he came of the old Swedish nobility .
|
||||
It was a brilliant debut , so much so indeed that it aroused a new vitality in the younger poets , as did Byron's Childe Harold .
|
||||
The record teems with romance and adventure .
|
||||
His purpose , however , was not to establish an empire , but to assert the principle of divine justice .
|
||||
In the following sketch we shall present a brief outline of his life and let him as much as possible speak for himself .
|
||||
It is a lonely , rather desolate region , but full of legendary and historic associations .
|
||||
He gives us an account of this in his lively and humorous poem , `` The Happy Artists '' .
|
||||
And yet amid all the gay hedonism in Pilgrimage And Wander-Years is a cycle of short poems , `` Thoughts In Loneliness '' , filled with brooding , melancholy , and sombre longing '' .
|
||||
His peculiar gift , as had been suggested before , is his intensity .
|
||||
Heidenstam's conception , on the contrary , was to revive the present by the memories of the past .
|
||||
These are suggestive of Selma Lagerlof .
|
||||
He finds it in utter misery and desolation .
|
||||
Not so , he answers , it is not the architect but the temple that is immortal .
|
||||
The young poet-painter reproduces the French life of the streets ; ;
|
||||
Few writers have better understood their deepest selves .
|
||||
Of few authors is this more true than of Heidenstam .
|
||||
Of Gustavus Adolphus and Charles 12 , it is unnecessary to speak .
|
||||
From this time on Heidenstam proceeded to find his deeper self .
|
||||
strongly colorful , plastic , racy , vivid .
|
||||
In a bold , sometimes careless , form there is nothing academic ; ;
|
||||
This restless individualism found its answer when he returned to live nearly all the rest of his life in Sweden .
|
||||
`` I scanned the world through printed symbol swart , And through the beggar's rags I strove to see The inner man .
|
||||
It is different with his volume The Swedes And Their Chieftains ( Svenskarna och deras Hovdingar ) , a history intended for the general reader and particularly suited for high school students .
|
||||
He had become king at fifteen .
|
||||
Then more than ever before did they show their fortitude and patient cheerfulness .
|
||||
It may , however , be noted that his gift for color and imagery must have been greatly stimulated by his stay in Paris .
|
||||
The guns are fired , the hymns are sung , and the body of Charles is carried down to the vault and laid beside the tombs of his ancestors .
|
||||
The supreme object of their lives is now fulfilled , says the wife , her husband has achieved immortality .
|
||||
on the fatal battlefield of Poltava , to quote from the novel , `` the wreath he twined for himself slipped down upon his people '' .
|
||||
In scope and power it can only be compared to Tolstoy's War And Peace .
|
||||
Almost nothing is said of Charles' spectacular victories , the central theme being the heroic loyalty of the Swedish people to their idolized king in misfortune and defeat .
|
||||
Especially touching is the chapter , `` The Little Sister '' , about a king's daughter who became a nun in the convent of St. Birgitta .
|
||||
It slips away , it burns and tortures me .
|
||||
Each failed catastrophically in an invasion of Russia and each brought ruin on the country that worshipped him .
|
||||
After the collapse of that desperate and ill-fated campaign the character of the king degenerated for a time into a futility that was not merely pitiable but often ridiculous .
|
||||
The first result of Heidenstam's long sojourn abroad was a volume of poems , Pilgrimage And Wander-Years ( Vallfart och Vandringsar ) , published in 1888 .
|
||||
What he really wants is to find `` a sacred cause '' to which he can honestly devote himself .
|
||||
Gustaf Vasa is a superb example , and Charles 10 , , the conqueror of Denmark , hardly less so .
|
||||
The hero , who is himself , is represented as a pilgrim in the storied lands of the East , a sort of Faustus type , who , to quote from Professor Book again , `` even in the pleasure gardens of Sardanapalus can not cease from his painful search after the meaning of life .
|
||||
Each is still glorified as a national hero .
|
||||
In this final line , we have the key to his nature .
|
||||
From being a hated tyrant and madman he was now the symbol of all that was noblest and best in the history of Sweden .
|
||||
Admirably written , it is a perfect introduction to Swedish history for readers of other countries .
|
||||
Strindberg's remedy for this condition was to tear down the old structures and build anew from the ground up .
|
||||
Excellent in their way , they lack the wide appeal of The Charles Men , and need not detain us here .
|
||||
Like his friend and contemporary August Strindberg he had little patience with collective mediocrity .
|
||||
George Meredith has said that fervor is the core of style .
|
||||
He did not , however , settle back into acquiescence with things as they were .
|
||||
It consists of fragmentary personal revelations , such as `` The Spark '' : `` There is a spark dwells deep within my soul .
|
||||
They comprise a great variety of scene and interest : grim episodes of war , idyllic interludes , superb canvases of world-shaking events , and delightfully humorous sketches of odd characters .
|
||||
About one-third as long , it is less intimate and detailed , but better coordinated , more concise and more dramatic .
|
||||
Some of the earlier episodes have touches of the supernatural , as suited to the legendary background .
|
||||
Of the longer pieces of the volume none is so memorable as `` Nameless And Immortal '' , which at once took rank among the finest poems ever written in the Swedish language .
|
||||
This comes out in `` When The Bells Ring '' , which describes the rallying of the peasants in southern Sweden to repel an invasion by the Danes .
|
||||
The first half of The Charles Men , ending on the climax of the battle of Poltava in 1709 , is more dramatically coherent than the second .
|
||||
Hence the title of the book , referring to the soldiers and subjects of the king ; ;
|
||||
The short poems grouped at the end of the volume as `` Thoughts in Loneliness '' is , as Professor Book indicated , in sharp contrast with the others .
|
||||
Of these there are surely few that would be more rewarding discoveries than Verner Von Heidenstam , the Swedish poet and novelist who received the award in 1916 and whose centennial was celebrated two years ago .
|
||||
To get it out into the daylight's glow Is my life's aim both first and last , the whole .
|
||||
Each aspired to be a god in human form , but with each it was a different kind of god .
|
||||
That little spark is all the wealth I know , That little spark is my life's misery '' .
|
||||
Somewhat uneven in interest for an average reader , eight or ten of these are among the finest of their kind in literature .
|
||||
He saw Sweden as a country of smug and narrow provincialism , indifferent to the heroic spirit of its former glory .
|
||||
His cause was to commemorate the glory of her past and to incite her people to perpetuate it in the present .
|
||||
He liked to fancy himself as a chieftain and to dress for the part .
|
||||
Professor Fredrik Book , Sweden's foremost critic of the period , acclaims it as follows : `` In this we have the verse of a painter ; ;
|
||||
Heidenstam was born in 1859 , of a prosperous family .
|
||||
Whether in prose or poetry , all of Heidenstam's later work was concerned with Sweden .
|
||||
On the eve of his return to their native Naxos he speaks with his wife of the masterpiece which rises before them in its completed perfection .
|
||||
Equally a master of prose and verse , he recreates the glory of Sweden in the past and continues it into the present .
|
||||
`` The man's true reputation is his work '' .
|
||||
His ideal was Alexander of Macedon , as Napoleon's was Julius Caesar .
|
||||
A dominant motive is the poet's longing for his homeland and its boyhood associations : `` Not men-folk , but the fields where I would stray , The stones where as a child I used to play '' .
|
||||
It celebrates the unknown architect who designed the temple of Neptune at Paestum , next to the Parthenon the noblest example of Grecian classic style now in existence .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
He felt able to end on a note of hope .
|
||||
The integrity of the office not merely requires that the Secretary General shall be , as the Charter puts it , `` the chief administrative officer of the Organization '' , but that neither he nor his staff shall seek or receive instructions from any government or any other authority `` external to the Organization '' .
|
||||
He has served in positions of greater glamour , both at home and abroad ; ;
|
||||
Dr. Conant's call to action
|
||||
Dr. Conant may underestimate the psychological importance of even token equality .
|
||||
Borough Presidents , while retaining membership in the Board of Estimate , lose their housekeeping functions .
|
||||
The widespread purge that has taken place the past twelve months or so among Communist leaders in the provinces gives assurance that the party officials who will dominate the Congress , and the Central Committee it will elect , will all have passed the tightest possible Khrushchev screening , both for loyalty to him and for competence and performance on the job .
|
||||
On net balance , in spite of Controller Gerosa's opposition to the new Charter as an invasion of his office , the Controller will have the opportunity for greater usefulness to good government than he has now .
|
||||
The Inter-american Press Association , which blankets the Western Hemisphere from northern Canada to Cape Horn , is meeting in New York City this week for the first time in eleven years .
|
||||
The board will be able to increase , decrease , add or eliminate budget items , subject to the Mayor's veto ; ;
|
||||
If the decision goes wrong , it may be -- as Mr. Stevenson fears -- `` the first step on the slippery path downhill '' to a U.N. without operational responsibilities and without effective meaning .
|
||||
This will have a beneficial effect by expediting public business ; ;
|
||||
Some fiscal changes are important .
|
||||
it will also correct some injustices .
|
||||
The Twenty-second Soviet Communist Party Congress opens in Moscow today in a situation contrasting sharply with the script prepared many months ago when this meeting was first announced .
|
||||
A fascinating letter has just reached this desk from a correspondent who likes to receive so-called junk mail .
|
||||
In accordance with legislation passed at the last session of Congress , each Representative is authorized to deliver to the Post Office in bulk newsletters , speeches and other literature to be dropped in every letter box in his district .
|
||||
Of course it is .
|
||||
There is room for disagreement concerning some of Dr. Conant's specific views .
|
||||
Although the United States and the U.S.S.R. have been arguing whether there shall be four , five or six top assistants , the most important element in the situation is not the number of deputies but the manner in which these deputies are to do their work .
|
||||
Dr. Conant's conscientious , selfless efforts deserve the nation's gratitude .
|
||||
but the City Council will now share fully this budget-altering power .
|
||||
Dr. Conant has come away shocked and angry .
|
||||
It labels the slums , especially the Negro slums , as dead-end streets for hundreds of thousands of youngsters .
|
||||
Thus there is a clearer division of authority , administrative and legislative .
|
||||
And there must be many Soviet citizens who know what is going on and who realize that before they can hope to enjoy the full life promised for 1980 they and their children must first survive .
|
||||
Lawmaking power is removed from the Board of Estimate and made a partnership responsibility of the City Council and the Mayor .
|
||||
and in these days this inevitably means a concentration on the effects of the Cuban revolution .
|
||||
Overriding of mayoral veto on budget changes will require concurrence by board and Council , and a two-thirds vote .
|
||||
If any one of them has any power to veto the Secretary General's decisions the nature of the organization will have changed .
|
||||
He loses now-misplaced tax collection duties , which go to the Finance Department .
|
||||
The Charter does stipulate that `` due regard '' shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on `` as wide a geographical basis as possible '' .
|
||||
What the new charter does
|
||||
A call for action `` before it is too late '' has alarming implications when it comes from a man who , in his previous reports on the schools , cautioned so strongly against extreme measures .
|
||||
What they have objected to is the attempt of the Russians to make use of the tragedy of Dag Hammarskjold's death to turn the entire U.N. staff from the Secretary down into political agents of the respective countries from which they come .
|
||||
Highways go to a new Department of Highways , sewers to the Department of Public Works , such street cleaning as Borough Presidents now do ( in Queens and Richmond ) to the Sanitation Department .
|
||||
The expense ( operating ) budget is to be a program budget , and red tape is cut to allow greater autonomy ( with the Mayor approving ) in fund transfers within a department .
|
||||
According to the original program , Premier Khrushchev expected the millions looking toward the Kremlin this morning to be filled with admiration or rage -- depending upon individual or national politics -- because of the `` bold program for building communism in our time '' which the Congress will adopt .
|
||||
The evident contradiction between the rosy picture of Russia's progress painted by the Communist party's program and the enormous dangers for all humanity posed by Premier Khrushchev's Berlin policy has already led to speculation abroad that the program may be severely altered .
|
||||
his broad but little used investigative powers are confirmed .
|
||||
The facts , he adds , are hidden from public view by squeamish objections to calling bad conditions by their right name and by insistence on token integration rather than on real improvement of the schools , regardless of the color of their students .
|
||||
The new City Charter , which should get a Yes vote as Question No. 1 on Nov. 7 , would not make a good Mayor out of a bad one .
|
||||
If they give him advice when he asks it , or if they perform specified duties under his direction , the nature of the U. N. will not of necessity change .
|
||||
Dr. James B. Conant has earned a nationwide reputation as a moderate and unemotional school reformer .
|
||||
The Controller retains his essential `` fiscal watchdog '' functions ; ;
|
||||
Most mail these days consists of nothing that could truly be called a letter .
|
||||
This Congress will see Premier Khrushchev consolidating his power and laying the groundwork for an orderly succession should death or illness remove him from the scene in the next few years .
|
||||
His earlier reports considered the American public schools basically sound and not in need of drastic change .
|
||||
Our creditors do not forget us
|
||||
The I. A. P. A. found itself driven from journalism into politics as it did its best to bring about the downfall of the Castro Government and the return of the Cuban press to the freedom it knew before Batista's dictatorship began in 1952 .
|
||||
The Secretary General must have , subject to the constitutional direction of the Security Council and the General Assembly , the power to act , to propose action and to organize action without being hobbled by advisers and assistants acting on someone else's instructions .
|
||||
Now , a close look at the schools in and around the ten largest cities , including New York , has shattered this optimism .
|
||||
No group can contribute more to the success of the program than the editors and publishers of the Inter-American Press Association .
|
||||
The U.N.'s ' gravest crisis '
|
||||
His new book , entitled `` Slums And Suburbs '' , calls for fast and drastic action to avert disaster .
|
||||
That theme cuts through hypocrisies , complacency and double-talk .
|
||||
This , in more diplomatic language , is what Adlai Stevenson told the newspaper men of Latin America yesterday on behalf of the United States Government .
|
||||
but he may well be doing his greatest service with his straightforward report on the state of the public schools .
|
||||
And now -- more junk mail
|
||||
Inter-american Press
|
||||
The villains of the piece are those who deny job opportunities to these youngsters , and Dr. Conant accuses employers and labor unions alike .
|
||||
The United States and its allies have had no objection to this .
|
||||
Freedom of the press was lost in Cuba because of decades of corruption and social imbalances .
|
||||
Occasional letters are sent by individuals to one another and many are written by companies to one another , but these are mostly typewritten .
|
||||
But these are side issues to a powerful central theme .
|
||||
but , as a second-look safeguard , each new project must undergo a Board of Estimate public hearing before construction proceeds .
|
||||
The controversy now revolves mainly around the number and geographic origin of the deputies of the Secretary General and , more particularly , around the nature of his relationship with them .
|
||||
As the press in Cuba was gradually throttled by the Castro regime , more and more Cuban publishers , editors and correspondents were forced into exile .
|
||||
This is the root issue for which the United States should stand .
|
||||
But it would greatly strengthen any Mayor's executive powers , remove the excuse in large degree that he is a captive of inaction in the Board of Estimate , increase his budget-making authority both as to expense and capital budgets , and vest in him the right to reorganize city departments in the interest of efficiency and economy .
|
||||
Letter writing is a dying art .
|
||||
In other words , the Secretary General is to be a nonpartisan , international servant , not a political , national one .
|
||||
A road block to desirable local or borough improvements , heretofore dependent on the pocketbook vote of taxpayers and hence a drag on progress , is removed by making these a charge against the whole city instead of an assessment paid by those immediately affected .
|
||||
Enlargement of the City Council and a new method of selecting members will be discussed tomorrow .
|
||||
In such conditions all freedoms are lost .
|
||||
But far from being concerned about whether or not Russia will have achieved Utopia by 1980 , the world is watching Moscow today primarily for clues as to whether or not there will be nuclear Armageddon in the immediate future .
|
||||
The I. A. P. A. is a reflection of the problems and hopes of the hemisphere ; ;
|
||||
Meeting in Moscow
|
||||
He should be , as Dag Hammarskjold certainly was , a citizen of the world .
|
||||
This means an added burden to innumerable postmen , who already are complaining of heavy loads and low pay , and it presumably means an increased postal deficit , but , our correspondent writes , think of the additional junk mail each citizen will now be privileged to receive on a regular basis .
|
||||
What we must have , if the United Nations is to survive , is as nonpolitical , nonpartisan an organization at the top as human beings can make it , subject to no single nation's direction and subservient to no single nation's ambition .
|
||||
We should not become confused or let our public become confused over irrelevant questions of number or even of geography .
|
||||
Ambassador Stevenson yesterday described the U.N.'s problem of electing a temporary successor to the late Dag Hammarskjold as `` the gravest crisis the institution has faced '' .
|
||||
There is no such magic in man-made laws .
|
||||
His suggestion that the prestige colleges be made the training institutions for medical , law and graduate schools will run into strong opposition from these colleges themselves -- even though what he is recommending is already taking shape as a trend .
|
||||
The board is diminished in both respects , while it retains control over zoning , franchises , pier leases , sale , leasing and assignment of property , and other trusteeship functions .
|
||||
These warnings must not be treated lightly .
|
||||
He sees evidence of fair winds for the ten-year Alliance for Progress plan with its emphasis on social reforms .
|
||||
The capital budget , for construction of permanent improvements , becomes an appropriating document instead of just a calendar of pious promises ; ;
|
||||
Whether it is or not , the propaganda impact on the free world of the document scheduled to be adopted at this meeting will be far less than had been originally anticipated .
|
||||
He was delighted to learn that the Post Office Department is now going to expand this service to deliver mail from Representatives in Congress to their constituents without the use of stamps , names , addresses or even zone numbers .
|
||||
His strong opposition to the transfer of Negro children to schools outside their own neighborhood , in the interest of integration , will be attacked by Negro leaders who have fought for , and achieved , this open or permissive enrollment .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
Moreover , the trend of general business activity in 1961 will exert a decisive influence on fiscal , monetary , and other Federal policies which affect interest rates .
|
||||
However , as witnessed by the large corporate bond calendar at present , as well as the record amount of municipal bond issues approved by voters , the over-all demands for capital funds seem likely to remain high , so that any downward pressure on rates from reduced demand should not be great .
|
||||
Here would be a powerful force for raising business activity .
|
||||
During the Seventies the projections show a more pronounced rise to an annual rate of 1,338,000 in the second half of that decade .
|
||||
It suggests that during the next several months , through the spring of 1961 , the demand for long-term capital funds may be moderately lower and that interest rates may tend to move a little lower , especially the rates on Federal , state , and local bonds , as well as those on publicly offered corporate bonds .
|
||||
By the end of the spring of 1961 , assuming that a general business recovery gets under way , interest rates should begin to edge upward again , depending upon the vigor of the recovery and the determination with which the monetary authorities move to restrain credit availability .
|
||||
For example , the huge postwar demand on the part of veterans for housing under the VA home loan guaranty program seems to have largely exhausted itself .
|
||||
With the expansion of family formation in the Sixties , a continued substantial rise in expenditures by state and local government units seems to be indicated .
|
||||
The recovery will probably be sparked by a rising rate of housing starts next spring in response to more readily available mortgage credit , as well as by an expansion of Government spending , well sustained consumer spending , and some rebuilding of business inventories .
|
||||
The tendency for general business activity to soften somewhat is becoming more evident .
|
||||
The 2% increase in retail sales in October to a 4-month high is encouraging in this connection as well as the most recent consumer survey by the National Industrial Conference Board , which shows a decided pickup in consumer spending plans .
|
||||
It is difficult to see any powerful sources of strength on the horizon at this time which would give the economy a new upward thrust .
|
||||
The pattern of general business activity which probably lies ahead of us is a further moderate softening through the spring of 1961 before a new rise in economic activity gets under way .
|
||||
However , the impact of a rising rate of household formation this decade should not be exaggerated .
|
||||
The rate of plant and equipment spending by business and industry now seems to be topping out and facing some decline .
|
||||
Moreover , it is likely that Federal policies aimed at stimulating a faster rate of economic growth of the country , to keep ahead of the Communist countries and to demonstrate that our free economic system is better than theirs , will lead to rising Federal spending in certain areas such as education , housing , medical aid , and the like .
|
||||
Five basic forces
|
||||
The huge backlog of demand which was evident in the first decade and a half after the War was fed by liquid assets accumulated by the public during the War , and even more so by the easier and easier credit in the consumer loan and home loan fields .
|
||||
Accordingly , the expanding markets for consumer goods and housing occasioned by the higher rate of household formation should enhance the general economic prospects of the Sixties .
|
||||
During the Sixties we have the prospect of a significant stepping up in the rate of household formations , which should contribute to a rising volume of consumer expenditures and home building .
|
||||
Indeed , the failure of home-building as a whole to respond this year to somewhat greater availability of mortgage financing , and the increasing reports of pockets of unsold homes and rising vacancy rates in apartment buildings , may also signal in part that the lush days of big backlog demand for housing are reaching an end .
|
||||
This makes it certain that Federal expenditures for military preparedness and foreign economic aid are likely to rise further in the next several years .
|
||||
In a more pessimistic vein about the economic outlook , I suspect that the reservoir of demand for consumer goods and housing which was dammed-up during the Thirties and World War 2 , is finally in the process of running dry .
|
||||
Certainly a further reduction in the discount rate would be a strong possibility , as well as an easier reserve position for the banking system .
|
||||
My answer is in the negative because I believe that total capital demands during the Sixties will continue to press against available supplies , and interest rates will generally tend to be firm at high levels .
|
||||
It seems likely , moreover , that with an increase in the rate of saving in mortgage lending institutions , interest rates on residential mortgages may move somewhat lower through the spring of next year , although the increased ease in residential mortgage lending may occur primarily in other terms than interest rate , e.g. , easier downpayment and amortization terms .
|
||||
State and local expenditures ( in real terms ) increased persistently from $26.5-billion in 1949 to $44.3-billion in 1959 , and it would not be surprising if they showed a comparable increase in this decade , which would carry them to the neighborhood of $75-billion by 1970 .
|
||||
Spurred by keen competition in our industrial system , and still further increases in the funds devoted to industrial research , plant and equipment expenditures by business and industry should rise during the decade .
|
||||
Slight downward pressure
|
||||
These signs are the inventories of unsold houses in some areas of the country and the moderate rise in vacancy rates for apartments ( 7.6% in September ) .
|
||||
It is pertinent to ask the question : Has the long upswing of interest rates during the past 15 years just about run its course , and are we now entering a period in which both capital market forces and Federal policies will produce a prolonged decline of interest rates ? ?
|
||||
This is an area in which there is still a large backlog of demand .
|
||||
On the other hand , in a more favorable vein , general business activity should receive some stimulus from rising Federal spending , and the reduction in business inventories has probably run a good part of its course .
|
||||
( 2 )
|
||||
There is some clear-cut evidence of this .
|
||||
According to the latest projections of the Bureau of the Census , the annual rate of household formations will increase for the next 20 years .
|
||||
The average annual rate of 1,083,000 in the second half of the Sixties is still considerably below the annual rate of 1,525,000 in the three-year period from April 1947 to March 1950 .
|
||||
Sixties' capital requirements
|
||||
This is not to say that the level of consumer expenditures will not continue to rise in the Sixties .
|
||||
Nineteen-sixty has been a baffling year for analysts of general business activity .
|
||||
It seems likely that with the three preceding forces at play , the rate of business and industrial plant and equipment expenditures should continue to move upward from the levels of the Fifties .
|
||||
We are just beginning the task of trying to win or maintain the friendship of the new African nations against the ruthless competition of the Communist bloc .
|
||||
However , to the extent that the monetary authorities , in their effort to ease credit in the next several months , conduct their open market operations in longer-term Government bonds , they will certainly act to accentuate any tendency for long-term interest rates to ease as a result of market forces .
|
||||
To the extent that the new Administration has its wishes , the Federal Reserve would conduct its open market operations throughout the entire maturity range of Government securities and aggressively seek to force down long-term interest rates .
|
||||
Accordingly , during the Sixties our national economy is likely to grow at as fast a rate as in the Fifties and , in the process , to require enormous amounts of capital funds .
|
||||
Markets should become more competitive as consumers become more selective .
|
||||
In assessing the outlook for interest rates in 1961 , the question , as always , is the prospect for general business activity .
|
||||
During much of the year the general level of business activity has moved along on a record-high plateau , but there have been persistent signs of slack in the economy .
|
||||
By and large , what happens to business as a whole will govern the relationship between demand and supply conditions in the capital markets and will thus determine interest rates .
|
||||
I am confident that it will , but consumer spending in the Sixties will not be fortified by the great backlog of wants and desires which characterized most of the Fifties .
|
||||
In a way , we may be witnessing the same thing in the sales of automobiles today as the public no longer is willing to purchase any car coming on the market but is more insistent on compact cars free of the frills which were accepted in the Fifties .
|
||||
( 3 )
|
||||
If the trend of general business activity follows the pattern suggested here , we are likely to see additional steps by the Federal Reserve authorities to ease the availability of credit .
|
||||
My guess would be that interest rates will decline moderately into the spring of 1961 and during the second half of the year will turn up gradually to recover the ground lost during the downturn .
|
||||
( 4 )
|
||||
The consuming public has used up a good part of these liquid assets , or they have been drained by the rising price level , and we have apparently gotten to the end of the line in making consumer or home mortgage terms easier .
|
||||
Although the pause in the advance of general business activity this year has thus far been quite modest , it is hard to escape the conclusion that the softening process will continue into the first quarter of 1961 and possibly somewhat longer .
|
||||
This view is based upon several basic economic forces which I believe will be operating in the Sixties , as follows : ( 1 )
|
||||
Open market policy
|
||||
The principle of `` bills only '' , or `` bills preferably '' , seems so strongly accepted by the Federal Reserve that it is difficult to envision conditions which would persuade the authorities to depart radically from it by extending their open market purchases regularly into long-term Government securities .
|
||||
Recent events in the General Assembly of the United Nations confirm that the cold war will remain with us , and probably intensify , for the foreseeable future .
|
||||
There are serious dangers involved in this trend toward rising Federal expenditures , of which I take a dim view , but it seems very likely to occur .
|
||||
What does the general business outlook suggest about the trend of long-term rates in 1961 ? ?
|
||||
Our efforts to overcome the lead of the Russians in space are bound to mean accelerated Federal spending .
|
||||
At this time , however , there are signs that increased availability of mortgage credit will not act with the usual speed to stimulate a sharp rise in residential construction .
|
||||
Under the most favorable assumptions for increase , the Bureau of the Census projects that the annual rate of household formations will rise from about 883,000 in the last two years of the Fifties to an annual rate of about 1,018,000 in the first five years of the Sixties , and to a slightly higher annual rate of 1,083,000 in the second half of the decade .
|
||||
One of the most intriguing questions is whether the recent departures of the Federal Reserve authorities from confining their open market operations to Treasury bills will spread into longer-term Government securities in the next few months .
|
||||
However , the monetary authorities will continue to be required to pay attention to the consequences of their actions with respect to our international balance of payments position and the outflow of gold , as well as with regard to avoiding the creation of excessive liquidity in the economy , which would delay the effectiveness of monetary policy measures in the next expansion phase of the business cycle .
|
||||
In earlier business cycles , when this occurred the country usually experienced a sharp upturn in residential construction as mortgage financing became easier to obtain .
|
||||
( 5 )
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
But make no mistake about it , the first reason people turn to camping is one of economy .
|
||||
Camping is big and getting bigger .
|
||||
Seven million families would total 30 million Americans or more .
|
||||
The shooting development program of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute has successfully published these facts in all major outdoor magazines , many national weeklies and the trade papers .
|
||||
Neither are shelters , because there is one to meet the needs of every camper or prospective camper .
|
||||
Sporting firearms change , markedly for the better .
|
||||
They are struggling to meet the demand for camping space , but families are being turned away , especially on holiday weekends .
|
||||
They bring their families and tents and camp kitchens and bedding .
|
||||
More campers than campsites
|
||||
The number depends on who is talking at the moment .
|
||||
This is no longer a way of life for the bearded logger and the wandering cowboy .
|
||||
Harassed state park officials often have more campers than they know what to do with .
|
||||
SAAMI's field men have served as consultants and/or have participated in 75 Teen Hunter Club activities which have reached over 40,000 enthusiastic young Americans .
|
||||
Neither are beds , thanks to air mattresses and sleeping bags .
|
||||
But the campers still come .
|
||||
Ask Sammy Shooter .
|
||||
J. L. Hudson , Detroit ; ;
|
||||
Are you looking ahead to the exploding market of millions of American boys and girls , who will grow up to enjoy a traditional American way of life -- ranging the fields with a fine American gun and uniformly excellent ammunition ? ?
|
||||
The American firearms and ammunition manufacturers through diligent research and technical development have replaced the muzzle loader and slow-firing single-shot arms with modern fast firing auto-loaders , extremely accurate bolt , lever , and slide action firearms .
|
||||
Personnel assigned through the shooting development program have proudly participated in over 53 state and regional workshops , at which hundreds of school administrators , teachers , professors , and recreational leaders have been introduced to Outdoor Education .
|
||||
They're not .
|
||||
Why they keep coming
|
||||
The American gun and ammunition producers sponsor a successful promotional program through their industry trade association .
|
||||
Here you begin to appreciate the scope of the challenges and possibilities facing the industry .
|
||||
Is your sporting firearms and ammunition department primed for the expanding horizons ? ?
|
||||
They bring their fishing rods and binoculars and bathing suits .
|
||||
They're buying fun and adventure and family experiences .
|
||||
Other THC activities followed , conducted by shopping centers , department stores , recreation equipment dealers , radio-TV stations , newspapers , and other organizations interested in the need existing to acquaint youngsters with the proper use of sporting firearms and the development of correct attitudes and appreciations related to hunting and wise use of our natural resources .
|
||||
The automobile expenses are about the only vacationing cost they can't either eliminate or pare down drastically by camping along the way .
|
||||
This has been the aim of the director of the shooting development program , the New York staff of the Sportsmen's Service Bureau , and the SAAMI shooting preserve field consultants since the start of the program in 1954 .
|
||||
Here is the promise of a vacation trip they can afford .
|
||||
Dealers would do well to visit such a campground often , look at the equipment and talk with the campers .
|
||||
This beach campground with no trees or hills presents a constant camping show with all manner of equipment in actual use .
|
||||
And this helps explain why so many people are now going camping .
|
||||
The American Automobile Association , computing the cost for two people to vacation by automobile , comes up with an average daily expenditure figure of $29 .
|
||||
There are a half dozen reasons helping to account for the migration to the campgrounds .
|
||||
The figures range as high as 15 million families .
|
||||
But there is still the sometimes complex problem of helping campers choose the best equipment for their individual needs .
|
||||
Teen Hunter Clubs were initially sponsored by affiliated members of the Allied Merchandising Corporation .
|
||||
They come prepared for family fun because Americans in ever-growing numbers are learning that here is the way to a fine economical vacation that becomes a family experience of lasting importance .
|
||||
With the whole camp exposed to view we could see the variety of canvas shelters in which Americans are camping now .
|
||||
The AAA then splits it down this way : $10.50 for meals , $9.50 for lodging , $7 for gas and oil , and $2 for tips and miscellaneous .
|
||||
It would be a mistake to sell those thousands of beginning campers on the idea they're buying the comforts of home .
|
||||
The National Parks , always popular camping places , are facing the same pressure .
|
||||
Through the efforts of SAAMI's shooting development program these shooting activities , and many others , including assists in the development of public and privately financed shooting parks , trap and skeet leagues , rifle and pistol marksmanship programs have been promoted , to mention only a few .
|
||||
We trust that you , as a gun and ammunition dealer , have benefited through additional sales of equipment .
|
||||
I've heard 10 million mentioned often , but I'm more inclined to think there may be a total of some five to seven million families camping .
|
||||
The more people learn about their country , the more they want to learn .
|
||||
No one knows where it will stop .
|
||||
Home is the place to find the comforts of home .
|
||||
Just as modern transportation has outmoded the early Studebaker covered wagon , the demand of today's sportsmen and women has necessitated changes in their equipment .
|
||||
And due to modern resource-use and game management practices , there is still game to shoot , even with the ever-expanding encroachment on land and water .
|
||||
What does the camping couple do to this set of figures ? ?
|
||||
Following a vigorous campaign of interpretation and leadership development by OEP director Dr. Julian Smith , today thousands of secondary schools , colleges and universities have shooting and hunting education in their physical education and recreation programs .
|
||||
Would you like to organize Teen Hunters Clubs , shooting programs , and have information on seasons including six months of hunting with unlimited game bags on shooting preserves ? ?
|
||||
Because they prepare their own meals they also keep in their pockets a good portion of that $10.50 food bill along with most of the tip money .
|
||||
Almost every official who reflects on it thinks this movement of Americans to canvas dwellings opens one of the most promising of all outdoor markets .
|
||||
SAAMI's financial support since 1955 has contributed to the success of this project in education .
|
||||
Joseph Horne , Pittsburgh .
|
||||
This program is now nationally known as `` Teen Hunter Clubs '' .
|
||||
There were umbrella tents , wall tents , cottage tents , station wagon tents , pup tents , Pop tents , Baker tents , tents with exterior frames , camper trailers , travel trailers , and even a few surplus parachutes serving as sunshades over entire family camps .
|
||||
And millions of rounds of entirely new and modern small-arms ammunition , designed for today's hunting and target shooting .
|
||||
The Outdoor Education Project took cognizance of the fact , so often overlooked , that athletic activities stressed in most school programs have little or no relationship to the physical and mental needs and interests of later life .
|
||||
Unlimited game bags are possible and legal in more than 40 states , on shooting preserves ( one of the newer phases of modern game-management ) for five and six months each year .
|
||||
Moving around camp we saw all kinds of camp stoves , lanterns , coolers , bedding , games , fishing tackle , windbreaks and sunshades .
|
||||
The various team sports assuredly have their place in every school , and they are important to proper physical development .
|
||||
Long weekends enable many to get away from home for three or four days several times a year .
|
||||
While individual sportsmen are aware of this situation , too many of our political , social , educational and even religious leaders too often forget it .
|
||||
The $9.50 for lodging they save .
|
||||
Where Americans used to think of a single vacation each summer , they now think about how many vacations they can have .
|
||||
Help is needed from dealers , at the grass-roots level .
|
||||
The continuation and expansion of the shooting development program will assure to some degree that national and community leaders will be made aware of the ever-growing need for shooting facilities and activities for hunting and shooting in answer to public demand .
|
||||
Following the kick-off of SAAMI's shooting development program in 1954 , a most interesting meeting took place in Washington , D.C. .
|
||||
Camping is family fun , and it is helping more Americans see more of the country than they ever saw before .
|
||||
The early years of the twentieth century seem very far away .
|
||||
Present conservation practices regard wildlife , not as an expendable natural resource , but as an annual harvest to be sown and also reaped .
|
||||
This meeting was called to determine how these groups might cooperate to launch what is known as the Outdoor Education Project .
|
||||
The group known as the American Association for Health , , Physical Education , and Recreation ( a division of the National Education Association ) initiated a conference which brought together representatives of the National Rifle Association , SAAMI and the American Fishing Tackle Manufacturers .
|
||||
You read various guesses on how many Americans are camping .
|
||||
It's fun , and it's easy -- so easy that there is time left after cooking , and tent keeping , for the women to get out and enjoy outdoor fun with their families .
|
||||
The National Park Service hopes by 1966 to have 30,000 campsites available for 100,000 campers a day -- almost twice what there are at present .
|
||||
The most effective way to develop more places for more sportsmen to shoot is to encourage properly managed shooting preserves .
|
||||
The long and ever-increasing column of sportsmen is now moving into a new era .
|
||||
The U.S. Forest Service cares for hundreds of thousands of campers in its 149 National Forests and is increasing its facilities steadily .
|
||||
Today's campers want comforts , and they have them .
|
||||
Considering that the current school-age potential is 23 million youths , the project and its message on hunting and shooting education have many more to reach .
|
||||
The first program was sponsored by Abraham & Strauss , Hempstead , New York , under the direction of Special Events director Jennings Dennis .
|
||||
Other pilot programs were conducted by A & S , Babylon , New York ; ;
|
||||
And even if they stay in resorts part of the time , they might , if the right salesman gets them in tow , develop a yearning to spice the usual vacation fare with a camping trip into the wide open spaces .
|
||||
But with the exception of professional athletes , few contact sports and physical education activities in our schools have any carryover in the adult life of the average American man or woman .
|
||||
Among them , according to the U.S. Department of Commerce , are : ( 1 ) shorter work weeks , ( 2 ) higher pay , ( 3 ) longer paid vacations , ( 4 ) better transportation , ( 5 ) earlier retirement , and ( 6 ) more education .
|
||||
Consider the equipment needed to protect this many from the weather , to make their cooking easy and their sleeping comfortable .
|
||||
We were camping a few weeks ago on Cape Hatteras Campground in that land of pirates , seagulls and bluefish on North Carolina's famed Outer Banks .
|
||||
As the generations move on , clothes become more suitable for the enjoyment of outdoor sports .
|
||||
But it would also be a mistake for them not to realize how comfortable camping has become .
|
||||
Modern times have changed the world beyond recognition .
|
||||
Camp meals are no great problem .
|
||||
But with all the changes in philosophy , dress and terrain -- a few things remain constant , including the devotion of Americans to the great field sports , hunting and fishing .
|
||||
Since SAAMI's conception in 1926 , and more specifically since the adoption of the Shooting Development Program in 1954 , millions of dollars and promotional man-hours have gone into the development of more places to shoot for more youths and adults .
|
||||
Are you getting top dollar from the shooting sports ? ?
|
||||
Close to two million game birds were harvested on 1,500 commercial and private shooting preserves , and on State Game Commission-controlled upland game areas during the 1960-61 season .
|
||||
We saw similar displays in the other three campgrounds in this 70-mile-long National Seashore Recreation Area .
|
||||
In 1959 SAAMI's shooting development program announced a new activity designed to expose thousands of teen-age boys and girls to the healthy fun enjoyed through the participation in the shooting sports .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
||||
To learn what we do is the first step for improvement .
|
||||
He played a number of typical situations before observers , other supervisors who kept notes and then explained to him in detail what he did they thought was wrong .
|
||||
the objective of this chapter is to clarify the distinctions between spontaneity theory and other training concepts .
|
||||
That's my job '' .
|
||||
All applicants were generally familiar with the work of the receptionist .
|
||||
In short , as frequently happens in analyses , the individual feels threatened and defends himself .
|
||||
After each presentation , the antagonist wrote his judgment of the salesmen ; ;
|
||||
At the end of work one day , the personnel man took the applicants one at a time , asked them to sit behind the receptionist's desk and he then played the role of a number of people who might come to the receptionist with a number of queries and for a number of purposes .
|
||||
However , he turned out to be a complete failure in his new position .
|
||||
He was told he displayed , for example , a sense of superiority -- and he answered : `` Well , I am supposed to know all the answers , aren't I '' ? ?
|
||||
In any case , he refused to accept the implications of the analysis , that he needed to be made over .
|
||||
The batting average of one success out of seven increased to one out of three .
|
||||
The necessary step between diagnosis and training is acceptance of the validity of the criticisms .
|
||||
Entirely concerned with efficiency , he was merciless in criticizing people who made mistakes , condemning them to too great an extent .
|
||||
and `` cannot say '' if they were not certain .
|
||||
This behavior is more `` veridical '' -- or true -- than other testing behavior for some types of evaluation , and so can give quick and accurate estimates of complex functioning .
|
||||
On being criticized for his arbitrary behavior -- he answered : `` I have to make decisions .
|
||||
In the testing room he was to make , successively , three presentations to three different people .
|
||||
To prevent the manager from deliberately controlling himself only during the sessions , they were rather lengthy ( about twenty minutes ) , the situations were imperfectly described to the manager so that he would not know what to expect , new antagonists were brought on the scene unexpectedly , and the antagonists were instructed to deliberately behave in such ways as to upset the manager and get him to operate in a manner for which he had been previously criticized .
|
||||
In addition , the basic approach utilized in applying roleplaying will be reviewed .
|
||||
To want to change is the third step .
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
Roleplaying was offered as a solution -- and the procedure worked as follows : all candidates were invited to a hotel conference room , where the president explained the difficulty he had , and how unnecessary it seemed to him to hire people who just did not work out .
|
||||
These errors were then collected and written on a blackboard , condensing similar ideas .
|
||||
We can see others more clearly than we can see ourselves , and others can see us better than we see ourselves .
|
||||
The engineer had more than seven years of experience in the firm , was well trained , was considered a hard worker , was respected by his fellow engineers for his technical competence and was regarded as a `` comer '' .
|
||||
The reasons for extracting this particular roleplaying application from the previous discussion of training are twofold .
|
||||
To practice new procedures under guided supervision and with constant feedback is the fourth step .
|
||||
How this was accomplished may be described , since this sometimes is a crucial problem .
|
||||
An engineer had been made the works manager of a firm , supplanting a retired employee who had been considered outstandingly successful .
|
||||
In place of asking salesmen to fill questionnaires , checking their references , interviewing them , asking them to be tried out , he told them he would prefer to test them .
|
||||
Analysis
|
||||
Chapter 10 , spontaneity training
|
||||
From the point of view of the applicants , less time was wasted in being evaluated -- and they got a meal out of it as well as some insights into their performances .
|
||||
The director helped tailor-make a check list of the district manager's errors by asking various observers to write out sentences commenting on the mistakes they felt he made .
|
||||
No comments were made during the voting .
|
||||
The engineer turned works manager had a particular view of life -- and refused to change it .
|
||||
He was criticized for his curtness and abruptness -- and he answered : `` I am not working to become popular '' .
|
||||
The manager sat behind the group so he could see and count the hands that went up , and the director wrote the numbers on the blackboard .
|
||||
Roleplaying can be done for quite a different purpose : to evaluate procedures , regardless of individuals .
|
||||
One by one , these errors were discussed and one by one he rejected accepting them as errors .
|
||||
The entire group of managers explained , in great detail , a number of human relations errors that he made .
|
||||
Each was told to purchase material if he felt like it .
|
||||
He did not really listen to others , had little interest in their ideas , and wanted to have his own way -- which was the only right way .
|
||||
While roleplaying for testing is not too well understood at the present time , it represents one of the major uses of this procedure .
|
||||
Each girl was independently `` tested '' by the personnel man , and he served not only as the director , but as the antagonist and the observer .
|
||||
We may say that his attitude was foolish , since he may have been a success had he learned some human relations skills ; ;
|
||||
Evaluation
|
||||
The first eight of these eighteen statements , which received at least one-half of the votes , were duplicated to form an analysis checklist for the particular manager , and when this particular manager roleplayed in other situations , the members checked any items that appeared .
|
||||
He admitted his behavior , and defended it .
|
||||
One should keep in mind that many of the exciting possiblities of roleplaying are largely unexplored and have not been used in industry to the extent that they have been in military and other areas .
|
||||
Spontaneity training theory is unique and relatively new .
|
||||
1 .
|
||||
The president of the firm , calculating expenses alone , felt his costs had dropped one-half while success in selection had improved over one hundred per cent .
|
||||
The position of receptionist was opened in a large office and an announcement was made to the other girls already working that they could apply for this job which had higher prestige and slightly higher salary than typing and clerking positions .
|
||||
This procedure was repeated one day a month for four months .
|
||||
He seemed to antagonize everyone .
|
||||
Ten salesmen were tested in the morning and ten more in the afternoon .
|
||||
Roleplaying used for analysis follows these general steps leading to training .
|
||||
After the diagnosing , he left the course , convinced that it could do him no good .
|
||||
They were asked to vote `` true '' if they thought they had seen him make the error , `` false '' if they thought he had not ; ;
|
||||
On playing some typical situations before a jury of his peers he showed some characteristics rated as unsatisfactory .
|
||||
She was hired and was found to be entirely satisfactory when she played the role eight hours a day .
|
||||
However , in this case the district manager was led to see the errors of his ways .
|
||||
Somewhat to his surprise he found that one girl , whom he would never have considered for the job since she had appeared somewhat mousy and also had been in the office a relatively short time , did the most outstanding job of playing the role of receptionist , showing wit , sparkle , and aplomb .
|
||||
When an evaluative situation is set up , and no concern is with the details that lead to an over-all estimate , we say that roleplaying is used for evaluation .
|
||||
Each salesman was to read a sheet containing a description of the product .
|
||||
He refused to change his approach , and instead he attacked high and low -- the officials for their not backing him , and subordinates for their laxness , stupidity , and stubbornness .
|
||||
Another use of roleplaying for evaluation illustrates how this procedure can be used in real life situations without special equipment or special assistants during the daily course of work .
|
||||
For example : a sales presentation can be analyzed and evaluated through roleplaying .
|
||||
The reason for the value of this procedure was simply that the applicants were tested `` at work '' in different situations by the judgment of a number of experts who could see how the salesmen conducted themselves with different , but typical restaurant owners and managers .
|
||||
Another case may be given in illustration of a successful use of analysis , and also of the employment of a procedure for intensive analysis .
|
||||
They were , in a sense , `` tried out '' in realistic situations .
|
||||
We may say that his problem was diagnosed but that he refused treatment .
|
||||
At the insistence of his own supervisor -- the president of the firm -- he enrolled in a course designed to develop leaders .
|
||||
Eighteen errors were located , and then the director asked each individual to vote whether or not they felt that this manager had made the particular errors .
|
||||
To accept the validity of the judgments of others is the second step .
|
||||
or we may say that his attitude was commendable , showing his independence of mind , in his refusal to adjust to the opinions of others .
|
||||
The goal will be to provide the reader with an integrated rationale to aid him in applying roleplaying techniques in this unique training area .
|
||||
Some cases in evidence of the use of roleplaying for analysis may help explain the procedure .
|
||||
Impersonal purposes
|
||||
Despite the fact that he was regarded as an outstanding engineer , he seemed to be a very poor administrator , although no one quite knew what was wrong with him .
|
||||
The antagonists came in , one at a time , and did not see or hear the other presentations .
|
||||
In considering roleplaying for analysis we enter a more complex area , since we are now no longer dealing with a simple over-all decision but rather with the examination and evaluation of many elements seen in dynamic functioning .
|
||||
Analysis means the evaluation of subparts , the comparative ratings of parts , the comprehension of the meaning of isolated elements .
|
||||
Interviewing , checking references , training the salesmen , having them go with more experienced salesmen was expensive -- and the rate of attrition due to resignations or unsatisfactory performance was too high .
|
||||
The results looked as follows : Af .
|
||||
To use these new ways in daily life is the last step .
|
||||
Turnover rates of personnel went up , production dropped , and morale was visibly reduced .
|
||||
Examples
|
||||
Up to this point stress has been placed on roleplaying in terms of individuals .
|
||||
One handled the salesman in a friendly manner , another in a rough manner , and the third in a hesitating manner .
|
||||
In a course for supermarket operators , a district manager who had been recently appointed to his position after being outstandingly successful as a store manager , found that in supervising other managers he was having a difficult time .
|
||||
and so did the observers consisting of the president , three of his salesmen and a psychologist .
|
||||
Analysis
|
||||
Analysis in roleplaying is usually done for the purpose of understanding strong and weak points of an individual or as a process to eliminate weak parts and strengthen good parts .
|
||||
In the testing room , three of the veteran salesmen served as antagonists .
|
||||
Let us now put some flesh on the theoretical bones we have assembled by giving illustrations of roleplaying used for evaluation and analysis .
|
||||
After every session , the check marks were totaled up and graphed , and in this way the supervisor's progress was charted .
|
||||
In life we learn to play our roles and we `` freeze '' into patterns which become so habitual that we are not really aware of what we do .
|
||||
Each person was to enter the testing room , carrying a suitcase of samples .
|
||||
It was his experience that only one good salesman was found out of every seven hired -- and only one was hired out of every seven interviewed .
|
||||
Observers can see a person engaged in spontaneous behavior , and watch him operating in a totalistic fashion .
|
||||
The president of a small firm selling restaurant products , had considerable difficulty in finding suitable salesmen for his business .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
||||
Mr. Balaguer is in control , and opposition leaders have no further excuse to suspect his offer of a coalition government preliminary to free elections in the spring .
|
||||
The concept of labor as a special class is outmoded , and in the task confronting America as bastion of the free world , labor must learn to put the national interest first if it is itself to survive .
|
||||
No betting man , Mr. Goldberg says he's merely `` putting my neck out again '' by predicting the rate will go down this month .
|
||||
The 1961 feed grain program , which the secretary sponsored , has been declared a billion dollar fiasco .
|
||||
He is the first top administration officer to see the bottom of the slump .
|
||||
But automation and the increasing complexity of factories has renewed the competition for jobs .
|
||||
Within the Organization of American States , there may be some criticism of this unilateral American intervention which was not without risk obviously .
|
||||
Matter of survival
|
||||
He is basing his guess on new government statistics that show business has broadened its stride -- a new record high in personal income , an increase in housing starts , a spurt in retail sales and a gain in orders for durable goods .
|
||||
The subcommittee is not alone in questioning the effectiveness of the department .
|
||||
He will need the help of all OAS members to eradicate , finally , the forces of authoritarianism , pro-Trujillo and pro-Castro alike .
|
||||
Public sentiment for conserving our rich natural heritage is growing .
|
||||
But Interior Secretary Udall warns that there is a race on between those who would develop our few surviving open shorelines and those who would save them for the enjoyment of all as public preserves .
|
||||
New Jersey folk need not be told of the builder's march to the sea , for in a single generation he has parceled and populated miles of our shoreline and presses on to develop the few open spaces that remain .
|
||||
Prosperity for the whole nation is certainly preferred to a tax cut .
|
||||
But preservation of the natural beauty of the Cape is of more than regional concern , for the automobile age has made it the recreation spot of people from all over the country .
|
||||
Ultimately either the Trujillos would have been returned to power or the conflict would have produced conditions favorable to a takeover by Dominican elements responsive to Castro in Cuba .
|
||||
The issue was sufficiently potent in 1935 to spark secession from the American Federation of Labor of its industrial union members .
|
||||
The secretary based his assessment on the upturn in retail sales .
|
||||
This shouldn't surprise the secretary ; ;
|
||||
Anybody who is expecting a joyride should , according to Mr. Shriver , get off the train right now .
|
||||
Self-criticism is a rare but needed commodity in Congress .
|
||||
Perhaps , as Mr. Freeman says , American agriculture may stop the Communists , but it is also swindling the American taxpayer .
|
||||
President Kennedy has indicated his dissatisfaction with its performance .
|
||||
Walter Reuther , leader of the industrial union faction of the AFL-CIO , says another two years of this squabbling will be disastrous for all American labor .
|
||||
This tends to create friction and confusion and has not made it easier for Secretary Rusk to restore vigor and initiative among his subordinates .
|
||||
The result : $1.1 billion added to the deficit in the federal budget .
|
||||
American taxpayers have been impressed by the surpluses for a long , long time .
|
||||
No joyride
|
||||
Mr. Balaguer's troubles are by no means over .
|
||||
much of the glamor President Kennedy's Peace Corps may have held for some prospective applicants has been removed by Sargent Shriver , the head corpsman .
|
||||
But so convinced of communism's inevitable triumph is Prince Sihanouk that he is ready to throw in the towel .
|
||||
It will be a 16-hour training day .
|
||||
But competent observers believe he is making progress , particularly toward what Sen. Jackson lists as the primary need -- `` a clearer understanding of where our vital national interests lie and what we must do to promote them '' .
|
||||
forecasting economic activity is a hazardous undertaking even for the specialist .
|
||||
In New Jersey , too
|
||||
The odds thus appear favorable that the secretary's neck may be spared .
|
||||
If the Dominican Republic achieves free , democratic government , it will be due in large part to the U.S. show of force that enabled President Balaguer to prevent a threatened restoration of Trujillo dictatorship .
|
||||
But there was no complaint from the Dominican crowds which lined Ciudad Trujillo's waterfront shouting , `` Vive Yankees '' ! !
|
||||
February's volume was 1 per cent above January's for the first pickup since last October , although it's still 1.5 per cent off from February 1960 .
|
||||
The move for establishment of a national seashore park on 30,000 acres of Cape Cod , from Provincetown to Chatham , is strengthened by President Kennedy's interest in that area .
|
||||
But the farmers outsmarted Washington by shortening the distance between the rows and pouring on the fertilizer .
|
||||
But that heritage is shrinking even faster .
|
||||
And now Mr. Hodges has pioneered further into the economic unknown with the announcement that he thinks business has stopped sliding and that it should start going upward from this point .
|
||||
Commerce Secretary Hodges seems to have been cast in the role of pacemaker for official Washington's economic forecasters .
|
||||
A senate subcommittee headed by Sen. Jackson of Washington has been going over the State Department and has reached some predictable conclusions .
|
||||
Help when needed
|
||||
Against the dramatic fight being waged for preservation of 30 miles of Cape Cod shoreline , the tiny tract at Stone Harbor may seem unimportant .
|
||||
Outwardly , Ciudad Trujillo is calm .
|
||||
And the pay , of course , will be nil .
|
||||
Mr. Freeman said that in many of the countries he visited on a recent world trade trip people were more awed by America's capacity to produce food surpluses than by our industrial production -- or even by the Soviet's successes in space .
|
||||
What's wrong at state
|
||||
Betting men
|
||||
The economy seems to be sailing along on an even keel and the 1961 hurricane season and auto strikes are at an end so they can't be blamed in November .
|
||||
Mr. Rusk should also draw comfort from Sen. Jackson's recommendation that congressional methods of dealing with national security problems be improved .
|
||||
Corroborating Mr. Hodges' figures was the Federal Reserve Board's report of the large sales increase in the nation's department stores for the week ending March 4 .
|
||||
But now apparently the job of Secretary of Labor requires that he be willing to risk his reputation as a prognosticator of unemployment trends .
|
||||
Initial claims for jobless benefits were said to have dropped by 8,100 in the week ending March 4 .
|
||||
Mr. Goldberg has less reason for missing .
|
||||
And thus far , Mr. Freeman has offered very little relief .
|
||||
Well , we can't have everything .
|
||||
First of all , the recruits will have to undergo arduous schooling .
|
||||
But the secretary insists that the success of the American farmer is the `` greatest single source of strength '' in the struggle to insure freedom around the world .
|
||||
Of course , some of the credit for the sale boost must be given to improvement in the weather and to the fact that Easter comes more than two weeks earlier than in 1960 .
|
||||
The department needs a clearer `` sense of direction '' at the top and it needs fewer , but better , people , Sen. Jackson says .
|
||||
In fact , over the years , the American farmer's capacity to over-produce has cost the taxpayers a large dollar .
|
||||
Prince Sihanouk's powers of prognostication some day may be confirmed but history is not likely to praise the courage of his convictions .
|
||||
His successor , Secretary Goldberg , also has been guessing wrong on a drop in the unemployment rate which has been holding just under 7 per cent for the last 11 months .
|
||||
Whether it could be as disastrous for American labor as , say , Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters , is a matter of conjecture .
|
||||
Then off to a remote place in an underdeveloped country where the diet , culture , language and living conditions will be different .
|
||||
Craft unions seek work that industrial unions claim , such as factory maintenance .
|
||||
But the jurisdictional disputes that result from the craft-industrial rivalry do not win friends for labor .
|
||||
Had U.S. warships not appeared off the Dominican coast , there is every possibility that the country would now be wracked by civil war .
|
||||
Cambodia's chief of state , who has been accused of harboring Communist marauders and otherwise making life miserable for neighboring South Viet Nam and Thailand , insists he would be very unhappy if communism established its power in Southeast Asia .
|
||||
Bottom sighted
|
||||
Mr. Mitchell had an excuse for losing -- the steel strike lasted much longer than he anticipated .
|
||||
the Army , Navy and Air Force , among others , may question Secretary Freeman's claim that the high estate of United States agriculture is the `` strongest deterrent '' to the spread of communism .
|
||||
Deterrent
|
||||
Or that's what it looked like at the time .
|
||||
Despite all this , the idea apparently has captured the imagination of countless youths whose parents are probably more surprised by the response than anybody else .
|
||||
In exchange for higher price supports , growers pledged reduction in planted acreage .
|
||||
In Newark , for example , this gain was put at 26 per cent above the year-earlier level .
|
||||
The desirability of preserving such places as the Cape dunes and Stone Harbor sanctuary becomes more apparent every year .
|
||||
Now the Stone Harbor bird sanctuary , 31 acres of magic attraction for exotic herons , is threatened , but the battlefront extends far beyond our state .
|
||||
More , the U.S. action was hailed by a principal opposition leader , Dr. Juan Bosch , as having saved `` many lives and many troubles in the near future '' .
|
||||
those watching the growing rivalry between craft unions and industrial unions may recognize all the pressures that led to the big labor split in 1935 .
|
||||
By comparison , Stone Harbor bird sanctuary's allies seem less formidable , for aside from the Audubon Society , they are mostly the snowy , common and cattle egrets and the Louisiana , green , little blue and black-crowned herons who nest and feed there .
|
||||
The Jackson report will provide some of the political support Mr. Rusk will need if he is to get rid of department personnel engaged , as Sen. Jackson puts it , `` in work that does not really need doing '' .
|
||||
Engaged as it is in a battle for world trade as a condition of national survival , this country can have little patience with labor's family feuds .
|
||||
Weeks ago he saw a business upturn in the second quarter of this year while his colleagues in the Cabinet were shaking their heads in disagreement .
|
||||
Another optimistic sign , this one from the Labor Department , was the report that the long rise in unemployment compensation payments `` was interrupted for the first time in the week ending Feb. 25 '' .
|
||||
Recently Treasury Secretary Dillon and Labor Secretary Goldberg fell into line with Mr. Hodges' appraisal , though there has been some reluctance to do so at the White House .
|
||||
But there is hope , for Conservation Commissioner Bontempo has tagged the sanctuary as the kind of place the state hopes to include in its program to double its park space .
|
||||
Now , as then , it is a matter of jobs .
|
||||
But those who would revitalize so complex an organization must , first of all , overcome the resistance of layers of officials wedded to traditional procedures , suspicious of innovation and fearful of mistakes .
|
||||
Mr. Hodges is so hopeful over the outlook that he doesn't think there will be any need of a cut in income taxes .
|
||||
That breach was healed 20 years later by merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations .
|
||||
James P. Mitchell , when he was the head of the department , promised to eat his hat if unemployment didn't drop below three million a couple of years ago .
|
||||
Little resistance
|
||||
In cooperating toward that objective , OAS might move with the speed and effectiveness demonstrated by the United States .
|
||||
`` I have to see the facts '' , is the way the prince puts it .
|
||||
Nor does Sen. Jackson discuss the delicate situation created by the presence in the White House of a corps of presidential assistants engaged in the study of foreign policy .
|
||||
None of the Trujillo family remains .
|
||||
He lost , but settled for a cake in the shape of a fedora .
|
||||
And from that point of vantage he concedes another two years of grace to nations maintaining a pro-Western posture .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
Since then , many Protestant denominations have made separate pronouncements , in which they not only approved birth control , but declared it at times to be a religious duty .
|
||||
Instead of Catholics' being obliged or even encouraged to beget the greatest possible number of offspring , as many Non-Catholics imagine , the ideal of responsible parenthood is stressed .
|
||||
The laws of many states permit birth control only for medical reasons .
|
||||
The general board declared : `` Most of the Protestant churches hold contraception and periodic continence to be morally right when the motives are right .
|
||||
To try to oppose the general religious and moral conviction of such a majority by a legislative fiat would be to invite the same breakdown of law and order that was occasioned by the ill-starred Prohibition experiment .
|
||||
Moreover , man may not supplant or frustrate the physical arrangements established by God , who through the law of rhythm has provided a natural method for the control of conception .
|
||||
The board approved and commended the use of birth-control devices as a part of Christian responsibility in family planning .
|
||||
The Church considers this to be the method provided by nature and its divine Author : It involves no frustration of nature's laws , but simply an intelligent and disciplined use of them .
|
||||
The attempt to enforce that belief ushered in a reign of bootleggers , racketeers , hijackers and gangsters that led to a breakdown of law unparalleled in our history .
|
||||
There is a difference in theological belief where there seems little chance of agreement .
|
||||
The general Protestant conviction is that motives , rather than methods , form the primary moral issue , provided the methods are limited to the prevention of conception '' .
|
||||
The so-called `` noble experiment '' came to an inglorious end .
|
||||
The Roman Catholic natural-law tradition regards as self-evident that the primary objective purpose of the conjugal act is procreation and that the fostering of the mutual love of the spouses is the secondary and subjective end .
|
||||
The Conference called for a vigorous campaign against the open or secret sale of contraceptives .
|
||||
Believing that God is the Author of this law and of all laws of nature , Roman Catholics believe that they are obliged to obey those laws , not frustrate or mock them .
|
||||
Both Roman Catholics and Protestants have succumbed to this temptation in the past .
|
||||
Three agreed , but four declined and were suspended .
|
||||
But people differ in their religious beliefs on scores of doctrines , without taking up arms against those who disagree with them .
|
||||
A year later in Albany , N.Y. , a Roman Catholic hospital barred an orthopedic surgeon because of his connection with the Planned Parenthood Association .
|
||||
Denouncing the view that the sexual union is an end in itself , the Conference declared : `` We steadfastly uphold what must always be regarded as the governing considerations of Christian marriage .
|
||||
It has flared up periodically on the front pages of newspapers in communities divided over birth-prevention regulations in municipal hospitals and health and family-welfare agencies .
|
||||
That experience holds a lesson for us all in regard to birth control today .
|
||||
The latter plays a prominent role in Roman Catholic theology and is considered decisive , entirely apart from Scripture , in determining the ethical character of birth-prevention methods .
|
||||
In 1920 , the Lambeth Conference repeated its 1908 condemnation of contraception and issued `` an emphatic warning against the use of unnatural means for the avoidance of conception , together with the grave dangers -- physical , moral , and religious -- thereby incurred , and against the evils which the extension of such use threaten the race '' .
|
||||
There is general agreement also that sex union between husbands and wives as an expression of mutual affection without relation to procreation is right '' .
|
||||
An action once universally condemned by all Christian churches and forbidden by the civil law is now not only approved by the overwhelming majority of Protestant denominations , but also deemed , at certain times , to be a positive religious duty .
|
||||
It is because each side has sought to implement its distinctive theological belief through legislation and thus indirectly force its belief , or at least the practical consequences thereof , upon others .
|
||||
With the exception of the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox Catholic Churches , most churches make no moral distinction between rhythm and mechanical or chemical contraceptives , allowing the couple free choice .
|
||||
Why is it so different in regard to birth control ? ?
|
||||
Among the chief victims of such an ill-conceived imposition would be religion itself .
|
||||
After a flood of protests , they were reinstated at the beginning of 1953 .
|
||||
What determines the morality , they state , is not the means used , but the motive In general , the means ( excluding abortion ) that prove most effective are considered the most ethical .
|
||||
One is the primary purpose for which marriage exists , namely , the continuance of the race through the gift and heritage of children ; ;
|
||||
In 1958 , the Conference endorsed birth control as the responsibility laid by God on parents everywhere .
|
||||
The Roman Catholic Church sanctions only abstention or the rhythm method , also known as the use of the infertile or safe period .
|
||||
the other is the paramount importance in married life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control '' .
|
||||
Let it be granted then that the theological differences in this area between Protestants and Roman Catholics appear to be irreconcilable .
|
||||
Repeated polls have disclosed that most married couples are now using contraceptives in the practice of birth control .
|
||||
The Roman Catholic Church , however , sanctions a much more liberal policy on family planning .
|
||||
This was generally reflected in the civil laws of Christian countries .
|
||||
`` All too frequently '' , points out James O'Gara , managing editor of Commonweal , `` Catholics run roughshod over Protestant sensibilities in this matter , by failure to consider the reasoning behind the Protestant position and , particularly , by their jibes at the fact that Protestant opinion on birth control has changed in recent decades '' .
|
||||
In 1930 , the Lambeth Conference again affirmed the primary purpose of marriage to be the procreation of children , but conceded that , in certain limited circumstances , contraception might be morally legitimate .
|
||||
This means that such factors as the health of the parents , particularly the mother , their ability to provide their children with the necessities of life , the degree of population density of a country and the shortage of housing facilities may legitimately be taken into consideration in determining the number of offspring .
|
||||
In New York City in 1958 , the city's Commissioner of Hospitals refused to permit a physician to provide a Protestant mother with a contraceptive device .
|
||||
Immediately , the religious groups of the city were embroiled in an angry dispute over the alleged invasion of a man's right to freedom of religious belief and conscience .
|
||||
Many of them sincerely believe that the use of liquor in any form or in any degree is intrinsically evil and sinful .
|
||||
All too often our language is unduly harsh .
|
||||
Pope Pius 12 , declared in 1951 that it is possible to be exempt from the normal obligation of parenthood for a long time and even for the whole duration of married life , if there are serious reasons , such as those often mentioned in the so-called medical , eugenic , economic and social `` indications '' .
|
||||
The time has come for citizens of all faiths to unite in an effort to remove this divisive and nettlesome issue from the political and social life of our nation .
|
||||
He thereby precipitated a bitter controversy involving Protestants , Jews and Roman Catholics that continued for two months , until the city's Board of Hospitals lifted the ban on birth-control therapy .
|
||||
Consider what happened during World War 1 , , when the Protestant churches united to push the Prohibition law through Congress .
|
||||
It has erupted on the national level in the matter of including birth-control information and material in foreign aid to underdeveloped countries .
|
||||
Thus , man can readily deduce that the primary objective end of the conjugal act is procreation , the propagation of the race .
|
||||
Instead of emotional recrimination , loaded phrases and sloganeering , we need a dispassionate study of the facts , a better understanding of the opposite viewpoint and a more serious effort to extend the areas of agreement until a solution is reached .
|
||||
Only confusion , failure and anarchy result when the effort is made to impose upon the civil authority the impossible task of policing private homes to preclude the possibility of sin .
|
||||
The second step is to recognize the substantial agreement -- frequently blurred by emotionalism and inaccurate newspaper reporting -- already existing between Catholics and Non-Catholics concerning the over-all objectives of family planning .
|
||||
It called for opposition to laws and institutional practices restricting the information or availability of contraceptives .
|
||||
Many other Protestant denominations preceded the Anglicans in such action .
|
||||
Catholics , Protestants and Jews are in agreement over the objectives of family planning , but disagree over the methods to be used .
|
||||
This development is reflected in the action taken in February , 1961 , by the general board of the National Council of Churches , the largest Protestant organization in the Aj .
|
||||
This viewpoint has now been translated into action by the majority of people in this country .
|
||||
`` As to the necessity '' , the committee declared , `` for some form of effective control of the size of the family and the spacing of children , and consequently of control of conception , there can be no question .
|
||||
The peace of the community was badly disturbed , and people across the nation , reading of the incident , felt uneasy .
|
||||
Up to the turn of the century , contraception was condemned by all Christian churches as immoral , unnatural and contrary to divine law .
|
||||
It is always a temptation for a religious organization , especially a powerful or dominant one , to impose through the clenched fist of the law its creedal viewpoint upon others .
|
||||
In Poughkeepsie , N.Y. , , in 1952 , a Roman Catholic hospital presented seven Protestant physicians with an ultimatum to quit the Planned Parenthood Federation or to resign from the hospital staff .
|
||||
These are substantially the same factors considered by Non-Catholics in family planning .
|
||||
The grounds for the Church's position are Scriptural ( Old Testament ) , the teachings of the fathers and doctors of the early Church , the unbroken tradition of nineteen centuries , the decisions of the highest ecclesiastical authority and the natural law .
|
||||
Where it is not actually erupting , it rumbles and smolders in sullen resentment like a volcano , ready to explode at any moment .
|
||||
For all concerned with social-welfare legislation , the significance of this radical and revolutionary change in the thought and habits of the vast majority of the American people is clear , profound and far-reaching .
|
||||
That tumultuous , painful and costly experience shows clearly that a law expressing a moral judgment cannot be enforced when it has little correspondence with the general view of society .
|
||||
These incidents , typical of many others , dramatize the distressing fact that no controversy during the last several decades has caused more tension , rancor and strife among religious groups in this country than the birth-control issue .
|
||||
With the return of our soldiers , it soon became apparent that the belief was not shared by the great majority of citizens .
|
||||
Family planning is encouraged , so that parents will be able to provide properly for their offspring .
|
||||
The various Lambeth Conferences , expressing the Anglican viewpoint , mirror the gradual change that has taken place among Protestants generally .
|
||||
The first step toward the goal is the establishment of a new atmosphere of mutual good will and friendly communication on other than the polemical level .
|
||||
This brings us to the fact that the realities we are dealing with lie not in the field of civil legislation , but in the realm of conscience and religion : They are moral judgments and matters of theological belief .
|
||||
This conclusion is based on two propositions : that man by the use of his reason can ascertain God's purpose in the universe and that God makes known His purpose by certain `` given '' physical arrangements .
|
||||
Conscience and religion are concerned with private sin : The civil law is concerned with public crimes .
|
||||
Today , the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches stand virtually alone in holding that conviction .
|
||||
With over four million American men away at war , Protestants forced their distinctive theological belief upon the general public .
|
||||
In March , 1931 , 22 out of 28 members of a committee of the Federal Council of Churches ratified artificial methods of birth control .
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
The most recent film catalogue , available at each library , lists 110 titles presently in the collection , any of which may be borrowed without charge .
|
||||
The inadequacy of our library system will become critical unless we act vigorously to correct this condition .
|
||||
It is connected by teletype with the State Library in Albany , which will supply any book to a system that the system itself cannot provide .
|
||||
At the other are organizations like the newly formed Nassau Library System , in a high-density area , with ample resources and a rapidly growing territory to serve .
|
||||
The system passes on these savings to its members .
|
||||
if we are not discriminating in our reading ; ;
|
||||
Education must not be limited to our youth but must be a continuing process through our entire lives , for it is only through knowledge that we , as a nation , can cope with the dangers that threaten our society .
|
||||
There are , for example , approximately 25,000,000 people in this country with no public library service and about 50,000,000 with inadequate service .
|
||||
A large , well-stocked library , surrounded in a county by smaller ones , may feel that the demands on its resources are likely to be too great .
|
||||
Each system develops differently , according to the area it serves , but the universal goal is to pool the resources of a given area for maximum efficiency .
|
||||
Story hours , pre-school programs , activities with community agencies , and lists of recommended reading are all in the province of the children's consultant .
|
||||
The local community maintains responsibility for the financial support of its own library program , facilities , and services , but wider resources and additional services become available through membership in a system .
|
||||
What to buy out of the year's grist of nearly 15,000 book titles ? ?
|
||||
It was a step in the right direction , but it took an additional act passed in 1958 to establish fully the thriving systems of today .
|
||||
Today , more than ever before , the survival of our free society depends upon the citizen who is both informed and concerned .
|
||||
The reference coordinator at headquarters also serves as a consultant , and is available to work with the local librarian in helping to strengthen local reference service .
|
||||
A startlingly high percentage do not exceed $500 annually , which includes the librarian's salary , and not even the New York Public has enough money to meet its needs -- this in the world's richest city .
|
||||
An earlier difficulty was overcome by making it clear that individual libraries in any area might join or not , as they saw fit .
|
||||
This is one of the main reasons for National Library Week , April 16-22 , and for its theme : `` For a richer , fuller life , read '' ! !
|
||||
Headquarters gets about 100 requests every day .
|
||||
Basic reference tools are the backbone of the collection , but there is also specialization in science and technology , an indicated weakness in local libraries .
|
||||
At one extreme are the systems of upper New York State , where libraries in two or more counties combine to serve a large , sparsely populated area .
|
||||
Although progress has been made in America's system of libraries it still falls short of what is required if we are to maintain the standards that are needed for an informed America .
|
||||
Because it is so large a state , with marked contrasts in population density , the organization of the New York co-operative offers a cross-section of how the plan works .
|
||||
In some parts of the country , however , a co-operative movement has begun to grow , under the wing of state governments , whereby , with the financial help of the state , libraries share their book resources on a county-wide or regional basis .
|
||||
This kind of cooperation is not wholly new , of course .
|
||||
Sample copies of new books are on display at headquarters , where librarians may evaluate them by themselves or in workshop groups .
|
||||
In Nassau , as in other systems , the long-range objective is to bring the maximum service of libraries to bear on the schools , and on adult education in general .
|
||||
Books are not the only resource of the system .
|
||||
The great advances made in recent years in Communist strength and in our own capacity to destroy require an educated citizenry in the Western world .
|
||||
On microfilm , headquarters also has a file of the New York Times from its founding in 1851 to the present day , as well as bound volumes of important periodicals .
|
||||
The problem grows in intensity each year as man's knowledge , and his capacity to translate such knowledge to the written word , continue to expand .
|
||||
if we do not know how to use what we do read .
|
||||
What to buy for adult and child readers , for lovers of fiction and nonfiction , for a clientele whose wants are incredibly diversified , when your budget is pitifully small ? ?
|
||||
Confronted with this situation , most libraries either endure the severe limitations of their budgets and do what they can with what they have , or else depend on the bounty of patrons and local governments to supplement their annual funds .
|
||||
The system itself is governed by a board of trustees , geographically representing its membership .
|
||||
The desire and ability to read are important aspects of our cultural life .
|
||||
Local libraries find , too , that the new plan saves tax dollars because books can be bought through the system , and since the system buys in bulk it is able to obtain larger discounts than would be available to an individual library .
|
||||
This catalogue lists separately films suitable for children , young adults , or adults , although some classics cut across age groups , such as `` Nanook Of The North '' , `` The Emperor's Nightingale '' , and `` The Red Balloon '' .
|
||||
it prepares cooperative displays ( posters , booklists , brochures , and other promotional material ) for use in member libraries ; ;
|
||||
Further money is saved through economy in bookkeeping and clerical detail as the result of central billing .
|
||||
We cannot consider ourselves educated if we do not read ; ;
|
||||
The major part of this collection is in the central headquarters building , and the remainder is divided among five libraries in the system designated as subject centers .
|
||||
history , biography , and education are centered in Hempstead ; ;
|
||||
Freeport houses social science , pure science , and language ; ;
|
||||
New York State has what is probably the most advanced of these co-operative systems , so well developed that it has become a model for others to follow .
|
||||
In Nassau County , for example , the heavily settled Long Island suburb of New York City , the system is credited by the state with serving one million persons , a figure that has doubled since 1950 .
|
||||
All services are given without cost to members .
|
||||
The Nassau system recognizes that its major task it to broaden reference service , what with the constant expansion of education and knowledge , and the pressure of population growth in a metropolitan area .
|
||||
Headquarters of the Nassau system is an increasingly busy place these days , threatening to expand beyond its boundaries .
|
||||
The system well understands that one of its primary responsibilities is to bring children and books together ; ;
|
||||
A fundamental source of knowledge in the world today is the book found in our libraries .
|
||||
Both these types , and those in between , are in existence by reason of a legislative interest in libraries that began at Albany as early as 1950 , with the creation by the legislature of county library systems financed by county governments with matching funds from the state .
|
||||
The plight of a small community library is proportionately worse .
|
||||
while Hewlett-Woodmere is the repository of art , music , and foreign languages .
|
||||
And over 66 per cent of the elementary schools with 150 or more pupils do not have any library at all .
|
||||
To them especially the librarians , with the help of co-ops , hope they will never have to say , `` I'm sorry , we don't have that book '' .
|
||||
consequently an experienced children's librarian at headquarters conducts a guidance program designed to promote well-planned library activities , cooperating with the children's librarians in member libraries by means of individual conferences , workshops , and frequent visits .
|
||||
In every aspect of service -- to the public , to children in schools , to colleges and universities -- the library of today is failing to render vitally needed services .
|
||||
Library use is multiplying daily , and the bulk of the newcomers are those maligned Americans , the teen-agers .
|
||||
This system , by virtue of its variety and size , offers an inclusive view of the plan in operation .
|
||||
Nassau is currently building a central collection of reference materials in its Hempstead headquarters , which will reach its goal of 100,000 volumes by 1965 .
|
||||
Schools and community groups turn to the headquarters film library for documentary , art , and experimental films to show at libraries that sponsor local programs , and to organizations in member communities .
|
||||
Workshops are conducted by the system's audio-visual consultant for the staffs of member libraries , teaching them the effective use of film as a library service .
|
||||
The basic state grant is thirty cents for each person served , and there is a further book incentive grant that provides an extra twenty cents up to fifty cents per capita , if a library spends a certain number of dollars .
|
||||
Librarians , a patient breed of men and women who have borne much with dedication , can begin to see results today .
|
||||
Headquarters has also set up a central juvenile book-review and book-selection center , to provide better methods of purchasing and selection .
|
||||
Public libraries in Nassau County have been lending books to each other by mail for a quarter-century , but the system enables this process to operate on an organized and far more comprehensive basis .
|
||||
The need for lifetime reading is apparent .
|
||||
The collection may be in an existing library , or it may be built up in a central collection .
|
||||
Most library budgets are hopelessly inadequate .
|
||||
Under this law annual grants are given to systems in substantial amounts .
|
||||
In addition to the interlibrary loan service and the children's program , headquarters has a public relations director who seeks to get wider grassroots support for quality library service in the county ; ;
|
||||
it maintains a central exhibit collection to share displays already created and used ; ;
|
||||
We must not permit our society to become a slave to the scientific age , as might well happen without the cultural and spiritual restraint that comes from the development of the human mind through wisdom absorbed from the written word .
|
||||
Within a system , however , the autonomy of each member library is preserved .
|
||||
and it publishes Sum And Substance , a monthly newsletter , which reports the system's activities to the staffs and trustees of member libraries .
|
||||
There wouldn't be much demand for it , I'm afraid '' .
|
||||
A small library may cherish its independence and established ways , and resist joining in a cooperative movement that sometimes seems radical to older members of the board .
|
||||
Some library boards are wary of the plan .
|
||||
To set up a co-operative library system , the law requires a central book collection of 100,000 nonfiction volumes as the nucleus , and the system is organized around it .
|
||||
The books are carried around by truck in canvas bags from headquarters to the other libraries .
|
||||
So obvious are these advantages that nearly 95 per cent of the population of New York State now has access to a system , and enthusiastic librarians foresee the day , not too distant , when all the libraries in the state will belong to a co-op .
|
||||
The entire headquarters collection is available to the patrons of all members on interlibrary loans .
|
||||
Levittown has applied science , business , and literature ; ;
|
||||
Behind this reply , and its many variations , is the ever-present budget problem all libraries must face , from the largest to the smallest .
|
||||
Each subject center library was chosen because of its demonstrated strength in a particular area , which headquarters could then build upon .
|
||||
Every library borrower , or at least those whose taste goes beyond the five-cent fiction rentals , knows what it is to hear the librarian say apologetically , `` I'm sorry , but we don't have that book .
|
||||
The need is for reference works of a more specialized nature than individual libraries , adequate to satisfy everyday needs , could afford .
|
||||
In college libraries , 57 per cent of the total number of books are owned by 124 of 1,509 institutions surveyed last year by the U.S. Office of Education .
|
||||
East Meadow has philosophy , psychology , and religion ; ;
|
||||
Only public understanding and support can provide that service .
|
||||
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