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web mining u4: split trainingsdata into trainings- and testdata

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Michael Scholz 2013-06-05 13:20:33 +02:00
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# imports
import os
import shutil
import random
# config variables
class trainingsset:
actualDir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
dataDir = os.path.join(actualDir, '../data')
trainDir = os.path.join(dataDir, 'u4_train')
#def __init__(self):
def splitTrainingsdataRandomly(self):
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(self.trainDir, topdown=False):
newTrainDir = dirpath+'/trainingsdata'
newTestDir = dirpath+'/testdata'
fileCount = len(filenames)
if(fileCount > 0):
#remove old dirs if they already exist
if os.path.isdir(newTrainDir):
shutil.rmtree(newTrainDir)
if os.path.isdir(newTestDir):
shutil.rmtree(newTestDir)
# create new directories
os.mkdir(newTestDir)
os.mkdir(newTrainDir)
numberOfFilesInTraining = 0
numberOfFilesInTest = 0
# copies files randomly to new directories. Each directory will contain fileCount / 2 numbers of files
# If fileCount is uneven /trainingsdata will contain one file more than /testdata
for actualFile in filenames:
fileCopied = False
while(fileCopied == False):
randomBool = bool(random.getrandbits(1))
if(randomBool and numberOfFilesInTraining <= fileCount / 2):
numberOfFilesInTraining += 1
shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/trainingsdata/'+actualFile)
fileCopied = True
else:
if numberOfFilesInTest < fileCount / 2:
numberOfFilesInTest += 1
fileCopied = True
shutil.copy(dirpath+'/'+actualFile, dirpath+'/testdata/'+actualFile)
# main method
if __name__ == '__main__':
bla = trainingsset()
bla.splitTrainingsdataRandomly();

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At any rate , Manchester did not lag far behind the first commercial system which was set up in 1844 between Baltimore and Washington .
The officers were John Marsden , president ; ;
Besides being most convenient , the line `` soon proved a good investment for the owners '' .
electricity plays such an important part in community life today that it is difficult to envision a time when current was not available for daily use .
More aerial and underground equipment was installed as well as office improvements to take care of the expanding business .
This was fortunate , as the Vail plant burned in 1905 .
There the matter stands with the prospect that soon Manchester may be removed from the roster of towns contributing raw sewage to its main streams .
George Woodcock was manager and troubleshooter ; ;
Electric power
These must have been for local calls strictly , as in May 1900 the `` only long distance telephone '' in town was transferred from C. B. Carleton's to Young's shoe store .
From 1896 until 1910 John H. Whipple was manager of Western Union at the Center in the drugstore he purchased from Clark Wait .
Eber L. Taylor of Manchester Depot recorded the setting of phone poles in East Dorset and Barnumville in his diary for 1906 .
In 1918 the New England Telephone Company began erecting a building to house its operations on the corner of U. S. Rte. 7 and what is now Memorial Avenue at Manchester Center .
Fire District No. 1 discussed its possible purchase in 1945 , but considered it an unwise investment .
Marsden was manager of the company for ten years and manager of its successor company , the Colonial Light and Power Company , for one year .
H. K. Fowler , vice-president and secretary ; ;
After being located for some years in the Village at the Equinox Pharmacy under the supervision of Mrs. Harry Mercier , it is presently located in the Hill and Dale Shop , Manchester Center .
Still existing on a `` Northern Union '' telegraph form is a typical peremptory message from Peru grocer J. J. Hapgood to Burton and Graves' store in Manchester -- `` Get and send by stage four pounds best Porterhouse or serloin stake , for Mrs. Hapgood send six sweet oranges '' .
Shares of capital stock at $15 each in the latter company were payable at the Bank of Manchester or at various other Vermont banks .
Anyone fortunate enough to have one of those early phones advertised the fact along with the telephone number in the Manchester Journal .
In 1914 when the town was chosen for the U. S. Amateur Golf tournament , a representative hurried here from the Boston manager's office .
The line soon lived up to its name , as local messages of moderate length could be sent for a dime and the company was quickly able to declare very liberal dividends on its capital stock .
Telephone and telegraph
The Manchester Journal commented editorially on the surprising amount of local telegraphic business .
J. N. Hard , treasurer ; ;
New Yorkers were kept informed of scores by reporters who telegraphed fifteen to twenty thousand words daily to the metropolitan newspapers .
The layout of the sewer lines was designed by Henry W. Taylor , who was the engineer for the Manchester Village disposal plant .
The Village office of Western Union with George Towsley as manager and telegrapher continued in Hard's drugstore until 1905 .
In the fall of 1878 , the `` Popular Telegraph Line '' was established between Manchester and Factory Point by the owners , Paul W. Orvis , Henry Gray , J. N. Hard , and Clark J. Wait .
The 1958 town meeting directed town authorities to seek federal and state funds with which to conduct a preliminary survey of a proposed sewage plant with its attendant facilities .
In 1932 Dorset received its own exchange , which made business easier for the Manchester office , but it was not until February 1953 that area service was extended to include Manchester and Dorset .
Manchester's unusual interest in telegraphy has often been attributed to the fact that the Rev. J. D. Wickham , headmaster of Burr and Burton Seminary , was a personal friend and correspondent of the inventor , Samuel F. B. Morse .
The first mention of an electric plant in Manchester seems to be one installed in Reuben Colvin's and Houghton's gristmill on the West Branch in Factory Point .
In his wake came the District Traffic Supervisor and the cream of the telegraphic profession , ten of Boston's best , chosen for their long experience and thorough knowledge of golf .
It was at the end of the sidewalk in front of the Dellwood Cemetery cottage .
In November 1887 a line connecting several dwelling houses in Dorset was extended to Manchester Depot .
No records are available as to the date or extent of installation , but it may have been in 1896 .
The committee submitted a report signed by Louis Martin and Leon Wiley with a map published in the 1946 town report .
The sewer on Bonnet Street was constructed when there were only a few houses on the street .
Since that time the telegraph office has shifted in location from the railroad station at the Depot and shops at the Center back to the town clerk's office and drugstore at the Village .
The next step was construction by the Manchester Light and Power Company of a plant on the west bank of the Battenkill south of Union Street bridge .
During that tournament alone , some 250,000 words winged their way out of Manchester .
But companies continued to spring up .
Goodwin was telegrapher for the `` American Telegraph Company '' and the `` Troy and Canada Junction Telegraph Company '' .
The plant was located west of the Battenkill and south of the location of the former electric light plant .
During the summers , Towsley often needed the assistance of a company operator .
Yet one has to go back only some sixty years .
On June 14 , 1900 the Manchester Journal reported that an electrical engineer was installing an electric light plant for Edward S. Isham at `` Ormsby Hill '' .
This boosted local telegraph business and Manchester basked in all the free advertising .
She was succeeded by Clarence Goyette .
B. J. Connell is the present treasurer and manager .
By 1883 the `` Battenkill Telegraph Company '' was in existence and Alvin Pettibone was its president .
Telegraphers at the Depot at this time were Aaron C. Burr and Mark Manley of `` Burr and Manley '' , dealers in lumber and dry goods .
and William F. Orvis , secretary .
In 1846 Matthew B. Goodwin , jeweler and watchmaker , became the town's first telegrapher in a dwelling he built for himself and his business `` two doors north of the Equinox House '' or `` one door north of the Bank , Manchester , Vermont '' .
A message of less than fifteen words to Bennington cost twenty-five cents .
Manchester then had two competing power companies until 1904 , when the Manchester Light and Power Company purchased the transmission system of the Vail Company .
Telephone wires from Louis Dufresne's house in East Manchester to the Dufresne lumber job near Bourn Pond were up about 1895 .
William Hitchcock , who retired in 1938 , was a veteran of thirty-four years' local service .
The Manchester Depot Sewer Company issued 214 shares of stock at $10 each for construction of a sewer in that locality , and assessments were made for its maintenance .
F. H. Walker , superintendent ; ;
This was nearly completed May 23 , 1901 with a promise of lights by June 10 , but the first light did not go on until September 28 .
This was working by the end of August and giving satisfactory service .
This eliminated toll calls between the two towns .
At about the time the Marsden enterprise was getting under way , the Vail Light and Lumber Company started construction of a chair stock factory on the site of the present Bennington Co-operative Creamery , intending to use its surplus power for generating electricity .
Elizabeth Way was the first operator ; ;
By 1871 L. C. Orvis , manager of the `` Western Union Telegraph Company '' , expressed willingness to send emergency telegrams on Sundays from his Village drugstore .
No figures were submitted with the report and no action was taken on it by the town .
the smallest gusts of wind toppled poles , making communications impossible .
The Colonial Light and Power Company was succeeded by the Vermont Hydro-Electric Corporation , which in turn was absorbed by the Central Vermont Public Service Corporation .
John C. Blackmer , vice-president ; ;
The latter now furnishes the area with electricity distributed from a modern sub-station at Manchester Depot which was put into operation February 19 , 1930 and was improved in January 1942 by the installation of larger transformers .
The first directors of the Manchester Light and Power Company were John Marsden , M. L. Manley , William F. Orvis , George Smith , and John Blackmer .
H. S. Walker , assistant superintendent .
Operating in 1887 was the `` Valley Telegraph Line '' , officers of which were E. C. Orvis , president ; ;
The old Morse system was replaced locally by the Simplex modern automatic method in 1929 , when Ellamae Heckman ( Wilcox ) was manager of the Western Union office .
During summers , business was so brisk that Mrs. Wilcox had two assistants and a messenger .
In 1879 the same Clark Wait , with H. H. Holley of South Dorset , formed the `` American Telegraph Line '' , extending from Manchester Depot via Factory Point and South Dorset to Dorset .
George Smith , treasurer ; ;
Two companies now had headquarters with Clark J. Wait , who by then had his own drugstore at Factory Point -- the `` Northern Union Telegraph Company '' and the `` Western Union '' .
Orvis even needed to hire an assistant , Clark J. Wait .
About 1888 J. E. McNaughton of Barnumville and E. G. Bacon became proprietors of the `` Green Mountain Telegraph Company '' , connecting all offices on the Western Union line and extending over the mountain from Barnumville to Peru , Londonderry , South Londonderry , Lowell Lake , Windham , North Windham , Grafton , Cambridgeport , Saxton's River , and Bellows Falls .
This was extended the following year to include the railroad station agent's office and Thayer's Hotel at Factory Point .
Early equipment was very flimsy ; ;
A small single switchboard was installed in the Village over Woodcock's hardware store ( later E. H. Hemenway's ) .
Service running through Barnumville and to Bennington County towns east of the mountains was in the hands of the `` Gleason Telephone Company '' in 1925 , but major supervision of telephone lines in Manchester was with the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company , which eventually gained all control .
It has given considerable trouble at times and empties right into the Battenkill .
Operators were Arthur Koop and Norman Taylor .
Another veteran telephone operator was Edith Fleming Blackmer , who had been in the office forty years at the time of her death in 1960 .
The first known telephone line in Manchester was established in July 1883 between Burr and Manley's store at Manchester Depot and the Kent and Root Marble Company in South Dorset .
For a time following the abandonment of the local plant , electric current for Manchester was brought in from the south with an emergency tie-in with the Vermont Marble Company system to the north .
Within a month , calls were up seventy per cent .
The final step was a vote for a $230,000 bond issue for the construction of a sewage system by the 1959 town meeting , later confirmed by a two-thirds vote at a special town meeting June 21 , 1960 .
and a night operator was also employed .
These were the years when people flocked to Manchester not only to play golf , which had come into vogue , but also to witness the Ekwanok Country Club tournaments .
The 1946 town meeting voted to have the Selectmen appoint a committee to investigate and report on the feasibility of some system of sewage disposal and a disposal plant to serve Manchester Center , Depot , and Way's Lane .
In 1931 Mrs. F. H. Briggs , agent and chief operator , who was to retire in 1946 with thirty years' service , led agency offices in sales for the year with $2,490 .
As new homes were built they were connected so that all residences south of School Street are served by it .
In November 1900 surveying was done under John Marsden on the east mountains to ascertain if it would be possible to get sufficient water and fall to operate an electric power plant .
Nothing came of it , perhaps due to lack of opportunity for water storage .

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the poet of The Odyssey , reputed blind , reveals himself not at all in singing of the blind minstrel Demodocus .
Limited to a few thousand lines of heroic verse in Anglo-Saxon as in the other Germanic dialects , we cannot say how frequently the kennings in Beowulf recurred in contemporary epic on the same soil .
The poet in a written tradition who generally never blots a line may once in a while pause and polish without incurring blame .
The Iliad has two words for the shield , ASPIS and SAKOS .
the language , however , is a proper object of scrutiny , and the effects of the language are palpable even if sometimes inevitable .
The account of the growth and final transcription of these epics rests partly , however , upon the degree to which they were formulaic .
there is no reason to think that the scop used and re-used whole lines and even lengthy passages after the manner of his Homeric colleague .
Anglo-Saxon and Greek epic each provide on two occasions a seemingly authentic account of the narration of verse in the heroic age .
Combellack argues further , and here he makes his main point , that once The Iliad and The Odyssey are thought formulaic poems composed for an audience accustomed to formulaic poetry , Homeric critics are deprived of an entire domain they previously found arable .
To the extent that a language is formulaic , its individual components must be regarded as no more distinguished than other cliches .
Words or phrases that connoisseurs have admired as handsome or ironic or humorous must therefore lose merit and become regarded as mere inevitable time-servers , sometimes accurate and sometimes not .
Proceeding from Parry's conclusions and adopting one of his schemata , Francis P. Magoun , Jr. , argues that Beowulf likewise was created from a legacy of oral formulas inherited and extended by bards of successive generations , and the thesis is striking and compelling .
the Homeric poet had epithets , which provided for recurring needs in the hexameter .
he must improvise continuously with no apparent effort .
he further reasoned that frequent formulas in epic verse indicate oral composition , and assumed the slightly less likely corollary that oral epic is inclined towards the use of formulas .
The Germanic poet had such aids in the kennings , which provided for the difficulties of alliteration ; ;
Yet , if the argument is turned awry , there may be found a great deal in Bryan's view , after all .
In determining the extent to which any poem is formulaic it is idle , however , to inspect nothing besides lines repeated in their entirety , for a stock of line-fragments would be sufficient to permit the poet to extemporize with deftness if they provided for prosodic needs .
The poet's intentions are difficult to discern and , except to biographers , unimportant ; ;
Verbal and adverbial elements too participated in each epic diction , but it is for the present sufficient to mark the large nominal and adjectival supply of semantic near-equivalents , and to designate the members of any system of equivalents as basic formulas of the poetic language .
One of the greatest Homerists of our time , Frederick M. Combellack , argues that when it is assumed The Iliad and The Odyssey are oral poems , the postulated single redactor called Homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing .
If Cynewulf was literate , the Beowulf poet may have been also , and so may the final redactor of The Iliad and The Odyssey .
The quest of the historical Homer is likely never to have further success ; ;
it was partly his master .
Yet a fresh inspection will indicate one crucial amendment : Beowulf and the Homeric poems are not at all formulaic to the same extent .
It is false to be certain of having discovered in the language of Beowulf such effects as intentional irony .
Nothing in all this is autobiographical : unlike the poets of Deor and Widsith , the poet of Beowulf is not concerned with his own identity ; ;
Other theories of origin are compatible with the formulaic theory : Beowulf may contain a design for terror , and The Iliad may have a vast hysteron-proteron pattern answering to a ceramic pattern produced during the Geometric Period in pottery .
In Coriolanus the agnomen of Marcius is used deliberately and pointedly , but the Homeric epithets and the Anglo-Saxon kennings are used casually and recall to the hearer `` a familiar story or situation or a useful or pleasant quality of the referent '' .
To the extent that a tale is twice told , its final author must be suspect , although plagiarism in an oral tradition is less a misdemeanor than the standard modus dicendi .
if any words or phrases are formulaic , they will be .
no-one today would hope to discover the unmistakable ruins of Heorot or the palace of Priam .
Anglo-Saxon poetry appears to have no comparable amount of repetition ; ;
Albert B. Lord suggests that the Homeric poems were dictated to a scribe by a minstrel who held in his mind the poems fully matured but did not himself possess the knowledge of writing since it would be useless to his guild , and Magoun argues that the Beowulf poet and Cynewulf may have dictated their verse in the same fashion .
The bondage endurable by an oral poet is to be estimated only by a very skilful oral poet , but it appears safe to assume that no sustained narrative in rhyme could be composed without extreme difficulty , even in a language of many terminal inflections .
True , we do not know how they were regarded in their day , but we need not believe the epic audience to have been more insensitive to the formulas than the numerous scholars of modern times who have read Germanic or Homeric poetry all their lives and still found much to admire in occasional occurrences of the most familiar phrases .
Achilles , like Siegfried in The Nibelungenlied , is potentially the swiftest of men and may accordingly be called swift-footed even when he stands idle .
Alcinous' court bard sings of the discovered adultery of Ares and Aphrodite ( Odyssey 8 266-366 ) , and takes up a tale of Odysseus while the Ithacan wanderer listens on ( Odyssey 8 499-520 ) .
With a few important and a few more unimportant exceptions , no expression can be deemed le mot juste for its context , because each was very probably the only expression that long-established practice and ease of rapid recitation would allow .
no individual word in The Iliad or The Odyssey can be credited to any one man ; ;
Milman Parry rigorously defended the observation that the extant Homeric poems are largely formulaic , and was led to postulate that they could be shown entirely formulaic if the complete corpus of Greek epic survived ; ;
In lieu of the amanuensis to the blind or illiterate bard , one may conceive of a man who heard a vast store of oral poetry recited , and became intimately familiar with the established aids to poetizing , and himself wrote his own compositions or his edition of the compositions of the past .
The epic language was not entirely the servant of the poet ; ;
This explanation is attractive , but is vitiated at least in part by the observation that Cynewulf , though he used kennings in the traditional manner , was a literate man who four times inscribed his name by runes into his works .
A formulaic element need not be held meaningless merely because it was selected with little conscious reflection .
This observation is of interest not only to students of Homeric poetry but to students of Anglo-Saxon poetry as well .
the verse of Beowulf or of The Iliad and The Odyssey was not easy to create but was not impossible for poets who had developed their talents perforce in earning a livelihood .
Either poet could quickly and easily select words or phrases to supply his immediate requirements as he chanted out his lines , because the kennings and the epithets made possible the construction of systems of numerous synonyms for the chief common and proper nouns .
Even though the bondage of his verse is not so great as the writing poet can manage , it is still great enough for him often to be seriously impeded unless he has aids to facilitate rapid composition .
Even when defenseless of weapons the Danes would be Gar-Dene ( as their king is Hrothgar ) and Priam would be EUMMELIHS .
Yet certain aids were valuable and quite credibly necessary for reciting long stretches of verse without a pause .
The ratio is thoroughly remarkable , because the lines are so long -- half again as long as those of Beowulf .
Carl Eduard Schmidt counted 1804 different lines repeated exactly in the two Homeric poems , and by increasing this figure so as to include lines repeated with very slight modifications he counted 2118 different lines used a total of 5612 times .
If the master of scops who was most responsible for the poem ever used kennings that were traditional , he was at least partly deprived of free will and not inclined towards shrewd and sophisticated misuse of speech elements .
The Anglo-Saxon alliterative line and the Homeric hexameter probably imposed less of a restraint ; ;
Time-servers , though the periphrastic expressions are , they may nevertheless be handsome or ironic or humorous .
That such a tradition lies behind The Iliad and The Odyssey , at least , is hard to deny .
The closest scrutiny is owed to the Anglo-Saxon kennings and the Homeric epithets ; ;
Since none of these glimpses of poetizing without writing is intended to incorporate a signature into the epic matter , there is prima-facie evidence that Beowulf and the Homeric poems each derive from an oral tradition .
A long evolution in an oral tradition caused the poetic language of the heroic age to be based upon formulas that show the important qualities of things , and these formulas are therefore potentially rather than always actually accurate .
Once many significant phrases are found in theory or in recurrent practice to provide for prosodic necessity , they are not to be defended for their semantic properties in isolated contexts .
Assonance seems nearly as severe a curb , although in a celebrated passage William of Malmesbury declares that A Song Of Roland was intoned before the battle commenced at Hastings .
A ship at dry-dock could be called a foamy-necked floater in Anglo-Saxon or a swift ship in Greek .
Reliance is therefore not to be placed upon the archaeological particulars in an oral poem ; ;
no strikingly effective element of speech in the extant poems can with assurance be said not to have been a commonplace in the vaster epic corpus that may have existed at the beginning of the first millennium before Christ .
Beowulf and the Homeric poems appear oral compositions .
Hrothgar's court bard sings of the encounters at Finnsburg ( lines 1068 - 1159 ) , and improvises the tale of Beowulf's exploits in a complimentary comparison of the Geatish visitor with Sigemund ( lines 871 - 892 ) ; ;
Other synonyms could of course serve the same function , and for the sake of ease I shall speak of kennings and epithets in the widest and loosest possible sense , and name , for example , Gar-Dene a kenning for the Danes .
Thus one line in five from The Iliad and The Odyssey is to be found somewhere else in the two poems .
But the oral poet cannot pause ; ;
But we can say that since a writing poet , with leisure before him , would seem unlikely to invent a technique based upon frequent and substantial circumlocution , the kennings like the epithets must reasonably be ascribed to an oral tradition .
This observation too may have reference to Anglo-Saxon poetry .
Yet they are written ; ;
in an oral tradition they may be chosen for the entire epic corpus , and tend towards idealization rather than distinctive delineation .
W. F. Bryan suggests that certain kennings in Beowulf were selected sometimes for appropriateness and sometimes for ironic inappropriateness , but such a view would appear untenable unless it is denied that the language of Beowulf is formulaic .
Nouns and adjectives in a written tradition are chosen for the nonce ; ;
Any example of grand or exquisite diction may have been created by the poet who compiled numerous lays into the two works we possess or may be due to one of his completely unknown fellow-craftsmen .
at some stage in their evolution they were transcribed .

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Thus , this readiness to relax controls , evidenced in the Kohnstamm situation , appears to be a more general personality factor .
She had felt that her arm wanted to go up in the first trial , but had consciously prevented it from so doing .
The above discussion does not mean to imply that control factors were completely in abeyance in the Kohnstamm-positive subjects ; ;
but rather that they could be diminished sufficiently not to interfere with arm-levitation .
These were the same subjects who were given the Rorschach test .
One prediction had been made about the difference in security or self-confidence between those subjects who shifted their Kohnstamm reactivity when informed and those who did not .
These subjects implied that they too could prevent their arms from rising if they tried .
Guilford-Martin personality inventories .
One subject spontaneously asked ( after her arm had finally risen ) , `` Do you suppose I was unconsciously keeping it down before '' ? ?
One Kohnstamm-positive subject who had both arms rise while being tested in the naive condition described her subjective experience as follows : `` You feel they're going up and you're on a stage and it's not right for them to do so and then you think maybe that's what's supposed to happen '' .
A t test on these two groups , shifters vs. nonshifters , gave a `` t '' value of 2.405 which is significant on the two-tail test at the
The nonreactors had been separated into two groups on this assumption with the presumably `` secure '' nonreactors and `` secure '' reactors being used as the groups for comparative personality studies .
Instructions to relax , i.e. , to be `` spontaneous '' , and react immediately to whatever impulse they might have , was not sufficiently reassuring until some idea of the possibilities of normal reactions had been given .
Four subjects ( 10% ) did not change even then but needed the additional information that an arm-elevation under these circumstances was a perfectly normal reflex reaction which some people showed while others did not .
Guilford-Martin ; ;
Individual differences in Kohnstamm reactivity to controlled Kohnstamm situations were found among the subjects used in the study .
The Kohnstamm-positive subjects seemed to be freer to experience the unusual and seemingly impossible in the external world .
The change in perceptions by some of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects , after they had been informed of the possibilities of normal reactions , suggests that their constriction and guardedness is associated with their general mode of responding to strange or unknown situations .
Guilford-Martin ) were filled out by 12 of the Kohnstamm-positive subjects and 19 of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects .
I thought it wasn't supposed to '' .
They felt that they too could counteract the upward arm movement by a voluntary effort after they had once experienced the reaction .
It was predicted that those who shifted in their Kohnstamm reactivity would differ significantly from those who did not on the factor I which the investigators refer to as the `` Inferiority '' factor .
It is our belief that this readiness to relinquish some control was evidenced by the Kohnstamm-positive subjects in some of the other experimental situations to be discussed below .
Autosuggestibility , the reaction of the subject in such a way as to conform to his own expectations of the outcome ( i.e. , that the arm-rise is a reaction to the pressure exerted in the voluntary contraction , because of his knowledge that `` to every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction '' ) also seems inadequate as an explanation for the following reasons : ( 1 ) the subjects' apparently genuine experience of surprise when their arms rose , and ( 2 ) manifestations of the phenomenon despite anticipations of something else happening ( e.g. , of becoming dizzy and maybe falling , an expectation spontaneously volunteered by one of the subjects ) .
There were 24% ( 10 subjects ) who shifted from a negative to a positive reaction after they were reassured as to the normalcy of the Kohnstamm-positive reaction .
When informed as to the various possibilities of normal reactions , they were then able to experience the uniqueness of the present .
While the interpretations that have been given are inferences only , they gain support from such comments as the following , which was made by one of the Kohnstamm-negative subjects who did not , on the first trial , perceive the tilt illusion .
The subjects were only given information about other possibilities of `` normal '' reaction .
At no time was it implied by the experimenter that the subject's initial reaction was deviant .
individual differences
Some predictions had been made concerning factors R , N , I and Co on these inventories which appeared to be directly related to control and security aspects of personality functioning which were hypothesized as being of importance in differential Kohnstamm reactivity .
There was no implication made that their initial reaction ( absence of an arm-elevation ) was less preferred than the presence of levitation .
While other conditions might be even more effective in bringing about a change from immobility to mobility in Kohnstamm reactivity , it is our hypothesis that all such conditions would have as a common factor the capacity to induce an attitude in the subject which enabled him to divorce himself temporarily from feelings of responsibility for his behavior .
Only Co differentiated between the two groups at less than the 5% level ( Af ) .
Discussion
Only 27% ( 11 subjects ) gave a positive Kohnstamm reaction when completely naive concerning the phenomenon .
Responses such as `` rope with a loop in it '' , and `` two pieces of rope '' , were quite characteristic .
It was predicted that Kohnstamm-negative subjects would adhere to more liberal , concretistic reports of what the ambiguous figure `` looked like '' as reflecting their hesitancy about taking chances .
They felt that they were relaxing as much as they could and that any control factors which might be present to prevent response must be on an unconscious level .
It might be postulated that these subjects are unduly afraid of being wrong ; ;
Another said that her arm did not go up at first `` because I wouldn't let it ; ;
She described herself as having the same kind of `` irresponsible '' feeling as she had once experienced under hypnosis .
Moreover , when the experimenter did inform those subjects that there were some normal people who did not have their arm rise once they relaxed , the Kohnstamm-positive subjects were uninfluenced in their subsequent reactions to the Kohnstamm situation .
There was evident delight on the part of the subject in response to her experience of the freedom of movement .
Yet they were not so bound by past experience and constriction as to deny their immediate perceptions and to be dominated by their knowledge of what the experience should be .
Alcohol ingestion succeeded in changing immobility to mobility quite strikingly in one pilot subject ( the only one with whom this technique was tried ) .
There was a significantly greater number in this group who reported a desk as being in a tilted position while a tennis ball resting on it remained stationary on the incline .
After two drinks containing alcohol , her arm flew upward very freely .
They knew that their perceptual experience differed from objective reality since they had seen the desk and ball prior to putting on the aniseikonic lenses .
level .
This subject , who has been undergoing psychoanalytic psychotherapy for five years , did not give a positive Kohnstamm reaction under any of the four standardized conditions used in this experiment while sober .
In no way , either verbally or behaviorally , did the experimenter indicate to the subjects any preferred mode of responding to the voluntary contraction .
She then described her experience as one in which she first had difficulty accepting for herself a state of being in which she relinquished control .
A suggestion Hypothesis also seems inadequate as an explanation for those who shifted their reactions after they were informed of the possibilities of `` normal '' reactions different from those which they gave .
Thus it is reasonable to believe that there is a significant difference between the two groups in their performance on this task after a brief `` structuring '' experience .
that they can give up their control and allow themselves to be reactors rather than actors .
The positive Kohnstamm reactivity in Condition 1 ( ( the naive state ) is not adequately explained by such a concept as suggestibility ( if suggestibility is defined as the influence on behavior by verbal cues ) .
She explained nonreactivity of others by saying that they were `` not letting themselves relax '' .
They were not free to be themselves in this situation , an interpersonal one , where there was an observer of their reactions and they had no guide for acceptable behavior .
In contrast to this voluntary-control explanation for nonreactivity given by the Kohnstamm-positive subjects , the Kohnstamm-negative subjects offered an involuntary-control hypothesis to explain nonreactivity .
They continued to give an arm-elevation .
Among this latter group there were also differences in the amount and kind of information necessary before a shift in reaction occurred .
that they perceive new internal and environmental situations as `` threatening '' until they are tested and proved otherwise .
They explained its absence in others on the basis of an intervention of control factors .
They were able to experience at first , in terms of past conventionality .
However , she was able to relax and yield to the moment .
A differential suggestibility would have to be invoked to explain the failure of this additional information to influence the Kohnstamm-positive reactors and yet attribute their naive Kohnstamm reactivity to suggestion .
The three personality inventories ( Guilford ; ;
These suggested interpretations were given by the subjects spontaneously when they were told that there were people who reacted differently than they had .
While they were told that there were some normal people who reacted differently than they had , they were also informed that there were other normals who reacted as they had .
It is our hypothesis that Kohnstamm-positive subjects are less hesitant about relinquishing control than are Kohnstamm-negative subjects ; ;
This subject was one who gave an arm-elevation on the second trial in the naive state but not in the first .
There were 49% ( 20 subjects ) who did not give a positive reaction even after they were informed of the normalcy of such a reaction and had been given a demonstration .
This information was accepted with the frequent interpretation that those persons who did not show arm-levitation must be preventing it .
Many subjects attributed differences in Kohnstamm reactivity to differences in degrees of subjective control -- voluntary as the Kohnstamm-positive subjects perceived it and involuntary as the Kohnstamm-negative subjects perceived it .
A more tenable explanation for the change in reactions is that the added knowledge and increased familiarity with the total situation made it possible for these subjects to be less guarded and to relax , since any reaction seemed acceptable to the examiner as `` normal '' .
One subject changed when given only the information that some people have something happen to their arm when they relax .
Aniseikonic illusion
Five subjects ( 12% ) did not change until they had been told that some people have something happen to their arm , what that something was , and also were given a demonstration .
She ascribed her delight with both experiences to the effect they seemed to have of temporarily removing from her the controls which she felt so compulsively necessary to maintain even when it might seem appropriate to relax these controls .
All of the subjects in the Kohnstamm-negative and Kohnstamm-positive groups ( as defined for purposes of the personality studies ) were compared with those subjects who shifted in Conditions 3 , or 4 .
This was true mostly of those Kohnstamm-negative subjects who did not perceive the ambiguous figure as people in action .
When informed that there were some persons who did not have their arm go up , she commented , `` I don't see how they can prevent it '' .
This occurred in spite of the rational awareness that the ball should be going downhill .
Some of those who did not initially react with an arm-elevation also associated their behavior in the situation with control factors -- an inability to relinquish control voluntarily .
The Kohnstamm-positive subjects described the vivid experience of having their arms rise as one in which they exercised no control .
Those who responded with an arm-elevation in the naive state did not change their reaction when told that there were some normal people who did not react in this fashion .
The naive state , Condition 1 , , could therefore be viewed as an inhibiting one for 24% of the subjects in this study .

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Watching her , he felt like a spectator at a tennis game , with the ball being bounced back and forth .
`` What's the matter with them '' ? ?
Look at them '' .
Changing his clothes , he put on his dark-blue flannel suit , and laid away the gray jacket with the feeling that he might be putting it aside for good .
He asked , trying to touch a part of her life Alberto hadn't discussed ; ;
Aren't you going out to mass ? ?
`` Are your people still alive '' ? ?
`` Oh , I'd drink with newspaper people .
`` Nothing .
Jobs would be lost and new faces would become prominent .
`` What is this '' ? ?
There's so little to do '' .
Was she just naturally sloppy about everything but her physical appearance ? ?
`` This afternoon let's take an air with them .
I like them '' .
`` What about me '' ? ?
Let's be fine superior people of great dignity '' , he said as if he were joking .
A half hour later he got her up to go out for breakfast so the Ferraros , hearing them hurrying down the stairs , would think they were going to a late mass .
But Carla's eyes were on Agnese whose glowing face and softening eyes gave her a look of warmth and happiness .
`` I'm not trying to worry you '' .
And Sam thanked her , and hoped he might meet her nephew back home , and asked her if she had any further news of the Pope .
`` I had a rather small place of my own .
`` You talk so well , Carla '' , he went on .
He straightened up , ready to vent his exasperation , then grew afraid .
You know something more about me every day , don't you ? ?
Can't you get another pair '' ? ?
`` If you find it necessary , Sam , go ahead '' , she said , turning on the stair .
Did Signor Raymond understand ? ?
Carla translated .
She would turn to them , then turn to him , then turn again .
`` Since we're having coffee with them this afternoon '' , he said , `` I think I'll ask the daughter if we can pay her to come in every day to clean for us '' .
The Holy Father would die soon , she said to Carla , so she could translate for Sam , although he had a brilliant doctor , a man who did not need the assistance of those doctors offered by the great rulers of the world .
The Pope , in the splendor of his great intellect , had neglected them a little .
`` Come on , you'll be late '' .
Devout , orthodox and plain like a family she might meet in Brooklyn or Malta or Ireland .
No , he was indeed a saint now .
Nothing at all '' , he said quietly .
I can't help it '' .
`` I am what I am .
When they walked into the Ferraro apartment , the old lady , bowing and smiling , said softly .
It was a good thing that she clung to her religion , he thought .
When she had wiped some of the lipstick from her mouth , she stared solemnly at her image in the mirror .
`` I think I'll sleep in this morning '' , she said drowsily , and as she snuggled against him , he wondered if she ever went to church .
`` You must have been good at history at school .
Agnese , smiling too , said , `` 'ello '' , and then more slowly , `` I am happy '' .
It seemed to him that if the Ferraros felt sure of them , could place them , it would help him to feel more sure of himself with Carla .
`` Why not '' ? ?
I think I was what you might call a convivial man , and yet it was when I was alone in my studio , doing my work , that I really felt alive .
He had never heard so many bells , and as he lay there listening , he thought of her scolding him for his remarks when he had looked up at the obelisk and the church at the top of the Spanish Steps .
Pausing , he waited for her to turn , to ask a question .
`` They're an expensive English shoe for walking around a lot .
Would you be happier if I made up some stories about my life , told you some lies ? ?
There would be changes made , and Signor Raymond should understand that when the Pope died it was like the end of a regime in Rome .
`` What's the matter with it '' ? ?
`` Ciao , '' and put out her hand .
Nodding approvingly and swelling with importance , the old lady whispered confidentially .
She had some amusing scandal about the Farneses in the old days .
It would be good for her .
Would he have to clean up after her every day , clean the kitchen , the bathroom , and get down on his knees and scrub the kitchen floor , then hang up her dresses , pick up her stockings , make the bed while she lay around ? ?
This is my town .
`` It's ten o'clock .
The old woman had a nephew from North Italy , a poor boy from a lumber mill who had got tired of the seasonal unemployment , and who had migrated to Canada to work on the railway .
A nice bachelor apartment in a place called the Lancaster Arms '' .
For a year the boy had lived in the bush in a boxcar .
Signora Ferraro , bobbing her head encouragingly , asked Sam about Canada , having a special interest .
She wanted to know .
`` Uhhu '' .
As for himself , he just didn't have the temperament for it .
Had Sam ever lived in a boxcar ? ?
She asked , turning slowly .
`` It means so much to her .
Indeed he did , Sam said solemnly , trying to get Carla's eye .
`` Carla , wake up '' , he said shaking her .
It's like a flame , I guess '' , she said in a dreamy tone .
Yes , the Pope could die and quickly be made a saint .
She might like to take him to St. Peter's .
But very mystical too .
Where did you go to school '' ? ?
`` Did you make friends easily '' ? ?
You look like a tweedy Englishman .
Acting only as interpreter Carla , her hands folded on her lap , was utterly impersonal .
A very great Pope , this one , the old woman explained , her black eyes sparkling .
From the time he had been at college he had achieved a certain tranquility and composure by accepting the fact that there were certain things he could never know .
`` And I don't know why you want to go on wearing that outfit '' , she said , making a face .
The Ferraros offered them biscuits with the coffee .
`` What's the matter '' ? ?
It was too bad he wasn't a Catholic himself .
`` And then I had another place farther downtown I used as a studio '' .
It was too bad he had no feeling himself for church .
When they got home at midnight she was tired out .
`` Me '' ? ?
`` Umm , uhhu '' .
Then they had dinner .
`` I don't mind at all '' , he said , delighted with her attention .
How about it '' ? ?
He wondered Probably because it was a place where she might get a feeling of certainty and security .
He had put on the gray jacket and the dark-gray slacks and the fawn-colored shirt he had worn that first night in Rome when he had encountered her on the street .
It was the times , he was sure .
It was all too wearying .
Look somewhere else .
Then he thought of those Old Testament figures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel .
`` Maybe I could '' , he said , surprised that she could turn from herself and notice anything about him .
Can't you wear something else and look a little more as though you belonged '' ? ?
She would have been better off if she had stuck to her Bible .
I sleep with you .
Not his poor mother's fault .
`` Sam , no one around here wears such heavy soles .
Regretfully Sam explained that he had no experience with boxcars .
`` I'm not good at that kind of thing '' .
`` Are those the only shoes you have , Sam '' ? ?
All evening she was eloquent and pleased with herself .
She asked , turning suddenly .
And he waited for her to say , `` Oh , no , I can do it , Sam .
Being a woman though , she would take only what she needed from church .
It was said that he had had a vision .
Just the same , he thought , pondering over it , it would be a good thing for a girl like Carla if she got up and went to church .
Could he honestly believe it would be good for Carla to have those old prophets gripping her imagination now ? ?
She said .
You could take me to St. Peter's '' .
There was a certain discontent among the cardinals .
And in the morning when he woke up at ten the church bells were ringing .
`` I guess so '' , she said taking a Kleenex from her purse .
She showed no interest at all in the life he had led back home , and it hurt him a little .
Then they took a taxi to Trastevere .
`` Somehow I imagine that as you grew up you were alone a lot .
That day they loafed around , just getting the feel of the city .
If he dwelt on the indignities he suffered he would lose all respect for her , and without the respect he might lose his view of her , too .
Now a little flush came on her pale homely face and enchantment in her eyes .
Just as thousands that day in Portugal had seen the sun dancing in the sky , he had seen the same thing later in his own garden , and she turned to Agnese for confirmation .
An intellectual .
My name's Carla Caneli .
He didn't know how she would behave with other people .
He wondered .
He let her tell him all about the church .
`` Well , what about you , Carla '' ? ?
The cleansing tissues she had been using had been falling on the floor , and he got up and picked up one , then another , hoping she would notice what he was doing .
`` Uhhu '' , she said , hardly listening as she studied her left eyelid .
She no longer wanted anything about him to remind her of the circumstances of their meeting that first night in Parioli .
They looked at the ruins of the old Roman wall on the lower Via Veneto , then they went to the Farnese Gardens .
Her little brown face wrinkled up , her brown eyes gleamed , and with her little gestures she said all the courteous things .
Just figures out of a tribal folklore .
And Carla , watching in wonder , turned to Sam .
Or a Protestant , or one of those amusing dogmatic atheists , or a strict orthodox Communist .
And they sat down and began their little coffee party .
Just the same , the old woman said , she would write to her nephew in his boxcar and tell him she had met a nice man from his adopted country .
But where ? ?
`` Well , all right then '' .
At home he had been a clean orderly man , and now he had to hide his annoyance .
`` There's a church you should see '' , she said .
But it was a hopeful sign , he told himself .
Her words remained with him , worrying him for hours .
Agnese had been sitting quietly , listening with the serenity of the unaware .
Why did he want her to go to church ? ?
`` Let's go out '' .
`` I'll get an elegant pair of thin-soled Italian shoes tomorrow , Carla '' .
Why are you trying to worry me '' ? ?
`` I'm not a man who has many close intimate friends , Carla '' , he said , wanting her to know all about him .
`` Don't you know all about me by this time ? ?
`` The heavy thick soles .
And when they stood by the fountain in the piazza looking at Santa Maria he had to keep a straight face , not letting on he had been there with Alberto .
`` You seem to have read so much , you have a natural gift for words '' , he added , trying to flatter her vanity .
Did many of Sam's countrymen live in boxcars in the bush ? ?
`` Oh , Sam .
She asked suddenly .
Surely she could see that these women were her Italians , too , he thought .
All the ideologies changing from day to day , right under his eyes , so how could a man look to any one of them for an enlargement of his freedom ? ?
What was the matter with him that they all wearied him ? ?
so he could have something of her for himself .
But I think a man needs at least one intimate friend to communicate with '' .
`` Uhhu '' , she muttered .

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In child care , the opposite extreme prevails ; ;
With the group of boys it is different .
What additional roles has the scientific understanding of the 19th and 20th centuries played ? ?
The frequently postulated antique worry that the daylight hours might dwindle to complete darkness apparently gave rise to a ritual and celebration which we still recognize .
But it has been during the last two centuries , during the scientific revolution , that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides .
We perform elaborate international exhortations and ceremonies with virtually no understanding of social cause and effect .
There is a haunting resemblance between the notion of cause in Copernicus and in Freud .
3 ,
Apparently the population as a whole eventually acquires enough confidence in the explanations of the scientists to modify its procedures and its fears .
In fact , the recent warnings about the use of X-rays have introduced fears and ambiguities of action which now require more detailed understanding , and thus in this instance , science has momentarily aggravated our fears .
I am certainly not adequately trained to describe or enlarge on human fears , but there are certain features of the fears dispelled by scientific explanations that stand out quite clearly .
It is difficult to reconstruct the primeval fears of man .
In some areas , the progress is slower than in others .
It is curious that even centuries of repetition of the yearly cycle did not induce a sufficient degree of confidence to allow people to abandon the ceremonies of the winter solstice .
Social invention did not have to await social theory any more than use of the warmth of a fire had to await Lavoisier or the buoyant protection of a boat the formulations of Archimedes .
Most of these , with horrible exceptions , were conceived as is a ship , not as an attempt to quell the ocean of mankind , nor to deny its force , but as a means to survive and enjoy it .
How and why this process occurs would provide an interesting separate subject for study .
The answer is , of course , yes .
The achievements which dispelled our fears of the cosmos took place three centuries ago .
They arise in situations in which one believes that what happens depends not only on the external world , but also on the precise pattern of behavior of the individual or group .
Consitutional government , popular vote , trial by jury , public education , labor unions , cooperatives , communes , socialized ownership , world courts , and the veto power in world councils are but a few examples .
Is the future of psychology akin to the rich future of physics at the time of Newton ? ?
Lucretius has remarked : `` The reason why all Mortals are so gripped by fear is that they see all sorts of things happening in the earth and sky with no discernable cause , and these they attribute to the will of God '' .
As cells coalesced into organisms , they built new `` unnatural '' and internally controlled environments to cope even more successfully with the entropy-increasing properties of the external world .
And yet we obviously also believe that the avoidance of the disaster depends in some obscure or at least uncertain way on the details of how we behave .
The fear of disease was formerly very much the kind of fear I have tried to describe .
Solar activities could presumably bring long periods of flood or drought .
We talk about national character in the same way that Copernicus talked of the compulsions of celestial bodies to move in circles .
I am usually filled with an uneasiness that through some unwitting slip all hell may break loose .
The useful suggestion of Professor David Hawkins which considers culture as a third stage in biological evolution fits quite beautifully then with our suggestion that science has provided us with a rather successful technique for building protective artificial environments .
I want , therefore , to discuss a second and quite different fruit of science , the connection between scientific understanding and fear .
They are in general those fears that once seemed to have been amenable to prayer or ritual .
There are certainly large areas of understanding in the human sciences which in themselves and even without political invention can help to dispel our present fears .
The persistent horror of having a malformed child has , I believe , been reduced , not because we have gained any control over this misfortune , but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it .
Small wonder , then , that we fear .
we fly through the air , although gravity pulls us down ; ;
In the physical sciences , these achievements concern electricity , chemistry , and atomic physics .
For the family is the simplest example of just such a unit , composed of people , which gives us both some immunity from , and a way of dealing with , other people .
Often it is recognized that all the details of the pattern may not be essential to the outcome but , because the pattern was empirically determined and not developed through theoretical understanding , one is never quite certain which behavior elements are effective , and the whole pattern becomes ritualized .
What elements of our behavior are decisive ? ?
In fact , although we have dispelled the fear , we have not necessarily assured ourselves that there are no dangers .
Our understanding of the solar system has taught us to replace our former elaborate rituals with the appropriate action which , in this case , amounts to doing nothing .
And it is certainly no slight to either of them to compare both their achievements and their impact .
Much of the former extreme uneasiness associated with visions and hallucinations and with death has disappeared .
procedures change rapidly and parental confidence probably exceeds anything warranted by established psychological theory .
If an automobile were approaching him , he would know what was required of him , even though he might not be able to act quickly enough .
The most effective political inventions seem to make maximum use of natural harbors and are aware that restraining breakwaters can play only a minor part in the whole scheme .
I believe that what I do has some effect on his actions and I have learned , in a way , to commune with drunks , but certainly my actions seem to resemble more nearly the performance of a rain dance than the carrying out of an experiment in physics .
We have staved off a war and , since our behavior has involved all these elements , we can only keep adding to our ritual without daring to abandon any part of it , since we have not the slightest notion which parts are effective .
In fact , insofar as science generates any fear , it stems not so much from scientific prowess and gadgets but from the fact that new unanswered questions arise , which , until they are understood , create uncertainty .
We are forced , in our behavior towards others , to adopt empirically successful patterns in toto because we have such a minimal understanding of their essential elements .
He does not know whether to look up or look aside , to put his hands in his pockets or to clench them at his side , to cross the street , or to continue on the same side .
This understanding provides a very simple example of the fact that one can eliminate fear without instituting any controls .
We have ample light when the sun sets ; ;
We are worried about what people may do with them -- that some crazy fool may `` push the button '' .
But a somewhat more detailed analysis of this process may be illuminating .
Political theoretical understanding , although almost at a standstill during this century , did develop during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries , and resulted in a flood of inventions which increased the possibility for man to coexist with man .
At what stage are social sciences then ? ?
This almost trivial example is nevertheless suggestive , for there are some elements in common between the antique fear that the days would get shorter and shorter and our present fear of war .
In the life sciences , there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease , in the mechanisms of heredity , and in bio- and physiological chemistry .
Yet often fear persists because , even with the most rigid ritual , one is never quite free from the uneasy feeling that one might make some mistake or that in every previous execution one had been unaware of the really decisive act .
The situation with regard to our attitude and `` control '' of disease contains close analogies to problems confronting us with respect to people .
There are many domains in which understanding has brought about widespread and quite appropriate reduction in ritual and fear .
We get some clue from a few remembrances of childhood and from the circumstance that we are probably not much more afraid of people now than man ever was .
The major effect of these advances appears to lie in the part they have played in the industrial revolution and in the tools which scientific understanding has given us to build and manipulate a more protective environment .
We are not now afraid of atomic bombs in the same way that people once feared comets .
They include both individual fears and collective ones .
This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually , first , with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then , more firmly , with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions .
A meteor could fall on San Francisco .
Just as present technology had to await the explanations of physics , so one might expect that social invention will follow growing sociological understanding .
There is still the remote possibility of planetoid collision .
Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking , but where some explanations are possible , as with lightning and weather and earthquakes , the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated .
To say that science had reduced many such fears merely reiterates the obvious and frequent statement that science eliminated much of magic and superstition .
the range of our voice ignores distance .
When confronted with a drunk or an insane person I have no notion of what any one of them might do to me or to himself or to others .
Will advances in human sciences help us build social structures and governments which will enable us to cope with people as effectively as the primitive combination of protein and nucleic acid built a structure of molecules which enabled it to adapt to a sea of molecular interaction ? ?
Yet we no longer feel uneasy .
We are desperately in the need of such invention , for man is still very much at the mercy of man .
the temperature of our homes is independent of the seasons ; ;
We , in our country , think of war as an external threat which , if it occurs , will not be primarily of our own doing .
Perhaps things were even worse then .
In agriculture , for example , despite the advances in biology , elaborate rituals tend to persist along with a continued sense of the imminence of some natural disaster .
Our inability to explain why certain people are fond of us frequently induces the same kind of ritual and malaise .
In fact the accumulation of the hardware of destruction is day by day increasing our fear of each other .
Perhaps the most illuminating example of the reduction of fear through understanding is derived from our increased knowledge of the nature of disease .
We use terms from our personal experience with individuals such as `` trust '' , `` cheat '' , and `` get tough '' .
In addition , our way of dealing directly with natural phenomena has also changed .
One wonders about its applicability to people .
The bombs are as harmless as an automobile in a garage .
I think that we are here also talking of the kind of fear that a young boy has for a group of boys who are approaching at night along the streets of a large city .
Our weapons production , our world prestige , our ideas of democracy , our actions of trust or stubbornness or secrecy or espionage ? ?
Our collective policies , group and national , are similarly based on voodoo , but here we often lack even the empirically successful rituals and are still engaged in determing them .

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We know that in the C-plane both C and Af are analytic .
For any such square the middle corner of these will be called the vertex of the square and the corner not on the curve will be called the diagonal point of the square .
We consider now the graph of the function f{t} on Af .
Suppose Af crosses C when Af .
The values Af are the ordinary values at Af of a multi-valued function g{t} which has components corresponding to those of f{t} .
The arc is itself a segment of an analytic curve .
otherwise by Lemma 1 the component would extend beyond these points .
As S varies from zero to T , the values of S for which Af and Af cross C will be denoted by Af and Af respectively .
Thus if E is sufficiently small , there can be only one intersection of C and Af near Q , for if there were more than one intersection for every E then the difference between C and Af near Q would not be a monotone function .
A square inscribed in a curve C means a square with its four corner points on the curve , though it may not lie entirely in the interior of C .
A tangent point Q in the C-plane occurs when C and Af are tangent to one another .
There are three possibilities : ( A ) Af remains tangent to C as it is translated ; ;
We define these values as Af , and define g{t} in the same way for each T .
We now have certain squares with three corners on C .
In the third category the function is double-valued in this interval .
In some neighborhood of an isolated tangent point in the f-plane , say Af , the function Af is either double-valued or has no values defined , except at the tangent point itself , where it is single-valued .
This theorem is similar to the theorem of Kakutani that there exists a circumscribing cube around any closed , bounded convex set in Af .
Any other point of intersection between C and Af will be called a tangent point .
We will denote the values of f{t} on different components by Af .
Thus Af is also continuous at Af , and in a neighborhood of Af which does not contain a tangent point .
Suppose Af is defined in the sub-interval Af .
Proof .
But this is a contradiction , for we know that the multiplicity of f{t} is odd for every T .
We first show that the function is single-valued in some neighborhood .
The same remarks apply to an interval on the other side of Af .
This set must consist of isolated points and closed intervals .
Lemma 2 .
Each point on C , as a vertex , may possess a finite number of corresponding diagonal points by the above construction .
The latter theorem has been generalized by Yamabe and Yujobo , and Cairns to show that in Af there are families of such cubes .
We will refer to the plane of C and Af as the C-plane and to the plane of the graph as the Aj .
Proof .
We first define a function b{t} as follows : given the set of squares such that each has three corners on C and vertex at t , b{t} is the corresponding set of positive parametric differences between T and the backward corner points .
In the C-plane we construct a set of rectangular Cartesian coordinates u , V with the origin at Q and such that both C and Af have finite slope at Q .
As S increases we consider the two free corner points of the square , Af and Af , adjacent to P and Q respectively .
As S approaches T the square will be outside C and therefore both Af and Af must cross C an odd number of times as S varies from zero to T .
Furthermore , one can find a neighborhood of Q in which the difference function is monotone , for since it is analytic it can have only a finite number of extrema in any interval .
In the f-plane the coordinates of the corresponding point are Af .
This is true of all components which have such a bounded support .
We must now show that on some component of the graph there exist two points for which the corresponding diagonal points in the C-plane are on opposite sides of C .
We have Af , plus tangent points .
Now with P fixed at Af , Af-values occur when the corner Af crosses C , and are among the values of S such that Af .
Now Af and Af must both be tangent points on the T component in the f-plane ; ;
The set of intersections of Af , the rotated curve , with the original curve C consists of just the set of forward corner points on C corresponding to the vertex at Af , plus the vertex itself .
Lemma 1 .
We suppose not .
Again , the analyticity of the two curves guarantees that such intervals exist .
Here , for the case of squares inscribed in plane curves , we remove the restriction to convexity and give certain other results .
Therefore , for any value of T the number of values of f{t} is equal to the ( finite ) number of tangent points corresponding to the argument T plus an odd number .
The remaining ( incomplete ) components all have an even number of ordinary points at any argument , and are defined only on a proper sub-interval of Aj .
Now , to find Af , one needs the intersection of C and Af near Q .
The graph , as a set , may have a finite number of components .
With each vertex we associate certain numerical values , namely the set of positive differences in the parameter T between the vertex and its corresponding forward corner points .
It is also seen that Af , since the change from Af to Af is accomplished by a continuous translation .
We erect a square with PQ as a side and with free corners Af and Af adjacent to P and Q respectively .
In some neighborhood in the f-plane of any ordinary point of the graph , the function f is a single-valued , continuous function .
Then every component of the graph of F must be defined over a bounded sub-interval .
This prevents the occurrence of an infinite sequence of isolated tangent points .
Proof
In the following paper it is shown that in a certain definite sense , exactly an odd number of squares can be inscribed in every such curve which does not contain an infinite number of inscribed squares .
With the above results we can make the following remarks about the graph of F .
We turn now to the set of tangent points on the graph .
Further , we see by Lemma 2 that the multiplicity of F can only change at a tangent point , and at such a point can only change by an even integer .
We again consider a fixed point P at Af and a variable point Q at Af on C .
First , for any value of T for which all values of f{t} are ordinary points the number of values of f{t} must be odd .
There must be an odd number of such components , which will be called complete components .
We note that two such curves C and Af , cannot coincide at more than a finite number of points ; ;
Therefore , Af is single-valued near Q .
These s-values are just the ordinary values of Af .
The function f{t} defined in this way is multi-valued .
Lemma 3 .
The functions F and B have exactly the same multiplicity at every argument T .
There are two types of such intersections , depending essentially on whether the curves cross at the point of intersection .
Consider a simple , closed , plane curve C which is a real-analytic image of the unit circle , and which is given by Af .
Indeed , the spiral Af , with the two endpoints connected by a straight line possesses only one inscribed square .
The square has one corner point on the straight line segment , and does not lie entirely in the interior .
Definition .
( B ) Af moves away from C and does not intersect it at all for Af ; ;
To each paired vertex and diagonal point there corresponds a unique forward corner point , i.e. , the corner on C reached first by proceeding along C from the vertex in the direction of increasing T .
Lemma 4 .
otherwise , being analytic , they would coincide at all points , which is impossible since they do not coincide near Af .
Proof .
In a neighborhood of Q the difference between these functions is also a single-valued , analytic function of U .
This terminology will also be applied to the corresponding points in the Aj .
( C ) Af cuts across C and there are two ordinary intersections for every T in Af .
In the neighborhood of an end point of an interval of tangent points in the f-plane the function is two-valued or no-valued on one side , and is a single-valued function consisting entirely of tangent points on the other side .
These are real analytic periodic functions with period T .
Thus we obtain g{t} by introducing an oblique g{t}-axis in the Aj .
An ordinary point will be any point of intersection A such that in every neighborhood of A in the C-plane , Af meets both the interior and the exterior of C .
For it is clear that the total number of ordinary intersections of C and Af must be even ( otherwise , starting in the interior of C , Af could not finally return to the interior ) , and the center of rotation at T is the argument of the function , not a value .
The number of ordinary values of the function f{t} at T will be called its multiplicity at T .
For the vertex at Af , these values will be denoted by Af .
Each point with abscissa T on the graph represents an intersection between C and Af .
We can now prove several lemmas .
The roots of this equation are just the ordinates of the intersections of the graph of B with a straight line of unit slope through Af in the b-plane ( the plane of the graph of b ) .
The points may also touch C without crossing .
Thus the multiplicity of Af for a given T must be an even number .
But Af is just the curve Af translated without rotation through a small arc , for Af is always obtained by rotating C through exactly 90-degrees .
On C , from the point P at Af to the point Q at Af , we construct the chord , and upon the chord as a side erect a square in such a way that as S approaches zero the square is inside C .
In the second category the function Af has no values defined in a neighborhood Af .
We have shown that the graph of F contains at least one component whose inverse is the entire interval {0,T} , and whose multiplicity is odd .
A continuous change in T through an amount E results in a translation along an analytic arc of the curve Af .
The first possibility results in a closed interval of tangent points in the f-plane , the end points of which fall into category ( B ) or ( C ) .
Near Q , both curves can be represented by analytic functions of U .
The graph of f has at least one component whose support is the entire interval Aj .
With the vertex at Af in the C-plane we assume that Af is the parametric location on C of an ordinary intersection Q between C and Af .
The fact that there can not be any limit points of the set except in closed intervals follows from the argument used in Lemma 1 , namely , that near any tangent point in the C-plane the curves C and Af are analytic , and therefore the difference between them must be a monotone function in some neighborhood on either side of the tangent point .
If the vertex is at Af , and if the interior of C is on the left as one moves in the direction of increasing t , then every such corner can be found from the curve obtained by rotating C clockwise through 90-degrees about the vertex .
.

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The Strategic Air Command is the principal element of our long-range nuclear capability .
The first Atlas ICBM's are now operational , the first two Polaris submarines are expected to be operational this calendar year , and the first Titan ICBM's next year .
Strategy and tactics of the U.S. military forces are now undergoing one of the greatest transitions in history .
These examples underscore the importance of even more searching evaluations of new major development programs and even more penetrating and far-ranging analyses of the potentialities of future technology .
This aircraft , which was planned for initial operational use about 1965 , would be complementary to but likewise competitive with the four strategic ballistic missile systems , all of which are scheduled to become available earlier .
As a result , the scope of this project has been sharply curtailed .
I endorse pending legislation that will restore the traditional relationship between retired and active duty pay rates .
In 1961 , these expenditures are estimated at $18.9 billion , compared to $19.3 billion in 1960 .
Notable in this category are the Jupiter and Thor intermediate range ballistic missiles , which have been successfully developed , produced , and deployed , but the relative importance of which has diminished with the increasing availability of the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile .
A substantial increase is estimated in the cost of operating additional communications systems in the air defense program , as well as in all programs where speed and security of communications are essential .
a Marine Corps of 3 divisions and 3 air wings with 175,000 men ; ;
Accordingly , if it is not repealed by the Congress at its present session , I shall have no alternative thereafter but to direct the Secretary of Defense to disregard the section unless a court of competent jurisdiction determines otherwise .
one B-52 can do the work of several B-47's which it will replace .
Military personnel costs .
New obligational authority for 1961 recommended in this budget for aircraft procurement ( excluding amounts for related research and construction ) totals $4,753 million , which is $1,390 million below that enacted for 1960 .
The first capability is represented by a combination of manned bombers , carrier-based aircraft , and intercontinental and intermediate range missiles .
As I have stated previously , the Attorney General has advised me that this section violates fundamental constitutional principles .
-- The deterrent power of our Armed Forces comes from both their nuclear retaliatory capability and their capability to conduct other essential operations in any form of war .
The last few years have witnessed what have been perhaps the most rapid advances in military technology in history .
Some weapons systems have become obsolescent while still in production , and some while still under development .
Expenditures for shipbuilding are estimated at about the same level as in 1960 .
The substantial progress being made in ballistic missile technology is rapidly shifting the main threat from manned bombers to missiles .
I strongly recommend to the Congress the avoidance of mandatory floors on the size of the reserve components so that we may have the flexibility to make adjustments in keeping with military necessity .
These increased costs are partially offset by a decrease of $56 million in expenditures for the reserve forces , largely because of the planned reduction in strength of the Army Reserve components during 1961 .
The Minuteman solid-fueled ICBM is planned to be operational about mid-1963 .
The forces to be supported include an Army of 14 divisions and 870,000 men ; ;
I am recommending additional acquisitions of the improved version of the B-52 ( the B-52H with the new turbofan engine ) and procurement of the B-58 supersonic medium bomber , together with the supporting refueling tankers in each case .
Forces and military personnel strength .
In the budget message for 1959 , and again for 1960 , I recommended immediate repeal of section 601 of the Act of September 28 , 1951 ( 65 Stat. 365 ) .
On the other hand , the new authority of $3,825 million proposed for missile procurement ( excluding research and construction ) in 1961 is $581 million higher than for 1960 .
Considering the high cost of the F-108 system -- over $4 billion for the force that had been planned -- and the time period in which it would become operational , it was decided to stop further work on the project .
The Department of Defense appropriation acts for the past several years have contained a rider which limits competitive bidding by firms in other countries on certain military supply items .
Also , the program for fleet modernization will be stepped up in 1961 causing an increase in expenditures .
I have requested the Secretary of Defense to reexamine the roles and missions of the reserve components in relation to those of the active forces and in the light of the changing requirements of modern warfare .
Quality and combat readiness must take precedence over mere numbers .
The cost of developing a major weapon system is now so enormous that the greatest care must be exercised in selecting new systems for development , in determining the most satisfactory rate of development , and in deciding the proper time at which either to place a system into production or to abandon it .
I again proposed a reduction in the Army National Guard and Army Reserve -- from their present strengths of 400,000 and 300,000 , respectively , to 360,000 and 270,000 by the end of the fiscal year 1961 .
Retired pay costs are increased by $94 million in 1961 over 1960 , partly because of a substantial increase in the number of retired personnel .
The 1958 military pay act departed from this established formula by providing for a 6% increase rather than a proportionate increase for everyone retired prior to its effective date of June 1 , 1958 .
The impact of technological factors is also illustrated by the history of the high-energy fuel program .
Continuing technical problems involved in the use of this fuel , coupled with significant improvements in aircraft range through other means , have now raised serious questions about the value of the high-energy fuel program .
I urge once again that the Congress not reenact this rider .
For example , the importance of the Regulus 2 , a very promising aerodynamic ship-to-surface missile designed to be launched by surfaced submarines , was greatly diminished by the successful acceleration of the much more advanced Polaris ballistic missile launched by submerged submarines .
By 1965 , several or all of these systems will have been fully tested and their reliability established .
-- This budget will provide in the fiscal year 1961 for the continued support of our forces at approximately the present level -- a year-end strength of 2,489,000 men and women in the active forces .
Basic long-line communications in Alaska are now provided through Federal facilities operated by the Army , Air Force , and Federal Aviation Agency .
The second capability is represented by our deployed ground , naval , and air forces in essential forward areas , together with ready reserves capable of effecting early emergency reinforcement .
These contrasting trends in procurement reflect the anticipated changes in the composition and missions of our Armed Forces in the years ahead .
Strategic forces .
Further increases arise from the civilian employee health program enacted by the Congress last year .
By that time we should be in a much better position to determine the value of that aircraft as a weapon system .
As I have repeatedly stated , this provision is much more restrictive than the general law , popularly known as the Buy American Act .
Meanwhile , other air defense forces are being made effective , as described later in this message .
This section prevents the military departments and the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization from carrying out certain transactions involving real property unless they come into agreement with the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives .
-- Expenditures for operating and maintaining the stations and equipment of the Armed Forces are estimated to be $10.3 billion in 1961 , which is $184 million more than in 1960 .
The growing communications needs of this new State can best be met , as they have in other States , through the operation and development of such facilities by private enterprise .
-- About 30% of the expenditures for the Department of Defense in 1961 are for military personnel costs , including pay for active , reserve , and retired military personnel .
These strengths are considered adequate to meet the essential roles and missions of the reserves in support of our national security objectives .
The size and scope of other important programs have been reduced from earlier plans .
In the coming fiscal year additional quantities of Atlas , Titan , and Polaris missiles also will be procured .
Similar restrictions on the strength of the Army National Guard contained in the 1960 Department of Defense Appropriation Act should likewise be dropped .
and an Air Force of 91 combat wings and 825,000 men .
Procurement , research , and construction .
Thus , the need for the B-70 as a strategic weapon system is doubtful .
This project was started at a time when there was a critical need for a high-energy fuel to provide an extra margin of range for high performance aircraft , particularly our heavy bombers .
Under modern conditions , this is especially true of the ready reserve .
Thus , in the last few years , a number of programs which looked very promising at the time their development was commenced have since been completely eliminated .
The decreases , which are largely in construction and in aircraft procurement , are offset in part by increases for research and development and for procurement of other military equipment such as tanks , vehicles , guns , and electronic devices .
The task of providing a reasonable level of military strength , without endangering other vital aspects of our security , is greatly complicated by the swift pace of scientific progress .
Operation and maintenance .
One of the important and difficult decisions which had to be made in this budget concerned the role of the B-70 , a long-range supersonic bomber .
Funds are also included in this budget to continue the equipping of the B-52 wings with the Hound Dog air-to-surface missile .
a Navy of 817 active ships and 619,000 men ; ;
Last year the Congress discontinued its previously imposed minimum personnel strength limitations on the Army Reserve .
Legislation has already been proposed to authorize the sale of these Government-owned systems in Alaska , and its early enactment is desirable .
-- Approximately 45% of the expenditures for the Department of Defense are for procurement , research , development , and construction programs .
However , I am recommending that development work on the B-70 air-frame and engines be continued .
Traditionally , rates of pay for retired military personnel have been proportionate to current rates of pay for active personnel .
Another example is the recent cancellation of the F-108 , a long-range interceptor with a speed three times as great as the speed of sound , which was designed for use against manned bombers in the period of the mid-1960's .
Furthermore , unexpectedly rapid progress or a technological break-through on any one weapon system , in itself , often diminishes the relative importance of other competitive systems .
Other factors increasing operating costs include the higher unit cost of each flying hour , up 11% in two years , and of each steaming hour , up 15% .
In total , these increases in operating costs outweigh the savings that result from declining programs and from economy measures , such as reduced numbers of units and installations , smaller inventories of major equipment , and improvements in the supply and distribution systems of the Armed Forces .
The increase stems largely from the growing complexity of and higher degree of maintenance required for newer weapons and equipment .
The change of emphasis from conventional-type to missile-type warfare must be made with care , mindful that the one type of warfare cannot be safely neglected in favor of the other .
If the reserve components are to serve effectively in time of war , their basic organization and objectives must conform to the changing character and missions of the active forces .
It is expected that in 1963 two prototype aircraft will be available for flight testing .
These expenditures are estimated to be $12.1 billion , an increase of $187 million over 1960 , reflecting additional longevity pay of career personnel , more dependents , an increased number of men drawing proficiency pay , and social security tax increases ( effective for the full year in 1961 compared with only 6 months in 1960 ) .
This has necessitated a continuous review and reevaluation of the defense program in order to redirect resources to the newer and more important weapons systems and to eliminate or reduce effort on weapons systems which have been overtaken by events .
These additional modern bombers will replace some of the older B-47 medium bombers ; ;
Our military forces must be capable of contending successfully with any contingency which may be forced upon us , from limited emergencies to all-out nuclear general war .

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Surely there was a better word .
At two that morning , he was still walking -- up and down Peony , up and down the veranda , up and down the silent , moonlit beach .
Just look at that sky .
There were a sprinkling of daring bikinis and a preponderance of glorified tank suits .
`` I've got this cold .
He had noticed before that the natives seemed to regard really filthy weather as a kind of Pyhrric victory over the tourists .
She had explained it -- something about summer people's eating out and not enough space in the units .
They would be black or white or horse-blanket plaid , chic and splashy , like Vivian herself .
He leafed through the light reading provided by Mrs. Kirby for her guests : four separate adventures of the Bobbsey Twins ( At the Seashore , At the Mountains , On the Farm , and In Danger ) and several agricultural bulletins on the treatment of hoof-and-mouth disease in cattle , hideously illustrated .
`` You've got a peaked look .
And where was the thing ? ?
She bellowed triumphantly .
It was Mrs. Kirby , making her toilsome way along the veranda , laden with a clattery collection of mops , brushes , and pails .
`` I hope so .
`` I guess that redhead next to me took your advice .
This was a very warm , sympathetic girl , he decided .
Charlie couldn't see Vivian offering any hand lotion .
He had to write very small to get it on the bottom of the scrap of paper .
Are you ? ?
In these damp circumstances , he was an odds-on bet to develop pneumonia .
`` Ah '' .
Under normal circumstances , he had a certain bright-eyed all-American-boy charm , with great appeal for young ladies , old ladies , and dogs .
but on further investigation , the thing proved to be a sweater , of the long-hair variety that sheds onto men's jackets -- pale , pale pink and , according to the label , size thirty-four .
But then , neither was peaked .
Once burned -- scalded , really , because Vivian had given him every encouragement -- forever shy .
She sounded a little like a redhead .
`` Would you mind wrapping your onion '' ? ?
`` I spoke to the fellow next door , too '' , she might say .
`` I've got this sunburn '' , said the note , `` and I used some of your hand lotion .
`` Of course I don't mind '' , she answered .
The sweater was gone from the refrigerator , and in its place was a large plastic bag , full of wet pink clothes .
She didn't say you were puny .
Finally , in desperation , he opened the refrigerator , filched her hand lotion , and left a note .
She might peel him , once the worst of the agony was over .
He didn't know what was so tough about Vivian's world , slopping around Nassau with what's-his-name .
`` He's that peaked kind '' .
Charlie forbore to mention that the wet was somewhat universal , Peony being less than weatherproof .
She didn't sound like a pale girl .
`` Oh , yes .
Yes , take Vivian .
`` I'm not that anxious , but maybe that's why you're so fair '' .
`` Lots of sun , lots of rest .
The sun , blazing hot as prophesied , was far from kind to Mrs. Kirby's varicolored properties .
He remembered seeing it last night , when he put away his small store of bachelor-type eatables .
I haven't seen her on the beach '' .
`` Oh , nothing .
The note was propped against his pill bottles and bore a postscript : `` You're not at all well , are you '' ? ?
Hardly an inviting description .
Not that he had supposed , considering the evidence , that he was sharing this refrigerator with a member of the Beach Patrol .
Just glad the rain's stopped '' .
You young men get to be my age , you won't take flu so lightly '' .
He looked up to see Mrs. Kirby , awesome in a black-and-yellow polka-dotted slicker , bearing down on him .
Also the canoe '' .
`` Broiled out .
Not that it was any of her business .
Eh '' ? ?
`` Gee , neither do I '' .
He didn't want to encourage anything here ; ;
`` Ugh '' .
The red pills are a vitamin-and-iron compound .
The note paper was pink , too , and the handwriting small and dainty and utterly feminine .
Do you have anything to read while you're shut up ? ?
Hope you don't mind '' .
but on the other hand , he didn't want her swiping his salami .
This is a sleeping capsule .
He had loved and lost Vivian Wayne to somebody else , had watched her marry the somebody else , and had caught a bear of a cold by kissing the bride good-by forever , which was really piling it on .
`` My , you're peaked .
He paid little attention to her because she was a redhead and because she was wearing white -- one of those bulky , turtle-neck sweaters .
`` I don't have a lemon '' .
Meanwhile , he had this miserable cold , and as he leaned against the refrigerator , watching the rain make sandy puddles at his feet , the doctor's prescription for lots of sun seemed like a hollow mockery .
He dozed , only to dream of Vivian , and woke , only to crash into the night table , bruising his other shin .
`` Why does this girl keep a sweater in the refrigerator '' ? ?
It was still raining , and Mrs. Kirby's cottages bloomed through the gray haze like the names they bore , vivid blue and green and magenta .
Somebody had .
But then , as he well knew , women are not guided by logic or common sense .
Said this note .
it was a tough world , and you had to be tough to hold your own .
`` You won't , if you're looking for a redhead .
`` How's your sunburn now ? ?
She felt , and said , that sympathy only made people feel sorry for themselves ; ;
Share bath , maybe -- but share refrigerator ? ?
`` Puny goes with pale and peaked .
Then he remembered .
This weekend , he thought , he would look around for some more subdued retreat , with Cape roses , maybe , at the door .
He could not imagine a flower's being brave enough to grow beside Peony , Larkspur , and the rest .
but the picture of Tom Swift is pretty sinister .
Sympathy is a fine quality in a woman .
Charlie grinned .
He scrawled `` Sorry '' across the bottom of the note and then , against his better judgment , added : `` Don't you eat '' ? ?
Today , he looked like an Astronaut who had left his vitamin pills on the bureau and spent six months in space : hollow eyes , hollow cheeks , hollow stomach .
The others will make you a little more comfortable until you get it licked .
He took a yellow pill , only to choke on it , and went for the salami , only to find something alive in the refrigerator -- something pink and fuzzy .
Better get in out of the wet '' .
I've got this cold '' .
No wonder she was so pale , wearing all those cold clothes .
You want to watch out that you don't get burned to an ash , first sunny day .
I must remember to warn the girl next to you in Larkspur .
Take Vivian .
He looked more closely .
`` Fine , day after tomorrow '' , she added .
By the next morning , she had turned the paper over .
Pink , Vivian once had told him , was for baby girls , and grown-up girls who wore pink were subconsciously clinging to their infancy .
It gave him a good feeling .
He had caught , too , like an ailment , a confirmed distrust of women .
`` What's that you say '' ? ?
When Charlie came up from the beach for his four-o'clock pill , the whole establishment ( gaudy enough when seen through mist and fog ) looked like a floodlit modern painting -- great blocks of dizzy color , punctuated at regular intervals by the glaring white of five community refrigerators .
Run-down , iron-poor .
`` I hope so '' , he said .
Breakfast , he thought .
Up on a dune , he saw a girl , all by herself , sitting on a camp stool before an easel and absorbed in her painting .
`` M-m-m .
Why don't you try that '' ? ?
She studied him briefly .
On the beach , there were pale girls and not-so-pale girls .
As for its being fine , day after tomorrow , he had the unhappy conviction that it would never be fine again , with Vivian lost to him forever .
From now on , his was going to be a man's world : the North Woods , duck blinds at dawning , beer and poker and male secretaries .
But then , redheads are often pale .
What's puny '' ? ?
There are two things here about Surviving in the Wilderness , and a book called ' Tom Swift and His Speedy Canoe ' ; ;
Everything being the sweater , a lipstick case , and a squirt bottle of Kissin' Kare pink hand lotion .
His first thought was that Mrs. Kirby , in her mania for color , had dyed a cat and that cat had somehow managed to open the refrigerator door and climb in ; ;
The doctor could call it anything from flu to beriberi ; ;
Charlie downed his orange juice and one of the long , skinny green pills , his spirits as damp as the day .
He looked around his little Eden : bureau , bed , table , chair , two-burner stove .
`` So you said '' .
`` It's none of my business '' , said the next note , `` but my Aunt Elsie used to take lemon juice and honey in hot water for a cold , and she lived to be ninety-six .
`` You're having a miserable time , aren't you ? ?
`` That Mrs. Kirby ! !
A shot of orange juice would make everything seem better .
`` Three-day blow '' ! !
`` The smell permeates everything '' ! !
He spent that afternoon on the beach , looking for a pale , browny-haired girl in a pink bathing suit .
He could hear Mrs. Kirby now , warning her pale guest against sunburn .
`` You share a refrigerator '' , Mrs. Kirby had said , and somehow , at midnight , after the long drive from New York in pelting rain , that had sounded reasonable .
but Charlie knew what was wrong with him and knew , too , that there was no pill to cure it .
Ah , yes -- his half of a refrigerator stood outside , on the `` curving veranda '' between Unit Number Three and Unit Number Four .
Be a scorcher by afternoon '' .
He could imagine her at this minute , honeymooning in Nassau with what's-his-name , lounging on golden sands , looking forward to a life of unalloyed bliss .
Charlie had accepted the diagnosis without comment .
I'll bet she told you I was puny , too .
Suppose what's-his-name got a sunburn ? ?
All Charlie could look forward to was a yellow pill at noon , a salami sandwich for lunch , and a lonely old age -- if he lived that long .
She scrutinized him .
He mused aloud .
She's got browny hair '' .
Thought I'd bake it out in the sun '' .
Charlie looked in the mirror .
Must have really smelled up her sweater , he thought , and wondered idly just why she kept the sweater fast-frozen .
He thought about it for a minute , could find no reasonable explanation for the presence of a sweater in the refrigerator , got the salami , bread , and a Bermuda onion , and put the whole thing out of his mind .
Use all the lotion you want , and for goodness' sake , stay in out of the sun for a couple of days '' .
Now Vivian , for instance , was not too long on sympathy .
Correspondence passed back and forth .
This vacation had seemed like a good idea last week , when his doctor had prescribed it .
I mean , she's still living , and she's ninety-six .
There were pink bathing suits on blondes , and browny-haired girls in red or black or green bathing suits .
He stuck his head in Mrs. Kirby's little rental office .
`` I've got this cold '' , he wrote .
Frail , feeble -- peaked .
How's your cold '' ? ?
Charlie spent the next two days in his pajama bottoms , waiting for the fire in his back to subside , and used generous quantities of the hand lotion .
`` Take a full month '' , the doctor had said .
`` Not onions '' , came the answer the following day .
And he saw them all as he walked up and down .
Thanks '' , was her answer the next day .
Next morning , he found a note in the refrigerator .
That pale kind's the worst '' .
The only thing , this lotion has glycerin in it , and that whitens the skin , so if you're so anxious to get a tan , you may not want to use it '' .
He got a red pill and a beer and then , on impulse , transferred the rest of his salami to her side of the refrigerator and scrawled `` Be my guest '' on the wrapping .
Clearly , two damp days with the Bobbsey Twins had done him no good .
In the cold light of day , it seemed a lunatic arrangement .
Now , if this were Vivian next door to him and if , for some obscure female reason , she kept her clothes in the refrigerator , they would not be pink .
That pale kind , Charlie thought .

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A band of robbers enters a railroad station , overpowers and ties up the telegraph operator , holds up the train and escapes .
The man was D.W. Griffith .
The phonograph today , for all its high fidelity and stereophonic sound , is precisely what the early art purveyors in the movies wished to make of the camera .
Movement itself was the chief and often the only attraction of the primitive movies of the nineties .
Each scene is shot straight through , as had been the universal custom , from a camera fixed in a single position , but in the outdoor scenes , especially in the capture and destruction of the outlaws , Porter's camera position breaks , necessarily , with the camera position standard until then , which had been , roughly , that of a spectator in a center orchestra seat at a play .
Thus such great American documentaries as The River and The Plow That Broke The Plains were composed as visual stories rather than as illustrated lectures .
Moreover , the most artistically successful of the nonfiction films have invariably borrowed the narrative form from the fiction feature .
Time and space have both become cinematic .
In about seven years Griffith either invented or first realized the possibilities of virtually every resource at the disposal of the film maker .
Before he was forty Griffith had created the art of the film .
Now time is also the concern of the fictional narrative , which is , at its simplest , the story of an action with , usually , a beginning , a middle , and an end -- elements which demand time as the first condition for their existence .
The effort produced a valuable record of stage techniques in the early years of the century and some interesting records of great theater figures who would otherwise be only names .
The robbers run from the hide-out , take cover in a wooded declivity , and are shot dead by the posse .
Staggeringly condensed versions of famous novels and famous plays were presented .
For a moment or two , both scenes are present simultaneously , one growing weaker , one growing stronger .
you are cutting .
The creator of the art of the film : D.W. Griffith
The plane of the action in the scene is not parallel with the plane of the film in the camera or on the screen .
This is the rate of projection ; ;
The material of the Porter film is simplicity itself ; ;
In a series of fairy tales and fantasies , Melies demonstrated that the film is superbly equipped to tell a straightforward story , with beginning , middle and end , complications , resolutions , climaxes , and conclusions .
When he came to the movies -- more or less by accident -- they were still cheap entertainment capable of enthralling the unthinking for an idle few minutes .
A posse is formed and pursues the robbers , who , having made their escape , are whooping it up with some wild , wild women in a honky-tonk hide-out .
Great actors and actresses -- the most notable being Sarah Bernhardt -- were hired to repeat their stage performances before the camera .
the headsman swung his axe ; ;
The Great Train Robbery is a one-reel film .
But no art at all was born of the art effort in the early movies .
Almost everything about the movies that is peculiarly of the movies derives from a tension created and maintained between narrative time and film time .
you are employing the basic technique of film ; ;
We leap from event to event -- including the formation of the posse -- even though the events , in `` reality '' are taking place not in sequence but simultaneously , and not near each other but at a considerable distance .
it is also the rate of photographing .
Brief snips of actual events were shown : parades , dances , street scenes .
The `` projection '' time of painting and sculpture is highly subjective , varying from person to person and even varying for a given person on different occasions .
The unfortunate queen mounted the scaffold ; ;
The physical film is cut with a knife at the end of one complete sequence , and the cut edge is joined physically , by cement , to the cut edge of the beginning of the next sequence .
it presumes both speed and urgency and it demands cutting -- both from pursued to pursuer and from stage to stage of the journey of both .
The two events are taking place at the same time .
The simple , naked idea of one man chasing another is of its nature better fitted for the film than it is for any other form of fiction .
The chase in itself is a narrative ; ;
In response , the industry allowed the discovery of the motion picture as a form of fiction and thus gave the movies the essential form they have had to this day .
the head dropped off ; ;
If , in preparing that shot for the inevitable showing to your friends , you interrupt the sequence to paste in a few frames of the child's grandmother watching this event , you have begun to be an artist in film ; ;
In the field of entertainment there is no spur to financial daring so effective as audience boredom , and the first decade of the new device was not over before audiences began staying away in large numbers from the simple-minded , one-minute shows .
In all of this extensive and expensive effort , the camera was downgraded to the status of recording instrument for art work produced elsewhere by the actor or by the author .
Cutting , of course , takes place automatically in the creation of a film .
The `` moving '' picture of the train or the wave coming at the audience is , to be sure , more intense than a still picture of the same subject , but the difference is really one of degree ; ;
Color was delayed until 1935 , the wide screen until the early fifties .
He did more than that .
An early film by a competitor of the Wizard of Menlo Park simply showed a long kiss performed by two actors of the contemporary stage .
The movie was The Great Train Robbery and its effects on the young industry and art were all but incalculable .
Despite the sheer beauty and spectacle of numerous documentaries , art films , and travelogues , despite the impressive financial success of such a recent development as Cinerama , the movies are at heart a form of fiction , like the play , the novel , or the short story .
In narrative , time is essential , as it is in film .
All this is simple enough , but in telling the story Porter did two important things that had not been done before .
In that apparently simple shift Porter opened the way to the sensitive use of the camera as an instrument of art as well as a mechanical recording device .
So is the time of the novel .
Melies , however , out of his professional instincts as a magician , discovered and made use of a number of illusionary techniques that remain part of the vocabulary of film .
It was Porter , however , who produced the very first movie whose name has lived on through the half century of film history that has since ensued .
the cinematic element of time is merely used to increase the realism of an object which would still be reasonably realistic in a still photo .
Overnight , for one thing , Porter's film multiplied the standard running time of movies by ten .
The discovery that movies are a form of fiction was made in the early years of this century and it was made chiefly by two men , a French magician , Georges Melies , and an American employee of Edison , Edwin S. Porter .
There still remained the need for one great film artist to explore the full potential of the new form and to make it an art .
The `` chase '' as a standard film device probably dates from The Great Train Robbery , and there is a reason for the continued popularity of the device .
Each film consisted of fifty feet , which gives a running time of about one minute on the screen .
The cowboy films , the cops and robbers films , and the slapstick comedy films culminating in an insane chase are not only catering to what critics may assume to be a vulgar taste for violence ; ;
If the change , at first sight , seems minor , we may recall that it took the Italian painters about two hundred years to make an analogous change , and the Italian painters , by universal consent , were the most brilliant group of geniuses any art has seen .
One of these is the `` dissolve '' , which makes possible a visually smooth transition from scene to scene .
As the first scene begins to fade , the succeeding scene begins to appear .
Immediately , the film improved and it improved because in narrative it found a content based on time to complement its own unbreakable connection with time .
One reel -- from eight to twelve minutes -- became the standard length from the year of Robbery , 1903 , until Griffith shattered that limit forever with Birth Of A Nation in 1915 .
end of film .
This discovery of Melies was vastly more important than his sometimes dazzling , magician's tricks produced on film .
This is what Porter did .
The reel itself became and still is the standard of measure for the movies .
The sensational and frightening enjoyed popularity : a train rushes straight at the audience , or a great wave threatens to break over the seats .
She dashes around in alarm .
Of the two , Porter is justly the better known , for he went far beyond the vital finding of fiction for films to take the first step toward fashioning a language of film , toward making the motion picture the intricate , efficient time machine that it has remained since , even in the most inept hands .
Motion-picture exhibitions took place in stores in a general atmosphere like that of the penny arcade which can still be found in such urban areas as Times Square .
The film consists of a series of still , transparent photographs , or `` frames '' , 35-mm.-wide .
Time is built into the motion picture , which cannot exist without time .
The meaning of the word is quite physical , to begin with .
The drama in the theater and the concert in the hall both have a fixed time , but the time is fixed by the director and the players , the conductor and the instrumentalists , subject , therefore , to much variation , as record collectors well know .
these films and these sequences are also seeking out -- instinctively or by design -- the peculiarly cinematic elements of narrative .
If , as a home movie maker , you shoot the inevitable footage of your child taking its first steps , you have merely recorded an historical event .
Narrative time and film time
As long as audiences came to see the movement , there seemed little reason to adventure further .
As the robbers leave the looted train , the film suddenly cuts back to the station , where the telegrapher's little daughter arrives with her father's dinner pail only to find him bound on the floor .
Not that there had not been attempts , mostly European , to do exactly that .
Physically , a movie is possible because a series of images is projected one at a time at such a speed that the eye `` remembers '' the one that has gone before even as it registers the one now appearing .
much of it has continued to be used over the years and the heart of it -- good guys and bad guys in the old West -- pretty well dominated television toward the end of the 1950's .
An early Edison production was The Execution Of Mary , Queen Of Scots .
But in general the European efforts to make an art of the entertainment had ignored the slowly emerging language of the film itself .
Linking the smoothly changing images together , the eye itself endows them with the illusion of movement .
Not surprisingly , this approach did not work .
He revealed the potential value of the `` cut '' as the basic technique in the art of the film .
The time of the motion picture is fixed absolutely .
As a finale is appended a close-up of one of the band taking aim and firing his revolver straight at the audience .
Each frame comes between the light and the lens and is individually projected on the screen , at the rate , for silent movies , of 16 frames per second , and , for sound films , 24 frames per second .

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Solomon Chandler hadn't misjudged the strength of his lungs , not at all .
I know that I myself felt that it was a mortal shame for a man to be torn open by a British musket ball , as Isaac had been , yet I also felt relieved and lucky that it had been him and not myself .
It was my initiation to war and the insane symphony war plays ; ;
but when he passed us by , a musket roared , and he reared his horse , swung it around , and began to whip it back in the direction from which he had come .
It was the first time any of us had laughed since the morning began .
My Cousin Simmons carried a musket , but he had loaded it with bird shot , and as the officer came opposite him , he rose up behind the wall and fired .
There was a clump of trees that appeared to provide cover right up to the road , and the shouting and gunfire never slackened .
He came spurring and whooping down the road , his horse kicking up clouds of dust , shouting :
`` I learned that now '' , I said .
the passage and rhythm of time changed , and when I remember back to what happened then , each event is a separate and frozen incident .
I must state that the faster things happened , the slower they happened ; ;
and though he had found the strength to run with us , now he collapsed and lay on the ground , dying , the Reverend holding his head and wiping his hot brow .
The gunfire , which was so near that it seemed just a piece up the road now , stopped for long enough to count to twenty ; ;
While this was being discussed , we saw the militia to the west of us fanning out and breaking into little clusters of two and three men as they approached the road .
And now the redcoats were coming , and the gunfire was a part of the dust cloud on the road to the west of us .
Three men were around him .
The last thing in the world that resembled a war was our line of farmers and storekeepers and mechanics perched on top of a stone wall , and this dashing rider made us feel a good deal sharper and more alert to the situation .
Mattathias Dover said :
We ran east for about half a mile before we turned back to the road , panting from the effort and soaked with sweat .
The redcoat officer collapsed like a punctured bolster , and the horse reared and threw him from the saddle , except that one booted foot caught in the stirrup .
I didn't offer any advice , but I certainly did not want to go back to where the officer lay with his brains dashed out .
I went off with Cousin Simmons , who maintained that if he didn't see to me , he didn't know who would .
Under the trees , there was a dead redcoat , a young boy with a pasty white skin and a face full of pimples , who had taken a rifle ball directly between the eyes .
`` Committeemen , hold your fire ! !
It was the opinion of some of us that these must be part of the Committeemen who had been in the Battle of the North Bridge , which entitled them to a sort of veteran status , and we felt that if they employed this tactic , it was likely enough the best one .
We tumbled to a stop in Deacon Gordon's cow hole , a low-lying bit of pasture with a muddy pool of water in its middle .
A voice called , and what made it even more terrible and unreal was that the redcoat ranks never paused for an instant , only some of them glancing toward the stone wall , from behind which the voice came .
I was drunk with excitement and the smell of gunpowder that came floating down from the road , and the fact that I was not afraid now , but only waiting to know what to do next .
Yet it could not have been more than a matter of seconds , and then the front of the British army came into view .
Their only hope of survival was to hold to the road and keep marching .
The rider from Concord was as good as his word .
but this grinning , broken head , not ten feet away from me , was the sharp definition of what my reality had become .
Someone said that while we were standing here and arguing about it , the British would be gone ; ;
Meanwhile , I reloaded my gun , as the other men were doing .
One moment there was a man in the saddle ; ;
It may appear that we were cruel and callous , but no one had time to spend sympathizing with poor Isaac -- except the Reverend .
I have heard people talk with contempt about the British regulars , but that only proves that a lot of people talk about things of which they are deplorably ignorant .
It was only hours since I had last seen them , but they had changed and I had changed .
but Cousin Simmons said he had watched them marching west early in the morning , and moving at a much brisker pace it had still taken half an hour for their column to pass , what with the narrowness of the road and their baggage and ammunition carts .
Isaac Pitt , one of the men from Lincoln , had taken a musket ball in his belly ; ;
In my recollection , there was a long interval between the death of the officer and the appearance of the first of the retreating redcoats , and in that interval the dust cloud over the road seems to hover indefinitely .
One moment , the road was filled with disciplined troops , marching four by four with a purpose as implacable as death ; ;
the next a headless horror on a horse that bolted through the redcoat ranks , and during the next second or two , we all of us fired into the suddenly disorganized column of soldiers .
Later we realized that the redcoats had stopped their charge at the wall .
By God , they're a-coming , they are '' ! !
Cousin Simmons roared .
`` It makes sense .
Whatever we felt about the redcoats , we respected them in terms of their trade , which was killing ; ;
The front of their column had already passed us , when another officer came riding down the side of the road , not five paces from where we were .
That settled it , and we broke into parties of two and three .
As for this rider , I never saw him before or afterwards and never saw him dismounted , so whether he stood tall or short in his shoes , I can't say ; ;
for what had happened on the common was only terror and flight ; ;
Cousin Joshua Dover decided to remain with the Reverend and poor Isaac Pitt until life passed away -- and he was hurt so badly he did not seem for long in this world .
but I do know that he gave the day tone and distinction .
Hold your fire '' ! !
I don't know whether he was after our rider , who had gone by a minute before , or whether he was simply scouting conditions ; ;
I have observed that being up on a horse changes the whole character of a man , and when a very small man is up on a saddle , he'd like as not prefer to eat his meals there .
I put a lot more trust in my two legs than in the gun , because the most important thing I had learned about war was that you could run away and survive to talk about it .
No drummers here , no pipers , and the red coats were covered with a fine film of dust .
and about a mile to the west a cluster of at least fifty Militia were making their way in our direction .
They had stripped him of his musket and equipment , and now they were pulling his boots and jacket off .
Rank after rank of them came down the road , and the faces were all the same , and they walked in a sea of dust .
I think you could have heard him a mile away , and he was bursting at every seam with importance .
and then I was adding my own voice to the crescendo of sound , hurling more vile language than I ever thought I knew , sobbing and shouting , and aware that if I had passed water before , it was not enough , for my pants were soaking wet .
We came down off the wall as if he had toppled all of us , and we crouched behind it .
Cousin Simmons grabbed one of them by the shoulder and flung him away .
and in that brief interval , a redcoat officer came tearing down the road , whipping his horse fit to kill .
`` God's name , what are you to rob the dead with the fight going on '' ! !
From above me and somewhere behind me , a rifle cracked .
`` Good heavens , Adam '' , he said , `` I thought one thing you'd have no trouble learning is when to get out of a place '' .
I would have stood there and died there if left to myself , but Cousin Simmons grabbed my arm in his viselike grip and fairly plucked me out of there ; ;
If we cluster together , the redcoats can make an advantage out of it , but there's not a blessed thing they can do with two or three of us except chase us , and we can outrun them '' .
Wherever you looked , you saw Committeemen running across the meadows , some away from the road , some toward it , some parallel to it ; ;
`` They're a-coming ! !
They tried to outface him , but Joseph Simmons was as wide as two average men , and it would have taken braver men than these were to outface him .
They marched with bayonets fixed , and as fixed on their faces was anger , fear , and torment .
That's understandable , and I appreciate the sentiment .
In the course of this , they had fired on us ; ;
We were less than a quarter of a mile from the road , and we could trace its shape from the ribbon of powder smoke and dust that hung over it .
I wanted to wipe my flint , but I didn't dare to , the state my hands were in , just as I didn't dare to do anything about the priming .
Everyone else was running .
In the very front rank , two men were wounded and staggered along , trailing blood behind them .
the next , a cloud of gun smoke covered a screaming fury of sound , out of which the redcoat soldiers emerged with their bayonets and their cursing fury .
A dozen cows mooed sadly and regarded us as if we were insane , as perhaps we were at that moment , with the crazy excitement of our first encounter , the yelling and shooting still continuing up at the road , and the thirst of some of the men , which was so great that they waded into the muddy water and scooped up handfuls of it .
He was a fine and showy rider , but his skill was wasted on us .
and then I came to some sanity and plunged away with such extraordinary speed that I outdistanced Cousin Simmons by far .
We heard him before he ever showed , and we heard him yelling after he was out of sight .
and I know that I , myself , was nauseated with apprehension and fear and that my hands were soaking wet where they held my gun .
Half crazed by the weight dragging , the dust , and the heat , the horse leaped our wall , dashing out the rider's brains against it , and leaving him lying there among us -- while the horse crashed away through the brush .
I had squeezed the trigger of my own gun , and to my amazement , it had fired and kicked back into my shoulder with the force of an angry mule ; ;
Cousin Joshua and some others felt that we should march toward Lexington and take up new positions ahead of the slow-moving British column , but another group maintained that we should stick to this spot and this section of road .
The gun would fire or not , just as chance willed .
but I have no memory of that .

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As they were riding along this winding road on the bench of land between the two bluffs , a volley of rifle fire suddenly crashed around the two officers .
Since the strength of the Mexicans had been underrated , too small a posse had been collected , and since the deputy had not been provided with search warrants , MacPherson and his men decided it was much wiser to withdraw .
Three weeks later , following his recovery , armed with a writ issued by the Catskill justice on affidavits prepared by the district attorney , Cook and Russell rode to arrest Martinez .
When they were refused entrance to his brother's house nearby , they smashed down the door , broke the window , and threw lighted clothes wet with kerosene into the room .
Receiving no answer , they set the fire .
The posse's retreat encouraged the Mexicans to be overbearing and impudent .
Bullets were so thick , throwing sand in his face , that he found it difficult to return the fire .
nothing accomplished , and the whole distribution of justice in this county seems to be an absolute farce '' .
While talking with Julian M. Beall , Francisco Archuleta and Juan Marcus appeared , both heavily armed , and after watching the house for a while , rode away .
Both Cook's and Russell's lives were threatened by the Mexicans following the killing , but the company officers felt that in the end , it would serve to quiet them despite their immediate emotion .
District Attorney M. W. Mills warned that he would vigorously prosecute persons caught committing these crimes or carrying arms -- he just didn't catch anyone .
and a store was broken into and robbed .
There were three houses in Salyer's Canyon just at the foot of a low bluff , the road winding along the top , entering above , and then passing down in front of the houses , thence to the Vermejo .
Finding him dead , Cook caught Russell's horse and rode to the cattle foreman's house to report the incident and request bloodhounds to trail the assassins .
When it became obvious that he could stay inside no longer , taking a thousand to one chance Gonzales rushed outside , square against the muzzle of a Winchester .
They stayed with a rancher Friday night and by eleven o'clock Saturday morning passed the old Garnett Lee ranch .
Still there was no Gonzales and the family would say nothing .
In deadly earnest , the besiegers methodically stripped away portions of the roof and tossed lighted rags inside , only to have most stamped out by the women as soon as they hit the floor .
The posse then asked that he send out the women and children as the building would be fired or torn down over his head if necessary to take him dead or alive .
Just before leaving the arroyo where he was partially concealed , he did hear shots down at the house .
The men helped them gather their belongings and escorted them to Raton along with three other families desiring to leave .
Occasionally they heard gun-shot signals and a number of horsemen were sighted on the hills , disappearing at the posse's approach .
Arriving at daybreak , they found Julio in his corral and demanded that he surrender .
A bullet fired by one of the Mexicans hiding in a little chicken house had passed through his head , tearing a hole two-inches square on the outgoing side .
some buildings , farm tools , two horses , plows , and hay owned by Bonito Lavato , a friendly interpreter for the company , and Pedro Chavez' hay were stolen or destroyed ; ;
By 3:00 A.M. they reached his house and found it vacant .
His friends advised that it would be only a question of time until either the Mexicans killed him by ambuscade or he would be compelled to kill them in self-defense , perpetuating the troubles .
public money spent ; ;
Traveling all night , Clark and twelve men arrived at about seven o'clock May 22 .
Not a bullet touched Cook who was nearer the ambush , but one hit Russell in the leg and another broke his arm , passing on through his body .
The ten or more dangerous parties singled out for prosecution were still at large , and Pels realized that if these men entrenched themselves in their adobe houses , defending themselves through loopholes , it would be most difficult to capture them .
Instead , he whirled and ran to his house for a gun , forcing them to kill him , Cook reported .
The judge became ill just as the Colfax District Court convened , no substitute was brought in , no criminal cases heard , only 5 out of 122 cases docketed were tried , and court adjourned sine die after sitting a few days instead of the usual three weeks .
His problem then became one of restraining the American fighters who wanted to clean out the Vermejo by force immediately .
By early summer , he wrote from Laramie that he was suffering from the wound inflicted in the ambush and was in a bad way financially , so Pels sent him a draft for $100 , warning that it was still not wise for him to return .
The sheriff and District Attorney Mills hastily swore out a number of warrants against men who had been riding about armed , according to signed statements by Chavez and Dr. I. P. George , and ordered Deputy Barney Clark of Raton to rescue the posseman .
And the law virtually ignored the situation .
Thinking the evidence insufficient to get a conviction , he later released him .
Cook had discovered a beef in his possession a few days earlier and , when he could not show the hide , arrested him .
To the west of this road was another low bluff , forty or fifty feet high , covered with scrub oak and other brush .
Pels complained : `` Litigants and witnesses were put to the expense and inconvenience of going long distances to transact business ; ;
Grabbing his Winchester from its sheath , Cook prepared to fight from behind the arroyo bank .
The men inside informed him that they had some wounded men among them but he would not be allowed to see them even though he offered medical aid .
Early the next morning , a Mexican telephoned Pels that Celso Chavez , one of the posse members , was surrounded by ten Mexicans at his father's home on the upper Vermejo .
Increasing threats on his life finally convinced Cook that he should leave New Mexico .
They had traveled only a short distance when they spotted five Mexicans riding along a horse-trail across the stream just ahead of them .
About 300 yards up the creek was a cluster of Mexican houses containing six rooms in the form of a square .
They were reluctant to appoint sheriffs to protect the property , thus running the risk of creating disturbances such as that on the Vermejo , and yet the cowboys protested that they got no salary for arresting cattle thieves and running the risk of being shot .
It was nearly sundown before they finished the business with Beall and began riding down the stream .
Although wanted by the sheriff for killing an old man named Asher Jones , the warrant for his arrest had never been served .
There was no extra horse so it was left to his comrades who , though numbering in the fifties , had stood around on the hillside nearby without firing a shot during the entire attack .
the Mexicans not only refused to give them , but told the possemen if they wanted a fight they could have it .
Shot near the heart , he turned to one side and plunged for a door to another room several feet away , three bullets following him .
As he pushed open the door he fell on his face , one of his comrades pulling him inside .
On February 17 , Russell and Cook were sent to the Pena Flor community on the Vermejo to see about renting out ranches the company had purchased .
Several slugs fired into the bed jerked aside the blanket to reveal an apparently lifeless hand .
MacPherson boldly approached the fortified adobe house and demanded entrance .
Russell had reached the house as Cook surmised , dismounted , but just as the old trapper opened the door to receive him , he fell into the trapper's arms -- dead .
Before daylight Sunday morning , a posse of twenty-three men under the leadership of Deputy Sheriff Frank MacPherson of Catskill followed the trail to the house of Francisco Chaves , where 100 to 150 Mexicans had gathered .
Again he refused .
Not realizing the seriousness of the wound , the besiegers warned that if he did not surrender the house would be burned down around him .
Finding it true that he was not inside , the deputies returned to the first house and tore holes through the side and the roof until they could see a body on the bed covered by a blanket .
Suspecting an ambush , the two deputies decided to ride up a side canyon taking a short cut into Catskill .
After spending two nights ( Wednesday and Thursday ) in Catskill , the deputies again headed for the Vermejo to finish their business .
On May 19 , a deputy sheriff's posse of eight men left Maxwell City and rode thirty-five miles up the Vermejo where they were joined by Juan Jose Martinez .
Noticing Russell's horse in front of the long log building , he assumed his friend had slipped inside and would be able to put up a good fight , so he began working his way down the ditch to join him .
General manager Pels even suggested that it might be wise to keep the Mexicans in suspense rather than accept their offers to sell out and move away , and try to have a few punished .
Cattle stealing and killing , again serious during the spring of 1891 , placed the land grant company officers in a perplexing position .
While prowling around these buildings , two of the posse recognized the voice of Gonzales speaking to the people inside .
When the house was about half consumed , his comrade ran to the door and threw up his hands , declaring repeatedly that he did not know the whereabouts of Manuel .
If not , how long to order and what is the price '' ? ?
He wisely decided that it would be foolish to create a disturbance during the coming roundup , particularly since the Mexicans were on their guard .
justice delayed ; ;
Half a mile below at the mouth of Salyer's Canyon was an old ranch that the company had purchased from A. J. Armstrong , occupied by a Mexican , his wife , and an old trapper .
Pels also sent a check for $100 to Russell's widow and had a white marble monument erected on his grave .
During the following week , six tons of hay belonging to one rancher were burned ; ;
He was promised that no harm would befall him if he would come out , but he cursed and replied that he would shoot any man coming near the door .
Thus he wired J. P. Lower and Sons of Denver : `` Have you any percussion hand grenades for throwing in a house or across a well loaded with balls or shrapnel shot ? ?
With the first reports , Russell's horse wheeled to the right and ran towards the buildings while Cook , followed by a hail of bullets , raced towards the arroyo of Salyer's Canyon immediately in front of him , just reaching it as his horse fell .
Shot six or eight times the body was draped with Russell's pistol , belt , and cartridges .
The officer demanded the names of the injured men ; ;
Word reached the company that the man behind these depredations was Manuel Gonzales , a man with many followers , including a number who were kept in line through fear of him .
Even while suffering the trip to his home , Cook swore to Moore and Lane that he would kill the Indian .
At a very shallow place , two Mexicans rushed into the open for a shot .
Dropping to one knee , Cook felled one , and the other struggled off with his comrade , sending no further fire in his direction .
A Mexican justice of the peace had issue a writ against Chavez for taking part in the `` murder '' of Manuel Gonzales so he and his father were anxious to be taken out of danger .

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The last 10 cases in the investigation of the Nov. 8 election were dismissed yesterday by Acting Judge John M. Karns , who charged that the prosecution obtained evidence `` by unfair and fundamentally illegal means '' .
Wexler had charged the precinct judges in these cases with `` complementary '' miscount of the vote , in which votes would be taken from one candidate and given to another .
The President said his proposals combine the `` indispensable elements in a sound health program -- people , knowledge , services , facilities , and the means to pay for them '' .
Enforce by demand
Both figures would go higher in later years .
Only 11 senators were on the floor and there was no record vote .
Shortly after the Chief Executive returned to Washington in midmorning from Hyannis Port , Mass. , a White House spokesman said the address text still had `` quite a way to go '' toward completion .
Moreover , he said , many qualified young people are not going into medicine and dentistry because they can't afford the schooling costs .
The President said the nation's 92 medical and 47 dental schools cannot now handle the student load needed to meet the rising need for health care .
The schools could use the money to pay 4-year scholarships , based on need , of up to $2,000 a year per student .
The plan does not cover doctor bills .
`` Actually , the abuse of the process may have constituted a contempt of the Criminal court of Cook county , altho vindication of the authority of that court is not the function of this court '' , said Karns , who is a City judge in East St. Louis sitting in Cook County court .
Calls proposal modest
In the child health field , the President said he will recommend later an increase in funds for programs under the children's bureau .
The President recommended federal `` matching grants '' totaling 700 million dollars in 10 years for constructing new medical and dental schools or enlarging the capacity of existing ones .
A number of scattered `` ayes '' and `` noes '' was heard .
In the area of `` community health services '' , the President called for doubling the present 10 million dollar a year federal grants for nursing home construction .
Wexler admitted in earlier court hearings that he issued grand jury subpenas to about 200 persons involved in the election investigation , questioned the individuals in the Criminal courts building , but did not take them before the grand jury .
`` Some of the defendants strongly indicated they knew they were receiving stolen property .
He did not say by how much .
Asked to elaborate , Pierre Salinger , White House press secretary , replied , `` I would say it's got to go thru several more drafts '' .
Washington , Feb. 9
Bellows made the request while the all-woman jury was out of the courtroom .
The President spent much of the week-end at his summer home on Cape Cod writing the first drafts of portions of the address with the help of White House aids in Washington with whom he talked by telephone .
The scholarship plan would provide federal contributions to each medical and dental school equal to $1,500 a year for one-fourth of the first year students .
The President said he will ask Congress to increase grants to states for vocational rehabilitation .
Reaction as expected
`` The statements may be highly prejudicial to my client '' , Bellows told the court .
Claims precedent lacking
The disclosure by Charles Bellows , chief defense counsel , startled observers and was viewed as the prelude to a quarrel between the six attorneys representing the eight former policemen now on trial .
3
Every person will choose his own doctor and hospital '' .
The President noted that Congress last year passed a law providing grants to states to help pay medical bills of the needy aged .
These would be paid for out of general , not payroll , taxes .
The cases involved judges in the 33d , 24th , and 42d precincts of the 31st ward , the 21st and 28th precincts of the 29th ward , the 18th precinct of the 4th ward , and the 9th precinct of the 23d ward .
Those who backed a similar plan last year hailed the message .
Customary Senate rules were ignored in order to speed approval of the Negro leader as administrator of the housing and home finance agency .
Washington , Feb. 9
Contributions to schools
4
Faced seven cases
Apart from the aged care plan the President's most ambitious and costly proposals were for federal scholarships , and grants to build or enlarge medical and dental schools .
After reading his statement discharging the 23d ward case , Karns told Wexler that if the seven cases scheduled for trial also involved persons who had been subpenaed , he would dismiss them .
Karns' ruling pertained to eight of the 10 cases .
The social security payroll tax is now 6 per cent -- 3 per cent on each worker and employer -- on the first $4,800 of pay per year .
Wouldn't pay doctors
2
Nursing home care
He said this constituted a `` very serious misuse '' of the Criminal court processes .
House Speaker Sam Rayburn ( D. , Tex. ) called the Kennedy program `` a mighty fine thing '' , but made no prediction on its fate in the House .
He also asked Congress to approve establishment of a national child health institute .
-- Acting hastily under White House pressure , the Senate tonight confirmed Robert C. Weaver as the nation's federal housing chief .
In addition , the government would pay a $1,000 `` cost of education '' grant to the schools for each $1,500 in scholarship grants .
The President said he will also propose increasing , by an unspecified amount , the 540 million dollars in the 1961-62 budget for direct government research in medicine .
Karns said that the cases involved a matter `` of even greater significance than the guilt or innocence '' of the 50 persons .
Salinger said the work President Kennedy , advisers , and members of his staff were doing on the address involved composition and wording , rather than last minute decisions on administration plans to meet the latest Berlin crisis precipitated by Russia's demands and proposals for the city .
Similar payroll tax boosts would be imposed on those under the railroad retirement system .
Full payment of nursing home bills for up to 180 days following discharge from a hospital .
Judge Parsons leaned over the bench and inquired , `` You mean some of the defendants made statements admitting this '' ? ?
The case of the judges in the 58th precinct of the 23d ward had been heard previously and taken under advisement by Karns .
For medical research he asked a 20 million dollar a year increase , from 30 to 50 millions , in matching grants for building research facilities .
It was defeated in Congress last year .
In the two other cases he ruled that the state had been `` unable to make a case '' .
Mayer Goldberg , attorney for election judges in the 58th precinct of the 23d ward , argued this procedure constituted intimidation .
Bellows made the disclosure when he asked Judge Parsons to grant his client , Alan Clements , 30 , a separate trial .
In the last eight years , all Presidential appointments , including those of cabinet rank , have been denied immediate action because of a Senate rule requiring at least a 24 hour delay after they are reported to the floor .
Wexler has denied repeatedly that coercion was used in questioning .
`` This is not a program of socialized medicine .
Washington , July 24
Halleck said the voluntary care plan enacted last year should be given a fair trial first .
He asked for another 10 million dollar `` initial '' appropriation for `` stimulatory grants '' to states to improve nursing homes .
Outlays would increase
More for nursing homes
Karns had been scheduled this week to hear seven cases involving 35 persons .
`` Yes , your honor '' , replied Bellows .
Decisions are made
The President , in a special message to Congress , tied in with his aged care plan requests for large federal grants to finance medical and dental scholarships , build 20 new medical and 20 new dental schools , and expand child health care and general medical research .
Cost up to $37 a year
-- President Kennedy today pushed aside other White House business to devote all his time and attention to working on the Berlin crisis address he will deliver tomorrow night to the American people over nationwide television and radio .
He further proposed grants of an unspecified sum for experimental hospitals .
Contempt proceedings originally had been brought against 677 persons in 133 precincts by Morris J. Wexler , special prosecutor .
It would be financed by boosting the social security payroll tax by as much as $37 a year for each of the workers now paying such taxes .
Community visiting nurse services at home for up to 240 days an illness .
Several defendants in the Summerdale police burglary trial made statements indicating their guilt at the time of their arrest , Judge James B. Parsons was told in Criminal court yesterday .
He said evidence was obtained `` in violation of the legal rights of citizens '' .
The payroll tax would actually rise to 7.5 per cent starting Jan. 1 , 1963 , if the plan is approved , because the levy is already scheduled to go up by 1 per cent on that date to pay for other social security costs .
He said his plan is designed to `` meet the needs of those millions who have no wish to receive care at the taxpayers' expense , but who are nevertheless staggered by the drain on their savings -- or those of their children -- caused by an extended hospital stay '' .
Full payment of hospital bills for stays up to 90 days for each illness , except that the patient would pay $10 a day of the cost for the first nine days .
Asks research funds
The rule was enforced by demand of Sen. Wayne Morse ( D. , Ore. ) in connection with President Eisenhower's cabinet selections in 1953 and President Kennedy's in 1961 .
Issue jury subpoenas
`` What this amounts to , if true , is that there will be a free-for-all fight in this case .
Karns said it was a `` wrongful act '' for Wexler to take statements `` privately and outside of the grand jury room '' .
A patient could receive up to 300 days paid-for nursing home care under a `` unit formula '' allowing more of such care for those who use none or only part of the hospital-care credit .
Fears prejudicial aspects
`` This is a very modest proposal cut to meet absolutely essential needs '' , he said , `` and with sufficient ' deductible ' requirements to discourage any malingering or unnecessary overcrowding of our hospitals .
Officials estimated the annual tax boost for the medical plan would amount to 1.5 billion dollars and that medical benefits paid out would run 1 billion or more in the first year , 1963 .
Officials estimated the combined programs would cost 5.1 million dollars the first year and would go up to 21 millions by 1966 .
The aged care plan carries these benefits for persons over 65 who are under the social security and railroad retirement systems : 1
Other parts of the Kennedy health plan would entail federal grants of 750 million to 1 billion dollars over the next 10 years .
-- President Kennedy today proposed a mammoth new medical care program whereby social security taxes on 70 million American workers would be raised to pay the hospital and some other medical bills of 14.2 million Americans over 65 who are covered by social security or railroad retirement programs .
Hospital outpatient clinic diagnostic service for all costs in excess of $20 a patient .
It is impossible to get a fair trial when some of the defendants made statements involving themselves and others '' .
Two other cases also were under advisement .
The aged care plan , similar to one the President sponsored last year as a senator , a fight on Capitol hill .
Senate Republican Leader Dirksen ( Ill. ) and House Republican Leader Charles Halleck ( Ind. ) said the message did not persuade them to change their opposition to compulsory medical insurance .
Congressional reaction to the message was along expected lines .
There is a conflict among the defendants '' .
Legislators who last year opposed placing aged-care under the social security system criticized the President's plan .
The Kennedy plan alone would boost the base to $5,000 a year and the payroll tax to 6.5 per cent -- 3.25 per cent each .
They would still be paid by the patient .
It is a program of prepayment of health costs with absolute freedom of choice guaranteed .

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Overwhelmed with the care of five young children and concerned about persistent economic difficulties due to her husband's marginal income , her defense of denial was excessively strong .
Similarities to the approach which I have described are evident in the prompt establishment of a helping relationship , quick appraisal of key issues , and the immediate mobilization of treatment plans as the essential dynamics in helping to further the ego's coping efforts in dealing with the interplay of inner and outer stresses .
The unhealthy use of denial in the initial reaction to a stress must be handled through the medium of a positive controlled transference .
In addition , in many cases , a variety of concrete social resources -- homemaker , day care , medical and financial aid -- must be reasonably available for the reality support needed to bolster the family in its individual and collective coping and integrative efforts .
Here there is a specific preventive component which applies in a more generalized sense to any casework situation .
Further research in the meaning of crises as experienced by the consumers of traditional social casework services -- including attempts to develop a typology of family structures , crisis problems , reaction mechanisms , and differential treatment approaches -- and the establishment of new experimental programs are imperative social needs which should command the best efforts of caseworkers in collaboration with community planners .
Simultaneously , a variety of environmental supports -- a calm but not too motherly homemaker , referral for temporary economic aid , intelligent use of nursing care , accompaniment to the well-baby clinic for medical advice on the twins' feeding problem -- combined to prevent further development of predictable pathological mechanisms .
While some suppression and some denial are not only necessary but healthy , the worker's clinical knowledge must determine how these defenses are being used , what healthy shifts in defensive adaptation are indicated , and when efforts at bringing about change can be most effectively timed .
Direct confrontation and acceptance of Mrs. B.'s anger against the second baby soon dissipated her fears of annihilation .
The father , accurately perceiving the child's needs , not only respected them as worthy of his attention , but immediately satisfied them by taking him on his lap along with the twins , saying , `` I have a big lap ; ;
To establish an emotionally meaningful relationship the worker must demonstrate actual or potential helpfulness immediately , preferably within the first interview , by meeting the client's specific needs .
While expensive in time and involving a great deal of adaptation on the part of the worker ( in terms of his willingness to leave the sanctity of his office and enter actively into the client's life ) , techniques of accompaniment were found to be of tremendous value when in the service of specific preventive objectives .
there is room for you , too , Johnnie '' .
Soon Mrs. B.'s fears threatened to burst into a full-blown panic concerning the welfare of the entire family .
Probably , in the immediate future , we will have to settle for middle-range efforts that fall short of utopian models .
Increased experimentation with multipurpose agencies , especially those that combine afresh the traditional functions of family and child welfare services , holds rich promise for the future .
Our literature is already replete with a fantastic number of suggestions for preventive agency programming ranging from the immediately practical to the globally utopian .
While there are many different possibilities for the timing of casework intervention , the experiments recently reported from a variety of traditional settings all point up the importance of an immediate response to the client's initial need for help .
We are preventing or averting pathogenic phenomena such as undue regression , unhealthy suppression and repression , excessive use of denial , and crippling guilt turned against the self .
In general , the approach is more active than passive , more out-reaching than reflective .
Especially noteworthy is Levinger's finding that the length of treatment per se is not a reliable indicator of successful outcome .
Inability to care for the other children , difficulty in feeding the babies , who seemed colicky , bone-weary fatigue , repeated crying episodes , and short tempers reflected the family's helplessness in coping with the stressful situation .
These reports refer to a level of secondary prevention in a child guidance clinic approached by the customary route of voluntary referral by the family or by other professional people .
Having outlined an approach to the theory and practice of preventive casework , we now address ourselves to our final question : What place should brief , crisis-oriented preventive casework occupy in our total spectrum of services ? ?
In a joint interview Mr. and Mrs. B. were helped to understand the meaning of a younger son's wandering away from home in terms of his feelings of displacement in reaction to the arrival of the twins .
This problem is perhaps as old as social casework itself .
Over a relatively short period of time , usually about four to twelve weeks , the worker must be able to shift the focus , back and forth , between immediate external stressful exigencies ( `` precipitating stress '' ) and the key , emotionally relevant issues ( `` underlying problem '' ) which are , often in a dramatic preconscious breakthrough , reactivated by the crisis situation , and hence once again amenable to resolution .
Moreover , the shortage of treatment resources and the chronically persistent shortage of mental health manpower force us to innovate additional refinements of preventive intervention techniques to make services more widely available -- and on a more effective basis to more people .
On the anniversary of her father's death she poured out with agonized tears her feelings of guilt about not having attended his funeral .
Willingness to take the risk of early and direct interpretation ( with the proviso that if the interpretation is too threatening , the worker can withdraw ) is another prominent feature in these efforts .
As seen in the B. family , there must be an attempt to help the client develop conscious awareness of the problem , especially in the absence of a formal request for assistance .
While some regression is inevitable , it is discouraged rather than encouraged so that the transference does not follow the stages of planned regression associated with certain casework adaptations of the psychoanalytic model for insight therapy .
Though there is obviously nothing new about these techniques , they do challenge the worker's skill to articulate them precisely on the spot and on the basis of quick and accurate diagnostic assessments .
In some programs , treatment is concentrated over a short period of time , while in others , after the initial contact is established , flexible spacing of interviews has been experimentally used with apparent success .
The initial interview must be therapeutic rather than purely exploratory in an information-seeking sense .
In the family's own words ( during the third of twelve visits ) , they had `` reached the crisis peak -- either the situation will give or we will break '' ! !
Mrs. B. compared her feelings of weakness to her feelings of weakness and helplessness at the time of her mother's death when she was eight , as well as her subsequent anger at her father for remarrying .
Thus , the client receives enough ego support to engage in constructive efforts on his own behalf .
Follow-up visits of the nurse and social worker indicated continued success in the care of the new babies as well as a marked improvement in the family's day-to-day mental health and social functioning .
For example , child welfare experience abounds with cases in which the parental request for substitute care is precipitated by a crisis event which is meaningfully linked with a fundamental unresolved problem of family relationships .
In steering the family toward ego-adaptive and away from maladaptive responses , the worker uses time-honored focused casework techniques of specific emotional support , clarification , and anticipatory guidance .
Of startling significance , too , is the assertion that it was possible to carry out this program with only a 6 percent attrition rate as compared with a rate of 59 percent reported for a comparable group of families who were receiving help in traditionally operated child guidance services .
These needs usually concern the reduction of guilt and some relief of tension .
Finally , whatever the techniques used , a twin goal is common to all preventive casework service : to cushion or reduce the force of the stress impact while at the same time to encourage and support family members to mobilize and use their ego capacities .
In this relationship-building stage the worker must communicate confidence in the client's ability to deal with the problem .
Woodward , for example , has emphasized the `` need for a broad spectrum of services , including very brief services in connection with critical situations '' .
In so doing he implicitly offers the positive contagion of hope as a kind of maturational dynamic to counteract feelings of helplessness and hopelessness generally associated with the first stages of stress impact .
The lack of awareness usually springs from deep but disguised anxiety , often assuming the superficial guise of `` not knowing '' or `` not caring '' .
The result , dramatically visible in a matter of days in the family's disrupted daily functioning , was a phobic-like fear that some terrible harm would befall the second twin , whose birth had not been anticipated .
Thus , casework involving a limited number of interviews is still to be regarded in terms of the quality of service rendered rather than of the quantity of time expended .
Clearly , this was a family in crisis .
Then , too , the utmost clinical flexibility is necessary in judiciously combining carefully timed family-oriented home visits , single and group office interviews , and appropriate telephone follow-up calls , if the worker is to be genuinely accessible and if the predicted unhealthy outcome is to be actually averted in accordance with the principles of preventive intervention .
Though there is obviously great need for continued experimentation with various types of short-term intervention to further efforts in developing an operational definition of prevention at the secondary -- or perhaps , in some instances , primary -- level , the place of short-term intervention has already been documented by a number of investigators in a wide variety of settings .
Ideally , brief treatment should be arrived at as a treatment of choice rather than as a treatment of chance .
Abreaction of her anxiety and guilt concerning the death of her parents , when linked up with her current feelings of anger and her fears of loss , abandonment , and annihilation , produced further relief of tension .
Her conclusion has been borne out in the experience of many practitioners : `` short-contact interviewing is neither a truncated nor a telescoped experience but is of the same essential quality as the so-called intensive case work '' .
Thus the lack of effective recognition of the responsibilities involved in caring for two babies showed signs of becoming a disabling problem .
For example , the level of improvement noted in a recent experiment with a short course of immediate treatment for parent-child relationship problems compared favorably with the results reported by typical child guidance clinics where the hours spent in purely diagnostic study may equal or exceed the number of hours devoted to actual treatment interviews in the experimental project .
Her previous traumatic experiences flashed through her mind as if they had happened yesterday .
According to a number of studies , the important predictors are the nature and management of the client's anxiety as well as the accessibility of the helping person .
At certain critical stages , and only for sound diagnostic reasons , it may be important to accompany family members in their use of these resources if their problem-solving behavior is to be constructive rather than defeating .
My aim in mentioning this factor obviously is not to give license to `` wild therapy '' but rather to encourage us to use the time-honored clinical casework skills we already possess , and to use them with greater confidence , precision , and professional pride .
We should first recognize our tendency to develop a hierarchy of values , locating brief treatment at the bottom and long-term intensive service at the top , instead of seeing the services as part of a continuum , each important in its own right .
That we are experiencing an upsurge of interest in the many formulations and preventive adaptations of brief treatment in social casework is evident from even a small sampling of current literature .
Almost three decades ago Bertha Reynolds undertook a study of short-contact interviewing because of her conviction that short-term casework had an important but neglected place in our network of social services .

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The waters lay muddy but placid , without a ripple of movement against the wheels ; ;
It wasn't the roughness and crudity and discomfort of the trip that had frightened her .
She had hated the whole idea before they started .
Only the heavy bones of the oxen kept them anchored .
Of all their worldly belongings , next to the oxen and his gun , the seed grain had been the most treasured .
`` Somewhere ! !
`` There must be some water under there '' .
She had jumped away from his shy touch like a cat confronted by a sidewinder .
The oxen might as well enjoy it .
'' She repeated .
The girl murmured harshly .
He darkened under his heavy burn .
There was no valley like this on your map .
Actually , she had hated him before she ever saw him .
He let down the tailgate and was knocked over by the sluice of water .
You don't even know where we're headed '' .
`` Hettie '' , he said as gently as he could , `` we're still headed west .
That's a good trunk .
His wife didn't give a sign she'd heard .
At least , the wheels dug in .
`` Hoa-whup '' ! !
The spokes were tight again , the iron tires gripped onto the wheels as if of one piece .
To his puzzlement , there suddenly was no haze .
Through the splash of the rising waters , they could hear the roar of the river as it raged through its canyon , gnashing big chunks out of the banks .
It raced closer and they could see a woman with white hair , sitting astride an upright branch .
He tilted his homely face toward the dry bed of the river .
Thank the Lord , they still had water ! !
He found a jar of preserved tomatoes and one of eggs that they had meant to save .
Beaten with fear and sound and wet and chill , they crawled to the hurricane deck and looked out haggardly at a world of water that reached clear to the surrounding hills .
there was not a match-width of damp mark to show they were receding .
The clouds bulged downward and burst suddenly into a great black funnel .
The six-ton Conestoga began to whip and shake .
Without money or property , what would you have had at Baton Rouge '' ? ?
They cringed under sodden covers , listening to the waves slop against the bottom .
As cheerfully as possible , he said , `` Well , I guess we could all do with a little drink '' .
Then the darkness thinned , and there was light again , and then bright sunlight .
The dust-thick saliva came from his mouth like balled cotton .
He winced .
`` There's the one who's lucky '' ! !
`` The tires are rattling on the wheels now .
`` You had better get inside '' , he warned her .
Her thick hair was the color and texture of charcoal .
She asked smolderingly .
A ripple ran through the muscles of his jaws , but he kept control upon his voice .
He had picked out this pathless trail , instead of the common one , in a moment of romantic fancy , to give them privacy on their honeymoon .
He took a long but carefully controlled draught .
He moved back to the wheel and stood there blowing , grasping the top of a spoke to still the trembling of his played-out limbs .
They watched the tree until it twisted sharply on a bend .
The heavens opened , pelting them with hail the size of walnuts .
His blue eyes sought the shimmering sea of haze ahead .
She was like charcoal , he thought -- dark , opaque , explosive .
`` What happens when there's no more water '' ? ?
It was filled with dust and wind and sound and violence .
Frozen , they stared at it whirling down the valley , gouging and spitting out boulders and chunks of earth like a starving hound dog cracking marrowbones .
Then he took off his wet boots and dropped down into the water to talk with the beasts , needing their comfort more than they needed his .
Then he noticed that the dry wood of the wheels had swollen .
His wide mouth compressed .
`` And add fever to our troubles '' ? ?
He unlashed the dipper and drew water from a barrel .
Ben Prime extended his high-stepped stride until he could lay his goad across the noses of the oxen .
Her chin sharpened .
He said hesitantly , `` Hettie , I don't figure your things got wet too much .
They were west of the Sabine , but only God knew where .
She said without turning her head , `` After that rain beating in atop the dust , there isn't a thing that won't be streaked '' .
He gripped the wheel hard to fight the despondency of defeat .
He doubted if a man could wade as far as the desolate , dry hills that rimmed the valley .
They'll roll off in another day .
A terrible , numbing sense of futility swept over him .
He drew a long breath and opened the trunk and hung out her clothes and spoilables upon the wagon ribs .
The pale blob of the woman disappeared .
She was watching a tree ride wildly down that roiling current .
`` Or do you want to see if I can stand fever , too '' ? ?
But it was water .
The water was warm and stale and had a brackish taste .
It was nearly sundown and he went to the back of the wagon , half-swimming his way , for he was not a tall man .
Molten glare singed their eyelids an angry crimson ; ;
The bitterness of their wedding night still ripped within him like an open wound .
He hollered hoarsely , `` Hang on '' ! !
He wanted to turn them , putting the wagon against the storm .
`` We can boil it '' , he said .
The burning air dried his sweat-soaked clothes in salt-edged patches .
`` Hettie , they didn't sell you '' , he said miserably .
If you want to get them aired ''
The water level was higher than their hubs .
But each mile westward , she had hated him the deeper .
Clumps of brush rode down the ribbon .
He got a small fire started and put on bacon and coffee .
Still , he felt better .
She did not call out .
It speared up into the air , then sinking back , the up-jutting branch turned slowly .
The dangerous current upon the prairie ceased , but the water stood and kept on rising .
He poured the water off the sourdough and off the flour , salvaging the chunky , watery messes for biscuits of a sort .
`` They knew I was a good sharecrop farmer back in Carolina , but out West was a chance to build a real farm of our own .
He had never seen clouds like them before , but he had the primitive feel of danger that gripped a man before a hurricane in Carolina .
The cloudburst cut off abruptly .
And all the time , she had the heat of hatred in her , like charcoal that is burning on its under side , but not visibly .
He removed his hat to let the trapped sweat cut rivulets through the dust film upon his gaunt face .
They could no longer afford the luxury of the canvas sweat bag that cooled it by evaporation .
She drank and pushed back her gingham bonnet to wet a kerchief and wipe her face .
The valley lay clear , and open to the eye , right up to the sharp-limbed line of gaunt , scoured hills that formed the horizon twenty miles ahead .
Their world turned black .
suffocating air sapped their strength and strained their nerves to snapping ; ;
The jetting , frothing surface of the river reached the level of the runoff .
And then came the water -- not rain , but solid sheets that sluiced down like water slopping from a bucket .
Her laugh was hard .
The girl crawled out into the renewing warmth of the sunshine , hugging her shoulders and still trembling .
`` I suppose '' , he muttered , `` I can sell the outfit for enough to send you home to your folks , once we find a settlement '' .
A tight wagon meant so much .
Too late , he realized that in turning , he had wheeled them onto a patch of sandy ground , instead of atop a grade or ridge .
He stared at the dipper , turning it over and over in his wide , calloused hands .
Somebody was riding the tree .
Their jams and jellies had not suffered .
And goaded the oxen as he yelled .
They were already swollen to bursting .
Hope surged within him .
He swung toward the front to give the news to Hettie , then stopped , barred from her by the vehemence of her blame and hate .
He furled the slashed sides of the canvas tarpaulins , leaving the ribs and wagon open .
Then he noticed the clouds racing upon them -- heavy , ominous , leaden clouds that formed even as they sliced over the crests of the surrounding hills .
They thought it would be a chance for you to make a life out where nobody will be thought any better than the next except for just what's inside of them .
It had been five days too late before he learned that she'd gone through the wedding ceremony in a semitrance of laudanum , administered by her mother .
`` We can get it if we dig '' , he said patiently .
Walls of water rushed down the slopes and filled the hollows like the crests of flash floods .
He had left her inviolate , thinking familiarity would gentle her in time .
He sputtered back to his feet and scrambled madly to pull his bags of seed grain forward .
Out of compulsion to say something cheery , Ben Prime blurted , `` Well , we were lucky to be on soft ground when the first floodheads hit .
He cleansed his mouth with a small quantity .
Her face was pale but set and her dark eyes smoldered with blame for Ben .
There was no real sign of the river now , just a roiling , oily ribbon of liquid movement through muddy waters that reached everywhere .
`` I might have starved , but at least I wouldn't be fried to a crisp and soaked with dirt '' ! !
He looked thoughtfully at his wife's trunk , holding her meager treasures .
She set the dipper on the edge of the deck , leaving it for him to stretch after it while she looked on scornfully .
`` We're lost and burning up already '' , she bit out tensely .
But as the tree passed , she lifted an arm in gesture of better luck and farewell .
He commanded from his raw throat , and felt the pain of movement in his cracked , black burned lips .
dust choked their throats and lay like acid in their lungs .
The soaking will put life back in the wagon , too '' .
Somewhere , we'll hit a trail '' .
He swung up over the wheel .
She took it grudgingly , her dark eyes baleful as they met his .
But she sat on in stubborn silence .
He replenished the dipper and handed it to his young wife riding the hurricane deck .
She scoffed .
He cleared his throat and wet his lips .
Now he broke them open , hoping a good meal might lessen this depression crushing Hettie .
And the valley stretched endlessly out ahead , scorched and baked and writhing in its heat , until it vanished into the throbbing wall of fiery orange brown haze .
It was spoiled now for seed , and it would sour and mold in three days if they failed to find a place and fuel to dry it .
Her temper sparked like charcoal when it first lights up .
`` They wouldn't have sold me in the first place if there'd been food enough to go around '' .
It had been a mistake , but anything would have been a mistake , as it turned out .
He examined the water marks on the iron tires when the animals were finished .
His long nose wiggled at the smells of frizzling bacon and heating java , but the fire was low , and he wanted to waste no time .
Now and then , the glistening side of a half-swamped object showed as it swept past .
`` Don't try to be noble '' ! !
Ben's eyes strained with the bitter hurt , his homely face slashed with gray and crimson .
He spat .
`` Maybe in time to make a cross and dig our graves '' .
In a way , he couldn't blame her .
For three days , their stolid oxen had plodded up a blazing valley as flat and featureless as a dead sea .
They were engulfed by the weird silence , broken only by the low , angry murmur of the river .

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It seemed as if they were all under a spell .
Nick recalled stories that the two best fishing spots in Southern California were over the La Jolla Deep and the Redondo Deep , two spots where the ocean dropped off to fantastic depths almost from the shoreline .
He asked .
Suddenly Poet stopped struggling and the two of them hung suspended in the water , not rising , not sinking .
Elaine turned and started toward the companionway .
Elaine recovered first , so quickly that Nick thought he might have imagined her sudden reaction .
Elaine shook her head as she slipped out of her harness , but Poet nodded .
And Graham wanted money probably to roam among the dice tables in Las Vegas .
Alfredo certainly must have enjoyed being alone .
A moment later , moving awkwardly because of the swimming fins , she picked up the gun , handed the knife to Poet , then rolled off the transom of the boat , back first .
At the same instant , Nick hit the barrel and threw himself upon the smaller man .
The small helicopter with its two steel skids churned offshore and Nick raised up to watch it heading south .
If Elaine's uncle had stuck to this desire for aloneness , he probably would still be alive .
Her face was frozen into the mask of a mannequin , her body absolutely motionless .
`` Will you drop the anchor '' ? ?
Clasping his hands behind his head , he stared at the blue sky .
A couple couldn't even find a secluded spot anywhere on a beach to neck nowadays without someone swooping down upon them .
But instead of chatter there was a null , like on the radio direction finder .
Desperately , Nick flashed one hand up , catching Poet's neck in the bend of his elbow .
Poet ! !
It was an odd combination a strange pair to stumble upon the wreck of the Trinidad .
Poet a murderer ? ?
At once the excruciating pain in his chest stopped and he was seized with a sudden , wild exultation .
But in the plane there was a concrete reason for it .
`` We're out just a little too far .
Another moment and they were out of sight , leaving behind only a string of bubbles as a clue to their whereabouts .
Strolling down to the galley , he lit the butane under the coffee pot and when the brew was heated , poured himself a cup and went up to the chartroom .
The fin on his foot caught on the moulding , throwing him off balance .
They remained close together , their air trail wiggling like serpents traveling side by side .
Poet twisted again and Nick's knuckles scraped on the air tank , ripping off the skin .
A sharp pain lanced across Nick's chest and a bubble of air escaped from his tortured lungs , joining dozens of others that sailed lazily toward the surface like helium balloons rising into the sky .
The wide flippers on Poet's feet gave his legs incredible power , driving the two of them down into the water as they rolled over and over .
All had fallen into a complete silence , listening to the wind whistle over the wings .
A second later she came behind the wheel and backed off the anchor line until it was set in the ocean floor .
Poet came in , raising his eyebrows appreciatively as he saw Elaine .
`` And the deadliest '' , Poet commented as he buckled on his tank harness .
Turning slowly he saw Poet in a brilliant glare of horror .
He tossed her a towel , then repeated the service for Poet .
Sometimes the fish exploded as they neared the surface because of the difference in pressure .
Nick sensed it .
Poet nodded to Nick and entered the water in a similar fashion .
Nobody , he suddenly realized , was saying anything .
And then Nick knew that all of them knew Elaine , himself and Poet .
`` They are the most efficient '' .
The gun fired next to his ear with a vicious whoosh like the first stroke of an old steam engine .
There should be an excited conversation , for somewhere , directly below them , was a treasure lost for more than four hundred years .
Poet was the captured , arms pinioned to his side , and he twisted convulsively trying to escape .
The fisherman was right in the middle of the Deep .
Why , he wondered , had Elaine wanted him along on this trip ? ?
Elaine nodded .
Turning quickly toward Elaine , Nick saw that she , too , stood in shocked surprise .
Elaine and Poet returned together , popping up over the transom almost like dolphins breaking water .
`` Why do you need an arsenal '' ? ?
Poet whistled softly as he looked at the gun .
`` Hurts like hell for a second , then it disappears '' .
The sudden silence was too silent .
For a split second , Nick relaxed his grip and Poet's slippery body spun completely around before Nick could stop him , holding him now from the rear .
His face was still creased in pain as he studied the underside of his arm .
There had been tension in the plane during the silent descent ; ;
A black , snake-like object swayed eerily in front of him , spewing bubbles from its flat cobra head .
The air hose was free ! !
No one had prayed .
`` Do you need a bandage '' ? ?
He asked .
Instinctively aware of the charged atmosphere , Poet raised his head slowly , looking first at Elaine .
As if this was a signal , Poet abruptly began to thrash the water and the quick movement slowly made them sink through the water .
Poet shook his head , sliding his face mask up on his forehead .
`` Not a thing '' .
Poet would escape , Nick thought grimly , because he wore the apparatus which would keep him alive under water .
Next to the ocean , probably the loneliest spot was the desert .
They had all been laughing , joking , when suddenly the engine had failed .
`` Pretty quick '' , she replied .
He'd landed the plane on a small airstrip in Connecticut and as soon as the aircraft had coasted to a stop , everyone had burst into chatter at the same moment .
Poet rubbed his arm .
Once , in New York , he had gone flying with some friends in a small private airplane with a single engine .
At the same instant , Elaine screamed wildly , the sound ending abruptly as Nick went off the boat and into the water on top of the frantic , struggling Poet .
Nick watched her somewhat enviously as she efficiently cut the engines , and started the auxiliary motor .
She cut the engines and slowly the cruiser swung around on the end of its lines until its bow was pointing into the wind and the cockpit faced toward the shore .
He stood up , stretched , looked around for the bubbles , but could see none .
His forearm smashed painfully into the narrow washboard and he grimaced as he grabbed his bruised limb with his other hand and rolled into the boat .
She kicked the locker lid shut and replaced the cushion .
Poet came up from below , wearing new bathing trunks .
But Graham hadn't stumbled on it .
Behind it a cabin cruiser drifted crossways in the small ground-swell , a lone fisherman in the chair aft .
`` Any news '' ? ?
`` Kee-reist '' ! !
`` It's quite possible there's more than codfish down there , man '' , Poet replied with a short , nervous laugh as he held the harness for Elaine .
But her walk was too steady , too slow , telegraphing her fear .
Now , at this moment , there should be none unless skin diving was much more dangerous than he had been led to believe .
Silently , Elaine picked up her keys from the table and went out into the cockpit , Poet behind her , Nick trailing behind him .
Springing like a cat , he leaped back , swooped up the spring gun and , whirling , pointed it toward the cabin .
`` Now '' ? ?
For a while Nick followed the twisting course of the bubbles , wondering which set came from Elaine .
The moment the sea closed over Nick , some atavistic sense warned him that he would survive in this alien element only if he did not panic .
The rock and roll music coming from the radio station suddenly faded as the boat coasted into the null on the Aj .
Turning on the hi-fi , he went back to the cockpit , stretched out on the cushions and listened to the music .
`` Reverse '' , Elaine said , then peered through the loop of the RDF and waved to Poet .
His feet still hung over the stern of the transom , but as he reached for the smoke he raised them to swing them in .
a tension similar to the one now .
He sat up and watched as they pulled themselves over the stern .
The same taut-nerved relationship as there had been between the passengers on the plane now strained at the three of them here on the boat .
It hung over them like a cloud , its arrival as sudden as a cloud skidding over the sun .
Poet was not fighting Nick now .
Yet tension existed .
The price tag hung from the belt and he pulled it off as he entered the chartroom and looked at it curiously .
Relentlessly , Nick held on , sucking on the hose , inhaling the air that belonged to Poet .
Poet nodded , swung below and a moment later emerged from the forward hatch where he picked up the anchor .
She threw back a cushion over one of the seats , unlocked a padlock on the chest beneath it , then presently straightened , holding a long knife and a wicked looking spear gun in her hand .
At the same instant , he grabbed the loose , writhing hose with his other hand and bit down on the hard rubber mouthpiece .
Nick's body became rigid .
Off to the west a beautiful schooner slowly beat its way into the wind , headed on a tack toward San Clemente .
Someday , geologists had warned , the land on both sides of these deeps would fall into the ocean and no more La Jolla or Redondo Beach .
Something flailed at the side of Nick's head as they rolled around and around .
`` I'll get some ointment '' .
She had caught the implication of the oath .
He couldn't skindive , he couldn't run a boat , except on the open sea .
`` Hydraulic '' ? ?
But the murderer to whom he clung had a tremendous advantage .
Nick asked , apprehensively , staring at the weapon .
That was a hell of a note , he thought .
She asked steadily .
Two to three weeks prior to the charter of the Virginia , Graham had been snooping around the San Luis Rey Mission .
Slowly he pulled out the hand throttle until the boat was moving at little more than a crawl , and watched Elaine rapidly spin from one station to another , tune in the null , then draw in a line on the chart .
`` We're right on the edge of the Deep '' , Elaine said .
`` Cigarette '' ? ?
Meanwhile , fishermen took advantage of them to pull up whoppers .
`` They are the best '' .
Pulling off her face mask , she carefully placed the spear gun across the stern , then lifted her wet hair from her back and squeezed out the water .
`` Any luck '' ? ?
The rubber and glass face mask slipped from Poet's forehead , bounced painlessly off Nick's chin , then disappeared .
No one had screamed .
Instinctively he exhaled through his nose then sucked in the air from the hose .
`` Which is a break as the area to search is less than a square mile '' , she added as she swung her legs over the transom .
Make a 90 degree straight for shore '' .
But Nick would not let go .
If the character flying that thing had gone over San Clemente Island yesterday he would have had an eyeful .
The discovery struck Nick like a blow .
The word hissed distinctly from Poet's lips as he struggled to his feet .
He asked .
There was nothing quite like being alone on a boat on the ocean .
So did Poet .
Nick wondered if Elaine had bought them , but he said nothing .
Eventually the bubbles became lost in the sparkle of the ocean surface , and he rolled over on his back .
Yet Alfredo wanted money wanted money to roam through the deserts .
`` It's like banging a shin '' , he said , his eyes lingered on Nick's face , then moved back to Elaine .
The pilot had been good .

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The Narragansett Race Track grounds is one assembly point , he said , and a drive-in theater in Seekonk would be another .
`` Our most immediate goal is to increase public awareness of the movement '' , he indicated , `` and to tell them what this will mean for the town '' .
The statutes , similar in both the Bay State and Rhode Island and dating back in some instances to colonial times , severely limit the types of merchandise that may be sold on the Sabbath .
He said he favors wage increases for workers -- `` but manufacturers are caught in a profit squeeze '' -- and raises should only come when the public is conditioned to higher prices , he added .
The lawyer with whom I studied law steered me off the Socialist track .
Some opposition to the home rule movement started to be heard yesterday , with spokesmen for the town's insurgent Democratic leadership speaking out against the home rule charter in favor of the model municipal league charter .
A copy was released to the press .
He would assign one of the rescue trucks to the Riverside section of the city and the other to the Rumford area .
He suggested that a regrouping of forces might allow the average voter a better pull at the right lever for him on election day .
He will then appoint the study committee with Mr. Nugent's cooperation , the governor said .
The governor wrote Miss Grant that he has been concerned for some time `` with the continuous problem which confronts our local and state law enforcement officers as a result of the laws regulating Sunday sales '' .
The council advised the governor that `` large supermarkets , factory outlets and department stores not be allowed to do business '' on Sunday .
Mr. Martinelli said yesterday that the Citizens Group of Johnston will meet again July 24 to plan further strategy in the charter movement .
He explained that by law the council must establish procedures for a vote on the issue within 60 days after the board of canvassers completes its work .
Such vital information , he said , has to be made available to the public frequently and at regular intervals for residents to know .
Mr. Hawksley said yesterday he would be willing to go before the city council `` or anyone else locally '' to outline his proposal at the earliest possible time .
A difference of opinion arose between Mr. Martinelli and John P. Bourcier , town solicitor , over the exact manner in which the vote is handled .
Mr. Bourcier said that he had consulted several Superior Court justices in the last week and received opinions favoring both procedures .
Along with a director , the city should provide a CD headquarters so that pertinent information about the local organization would be centralized .
Several signers affixed their names , it was learned , after being told that no tax increase would be possible without consent of the General Assembly and that a provision could be included in the charter to have the town take over the Johnston Sanitary District sewer system .
Should there be evidence they are shirking , he has said , the state police will step into the situation .
Council president Frank SanAntonio said yesterday he may ask the council to formally request Town Solicitor Michael A. Abatuno to draft the ordinance .
Speaking of the present status of civil defense in the city , Mr. Hawksley said he would be willing to bet that not more than one person in a hundred would know what to do or where to go in the event of an enemy attack .
Nothing has been done yet to take advantage of the enabling legislation .
Misunderstanding of the real meaning of a home rule charter was cited as a factor which has caused the Citizens Group to obtain signatures under what were termed `` false pretenses '' .
Action on a new ordinance permitting motorists who plead guilty to minor traffic offenses to pay fines at the local police station may be taken at Monday's special North Providence Town Council meeting .
While the city council suggested that the Legislative Council might perform the review , Mr. Notte said that instead he will take up the matter with Atty. Gen. J. Joseph Nugent to get `` the benefit of his views '' .
Mr. Hawksley said he believed there are a number of qualified city residents who would be willing to take the full-time CD job .
The law which governs home rule charter petitions states that they must be referred to the chairman of the board of canvassers for verification of the signatures within 10 days and Mr. Martinelli happens to hold that post .
The Central Falls City Council expressed concern especially that more foods be placed on the eligible list and that neighborhood grocery and variety stores be allowed to do business on Sunday .
`` I would expect the proposed committee to hold public hearings '' , Mr. Notte said , `` to obtain the views of the general public and religious , labor and special-interest groups affected by these laws '' .
Other steps would be developed after information drifts down to the local level from the federal government .
Mr. Martinelli explained that there should be more than enough signatures to assure the scheduling of a vote on the home rule charter and possible election of a nine member charter commission within 70 days .
He said he was `` confessing that I was a member of the Socialist Party in 1910 '' .
Mr. Hawksley said he was not critical of city residents for not knowing what to do or where to assemble in case of an air attack .
One of the first things he would do , he said , would be to organize classes in first aid .
Mr. Martinelli has , in recent weeks , been of the opinion that a special town meeting would be called for the vote , while Mr. Bourcier said that a special election might be called instead .
Mr. Notte was responding to a resolution adopted by the Central Falls City Council on July 10 and sent to the state house by Miss Grant .
Liberals and conservatives in both parties -- Democratic and Republican -- should divorce themselves and form two independent parties , George H. Reama , nationally known labor-management expert , said here yesterday .
He said he would not be surprised if some of the more than 30 members of the group are interested in running on the required non-partisan ballot for posts on the charter commission .
He suggested that without the Socialist Party ever gaining a national victory , most of its original program has come to pass under both major parties .
One advantage that would come to the city in having a full-time director , he said , is that East Providence would become eligible to apply to the federal government for financial aid in purchasing equipment needed for a sound civil defense program .
It declares that Sunday sales licenses provide `` great revenue '' to the local government .
They `` operate on a volume basis '' , it was contended , `` and are not essential to provide the more limited but vital shopping needs of the community '' .
At present all offenses must be taken to Sixth District Court for disposition .
If the city council fails to consider appointment of a full-time CD director , Mr. Hawksley said , then he plans to call a meeting early in September so that a civil defense organization will be developed locally .
`` It has become our responsibility and I hope that the Citizens Group will spearhead the movement '' .
`` That was before I studied law .
The governor's move into the so-called `` blue law '' controversy came in the form of a letter to Miss Mary R. Grant , deputy city clerk of Central Falls .
Mr. Hawksley believes that East Providence could use two more rescue trucks , similar to the CD vehicle obtained several years ago and now detailed to the Central Fire Station .
Matching funds also can be obtained for procurement of such items as radios , sirens and rescue trucks , he said .
The small shops `` must be retained , for they provide essential service to the community '' , according to the resolution , which added that they `` also are the source of livelihood for thousands of our neighbors '' .
One of these men is former Fire Chief John A. Laughlin , he said .
He said that the group has no candidates for the charter commission in mind at present , but that it will undoubtedly endorse candidates when the time comes .
The only day they `` have a chance to compete with large supermarkets is on Sunday '' , the council's resolution said .
At the last session of the General Assembly , the town was authorized to adopt such an ordinance as a means of making enforcement of minor offenses more effective .
East Providence now has no civil defense program .
Indicating the way in which he has turned his back on his 1910 philosophy , Mr. Reama said : `` A Socialist is a person who believes in dividing everything he does not own '' .
Increasing opposition can be expected in coming weeks , it was indicated .
Noting that President Kennedy has handed the Defense Department the major responsibility for the nation's civil defense program , Mr. Hawksley said the federal government would pay half the salary of a full-time local director .
Rhode Island is going to examine its Sunday sales law with possible revisions in mind .
`` After inspiring this , I think we should certainly follow through on it '' , he declared .
He is not interested in being named a full-time director .
The resolution urges the governor to have a complete study of the Sunday sales laws made with an eye to their revision at the next session of the legislature .
He steered me to the right track -- the free enterprise track '' .
Riverside residents would go to the Seekonk assembly point .
Mr. Hawksley , the state's general treasurer , has been a part-time CD director in the city for the last nine years .
Some of my fellow workers were grooming me for an office in the Socialist Party .
William A. Martinelli , chairman of the Citizens Group of Johnston , transferred the petitions from his left hand to his right hand after the council voted to accept them at the suggestion of Council President Raymond Fortin Sr. .
A petition bearing the signatures of more than 1,700 Johnston taxpayers was presented to the town council last night as what is hoped will be the first step in obtaining a home rule charter for the town .
There has been more activity across the state line in Massachusetts than in Rhode Island in recent weeks toward enforcement of the Sunday sales laws .
Mr. Reama told the Rotary Club of Providence at its luncheon at the Sheraton-Biltmore Hotel that about half of the people in the country want the `` welfare '' type of government and the other half want a free enterprise system .
He said that when he was a Socialist in 1910 , the party called for government operation of all utilities and the pooling of all resources .
He expects that if the present timetable is followed a vote will be scheduled during the last week in September .
Mr. Hawksley said .
East Providence should organize its civil defense setup and begin by appointing a full-time director , Raymond H. Hawksley , the present city CD head , believes .
The attorney general has advised local police that it is their duty to enforce the blue laws .
Governor Notte said last night he plans to name a committee to make the study and come up with recommendations for possible changes in time for the next session of the General Assembly .
Local police have hesitated to prosecute them because of the heavy court costs involved even for the simplest offense .
Mr. Reama , who retired as vice president of the American Screw Co. in 1955 said , `` Both parties in the last election told us that we need a five per cent growth in the gross national product -- but neither told us how to achieve it '' .
Mr. Reama , far from really being retired , is engaged in industrial relations counseling .
He assured Mr. Martinelli and the council that he would study the correct method and report back to the council as soon as possible .
That , he added , was when he was `` a very young man , a machinist and toolmaker by trade .
He expressed the opinion the city could hire a CD director for about $3,500 a year and would only have to put up half that amount on a matching fund basis to defray the salary costs .

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He is driven back by his yearning to the wintry homeland of his fathers in the forest of Tiveden '' .
all is seen and felt and experienced , the observation is sharp and the imagination lively .
The family estate was situated near Vadstena on Lake Vattern in south central Sweden .
There are , however , some wonderful chapters at the beginning of the second part , concerning the reactions of the Swedes in adversity .
Then suddenly there was a tremendous revulsion of popular feeling .
Among the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English .
he tells stories of the Thousand and One Nights , and conjures up before us the bazaars of Damascus .
In the care-free indolence of the East he sees the last reflection of the old happy existence , and for that reason he loves it .
In one of his summers at home he married , to the great disapproval of his father , who objected because of his extreme youth .
Heidenstam could never be satisfied by surface .
By the death of his father in 1888 he had come into possession of the family estate and had re-assumed its traditions .
Being somewhat delicate in health , at the age of sixteen he was sent to Southern Europe , for which he at once developed a passion , so that he spent nearly all of the following ten years abroad , at first in Italy , then in Greece , Egypt , Asia Minor , and Palestine .
His next major work , completed in 1892 , was a long fantastic epic in prose , entitled Hans Alienus , which Professor Book describes as a monument on the grave of his carefree and indolent youth .
This is brought out in the next to last chapter of the book , `` A Hero's Funeral '' , written in the form of an impassioned prose poem .
With the first of a group of historical novels , The Charles Men ( Karolinerna ) , published in 1897-8 , he achieved the masterpiece of his career .
Though it centers around the brilliant and enigmatic figure of Charles 12 , , the true hero is not finally the king himself .
Deciding to become a painter , he entered the studio of Gerome in Paris , where he enjoyed the life of the artists , but soon found that whatever talent he might have did not lie in that direction .
Heidenstam wrote four other works of fiction about earlier figures revered in Swedish memory .
To carry out this exalted conception the author has combined the vivid realism and imaginative power we have noticed in his early poetry and carried them out on a grand scale .
All his people ask for is no more war .
The Charles Men consists not of a connected narrative but of a group of short stories , each depicting a special phase of the general subject .
He is utterly disappointed in himself and in the desultory life he has been leading .
The general effect is tragic .
Slowly the procession of warriors and statesmen passes through the snow beside the black water and into the brilliantly lighted cathedral , the shrine of so many precious memories .
The career of Charles 12 , is obviously very similar to that of Napoleon .
Like Napoleon , he was the worst of losers .
As a boy in a local school he was shy and solitary , absorbed in his fondness for nature and his visions of Sweden's ancient glory .
As he had longed to be , he became the echo of a saga .
The Charles Men has a tremendous range of characters , of common folk even more than of major figures .
In `` The King's Ride '' , Charles breaks out of a long period of petulance and inertia , regains his old self , escapes from Turkey , and finally reaches his own land after an absence of eighteen years .
I looked unceasingly With my cold mind and with my burning heart '' .
He did not , however , find himself at once .
But he plunges into yet another , this time with Norway , and is killed in an assault on the fortress of Fredrikshall , being only thirty-six years of age when he died .
On his father's side he was of German descent , on his mother's he came of the old Swedish nobility .
It was a brilliant debut , so much so indeed that it aroused a new vitality in the younger poets , as did Byron's Childe Harold .
The record teems with romance and adventure .
His purpose , however , was not to establish an empire , but to assert the principle of divine justice .
In the following sketch we shall present a brief outline of his life and let him as much as possible speak for himself .
It is a lonely , rather desolate region , but full of legendary and historic associations .
He gives us an account of this in his lively and humorous poem , `` The Happy Artists '' .
And yet amid all the gay hedonism in Pilgrimage And Wander-Years is a cycle of short poems , `` Thoughts In Loneliness '' , filled with brooding , melancholy , and sombre longing '' .
His peculiar gift , as had been suggested before , is his intensity .
Heidenstam's conception , on the contrary , was to revive the present by the memories of the past .
These are suggestive of Selma Lagerlof .
He finds it in utter misery and desolation .
Not so , he answers , it is not the architect but the temple that is immortal .
The young poet-painter reproduces the French life of the streets ; ;
Few writers have better understood their deepest selves .
Of few authors is this more true than of Heidenstam .
Of Gustavus Adolphus and Charles 12 , it is unnecessary to speak .
From this time on Heidenstam proceeded to find his deeper self .
strongly colorful , plastic , racy , vivid .
In a bold , sometimes careless , form there is nothing academic ; ;
This restless individualism found its answer when he returned to live nearly all the rest of his life in Sweden .
`` I scanned the world through printed symbol swart , And through the beggar's rags I strove to see The inner man .
It is different with his volume The Swedes And Their Chieftains ( Svenskarna och deras Hovdingar ) , a history intended for the general reader and particularly suited for high school students .
He had become king at fifteen .
Then more than ever before did they show their fortitude and patient cheerfulness .
It may , however , be noted that his gift for color and imagery must have been greatly stimulated by his stay in Paris .
The guns are fired , the hymns are sung , and the body of Charles is carried down to the vault and laid beside the tombs of his ancestors .
The supreme object of their lives is now fulfilled , says the wife , her husband has achieved immortality .
on the fatal battlefield of Poltava , to quote from the novel , `` the wreath he twined for himself slipped down upon his people '' .
In scope and power it can only be compared to Tolstoy's War And Peace .
Almost nothing is said of Charles' spectacular victories , the central theme being the heroic loyalty of the Swedish people to their idolized king in misfortune and defeat .
Especially touching is the chapter , `` The Little Sister '' , about a king's daughter who became a nun in the convent of St. Birgitta .
It slips away , it burns and tortures me .
Each failed catastrophically in an invasion of Russia and each brought ruin on the country that worshipped him .
After the collapse of that desperate and ill-fated campaign the character of the king degenerated for a time into a futility that was not merely pitiable but often ridiculous .
The first result of Heidenstam's long sojourn abroad was a volume of poems , Pilgrimage And Wander-Years ( Vallfart och Vandringsar ) , published in 1888 .
What he really wants is to find `` a sacred cause '' to which he can honestly devote himself .
Gustaf Vasa is a superb example , and Charles 10 , , the conqueror of Denmark , hardly less so .
The hero , who is himself , is represented as a pilgrim in the storied lands of the East , a sort of Faustus type , who , to quote from Professor Book again , `` even in the pleasure gardens of Sardanapalus can not cease from his painful search after the meaning of life .
Each is still glorified as a national hero .
In this final line , we have the key to his nature .
From being a hated tyrant and madman he was now the symbol of all that was noblest and best in the history of Sweden .
Admirably written , it is a perfect introduction to Swedish history for readers of other countries .
Strindberg's remedy for this condition was to tear down the old structures and build anew from the ground up .
Excellent in their way , they lack the wide appeal of The Charles Men , and need not detain us here .
Like his friend and contemporary August Strindberg he had little patience with collective mediocrity .
George Meredith has said that fervor is the core of style .
He did not , however , settle back into acquiescence with things as they were .
It consists of fragmentary personal revelations , such as `` The Spark '' : `` There is a spark dwells deep within my soul .
They comprise a great variety of scene and interest : grim episodes of war , idyllic interludes , superb canvases of world-shaking events , and delightfully humorous sketches of odd characters .
About one-third as long , it is less intimate and detailed , but better coordinated , more concise and more dramatic .
Some of the earlier episodes have touches of the supernatural , as suited to the legendary background .
Of the longer pieces of the volume none is so memorable as `` Nameless And Immortal '' , which at once took rank among the finest poems ever written in the Swedish language .
This comes out in `` When The Bells Ring '' , which describes the rallying of the peasants in southern Sweden to repel an invasion by the Danes .
The first half of The Charles Men , ending on the climax of the battle of Poltava in 1709 , is more dramatically coherent than the second .
Hence the title of the book , referring to the soldiers and subjects of the king ; ;
The short poems grouped at the end of the volume as `` Thoughts in Loneliness '' is , as Professor Book indicated , in sharp contrast with the others .
Of these there are surely few that would be more rewarding discoveries than Verner Von Heidenstam , the Swedish poet and novelist who received the award in 1916 and whose centennial was celebrated two years ago .
To get it out into the daylight's glow Is my life's aim both first and last , the whole .
Each aspired to be a god in human form , but with each it was a different kind of god .
That little spark is all the wealth I know , That little spark is my life's misery '' .
Somewhat uneven in interest for an average reader , eight or ten of these are among the finest of their kind in literature .
He saw Sweden as a country of smug and narrow provincialism , indifferent to the heroic spirit of its former glory .
His cause was to commemorate the glory of her past and to incite her people to perpetuate it in the present .
He liked to fancy himself as a chieftain and to dress for the part .
Professor Fredrik Book , Sweden's foremost critic of the period , acclaims it as follows : `` In this we have the verse of a painter ; ;
Heidenstam was born in 1859 , of a prosperous family .
Whether in prose or poetry , all of Heidenstam's later work was concerned with Sweden .
On the eve of his return to their native Naxos he speaks with his wife of the masterpiece which rises before them in its completed perfection .
Equally a master of prose and verse , he recreates the glory of Sweden in the past and continues it into the present .
`` The man's true reputation is his work '' .
His ideal was Alexander of Macedon , as Napoleon's was Julius Caesar .
A dominant motive is the poet's longing for his homeland and its boyhood associations : `` Not men-folk , but the fields where I would stray , The stones where as a child I used to play '' .
It celebrates the unknown architect who designed the temple of Neptune at Paestum , next to the Parthenon the noblest example of Grecian classic style now in existence .

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He felt able to end on a note of hope .
The integrity of the office not merely requires that the Secretary General shall be , as the Charter puts it , `` the chief administrative officer of the Organization '' , but that neither he nor his staff shall seek or receive instructions from any government or any other authority `` external to the Organization '' .
He has served in positions of greater glamour , both at home and abroad ; ;
Dr. Conant's call to action
Dr. Conant may underestimate the psychological importance of even token equality .
Borough Presidents , while retaining membership in the Board of Estimate , lose their housekeeping functions .
The widespread purge that has taken place the past twelve months or so among Communist leaders in the provinces gives assurance that the party officials who will dominate the Congress , and the Central Committee it will elect , will all have passed the tightest possible Khrushchev screening , both for loyalty to him and for competence and performance on the job .
On net balance , in spite of Controller Gerosa's opposition to the new Charter as an invasion of his office , the Controller will have the opportunity for greater usefulness to good government than he has now .
The Inter-american Press Association , which blankets the Western Hemisphere from northern Canada to Cape Horn , is meeting in New York City this week for the first time in eleven years .
The board will be able to increase , decrease , add or eliminate budget items , subject to the Mayor's veto ; ;
If the decision goes wrong , it may be -- as Mr. Stevenson fears -- `` the first step on the slippery path downhill '' to a U.N. without operational responsibilities and without effective meaning .
This will have a beneficial effect by expediting public business ; ;
Some fiscal changes are important .
it will also correct some injustices .
The Twenty-second Soviet Communist Party Congress opens in Moscow today in a situation contrasting sharply with the script prepared many months ago when this meeting was first announced .
A fascinating letter has just reached this desk from a correspondent who likes to receive so-called junk mail .
In accordance with legislation passed at the last session of Congress , each Representative is authorized to deliver to the Post Office in bulk newsletters , speeches and other literature to be dropped in every letter box in his district .
Of course it is .
There is room for disagreement concerning some of Dr. Conant's specific views .
Although the United States and the U.S.S.R. have been arguing whether there shall be four , five or six top assistants , the most important element in the situation is not the number of deputies but the manner in which these deputies are to do their work .
Dr. Conant's conscientious , selfless efforts deserve the nation's gratitude .
but the City Council will now share fully this budget-altering power .
Dr. Conant has come away shocked and angry .
It labels the slums , especially the Negro slums , as dead-end streets for hundreds of thousands of youngsters .
Thus there is a clearer division of authority , administrative and legislative .
And there must be many Soviet citizens who know what is going on and who realize that before they can hope to enjoy the full life promised for 1980 they and their children must first survive .
Lawmaking power is removed from the Board of Estimate and made a partnership responsibility of the City Council and the Mayor .
and in these days this inevitably means a concentration on the effects of the Cuban revolution .
Overriding of mayoral veto on budget changes will require concurrence by board and Council , and a two-thirds vote .
If any one of them has any power to veto the Secretary General's decisions the nature of the organization will have changed .
He loses now-misplaced tax collection duties , which go to the Finance Department .
The Charter does stipulate that `` due regard '' shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on `` as wide a geographical basis as possible '' .
What the new charter does
A call for action `` before it is too late '' has alarming implications when it comes from a man who , in his previous reports on the schools , cautioned so strongly against extreme measures .
What they have objected to is the attempt of the Russians to make use of the tragedy of Dag Hammarskjold's death to turn the entire U.N. staff from the Secretary down into political agents of the respective countries from which they come .
Highways go to a new Department of Highways , sewers to the Department of Public Works , such street cleaning as Borough Presidents now do ( in Queens and Richmond ) to the Sanitation Department .
The expense ( operating ) budget is to be a program budget , and red tape is cut to allow greater autonomy ( with the Mayor approving ) in fund transfers within a department .
According to the original program , Premier Khrushchev expected the millions looking toward the Kremlin this morning to be filled with admiration or rage -- depending upon individual or national politics -- because of the `` bold program for building communism in our time '' which the Congress will adopt .
The evident contradiction between the rosy picture of Russia's progress painted by the Communist party's program and the enormous dangers for all humanity posed by Premier Khrushchev's Berlin policy has already led to speculation abroad that the program may be severely altered .
his broad but little used investigative powers are confirmed .
The facts , he adds , are hidden from public view by squeamish objections to calling bad conditions by their right name and by insistence on token integration rather than on real improvement of the schools , regardless of the color of their students .
The new City Charter , which should get a Yes vote as Question No. 1 on Nov. 7 , would not make a good Mayor out of a bad one .
If they give him advice when he asks it , or if they perform specified duties under his direction , the nature of the U. N. will not of necessity change .
Dr. James B. Conant has earned a nationwide reputation as a moderate and unemotional school reformer .
The Controller retains his essential `` fiscal watchdog '' functions ; ;
Most mail these days consists of nothing that could truly be called a letter .
This Congress will see Premier Khrushchev consolidating his power and laying the groundwork for an orderly succession should death or illness remove him from the scene in the next few years .
His earlier reports considered the American public schools basically sound and not in need of drastic change .
Our creditors do not forget us
The I. A. P. A. found itself driven from journalism into politics as it did its best to bring about the downfall of the Castro Government and the return of the Cuban press to the freedom it knew before Batista's dictatorship began in 1952 .
The Secretary General must have , subject to the constitutional direction of the Security Council and the General Assembly , the power to act , to propose action and to organize action without being hobbled by advisers and assistants acting on someone else's instructions .
Now , a close look at the schools in and around the ten largest cities , including New York , has shattered this optimism .
No group can contribute more to the success of the program than the editors and publishers of the Inter-American Press Association .
The U.N.'s ' gravest crisis '
His new book , entitled `` Slums And Suburbs '' , calls for fast and drastic action to avert disaster .
That theme cuts through hypocrisies , complacency and double-talk .
This , in more diplomatic language , is what Adlai Stevenson told the newspaper men of Latin America yesterday on behalf of the United States Government .
but he may well be doing his greatest service with his straightforward report on the state of the public schools .
And now -- more junk mail
Inter-american Press
The villains of the piece are those who deny job opportunities to these youngsters , and Dr. Conant accuses employers and labor unions alike .
The United States and its allies have had no objection to this .
Freedom of the press was lost in Cuba because of decades of corruption and social imbalances .
Occasional letters are sent by individuals to one another and many are written by companies to one another , but these are mostly typewritten .
But these are side issues to a powerful central theme .
but , as a second-look safeguard , each new project must undergo a Board of Estimate public hearing before construction proceeds .
The controversy now revolves mainly around the number and geographic origin of the deputies of the Secretary General and , more particularly , around the nature of his relationship with them .
As the press in Cuba was gradually throttled by the Castro regime , more and more Cuban publishers , editors and correspondents were forced into exile .
This is the root issue for which the United States should stand .
But it would greatly strengthen any Mayor's executive powers , remove the excuse in large degree that he is a captive of inaction in the Board of Estimate , increase his budget-making authority both as to expense and capital budgets , and vest in him the right to reorganize city departments in the interest of efficiency and economy .
Letter writing is a dying art .
In other words , the Secretary General is to be a nonpartisan , international servant , not a political , national one .
A road block to desirable local or borough improvements , heretofore dependent on the pocketbook vote of taxpayers and hence a drag on progress , is removed by making these a charge against the whole city instead of an assessment paid by those immediately affected .
Enlargement of the City Council and a new method of selecting members will be discussed tomorrow .
In such conditions all freedoms are lost .
But far from being concerned about whether or not Russia will have achieved Utopia by 1980 , the world is watching Moscow today primarily for clues as to whether or not there will be nuclear Armageddon in the immediate future .
The I. A. P. A. is a reflection of the problems and hopes of the hemisphere ; ;
Meeting in Moscow
He should be , as Dag Hammarskjold certainly was , a citizen of the world .
This means an added burden to innumerable postmen , who already are complaining of heavy loads and low pay , and it presumably means an increased postal deficit , but , our correspondent writes , think of the additional junk mail each citizen will now be privileged to receive on a regular basis .
What we must have , if the United Nations is to survive , is as nonpolitical , nonpartisan an organization at the top as human beings can make it , subject to no single nation's direction and subservient to no single nation's ambition .
We should not become confused or let our public become confused over irrelevant questions of number or even of geography .
Ambassador Stevenson yesterday described the U.N.'s problem of electing a temporary successor to the late Dag Hammarskjold as `` the gravest crisis the institution has faced '' .
There is no such magic in man-made laws .
His suggestion that the prestige colleges be made the training institutions for medical , law and graduate schools will run into strong opposition from these colleges themselves -- even though what he is recommending is already taking shape as a trend .
The board is diminished in both respects , while it retains control over zoning , franchises , pier leases , sale , leasing and assignment of property , and other trusteeship functions .
These warnings must not be treated lightly .
He sees evidence of fair winds for the ten-year Alliance for Progress plan with its emphasis on social reforms .
The capital budget , for construction of permanent improvements , becomes an appropriating document instead of just a calendar of pious promises ; ;
Whether it is or not , the propaganda impact on the free world of the document scheduled to be adopted at this meeting will be far less than had been originally anticipated .
He was delighted to learn that the Post Office Department is now going to expand this service to deliver mail from Representatives in Congress to their constituents without the use of stamps , names , addresses or even zone numbers .
His strong opposition to the transfer of Negro children to schools outside their own neighborhood , in the interest of integration , will be attacked by Negro leaders who have fought for , and achieved , this open or permissive enrollment .

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Moreover , the trend of general business activity in 1961 will exert a decisive influence on fiscal , monetary , and other Federal policies which affect interest rates .
However , as witnessed by the large corporate bond calendar at present , as well as the record amount of municipal bond issues approved by voters , the over-all demands for capital funds seem likely to remain high , so that any downward pressure on rates from reduced demand should not be great .
Here would be a powerful force for raising business activity .
During the Seventies the projections show a more pronounced rise to an annual rate of 1,338,000 in the second half of that decade .
It suggests that during the next several months , through the spring of 1961 , the demand for long-term capital funds may be moderately lower and that interest rates may tend to move a little lower , especially the rates on Federal , state , and local bonds , as well as those on publicly offered corporate bonds .
By the end of the spring of 1961 , assuming that a general business recovery gets under way , interest rates should begin to edge upward again , depending upon the vigor of the recovery and the determination with which the monetary authorities move to restrain credit availability .
For example , the huge postwar demand on the part of veterans for housing under the VA home loan guaranty program seems to have largely exhausted itself .
With the expansion of family formation in the Sixties , a continued substantial rise in expenditures by state and local government units seems to be indicated .
The recovery will probably be sparked by a rising rate of housing starts next spring in response to more readily available mortgage credit , as well as by an expansion of Government spending , well sustained consumer spending , and some rebuilding of business inventories .
The tendency for general business activity to soften somewhat is becoming more evident .
The 2% increase in retail sales in October to a 4-month high is encouraging in this connection as well as the most recent consumer survey by the National Industrial Conference Board , which shows a decided pickup in consumer spending plans .
It is difficult to see any powerful sources of strength on the horizon at this time which would give the economy a new upward thrust .
The pattern of general business activity which probably lies ahead of us is a further moderate softening through the spring of 1961 before a new rise in economic activity gets under way .
However , the impact of a rising rate of household formation this decade should not be exaggerated .
The rate of plant and equipment spending by business and industry now seems to be topping out and facing some decline .
Moreover , it is likely that Federal policies aimed at stimulating a faster rate of economic growth of the country , to keep ahead of the Communist countries and to demonstrate that our free economic system is better than theirs , will lead to rising Federal spending in certain areas such as education , housing , medical aid , and the like .
Five basic forces
The huge backlog of demand which was evident in the first decade and a half after the War was fed by liquid assets accumulated by the public during the War , and even more so by the easier and easier credit in the consumer loan and home loan fields .
Accordingly , the expanding markets for consumer goods and housing occasioned by the higher rate of household formation should enhance the general economic prospects of the Sixties .
During the Sixties we have the prospect of a significant stepping up in the rate of household formations , which should contribute to a rising volume of consumer expenditures and home building .
Indeed , the failure of home-building as a whole to respond this year to somewhat greater availability of mortgage financing , and the increasing reports of pockets of unsold homes and rising vacancy rates in apartment buildings , may also signal in part that the lush days of big backlog demand for housing are reaching an end .
This makes it certain that Federal expenditures for military preparedness and foreign economic aid are likely to rise further in the next several years .
In a more pessimistic vein about the economic outlook , I suspect that the reservoir of demand for consumer goods and housing which was dammed-up during the Thirties and World War 2 , is finally in the process of running dry .
Certainly a further reduction in the discount rate would be a strong possibility , as well as an easier reserve position for the banking system .
My answer is in the negative because I believe that total capital demands during the Sixties will continue to press against available supplies , and interest rates will generally tend to be firm at high levels .
It seems likely , moreover , that with an increase in the rate of saving in mortgage lending institutions , interest rates on residential mortgages may move somewhat lower through the spring of next year , although the increased ease in residential mortgage lending may occur primarily in other terms than interest rate , e.g. , easier downpayment and amortization terms .
State and local expenditures ( in real terms ) increased persistently from $26.5-billion in 1949 to $44.3-billion in 1959 , and it would not be surprising if they showed a comparable increase in this decade , which would carry them to the neighborhood of $75-billion by 1970 .
Spurred by keen competition in our industrial system , and still further increases in the funds devoted to industrial research , plant and equipment expenditures by business and industry should rise during the decade .
Slight downward pressure
These signs are the inventories of unsold houses in some areas of the country and the moderate rise in vacancy rates for apartments ( 7.6% in September ) .
It is pertinent to ask the question : Has the long upswing of interest rates during the past 15 years just about run its course , and are we now entering a period in which both capital market forces and Federal policies will produce a prolonged decline of interest rates ? ?
This is an area in which there is still a large backlog of demand .
On the other hand , in a more favorable vein , general business activity should receive some stimulus from rising Federal spending , and the reduction in business inventories has probably run a good part of its course .
( 2 )
There is some clear-cut evidence of this .
According to the latest projections of the Bureau of the Census , the annual rate of household formations will increase for the next 20 years .
The average annual rate of 1,083,000 in the second half of the Sixties is still considerably below the annual rate of 1,525,000 in the three-year period from April 1947 to March 1950 .
Sixties' capital requirements
This is not to say that the level of consumer expenditures will not continue to rise in the Sixties .
Nineteen-sixty has been a baffling year for analysts of general business activity .
It seems likely that with the three preceding forces at play , the rate of business and industrial plant and equipment expenditures should continue to move upward from the levels of the Fifties .
We are just beginning the task of trying to win or maintain the friendship of the new African nations against the ruthless competition of the Communist bloc .
However , to the extent that the monetary authorities , in their effort to ease credit in the next several months , conduct their open market operations in longer-term Government bonds , they will certainly act to accentuate any tendency for long-term interest rates to ease as a result of market forces .
To the extent that the new Administration has its wishes , the Federal Reserve would conduct its open market operations throughout the entire maturity range of Government securities and aggressively seek to force down long-term interest rates .
Accordingly , during the Sixties our national economy is likely to grow at as fast a rate as in the Fifties and , in the process , to require enormous amounts of capital funds .
Markets should become more competitive as consumers become more selective .
In assessing the outlook for interest rates in 1961 , the question , as always , is the prospect for general business activity .
During much of the year the general level of business activity has moved along on a record-high plateau , but there have been persistent signs of slack in the economy .
By and large , what happens to business as a whole will govern the relationship between demand and supply conditions in the capital markets and will thus determine interest rates .
I am confident that it will , but consumer spending in the Sixties will not be fortified by the great backlog of wants and desires which characterized most of the Fifties .
In a way , we may be witnessing the same thing in the sales of automobiles today as the public no longer is willing to purchase any car coming on the market but is more insistent on compact cars free of the frills which were accepted in the Fifties .
( 3 )
If the trend of general business activity follows the pattern suggested here , we are likely to see additional steps by the Federal Reserve authorities to ease the availability of credit .
My guess would be that interest rates will decline moderately into the spring of 1961 and during the second half of the year will turn up gradually to recover the ground lost during the downturn .
( 4 )
The consuming public has used up a good part of these liquid assets , or they have been drained by the rising price level , and we have apparently gotten to the end of the line in making consumer or home mortgage terms easier .
Although the pause in the advance of general business activity this year has thus far been quite modest , it is hard to escape the conclusion that the softening process will continue into the first quarter of 1961 and possibly somewhat longer .
This view is based upon several basic economic forces which I believe will be operating in the Sixties , as follows : ( 1 )
Open market policy
The principle of `` bills only '' , or `` bills preferably '' , seems so strongly accepted by the Federal Reserve that it is difficult to envision conditions which would persuade the authorities to depart radically from it by extending their open market purchases regularly into long-term Government securities .
Recent events in the General Assembly of the United Nations confirm that the cold war will remain with us , and probably intensify , for the foreseeable future .
There are serious dangers involved in this trend toward rising Federal expenditures , of which I take a dim view , but it seems very likely to occur .
What does the general business outlook suggest about the trend of long-term rates in 1961 ? ?
Our efforts to overcome the lead of the Russians in space are bound to mean accelerated Federal spending .
At this time , however , there are signs that increased availability of mortgage credit will not act with the usual speed to stimulate a sharp rise in residential construction .
Under the most favorable assumptions for increase , the Bureau of the Census projects that the annual rate of household formations will rise from about 883,000 in the last two years of the Fifties to an annual rate of about 1,018,000 in the first five years of the Sixties , and to a slightly higher annual rate of 1,083,000 in the second half of the decade .
One of the most intriguing questions is whether the recent departures of the Federal Reserve authorities from confining their open market operations to Treasury bills will spread into longer-term Government securities in the next few months .
However , the monetary authorities will continue to be required to pay attention to the consequences of their actions with respect to our international balance of payments position and the outflow of gold , as well as with regard to avoiding the creation of excessive liquidity in the economy , which would delay the effectiveness of monetary policy measures in the next expansion phase of the business cycle .
In earlier business cycles , when this occurred the country usually experienced a sharp upturn in residential construction as mortgage financing became easier to obtain .
( 5 )

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But make no mistake about it , the first reason people turn to camping is one of economy .
Camping is big and getting bigger .
Seven million families would total 30 million Americans or more .
The shooting development program of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute has successfully published these facts in all major outdoor magazines , many national weeklies and the trade papers .
Neither are shelters , because there is one to meet the needs of every camper or prospective camper .
Sporting firearms change , markedly for the better .
They are struggling to meet the demand for camping space , but families are being turned away , especially on holiday weekends .
They bring their families and tents and camp kitchens and bedding .
More campers than campsites
The number depends on who is talking at the moment .
This is no longer a way of life for the bearded logger and the wandering cowboy .
Harassed state park officials often have more campers than they know what to do with .
SAAMI's field men have served as consultants and/or have participated in 75 Teen Hunter Club activities which have reached over 40,000 enthusiastic young Americans .
Neither are beds , thanks to air mattresses and sleeping bags .
But the campers still come .
Ask Sammy Shooter .
J. L. Hudson , Detroit ; ;
Are you looking ahead to the exploding market of millions of American boys and girls , who will grow up to enjoy a traditional American way of life -- ranging the fields with a fine American gun and uniformly excellent ammunition ? ?
The American firearms and ammunition manufacturers through diligent research and technical development have replaced the muzzle loader and slow-firing single-shot arms with modern fast firing auto-loaders , extremely accurate bolt , lever , and slide action firearms .
Personnel assigned through the shooting development program have proudly participated in over 53 state and regional workshops , at which hundreds of school administrators , teachers , professors , and recreational leaders have been introduced to Outdoor Education .
They're not .
Why they keep coming
The American gun and ammunition producers sponsor a successful promotional program through their industry trade association .
Here you begin to appreciate the scope of the challenges and possibilities facing the industry .
Is your sporting firearms and ammunition department primed for the expanding horizons ? ?
They bring their fishing rods and binoculars and bathing suits .
They're buying fun and adventure and family experiences .
Other THC activities followed , conducted by shopping centers , department stores , recreation equipment dealers , radio-TV stations , newspapers , and other organizations interested in the need existing to acquaint youngsters with the proper use of sporting firearms and the development of correct attitudes and appreciations related to hunting and wise use of our natural resources .
The automobile expenses are about the only vacationing cost they can't either eliminate or pare down drastically by camping along the way .
This has been the aim of the director of the shooting development program , the New York staff of the Sportsmen's Service Bureau , and the SAAMI shooting preserve field consultants since the start of the program in 1954 .
Here is the promise of a vacation trip they can afford .
Dealers would do well to visit such a campground often , look at the equipment and talk with the campers .
This beach campground with no trees or hills presents a constant camping show with all manner of equipment in actual use .
And this helps explain why so many people are now going camping .
The American Automobile Association , computing the cost for two people to vacation by automobile , comes up with an average daily expenditure figure of $29 .
There are a half dozen reasons helping to account for the migration to the campgrounds .
The figures range as high as 15 million families .
But there is still the sometimes complex problem of helping campers choose the best equipment for their individual needs .
Teen Hunter Clubs were initially sponsored by affiliated members of the Allied Merchandising Corporation .
They come prepared for family fun because Americans in ever-growing numbers are learning that here is the way to a fine economical vacation that becomes a family experience of lasting importance .
With the whole camp exposed to view we could see the variety of canvas shelters in which Americans are camping now .
The AAA then splits it down this way : $10.50 for meals , $9.50 for lodging , $7 for gas and oil , and $2 for tips and miscellaneous .
It would be a mistake to sell those thousands of beginning campers on the idea they're buying the comforts of home .
The National Parks , always popular camping places , are facing the same pressure .
Through the efforts of SAAMI's shooting development program these shooting activities , and many others , including assists in the development of public and privately financed shooting parks , trap and skeet leagues , rifle and pistol marksmanship programs have been promoted , to mention only a few .
We trust that you , as a gun and ammunition dealer , have benefited through additional sales of equipment .
I've heard 10 million mentioned often , but I'm more inclined to think there may be a total of some five to seven million families camping .
The more people learn about their country , the more they want to learn .
No one knows where it will stop .
Home is the place to find the comforts of home .
Just as modern transportation has outmoded the early Studebaker covered wagon , the demand of today's sportsmen and women has necessitated changes in their equipment .
And due to modern resource-use and game management practices , there is still game to shoot , even with the ever-expanding encroachment on land and water .
What does the camping couple do to this set of figures ? ?
Following a vigorous campaign of interpretation and leadership development by OEP director Dr. Julian Smith , today thousands of secondary schools , colleges and universities have shooting and hunting education in their physical education and recreation programs .
Would you like to organize Teen Hunters Clubs , shooting programs , and have information on seasons including six months of hunting with unlimited game bags on shooting preserves ? ?
Because they prepare their own meals they also keep in their pockets a good portion of that $10.50 food bill along with most of the tip money .
Almost every official who reflects on it thinks this movement of Americans to canvas dwellings opens one of the most promising of all outdoor markets .
SAAMI's financial support since 1955 has contributed to the success of this project in education .
Joseph Horne , Pittsburgh .
This program is now nationally known as `` Teen Hunter Clubs '' .
There were umbrella tents , wall tents , cottage tents , station wagon tents , pup tents , Pop tents , Baker tents , tents with exterior frames , camper trailers , travel trailers , and even a few surplus parachutes serving as sunshades over entire family camps .
And millions of rounds of entirely new and modern small-arms ammunition , designed for today's hunting and target shooting .
The Outdoor Education Project took cognizance of the fact , so often overlooked , that athletic activities stressed in most school programs have little or no relationship to the physical and mental needs and interests of later life .
Unlimited game bags are possible and legal in more than 40 states , on shooting preserves ( one of the newer phases of modern game-management ) for five and six months each year .
Moving around camp we saw all kinds of camp stoves , lanterns , coolers , bedding , games , fishing tackle , windbreaks and sunshades .
The various team sports assuredly have their place in every school , and they are important to proper physical development .
Long weekends enable many to get away from home for three or four days several times a year .
While individual sportsmen are aware of this situation , too many of our political , social , educational and even religious leaders too often forget it .
The $9.50 for lodging they save .
Where Americans used to think of a single vacation each summer , they now think about how many vacations they can have .
Help is needed from dealers , at the grass-roots level .
The continuation and expansion of the shooting development program will assure to some degree that national and community leaders will be made aware of the ever-growing need for shooting facilities and activities for hunting and shooting in answer to public demand .
Following the kick-off of SAAMI's shooting development program in 1954 , a most interesting meeting took place in Washington , D.C. .
Camping is family fun , and it is helping more Americans see more of the country than they ever saw before .
The early years of the twentieth century seem very far away .
Present conservation practices regard wildlife , not as an expendable natural resource , but as an annual harvest to be sown and also reaped .
This meeting was called to determine how these groups might cooperate to launch what is known as the Outdoor Education Project .
The group known as the American Association for Health , , Physical Education , and Recreation ( a division of the National Education Association ) initiated a conference which brought together representatives of the National Rifle Association , SAAMI and the American Fishing Tackle Manufacturers .
You read various guesses on how many Americans are camping .
It's fun , and it's easy -- so easy that there is time left after cooking , and tent keeping , for the women to get out and enjoy outdoor fun with their families .
The National Park Service hopes by 1966 to have 30,000 campsites available for 100,000 campers a day -- almost twice what there are at present .
The most effective way to develop more places for more sportsmen to shoot is to encourage properly managed shooting preserves .
The long and ever-increasing column of sportsmen is now moving into a new era .
The U.S. Forest Service cares for hundreds of thousands of campers in its 149 National Forests and is increasing its facilities steadily .
Today's campers want comforts , and they have them .
Considering that the current school-age potential is 23 million youths , the project and its message on hunting and shooting education have many more to reach .
The first program was sponsored by Abraham & Strauss , Hempstead , New York , under the direction of Special Events director Jennings Dennis .
Other pilot programs were conducted by A & S , Babylon , New York ; ;
And even if they stay in resorts part of the time , they might , if the right salesman gets them in tow , develop a yearning to spice the usual vacation fare with a camping trip into the wide open spaces .
But with the exception of professional athletes , few contact sports and physical education activities in our schools have any carryover in the adult life of the average American man or woman .
Among them , according to the U.S. Department of Commerce , are : ( 1 ) shorter work weeks , ( 2 ) higher pay , ( 3 ) longer paid vacations , ( 4 ) better transportation , ( 5 ) earlier retirement , and ( 6 ) more education .
Consider the equipment needed to protect this many from the weather , to make their cooking easy and their sleeping comfortable .
We were camping a few weeks ago on Cape Hatteras Campground in that land of pirates , seagulls and bluefish on North Carolina's famed Outer Banks .
As the generations move on , clothes become more suitable for the enjoyment of outdoor sports .
But it would also be a mistake for them not to realize how comfortable camping has become .
Modern times have changed the world beyond recognition .
Camp meals are no great problem .
But with all the changes in philosophy , dress and terrain -- a few things remain constant , including the devotion of Americans to the great field sports , hunting and fishing .
Since SAAMI's conception in 1926 , and more specifically since the adoption of the Shooting Development Program in 1954 , millions of dollars and promotional man-hours have gone into the development of more places to shoot for more youths and adults .
Are you getting top dollar from the shooting sports ? ?
Close to two million game birds were harvested on 1,500 commercial and private shooting preserves , and on State Game Commission-controlled upland game areas during the 1960-61 season .
We saw similar displays in the other three campgrounds in this 70-mile-long National Seashore Recreation Area .
In 1959 SAAMI's shooting development program announced a new activity designed to expose thousands of teen-age boys and girls to the healthy fun enjoyed through the participation in the shooting sports .

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To learn what we do is the first step for improvement .
He played a number of typical situations before observers , other supervisors who kept notes and then explained to him in detail what he did they thought was wrong .
the objective of this chapter is to clarify the distinctions between spontaneity theory and other training concepts .
That's my job '' .
All applicants were generally familiar with the work of the receptionist .
In short , as frequently happens in analyses , the individual feels threatened and defends himself .
After each presentation , the antagonist wrote his judgment of the salesmen ; ;
At the end of work one day , the personnel man took the applicants one at a time , asked them to sit behind the receptionist's desk and he then played the role of a number of people who might come to the receptionist with a number of queries and for a number of purposes .
However , he turned out to be a complete failure in his new position .
He was told he displayed , for example , a sense of superiority -- and he answered : `` Well , I am supposed to know all the answers , aren't I '' ? ?
In any case , he refused to accept the implications of the analysis , that he needed to be made over .
The batting average of one success out of seven increased to one out of three .
The necessary step between diagnosis and training is acceptance of the validity of the criticisms .
Entirely concerned with efficiency , he was merciless in criticizing people who made mistakes , condemning them to too great an extent .
and `` cannot say '' if they were not certain .
This behavior is more `` veridical '' -- or true -- than other testing behavior for some types of evaluation , and so can give quick and accurate estimates of complex functioning .
On being criticized for his arbitrary behavior -- he answered : `` I have to make decisions .
In the testing room he was to make , successively , three presentations to three different people .
To prevent the manager from deliberately controlling himself only during the sessions , they were rather lengthy ( about twenty minutes ) , the situations were imperfectly described to the manager so that he would not know what to expect , new antagonists were brought on the scene unexpectedly , and the antagonists were instructed to deliberately behave in such ways as to upset the manager and get him to operate in a manner for which he had been previously criticized .
In addition , the basic approach utilized in applying roleplaying will be reviewed .
To want to change is the third step .
Summary
Roleplaying was offered as a solution -- and the procedure worked as follows : all candidates were invited to a hotel conference room , where the president explained the difficulty he had , and how unnecessary it seemed to him to hire people who just did not work out .
These errors were then collected and written on a blackboard , condensing similar ideas .
We can see others more clearly than we can see ourselves , and others can see us better than we see ourselves .
The engineer had more than seven years of experience in the firm , was well trained , was considered a hard worker , was respected by his fellow engineers for his technical competence and was regarded as a `` comer '' .
The reasons for extracting this particular roleplaying application from the previous discussion of training are twofold .
To practice new procedures under guided supervision and with constant feedback is the fourth step .
How this was accomplished may be described , since this sometimes is a crucial problem .
An engineer had been made the works manager of a firm , supplanting a retired employee who had been considered outstandingly successful .
In place of asking salesmen to fill questionnaires , checking their references , interviewing them , asking them to be tried out , he told them he would prefer to test them .
Analysis
Chapter 10 , spontaneity training
From the point of view of the applicants , less time was wasted in being evaluated -- and they got a meal out of it as well as some insights into their performances .
The director helped tailor-make a check list of the district manager's errors by asking various observers to write out sentences commenting on the mistakes they felt he made .
No comments were made during the voting .
The engineer turned works manager had a particular view of life -- and refused to change it .
He was criticized for his curtness and abruptness -- and he answered : `` I am not working to become popular '' .
The manager sat behind the group so he could see and count the hands that went up , and the director wrote the numbers on the blackboard .
Roleplaying can be done for quite a different purpose : to evaluate procedures , regardless of individuals .
One by one , these errors were discussed and one by one he rejected accepting them as errors .
The entire group of managers explained , in great detail , a number of human relations errors that he made .
Each was told to purchase material if he felt like it .
He did not really listen to others , had little interest in their ideas , and wanted to have his own way -- which was the only right way .
While roleplaying for testing is not too well understood at the present time , it represents one of the major uses of this procedure .
Each girl was independently `` tested '' by the personnel man , and he served not only as the director , but as the antagonist and the observer .
We may say that his attitude was foolish , since he may have been a success had he learned some human relations skills ; ;
Evaluation
The first eight of these eighteen statements , which received at least one-half of the votes , were duplicated to form an analysis checklist for the particular manager , and when this particular manager roleplayed in other situations , the members checked any items that appeared .
He admitted his behavior , and defended it .
One should keep in mind that many of the exciting possiblities of roleplaying are largely unexplored and have not been used in industry to the extent that they have been in military and other areas .
Spontaneity training theory is unique and relatively new .
1 .
The president of the firm , calculating expenses alone , felt his costs had dropped one-half while success in selection had improved over one hundred per cent .
The position of receptionist was opened in a large office and an announcement was made to the other girls already working that they could apply for this job which had higher prestige and slightly higher salary than typing and clerking positions .
This procedure was repeated one day a month for four months .
He seemed to antagonize everyone .
Ten salesmen were tested in the morning and ten more in the afternoon .
Roleplaying used for analysis follows these general steps leading to training .
After the diagnosing , he left the course , convinced that it could do him no good .
They were asked to vote `` true '' if they thought they had seen him make the error , `` false '' if they thought he had not ; ;
On playing some typical situations before a jury of his peers he showed some characteristics rated as unsatisfactory .
She was hired and was found to be entirely satisfactory when she played the role eight hours a day .
However , in this case the district manager was led to see the errors of his ways .
Somewhat to his surprise he found that one girl , whom he would never have considered for the job since she had appeared somewhat mousy and also had been in the office a relatively short time , did the most outstanding job of playing the role of receptionist , showing wit , sparkle , and aplomb .
When an evaluative situation is set up , and no concern is with the details that lead to an over-all estimate , we say that roleplaying is used for evaluation .
Each salesman was to read a sheet containing a description of the product .
He refused to change his approach , and instead he attacked high and low -- the officials for their not backing him , and subordinates for their laxness , stupidity , and stubbornness .
Another use of roleplaying for evaluation illustrates how this procedure can be used in real life situations without special equipment or special assistants during the daily course of work .
For example : a sales presentation can be analyzed and evaluated through roleplaying .
The reason for the value of this procedure was simply that the applicants were tested `` at work '' in different situations by the judgment of a number of experts who could see how the salesmen conducted themselves with different , but typical restaurant owners and managers .
Another case may be given in illustration of a successful use of analysis , and also of the employment of a procedure for intensive analysis .
They were , in a sense , `` tried out '' in realistic situations .
We may say that his problem was diagnosed but that he refused treatment .
At the insistence of his own supervisor -- the president of the firm -- he enrolled in a course designed to develop leaders .
Eighteen errors were located , and then the director asked each individual to vote whether or not they felt that this manager had made the particular errors .
To accept the validity of the judgments of others is the second step .
or we may say that his attitude was commendable , showing his independence of mind , in his refusal to adjust to the opinions of others .
The goal will be to provide the reader with an integrated rationale to aid him in applying roleplaying techniques in this unique training area .
Some cases in evidence of the use of roleplaying for analysis may help explain the procedure .
Impersonal purposes
Despite the fact that he was regarded as an outstanding engineer , he seemed to be a very poor administrator , although no one quite knew what was wrong with him .
The antagonists came in , one at a time , and did not see or hear the other presentations .
In considering roleplaying for analysis we enter a more complex area , since we are now no longer dealing with a simple over-all decision but rather with the examination and evaluation of many elements seen in dynamic functioning .
Analysis means the evaluation of subparts , the comparative ratings of parts , the comprehension of the meaning of isolated elements .
Interviewing , checking references , training the salesmen , having them go with more experienced salesmen was expensive -- and the rate of attrition due to resignations or unsatisfactory performance was too high .
The results looked as follows : Af .
To use these new ways in daily life is the last step .
Turnover rates of personnel went up , production dropped , and morale was visibly reduced .
Examples
Up to this point stress has been placed on roleplaying in terms of individuals .
One handled the salesman in a friendly manner , another in a rough manner , and the third in a hesitating manner .
In a course for supermarket operators , a district manager who had been recently appointed to his position after being outstandingly successful as a store manager , found that in supervising other managers he was having a difficult time .
and so did the observers consisting of the president , three of his salesmen and a psychologist .
Analysis
Analysis in roleplaying is usually done for the purpose of understanding strong and weak points of an individual or as a process to eliminate weak parts and strengthen good parts .
In the testing room , three of the veteran salesmen served as antagonists .
Let us now put some flesh on the theoretical bones we have assembled by giving illustrations of roleplaying used for evaluation and analysis .
After every session , the check marks were totaled up and graphed , and in this way the supervisor's progress was charted .
In life we learn to play our roles and we `` freeze '' into patterns which become so habitual that we are not really aware of what we do .
Each person was to enter the testing room , carrying a suitcase of samples .
It was his experience that only one good salesman was found out of every seven hired -- and only one was hired out of every seven interviewed .
Observers can see a person engaged in spontaneous behavior , and watch him operating in a totalistic fashion .
The president of a small firm selling restaurant products , had considerable difficulty in finding suitable salesmen for his business .

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Mr. Balaguer is in control , and opposition leaders have no further excuse to suspect his offer of a coalition government preliminary to free elections in the spring .
The concept of labor as a special class is outmoded , and in the task confronting America as bastion of the free world , labor must learn to put the national interest first if it is itself to survive .
No betting man , Mr. Goldberg says he's merely `` putting my neck out again '' by predicting the rate will go down this month .
The 1961 feed grain program , which the secretary sponsored , has been declared a billion dollar fiasco .
He is the first top administration officer to see the bottom of the slump .
But automation and the increasing complexity of factories has renewed the competition for jobs .
Within the Organization of American States , there may be some criticism of this unilateral American intervention which was not without risk obviously .
Matter of survival
He is basing his guess on new government statistics that show business has broadened its stride -- a new record high in personal income , an increase in housing starts , a spurt in retail sales and a gain in orders for durable goods .
The subcommittee is not alone in questioning the effectiveness of the department .
He will need the help of all OAS members to eradicate , finally , the forces of authoritarianism , pro-Trujillo and pro-Castro alike .
Public sentiment for conserving our rich natural heritage is growing .
But Interior Secretary Udall warns that there is a race on between those who would develop our few surviving open shorelines and those who would save them for the enjoyment of all as public preserves .
New Jersey folk need not be told of the builder's march to the sea , for in a single generation he has parceled and populated miles of our shoreline and presses on to develop the few open spaces that remain .
Prosperity for the whole nation is certainly preferred to a tax cut .
But preservation of the natural beauty of the Cape is of more than regional concern , for the automobile age has made it the recreation spot of people from all over the country .
Ultimately either the Trujillos would have been returned to power or the conflict would have produced conditions favorable to a takeover by Dominican elements responsive to Castro in Cuba .
The issue was sufficiently potent in 1935 to spark secession from the American Federation of Labor of its industrial union members .
The secretary based his assessment on the upturn in retail sales .
This shouldn't surprise the secretary ; ;
Anybody who is expecting a joyride should , according to Mr. Shriver , get off the train right now .
Self-criticism is a rare but needed commodity in Congress .
Perhaps , as Mr. Freeman says , American agriculture may stop the Communists , but it is also swindling the American taxpayer .
President Kennedy has indicated his dissatisfaction with its performance .
Walter Reuther , leader of the industrial union faction of the AFL-CIO , says another two years of this squabbling will be disastrous for all American labor .
This tends to create friction and confusion and has not made it easier for Secretary Rusk to restore vigor and initiative among his subordinates .
The result : $1.1 billion added to the deficit in the federal budget .
American taxpayers have been impressed by the surpluses for a long , long time .
No joyride
Mr. Balaguer's troubles are by no means over .
much of the glamor President Kennedy's Peace Corps may have held for some prospective applicants has been removed by Sargent Shriver , the head corpsman .
But so convinced of communism's inevitable triumph is Prince Sihanouk that he is ready to throw in the towel .
It will be a 16-hour training day .
But competent observers believe he is making progress , particularly toward what Sen. Jackson lists as the primary need -- `` a clearer understanding of where our vital national interests lie and what we must do to promote them '' .
forecasting economic activity is a hazardous undertaking even for the specialist .
In New Jersey , too
The odds thus appear favorable that the secretary's neck may be spared .
If the Dominican Republic achieves free , democratic government , it will be due in large part to the U.S. show of force that enabled President Balaguer to prevent a threatened restoration of Trujillo dictatorship .
But there was no complaint from the Dominican crowds which lined Ciudad Trujillo's waterfront shouting , `` Vive Yankees '' ! !
February's volume was 1 per cent above January's for the first pickup since last October , although it's still 1.5 per cent off from February 1960 .
The move for establishment of a national seashore park on 30,000 acres of Cape Cod , from Provincetown to Chatham , is strengthened by President Kennedy's interest in that area .
But the farmers outsmarted Washington by shortening the distance between the rows and pouring on the fertilizer .
But that heritage is shrinking even faster .
And now Mr. Hodges has pioneered further into the economic unknown with the announcement that he thinks business has stopped sliding and that it should start going upward from this point .
Commerce Secretary Hodges seems to have been cast in the role of pacemaker for official Washington's economic forecasters .
A senate subcommittee headed by Sen. Jackson of Washington has been going over the State Department and has reached some predictable conclusions .
Help when needed
Against the dramatic fight being waged for preservation of 30 miles of Cape Cod shoreline , the tiny tract at Stone Harbor may seem unimportant .
Outwardly , Ciudad Trujillo is calm .
And the pay , of course , will be nil .
Mr. Freeman said that in many of the countries he visited on a recent world trade trip people were more awed by America's capacity to produce food surpluses than by our industrial production -- or even by the Soviet's successes in space .
What's wrong at state
Betting men
The economy seems to be sailing along on an even keel and the 1961 hurricane season and auto strikes are at an end so they can't be blamed in November .
Mr. Rusk should also draw comfort from Sen. Jackson's recommendation that congressional methods of dealing with national security problems be improved .
Corroborating Mr. Hodges' figures was the Federal Reserve Board's report of the large sales increase in the nation's department stores for the week ending March 4 .
But now apparently the job of Secretary of Labor requires that he be willing to risk his reputation as a prognosticator of unemployment trends .
Initial claims for jobless benefits were said to have dropped by 8,100 in the week ending March 4 .
Mr. Goldberg has less reason for missing .
And thus far , Mr. Freeman has offered very little relief .
Well , we can't have everything .
First of all , the recruits will have to undergo arduous schooling .
But the secretary insists that the success of the American farmer is the `` greatest single source of strength '' in the struggle to insure freedom around the world .
Of course , some of the credit for the sale boost must be given to improvement in the weather and to the fact that Easter comes more than two weeks earlier than in 1960 .
The department needs a clearer `` sense of direction '' at the top and it needs fewer , but better , people , Sen. Jackson says .
In fact , over the years , the American farmer's capacity to over-produce has cost the taxpayers a large dollar .
Prince Sihanouk's powers of prognostication some day may be confirmed but history is not likely to praise the courage of his convictions .
His successor , Secretary Goldberg , also has been guessing wrong on a drop in the unemployment rate which has been holding just under 7 per cent for the last 11 months .
Whether it could be as disastrous for American labor as , say , Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters , is a matter of conjecture .
Then off to a remote place in an underdeveloped country where the diet , culture , language and living conditions will be different .
Craft unions seek work that industrial unions claim , such as factory maintenance .
But the jurisdictional disputes that result from the craft-industrial rivalry do not win friends for labor .
Had U.S. warships not appeared off the Dominican coast , there is every possibility that the country would now be wracked by civil war .
Cambodia's chief of state , who has been accused of harboring Communist marauders and otherwise making life miserable for neighboring South Viet Nam and Thailand , insists he would be very unhappy if communism established its power in Southeast Asia .
Bottom sighted
Mr. Mitchell had an excuse for losing -- the steel strike lasted much longer than he anticipated .
the Army , Navy and Air Force , among others , may question Secretary Freeman's claim that the high estate of United States agriculture is the `` strongest deterrent '' to the spread of communism .
Deterrent
Or that's what it looked like at the time .
Despite all this , the idea apparently has captured the imagination of countless youths whose parents are probably more surprised by the response than anybody else .
In exchange for higher price supports , growers pledged reduction in planted acreage .
In Newark , for example , this gain was put at 26 per cent above the year-earlier level .
The desirability of preserving such places as the Cape dunes and Stone Harbor sanctuary becomes more apparent every year .
Now the Stone Harbor bird sanctuary , 31 acres of magic attraction for exotic herons , is threatened , but the battlefront extends far beyond our state .
More , the U.S. action was hailed by a principal opposition leader , Dr. Juan Bosch , as having saved `` many lives and many troubles in the near future '' .
those watching the growing rivalry between craft unions and industrial unions may recognize all the pressures that led to the big labor split in 1935 .
By comparison , Stone Harbor bird sanctuary's allies seem less formidable , for aside from the Audubon Society , they are mostly the snowy , common and cattle egrets and the Louisiana , green , little blue and black-crowned herons who nest and feed there .
The Jackson report will provide some of the political support Mr. Rusk will need if he is to get rid of department personnel engaged , as Sen. Jackson puts it , `` in work that does not really need doing '' .
Engaged as it is in a battle for world trade as a condition of national survival , this country can have little patience with labor's family feuds .
Weeks ago he saw a business upturn in the second quarter of this year while his colleagues in the Cabinet were shaking their heads in disagreement .
Another optimistic sign , this one from the Labor Department , was the report that the long rise in unemployment compensation payments `` was interrupted for the first time in the week ending Feb. 25 '' .
Recently Treasury Secretary Dillon and Labor Secretary Goldberg fell into line with Mr. Hodges' appraisal , though there has been some reluctance to do so at the White House .
But there is hope , for Conservation Commissioner Bontempo has tagged the sanctuary as the kind of place the state hopes to include in its program to double its park space .
Now , as then , it is a matter of jobs .
But those who would revitalize so complex an organization must , first of all , overcome the resistance of layers of officials wedded to traditional procedures , suspicious of innovation and fearful of mistakes .
Mr. Hodges is so hopeful over the outlook that he doesn't think there will be any need of a cut in income taxes .
That breach was healed 20 years later by merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations .
James P. Mitchell , when he was the head of the department , promised to eat his hat if unemployment didn't drop below three million a couple of years ago .
Little resistance
In cooperating toward that objective , OAS might move with the speed and effectiveness demonstrated by the United States .
`` I have to see the facts '' , is the way the prince puts it .
Nor does Sen. Jackson discuss the delicate situation created by the presence in the White House of a corps of presidential assistants engaged in the study of foreign policy .
None of the Trujillo family remains .
He lost , but settled for a cake in the shape of a fedora .
And from that point of vantage he concedes another two years of grace to nations maintaining a pro-Western posture .

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Since then , many Protestant denominations have made separate pronouncements , in which they not only approved birth control , but declared it at times to be a religious duty .
Instead of Catholics' being obliged or even encouraged to beget the greatest possible number of offspring , as many Non-Catholics imagine , the ideal of responsible parenthood is stressed .
The laws of many states permit birth control only for medical reasons .
The general board declared : `` Most of the Protestant churches hold contraception and periodic continence to be morally right when the motives are right .
To try to oppose the general religious and moral conviction of such a majority by a legislative fiat would be to invite the same breakdown of law and order that was occasioned by the ill-starred Prohibition experiment .
Moreover , man may not supplant or frustrate the physical arrangements established by God , who through the law of rhythm has provided a natural method for the control of conception .
The board approved and commended the use of birth-control devices as a part of Christian responsibility in family planning .
The Church considers this to be the method provided by nature and its divine Author : It involves no frustration of nature's laws , but simply an intelligent and disciplined use of them .
The attempt to enforce that belief ushered in a reign of bootleggers , racketeers , hijackers and gangsters that led to a breakdown of law unparalleled in our history .
There is a difference in theological belief where there seems little chance of agreement .
The general Protestant conviction is that motives , rather than methods , form the primary moral issue , provided the methods are limited to the prevention of conception '' .
The so-called `` noble experiment '' came to an inglorious end .
The Roman Catholic natural-law tradition regards as self-evident that the primary objective purpose of the conjugal act is procreation and that the fostering of the mutual love of the spouses is the secondary and subjective end .
The Conference called for a vigorous campaign against the open or secret sale of contraceptives .
Believing that God is the Author of this law and of all laws of nature , Roman Catholics believe that they are obliged to obey those laws , not frustrate or mock them .
Both Roman Catholics and Protestants have succumbed to this temptation in the past .
Three agreed , but four declined and were suspended .
But people differ in their religious beliefs on scores of doctrines , without taking up arms against those who disagree with them .
A year later in Albany , N.Y. , a Roman Catholic hospital barred an orthopedic surgeon because of his connection with the Planned Parenthood Association .
Denouncing the view that the sexual union is an end in itself , the Conference declared : `` We steadfastly uphold what must always be regarded as the governing considerations of Christian marriage .
It has flared up periodically on the front pages of newspapers in communities divided over birth-prevention regulations in municipal hospitals and health and family-welfare agencies .
That experience holds a lesson for us all in regard to birth control today .
The latter plays a prominent role in Roman Catholic theology and is considered decisive , entirely apart from Scripture , in determining the ethical character of birth-prevention methods .
In 1920 , the Lambeth Conference repeated its 1908 condemnation of contraception and issued `` an emphatic warning against the use of unnatural means for the avoidance of conception , together with the grave dangers -- physical , moral , and religious -- thereby incurred , and against the evils which the extension of such use threaten the race '' .
There is general agreement also that sex union between husbands and wives as an expression of mutual affection without relation to procreation is right '' .
An action once universally condemned by all Christian churches and forbidden by the civil law is now not only approved by the overwhelming majority of Protestant denominations , but also deemed , at certain times , to be a positive religious duty .
It is because each side has sought to implement its distinctive theological belief through legislation and thus indirectly force its belief , or at least the practical consequences thereof , upon others .
With the exception of the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox Catholic Churches , most churches make no moral distinction between rhythm and mechanical or chemical contraceptives , allowing the couple free choice .
Why is it so different in regard to birth control ? ?
Among the chief victims of such an ill-conceived imposition would be religion itself .
After a flood of protests , they were reinstated at the beginning of 1953 .
What determines the morality , they state , is not the means used , but the motive In general , the means ( excluding abortion ) that prove most effective are considered the most ethical .
One is the primary purpose for which marriage exists , namely , the continuance of the race through the gift and heritage of children ; ;
In 1958 , the Conference endorsed birth control as the responsibility laid by God on parents everywhere .
The Roman Catholic Church sanctions only abstention or the rhythm method , also known as the use of the infertile or safe period .
the other is the paramount importance in married life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control '' .
Let it be granted then that the theological differences in this area between Protestants and Roman Catholics appear to be irreconcilable .
Repeated polls have disclosed that most married couples are now using contraceptives in the practice of birth control .
The Roman Catholic Church , however , sanctions a much more liberal policy on family planning .
This was generally reflected in the civil laws of Christian countries .
`` All too frequently '' , points out James O'Gara , managing editor of Commonweal , `` Catholics run roughshod over Protestant sensibilities in this matter , by failure to consider the reasoning behind the Protestant position and , particularly , by their jibes at the fact that Protestant opinion on birth control has changed in recent decades '' .
In 1930 , the Lambeth Conference again affirmed the primary purpose of marriage to be the procreation of children , but conceded that , in certain limited circumstances , contraception might be morally legitimate .
This means that such factors as the health of the parents , particularly the mother , their ability to provide their children with the necessities of life , the degree of population density of a country and the shortage of housing facilities may legitimately be taken into consideration in determining the number of offspring .
In New York City in 1958 , the city's Commissioner of Hospitals refused to permit a physician to provide a Protestant mother with a contraceptive device .
Immediately , the religious groups of the city were embroiled in an angry dispute over the alleged invasion of a man's right to freedom of religious belief and conscience .
Many of them sincerely believe that the use of liquor in any form or in any degree is intrinsically evil and sinful .
All too often our language is unduly harsh .
Pope Pius 12 , declared in 1951 that it is possible to be exempt from the normal obligation of parenthood for a long time and even for the whole duration of married life , if there are serious reasons , such as those often mentioned in the so-called medical , eugenic , economic and social `` indications '' .
The time has come for citizens of all faiths to unite in an effort to remove this divisive and nettlesome issue from the political and social life of our nation .
He thereby precipitated a bitter controversy involving Protestants , Jews and Roman Catholics that continued for two months , until the city's Board of Hospitals lifted the ban on birth-control therapy .
Consider what happened during World War 1 , , when the Protestant churches united to push the Prohibition law through Congress .
It has erupted on the national level in the matter of including birth-control information and material in foreign aid to underdeveloped countries .
Thus , man can readily deduce that the primary objective end of the conjugal act is procreation , the propagation of the race .
Instead of emotional recrimination , loaded phrases and sloganeering , we need a dispassionate study of the facts , a better understanding of the opposite viewpoint and a more serious effort to extend the areas of agreement until a solution is reached .
Only confusion , failure and anarchy result when the effort is made to impose upon the civil authority the impossible task of policing private homes to preclude the possibility of sin .
The second step is to recognize the substantial agreement -- frequently blurred by emotionalism and inaccurate newspaper reporting -- already existing between Catholics and Non-Catholics concerning the over-all objectives of family planning .
It called for opposition to laws and institutional practices restricting the information or availability of contraceptives .
Many other Protestant denominations preceded the Anglicans in such action .
Catholics , Protestants and Jews are in agreement over the objectives of family planning , but disagree over the methods to be used .
This development is reflected in the action taken in February , 1961 , by the general board of the National Council of Churches , the largest Protestant organization in the Aj .
This viewpoint has now been translated into action by the majority of people in this country .
`` As to the necessity '' , the committee declared , `` for some form of effective control of the size of the family and the spacing of children , and consequently of control of conception , there can be no question .
The peace of the community was badly disturbed , and people across the nation , reading of the incident , felt uneasy .
Up to the turn of the century , contraception was condemned by all Christian churches as immoral , unnatural and contrary to divine law .
It is always a temptation for a religious organization , especially a powerful or dominant one , to impose through the clenched fist of the law its creedal viewpoint upon others .
In Poughkeepsie , N.Y. , , in 1952 , a Roman Catholic hospital presented seven Protestant physicians with an ultimatum to quit the Planned Parenthood Federation or to resign from the hospital staff .
These are substantially the same factors considered by Non-Catholics in family planning .
The grounds for the Church's position are Scriptural ( Old Testament ) , the teachings of the fathers and doctors of the early Church , the unbroken tradition of nineteen centuries , the decisions of the highest ecclesiastical authority and the natural law .
Where it is not actually erupting , it rumbles and smolders in sullen resentment like a volcano , ready to explode at any moment .
For all concerned with social-welfare legislation , the significance of this radical and revolutionary change in the thought and habits of the vast majority of the American people is clear , profound and far-reaching .
That tumultuous , painful and costly experience shows clearly that a law expressing a moral judgment cannot be enforced when it has little correspondence with the general view of society .
These incidents , typical of many others , dramatize the distressing fact that no controversy during the last several decades has caused more tension , rancor and strife among religious groups in this country than the birth-control issue .
With the return of our soldiers , it soon became apparent that the belief was not shared by the great majority of citizens .
Family planning is encouraged , so that parents will be able to provide properly for their offspring .
The various Lambeth Conferences , expressing the Anglican viewpoint , mirror the gradual change that has taken place among Protestants generally .
The first step toward the goal is the establishment of a new atmosphere of mutual good will and friendly communication on other than the polemical level .
This brings us to the fact that the realities we are dealing with lie not in the field of civil legislation , but in the realm of conscience and religion : They are moral judgments and matters of theological belief .
This conclusion is based on two propositions : that man by the use of his reason can ascertain God's purpose in the universe and that God makes known His purpose by certain `` given '' physical arrangements .
Conscience and religion are concerned with private sin : The civil law is concerned with public crimes .
Today , the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches stand virtually alone in holding that conviction .
With over four million American men away at war , Protestants forced their distinctive theological belief upon the general public .
In March , 1931 , 22 out of 28 members of a committee of the Federal Council of Churches ratified artificial methods of birth control .

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The most recent film catalogue , available at each library , lists 110 titles presently in the collection , any of which may be borrowed without charge .
The inadequacy of our library system will become critical unless we act vigorously to correct this condition .
It is connected by teletype with the State Library in Albany , which will supply any book to a system that the system itself cannot provide .
At the other are organizations like the newly formed Nassau Library System , in a high-density area , with ample resources and a rapidly growing territory to serve .
The system passes on these savings to its members .
if we are not discriminating in our reading ; ;
Education must not be limited to our youth but must be a continuing process through our entire lives , for it is only through knowledge that we , as a nation , can cope with the dangers that threaten our society .
There are , for example , approximately 25,000,000 people in this country with no public library service and about 50,000,000 with inadequate service .
A large , well-stocked library , surrounded in a county by smaller ones , may feel that the demands on its resources are likely to be too great .
Each system develops differently , according to the area it serves , but the universal goal is to pool the resources of a given area for maximum efficiency .
Story hours , pre-school programs , activities with community agencies , and lists of recommended reading are all in the province of the children's consultant .
The local community maintains responsibility for the financial support of its own library program , facilities , and services , but wider resources and additional services become available through membership in a system .
What to buy out of the year's grist of nearly 15,000 book titles ? ?
It was a step in the right direction , but it took an additional act passed in 1958 to establish fully the thriving systems of today .
Today , more than ever before , the survival of our free society depends upon the citizen who is both informed and concerned .
The reference coordinator at headquarters also serves as a consultant , and is available to work with the local librarian in helping to strengthen local reference service .
A startlingly high percentage do not exceed $500 annually , which includes the librarian's salary , and not even the New York Public has enough money to meet its needs -- this in the world's richest city .
An earlier difficulty was overcome by making it clear that individual libraries in any area might join or not , as they saw fit .
This is one of the main reasons for National Library Week , April 16-22 , and for its theme : `` For a richer , fuller life , read '' ! !
Headquarters gets about 100 requests every day .
Basic reference tools are the backbone of the collection , but there is also specialization in science and technology , an indicated weakness in local libraries .
At one extreme are the systems of upper New York State , where libraries in two or more counties combine to serve a large , sparsely populated area .
Although progress has been made in America's system of libraries it still falls short of what is required if we are to maintain the standards that are needed for an informed America .
Because it is so large a state , with marked contrasts in population density , the organization of the New York co-operative offers a cross-section of how the plan works .
In some parts of the country , however , a co-operative movement has begun to grow , under the wing of state governments , whereby , with the financial help of the state , libraries share their book resources on a county-wide or regional basis .
This kind of cooperation is not wholly new , of course .
Sample copies of new books are on display at headquarters , where librarians may evaluate them by themselves or in workshop groups .
In Nassau , as in other systems , the long-range objective is to bring the maximum service of libraries to bear on the schools , and on adult education in general .
Books are not the only resource of the system .
The great advances made in recent years in Communist strength and in our own capacity to destroy require an educated citizenry in the Western world .
On microfilm , headquarters also has a file of the New York Times from its founding in 1851 to the present day , as well as bound volumes of important periodicals .
The problem grows in intensity each year as man's knowledge , and his capacity to translate such knowledge to the written word , continue to expand .
if we do not know how to use what we do read .
What to buy for adult and child readers , for lovers of fiction and nonfiction , for a clientele whose wants are incredibly diversified , when your budget is pitifully small ? ?
Confronted with this situation , most libraries either endure the severe limitations of their budgets and do what they can with what they have , or else depend on the bounty of patrons and local governments to supplement their annual funds .
The system itself is governed by a board of trustees , geographically representing its membership .
The desire and ability to read are important aspects of our cultural life .
Local libraries find , too , that the new plan saves tax dollars because books can be bought through the system , and since the system buys in bulk it is able to obtain larger discounts than would be available to an individual library .
This catalogue lists separately films suitable for children , young adults , or adults , although some classics cut across age groups , such as `` Nanook Of The North '' , `` The Emperor's Nightingale '' , and `` The Red Balloon '' .
it prepares cooperative displays ( posters , booklists , brochures , and other promotional material ) for use in member libraries ; ;
Further money is saved through economy in bookkeeping and clerical detail as the result of central billing .
We cannot consider ourselves educated if we do not read ; ;
The major part of this collection is in the central headquarters building , and the remainder is divided among five libraries in the system designated as subject centers .
history , biography , and education are centered in Hempstead ; ;
Freeport houses social science , pure science , and language ; ;
New York State has what is probably the most advanced of these co-operative systems , so well developed that it has become a model for others to follow .
In Nassau County , for example , the heavily settled Long Island suburb of New York City , the system is credited by the state with serving one million persons , a figure that has doubled since 1950 .
All services are given without cost to members .
The Nassau system recognizes that its major task it to broaden reference service , what with the constant expansion of education and knowledge , and the pressure of population growth in a metropolitan area .
Headquarters of the Nassau system is an increasingly busy place these days , threatening to expand beyond its boundaries .
The system well understands that one of its primary responsibilities is to bring children and books together ; ;
A fundamental source of knowledge in the world today is the book found in our libraries .
Both these types , and those in between , are in existence by reason of a legislative interest in libraries that began at Albany as early as 1950 , with the creation by the legislature of county library systems financed by county governments with matching funds from the state .
The plight of a small community library is proportionately worse .
while Hewlett-Woodmere is the repository of art , music , and foreign languages .
And over 66 per cent of the elementary schools with 150 or more pupils do not have any library at all .
To them especially the librarians , with the help of co-ops , hope they will never have to say , `` I'm sorry , we don't have that book '' .
consequently an experienced children's librarian at headquarters conducts a guidance program designed to promote well-planned library activities , cooperating with the children's librarians in member libraries by means of individual conferences , workshops , and frequent visits .
In every aspect of service -- to the public , to children in schools , to colleges and universities -- the library of today is failing to render vitally needed services .
Library use is multiplying daily , and the bulk of the newcomers are those maligned Americans , the teen-agers .
This system , by virtue of its variety and size , offers an inclusive view of the plan in operation .
Nassau is currently building a central collection of reference materials in its Hempstead headquarters , which will reach its goal of 100,000 volumes by 1965 .
Schools and community groups turn to the headquarters film library for documentary , art , and experimental films to show at libraries that sponsor local programs , and to organizations in member communities .
Workshops are conducted by the system's audio-visual consultant for the staffs of member libraries , teaching them the effective use of film as a library service .
The basic state grant is thirty cents for each person served , and there is a further book incentive grant that provides an extra twenty cents up to fifty cents per capita , if a library spends a certain number of dollars .
Librarians , a patient breed of men and women who have borne much with dedication , can begin to see results today .
Headquarters has also set up a central juvenile book-review and book-selection center , to provide better methods of purchasing and selection .
Public libraries in Nassau County have been lending books to each other by mail for a quarter-century , but the system enables this process to operate on an organized and far more comprehensive basis .
The need for lifetime reading is apparent .
The collection may be in an existing library , or it may be built up in a central collection .
Most library budgets are hopelessly inadequate .
Under this law annual grants are given to systems in substantial amounts .
In addition to the interlibrary loan service and the children's program , headquarters has a public relations director who seeks to get wider grassroots support for quality library service in the county ; ;
it maintains a central exhibit collection to share displays already created and used ; ;
We must not permit our society to become a slave to the scientific age , as might well happen without the cultural and spiritual restraint that comes from the development of the human mind through wisdom absorbed from the written word .
Within a system , however , the autonomy of each member library is preserved .
and it publishes Sum And Substance , a monthly newsletter , which reports the system's activities to the staffs and trustees of member libraries .
There wouldn't be much demand for it , I'm afraid '' .
A small library may cherish its independence and established ways , and resist joining in a cooperative movement that sometimes seems radical to older members of the board .
Some library boards are wary of the plan .
To set up a co-operative library system , the law requires a central book collection of 100,000 nonfiction volumes as the nucleus , and the system is organized around it .
The books are carried around by truck in canvas bags from headquarters to the other libraries .
So obvious are these advantages that nearly 95 per cent of the population of New York State now has access to a system , and enthusiastic librarians foresee the day , not too distant , when all the libraries in the state will belong to a co-op .
The entire headquarters collection is available to the patrons of all members on interlibrary loans .
Levittown has applied science , business , and literature ; ;
Behind this reply , and its many variations , is the ever-present budget problem all libraries must face , from the largest to the smallest .
Each subject center library was chosen because of its demonstrated strength in a particular area , which headquarters could then build upon .
Every library borrower , or at least those whose taste goes beyond the five-cent fiction rentals , knows what it is to hear the librarian say apologetically , `` I'm sorry , but we don't have that book .
The need is for reference works of a more specialized nature than individual libraries , adequate to satisfy everyday needs , could afford .
In college libraries , 57 per cent of the total number of books are owned by 124 of 1,509 institutions surveyed last year by the U.S. Office of Education .
East Meadow has philosophy , psychology , and religion ; ;
Only public understanding and support can provide that service .

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Change in pitchers .
The Pirates have a 9-6 record this year and the Redbirds are 7-9 .
The most valuable player award was split three ways , among Glen Mankowski , Gordon Hartweger and Tom Kieffer .
Mays' day came a day earlier for Willie than for the kids and Commies this year .
Within a week after the injury , suffered in St. Louis's victory in the final game of the Kentucky tournament , Nordmann was sitting on the Bill's bench doing what he could to help Benington .
Despite the recession , Pittsburgh came into town with this imposing list of averages : Smoky Burgess , Gino Cimoli , Bill Virdon , Bob Clemente and Dick Groat , each
Since 1949 , the St. Louis club has been below on May 1 just four times .
and Bob Skinner
A year later they were 4-13 .
With a lefthander going for Pittsburgh , I may use Don Taussig in center '' .
Bill Mazeroski with and Hal Smith with were the only Pirates dragging their feet .
`` You often hear people talk about team spirit and that sort of thing '' , Benington said in a conversation after the ceremonies , `` but what this team had was a little different .
And what leadership a proud Mantle has given so far .
With the speed and power of the body beautiful he saw before him , Ol' Case wanted No. 7 to be not only the best homerun hitter , but also the best bunter , base-runner and outfielder .
The tie was against Southeast Missouri last Friday .
They have the same men , no age problem , no injuries and they also have Vinegar Bend Mizell for the full season , along with Bobby Shantz '' .
Boyer is suffering from a stiff neck .
On last May 1 , the Cardinals stood at 7-6 , ending a two-season fall-off on that milestone .
On the clock given him was the inscription , `` For Outstanding Contribution to Billiken Basketball , 1960-61 '' .
`` This team set a precedent that could be valuable in the future '' , Benington pointed out .
Manager Hemus , eager to end a pitching slump that has brought four losses in the five games on the current home stand , moved Gibson to the Wednesday night starting assignment .
The boys had a tremendous respect for each other's ability .
If it's true that contented cows give more milk , why shouldn't happy ball players produce more base hits ? ?
Mrs. Benington admired Gordon's spirit and did what she could to persuade her husband that the boy might help the team .
`` Several times I found the players pepping me up , where it usually is the coach who is supposed to deliver the fight talk .
2 The desire to give Broglio as many starts as possible ; ;
Next to Leo Durocher , Dark taught Mays the most when he was a grass-green rookie rushed up to the Polo Grounds 10 years ago this month , to help the Giants win a dramatic pennant .
.
Tonight at 8 o'clock the Cardinals , who gave the Pirates as much trouble as anyone did in 1960 , breaking even with them , will get their first 1961 shot at baseball's world champions .
The victory was the first of the season for the Billikens after nine defeats and a tie .
, Dick Stuart , Don Hoak
After a lengthy workout yesterday , an open date , Hemus said that Bob Nieman definitely would stay in the lineup .
Benington said , `` I've never seen a player have a game as great as Mankowski did against Bradley that day '' .
The game opened a busy week for Washington .
Willie's wonderful walloping Sunday -- four home runs -- served merely to emphasize how happy he is to be playing for Alvin Dark .
Speakers at a Tipoff Club dinner dealt lavish praise to a group of St. Louis University players who , in the words of Coach John Benington , `` had more confidence in themselves than I did '' .
Nieman kept in lineup .
Solly Hemus announced a switch in his starting pitcher , from Bob Gibson to Ernie Broglio , for several reasons : 1 Broglio's 4-0 won-lost record and 1.24 earned-run mark against Pittsburgh a year ago ; ;
The '49 team was off to a so-so 5-5 beginning , then fell as low as 12-17 on May 23 before finishing with 96 victories .
Benington recalled that he once told Hartweger that he doubted Gordon would ever play much for him because he seemed to be lacking in all of the accepted basketball skills .
The truth is , though , that men react differently to different treatment .
The Major decided that , rather than be led , the slugger could lead .
Mantle , the bull-necked blond switch-hitter , had one sensational triple-crown season , 1959 , when he batted and also led the American League in home runs , 52 , and rbi's , 130 .
Mizell has won both of his starts .
And that's meant as a boost , not a knock .
`` Bill White ( sore ankles ) should be ready .
Our pitching is much better than it has shown '' .
Since 1949 , the only National League club that got off to a hot start and made a runaway of the race was the '55 Dodger team .
Friend is off to a great start with a 4-0 record but isn't likely to see action here this week .
3 The Redbirds' disheartening 11-7 collapse against the Phillies Sunday .
For that matter , Stan Musial is rare , possessing the disposition that enabled him to put out the same for seven managers , reserving his opinions , but not his effort .
Bevo was congratulated for his efforts to stay in shape so that he could help the team if his knee healed in time .
Stengel probably preached too much in the early days when the kid wanted to pop his bubble gum and sow his oats .
They honored the battling Billikens last night .
The club that overcame the worst start in a comparable period to win the pennant was New York's '51 Giants , who dropped 11 of their first 13 .
St. Louis University found a way to win a baseball game .
The trio who shared the most-valuable honors were introduced by Bob Broeg , sports editor of the Post-Dispatch .
If the Cardinals heed Manager Gene Mauch of the Phillies , they won't be misled by the Pirates' slower start this season .
Haddix has a 13-8 record against the Redbirds , despite only a 1-3 mark in 1960 .
Then last season the Birds tumbled as low as 11-18 on May 19 before recovering to make a race of it and total 86 victories .
Scherer also had a big night at bat with four hits in five trips including a double , Len Boehmer also was 4-for-5 with two doubles and Dave Ritchie had a home run and a triple .
Six Bucks over .
`` I have to stay with Nieman for a while '' , Hemus said .
Yes , we know , they're professionals , men paid to play , and they shouldn't care how they're handled , just as long as their names are spelled correctly on the first and fifteenth of each month .
Those Dodgers won their first 10 games and owned a 21-2 mark and a nine-game lead by May 8 .
Stengel inherited DiMaggio , Rizzuto , but he brought up Mantle from Class C to the majors , from Joplin to New York .
Bob Burnes , sports editor of the Globe-Democrat , presented Bob Nordmann with his award .
Inheriting a more mature Mantle , who now has seen the sights on and off Broadway , Ralph Houk quietly bestowed , no pun intended , the mantle of authority on Mickey .
Other lettermen from the team that compiled a 21-9 record and finished as runner-up in the National Invitation Tournament were : Art Hambric , Donnell Reid , Bill Nordmann , Dave Harris , Dave Luechtefeld and George Latinovich .
`` By winning against Bradley , Kentucky and Notre Dame on those teams' home courts , they showed that the home court advantage can be overcome anywhere and that it doesn't take a super team to do it '' .
Larry Scherer last night pitched a no-hit game , said to be the first in Billiken baseball history , as the Blue and White beat Southeast Missouri State College , 5-1 , at Crystal City .
No plunkers for him '' .
They knew what they could do and it was often a little more than I thought they could do .
Mantle , it's apparent , resented Casey Stengel's attempts to push and prod him into the perfection the veteran manager saw as a thrilling possibility .
Four for Alvin
The opinion continues here that with a 162-game schedule , pitching spread thin through a 10-team league and a most inviting target in Los Angeles' Wrigley Field Jr. , Mantle just might break the most glamorous record on the books , Babe Ruth's 60 homers of 1927 .
Perhaps the Pirate who will be the unhappiest over the news that Musial probably will sit out most of the series is Bob Friend , who was beaten by The Man twice last season on dramatic home runs .
The two top talents of the time , Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays , have hit the ball harder and more successfully so far this early season than at any period in careers which , to be frank about it , never have quite reached expectations .
Their heights , that is .
In addition , a special award was given to Bob ( Bevo ) Nordmann , the 6-foot-10 center who missed much of the season because of a knee injury .
`` Lindy McDaniel threw batting practice about 25 minutes , and he looked good '' , Hemus said .
Harvey Haddix , set back by the flu this season , will start against his former Cardinal mates , who might be playing without captain Kenny Boyer in tonight's game at Busch Stadium .
Happy hitting
Kieffer , the only junior in the group , was commended for his ability to hit in the clutch , as well as his all-round excellent play .
In 1958 , the Birds were 3-10 on May 1 .
We'd be losing at halftime to a good team and Hartweger would say , ' Don't worry , Coach -- we'll get 'em all right ' '' .
Now , apparently happier under new managers , Mays and Mantle , the perfect players , are behaving as though they're going to pass those previous peaks .
After Thursday's open date , Solly plans to open with Larry Jackson against the Cubs here Friday night .
That means Stan Musial probably will ride the bench on the seventh anniversary of his record five-home run day against the Giants .
After the coach listed all the boy's faults , Hartweger said , `` Coach before I leave here , you'll get to like me '' .
The old man was almost too possessive .
St. Louis U. was to be in action again today with a game scheduled at 4 against Washington University at Ligget Field .
Like the Yankees' slugger , Mays , the terror of the Giants , has had seasons that would be considered the ultimate by most players , but not by -- or for -- Willie .
`` The Pirates showed they could outclass the field last year .
His best years were 1954 when he hit with 41 homers and '55 when he belted 51 home runs , drove in 127 and stole 24 bases .
Pirate Manager Danny Murtaugh said he hadn't decided between Mizell and Vern Law for Wednesday's game .
Mankowski , the ball-hawking defensive expert , was cited for his performance against Bradley in St. Louis U.'s nationally televised victory .
Mays and Mantle , both 10-year men at 30 , have so much ability that , baseball men agree , they've never hit the heights .
`` We're getting Friend some runs for a change , and he has been pitching good '' , Murtaugh said .
The '52 Cards were 6-7 on May 1 but ended with 88 triumphs , the club's top since 1949 .
As Hartweger accepted his silver bowl , he said , `` I want to thank coach's wife for talking him into letting me play '' .
The Pirates jumped off to an 11-3 start by May 1 last year , when the Redbirds as well as the Dodgers held them even over the season .
Labor relations
`` Virdon has been blasting the ball .
`` Pittsburgh definitely is the team to beat '' , Mauch said here the other day .
The Bears are set to play at Harris Teachers College at 3:30 tomorrow and have a doubleheader at Quincy , Ill. , Saturday .
The statistics hardly indicated that the Pirates needed extra batting practice , but Murtaugh also turned his men loose at Busch Stadium yesterday .
`` He should be getting back in the groove before long .
Until the Bucs' bats quieted down a bit in Cincinnati over the weekend , the champions had eight men hitting over .
Six Bucs over .

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Where such a value system prevails , it always unifies all who possess it ; ;
In societies like ours , however , its place is less clear and more complex .
Finally , it gives meaning to much social endeavor , and logic , consistency , and meaning to life .
2 : :
As he points out , a religious group cannot exist without a collective credo , and the more extensive the credo , the more unified and strong is the group .
for example , those regarding material objects and pragmatic ends .
As such it acts as an anchor for the people .
There are several closely related inner functions .
Among primitive peoples the sanctions and dictates of religion were more binding than any of the other controls exercised by the group ; ;
He is not lost in the abyss of endless time ; ;
The Jews for 2500 years have been a prime example , though the adherents of any world or interpeople religion are cases in point .
The universe is a safe and permanent home .
The codes are mechanism for training in , and directing and enforcing , uniform social interaction , and for continually and publicly reasserting the solidarity of the group .
These are ways of jointly participating in significantly symbolized , standardized , and ordered religiously sanctified behavior .
The religious symbolism , and especially the closely related rites and worship forms , constitute a powerful bond for the members of the particular faith .
It gives social guidance and direction and makes for programs of social action .
Much of the important individual and social action has been owing to religious incentives .
It tends to support the longstanding precious sentiments , the traditional ways of thinking , and the customary ways of living .
Nevertheless , for most of the population of heterogeneous advanced societies , though less for the less religious portion , religion does perform certain modal individual and social functions .
Some of the major functions of religion
for example , marriage as a sacrament , much law-breaking as sinful , occasionally the state as a divine instrument .
This is brought out in the common religious ethos that prevails even in the denominationally diverse audiences at many secular semi-public and public occasions in the United States ; ;
Even in the United States , with its freedom of religious belief and worship and its vast denominational differentiation , there is a general consensus regarding the basic Christian values .
Religion usually exercises a stabilizing-conserving function .
it enables members of the society to operate as a system .
Some of the oldest , most persistent , and most cohesive forms of social groupings have grown out of religion .
In the last analysis , religion is the means of inducing , formulating , expressing , enhancing , implementing , and perpetuating man's deepest experience -- the religious .
If the inner functions of religion are performed , the individual is a composed , ordered , motivated , and emotionally secure associate ; ;
Historically , religion has also functioned as a tremendous engine of vindication , enforcement , sanction , and perpetuation of various other institutions .
His religious beliefs provide him with plausible explanations for many conditions which cause him great concern , and his religious faith makes possible fortitude , equanimity , and consolation , enabling him to endure colossal misfortune , fear , frustration , uncertainty , suffering , evil , and danger .
A number of religions also satisfy for many the need of being linked with the ultimate and eternal .
In general , there is no society so secularized as to be completely without religiously inspired transcendental ends .
as a complex it fits into the whole social organization and functions dominantly in every part of it .
Religion integrates and unifies .
the instrumentalities follow .
Finally , it gives sanctity , more than human legitimacy , and even , through super-empirical reference , transcendent and supernatural importance to some values ; ;
life leads somewhere .
The unifying effect of religion is also brought out in the fact that historically peoples have clung together as more or less cohesive cultural units , with religion as the dominant bond , even though spatially dispersed and not politically organized .
This is demonstrated especially when there is awareness of radically different value orientation elsewhere ; ;
Religion has its own supernatural prescriptions that are at the same time codes of behavior for the here and now .
The tensions accompanying a repressive consciousness of wrongdoing or sinning or some tormenting secret are relieved for the less self-contained or self-sufficient by confession , repentance , and penance .
The chief experience is the sensing of communion , and in the higher religions , of a harmonious relationship with the supernatural power .
Religion usually acts as a powerful aid in social control , enforcing what men should or should not do .
Related to this is the fact that most of the higher religions define for the individual his place in the universe and give him a feeling that he is relatively secure in an ordered , dependable universe .
The kind of religious experience that most moderns seek not only provides , clarifies , and relates human yearnings , values , ideals , and purposes ; ;
The great ultimate ends of religion have served as magnificent beacon lights that lured people toward them with an almost irresistible force , mobilizing energies and inducing sacrifices ; ;
Religion seeks to satisfy human needs of great pertinence .
The significant things in it , at the higher religious levels , are the inner emotional , mental , and spiritual occurrences that fill the pressing human needs of self-preservation , self-pacification , and self-completion .
he is a coordinate part of all of the mysterious energy and being and movement .
His view is that every religion pertains to a community , and , conversely , every community is in one aspect a religious unit .
Religion is vitally necessary in both societal maintenance and regulation .
for example , a plan that fulfills the will of God , which advances the Kingdom of God , which involves social life as part of the Grand Design .
Closely related to this function is the fact that the religious system provides a body of ultimate ends for the society , which are compatible with the supreme eternal ends .
The feeling of individual inferiority , defeat , or humilation growing out of various social situations or individual deficiencies or failures is compensated for by communion in worship or prayer with a friendly , but all-victorious Father-God , as well as by sympathetic fellowship with others who share this faith , and by opportunities in religious acts for giving vent to emotions and energies .
Furthermore , religion tends to integrate the whole range of values from the highest or ultimate values of God to the intermediary and subordinate values ; ;
In addition to the functions of religion within man , there have always been the outer social functions for the community and society .
Religion provides the most attractive rewards , either in this world or the next , for those who not merely abide by its norms , but who engage in good works .
and there are different opinions as to the essential functions of religion .
and in modern societies such influence is still great .
Without a system of values there can be no society .
This explains some group ends and provides a justification of their primacy .
The common ultimate values , ends and goals fostered by religion are a most important factor .
and it is evidenced in the prayers offered , in the frequent religious allusions , and in the confirmation of points on religious grounds .
It gives him aid , comfort , even solace , in meeting mundane life situations where his own unassisted practical knowledge and skill are felt by him to be inadequate .
With the diversity of religious viewpoints , there are differences of opinion as to the essential features of religion ; ;
the more extensive and firm the body of doctrine , the firmer the group .
for example , the Crusades , mission efforts , just wars .
Man is first religious ; ;
Religion usually also includes a principle of compensation , mainly in a promised perfect future state .
Man has the experience of being helpfully allied with what he cannot fully understand ; ;
Durkheim noted long ago that religion as `` a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things unites into one single moral community all those who adhere to them '' .
Religion fosters group life in various ways .
The place of religion in the simple , preliterate societies is quite definite ; ;
man has a second chance .
In America also all of our major religious bodies officially sanction a universalistic ethic which is reflective of our common religion .
Under the religious impulse , whether theistic or humanistic , men have joy in living ; ;
Religion at its best is out in front , ever beckoning and leading on , and , as Lippman put it , `` mobilizing all man's scattered energies in one triumphant sense of his own infinite importance '' .
The belief in immortality , where held , functions as a redress for the ills and disappointments of the here and now .
The value-system of a community or society is always correlated with , and to a degree dependent upon , a more or less shared system of religious beliefs and convictions .
Much effort has been expended in the sincere effort to apply the teaching and admonitions of religion .
The insuperable reward systems that most religions embody have great motivating effects .
It has thus been a significant factor in the conservation of social values , though also in some measure , an obstacle to the creation or diffusion of new ones .
There is a marked tendency for religions , once firmly established , to resist change , not only in their own doctrines and policies and practices , but also in secular affairs having religious relevance .
There is also the possibility , among higher religions , of experiencing consistent meaning in life and enjoying guidance and expansiveness .
The two have never been separable .
He is confronted with the recurrent crises , such as great natural catastrophes and the great transitions of life -- marriage , incurable disease , widowhood , old age , the certainty of death .
Religion at its best also offers the experience of spiritual fulfillment by inviting man into the highest realm of the spirit .
Even the non-church members -- the freewheelers , marginal religionists and so on -- have the values of Christian civilization internalized in them .
At the same time that religion binds the individual helpfully to the supernatural and gives him cosmic peace and a sense of supreme fulfillment , it also has great therapeutic value for him .
he is not greatly frustrated , and he is not anomic ; ;
Although the inner functions of religion are not of direct significance in social organization , they have important indirect consequences .
he is better fitted to perform his social life among his fellows .
At the same time that religion exercises a conserving influence , it also energizes and motivates both individuals and groups .
He has to cope with frustration and other emotional disturbance and anomie .
The credo unifies and socializes men by attaching them completely to an identical body of doctrine ; ;
for example Americans rally to Christian values vis-a-vis those of atheistic communism .
The common codes , for religious action as such and in their ethical aspects for everyday moral behavior , bind the devotees together .
Death is not permanent defeat and disappearance ; ;
These groups have varied widely from mere families , primitive , totemic groups , and small modern cults and sects , to the memberships of great denominations , and great , widely dispersed world religions .
he has endless being .
It places certain values at least beyond questioning and tampering .
This something leads to a conception of an over-all Social Plan with a meaning interpretable in terms of ultimate ends ; ;
It might be pointed out that the integrating function of religion , for good or ill , has often supported or been identified with other groupings -- political , nationality , language , class , racial , sociability , even economic .
The religion supports , re-enforces , reaffirms , and maintains the fundamental values .
As Yinger has pointed out , the `` reliance on symbols , on tradition , on sacred writings , on the cultivation of emotional feelings of identity and harmony with sacred values , turns one to the past far more than to the future '' .
The beliefs of a religion also reflecting the values are expressed in creeds , dogmas , and doctrines , and form what Durkheim calls a credo .
In providing for these inner individual functions , religion undertakes in behalf of individual peace of mind and well-being services for which there is no other institution .
The religion , in fact , is an expression of the unity of the group , small or large .
it also provides facilities and incitements for the development of personality , sociality , and creativeness .
Religion can summate , epitomize , relate , and conserve all the highest ideals and values -- ethical , aesthetic , and religious -- of man formed in his culture .

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This was a doubly bitter blow to the king .
The French were now occupying Gascony and Flanders on the technical grounds that their rulers had forfeited them by a breach of the feudal contract .
This also gave them the unpleasant duty of being spokesmen for the mission , and they could foresee that that would not be easy .
And yet he made no pretense about it ; ;
In the eyes of those who still cared for such things , it was a reflection on his honor , and it gave further grounds for complaint to his overtaxed subjects , who were already grumbling -- although probably not in Latin -- `` Non est lex sana Quod regi sit mea lana '' .
Boniface was later to explain to the English that Robert of Burgundy and Guy De St.-Pol were easy enough to do business with ; ;
A northern ambassador , willing to keep his mouth shut and his ears open , could learn a lot that would stand him in good stead at the Curia .
Amadee may have owed this partly to his relationship with the king , but Othon , who at sixty seems still to have been a simple knight , merited his position solely by his own character and ability .
He was unable to send any more help to his allies on the Continent , and during the next few years many of them , left to resist French pressure unaided , surrendered to the inevitable and made their peace with Philip .
But Edward was invading Scotland for precisely the same reason , and his insubordinate vassal was the ally of the king of France .
Even so , Edward's ambassadors can scarcely have foreseen that five years of unremitting work lay ahead of them before peace was finally made and that when it did come the countless embassies that left England for Rome during that period had very little to do with it .
the Low Countries , where the Middle Ages were to last for another two centuries and die out only when Charles the Bold of Burgundy met his first defeat in the fields and forests below the walls of Grandson .
In spite of the armistice negotiated by Amadee two years earlier , the war between Bishop Guillaume of Lausanne and Louis of Savoy was still going on , and although little is known about it , that little proves that it was yet another phase of the struggle against French expansion and was closely interwoven with the larger conflict .
These chatty merchants made amusing and instructive traveling companions , for their business took them to all four corners of the globe , and Florentine gossip had already reached a high stage of development as even a cursory glance at the Inferno will prove .
`` Tact '' , by its very derivation , implies that its possessor keeps in touch with other people , but the author of Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam , the wielder of the two swords , the papal sun of which the imperial moon was but a dim reflection , the peer of Caesar and vice-regent of Christ , was so high above other human beings that he had forgotten what they were like .
when the pope , trying no doubt to appeal to his better nature , said to him , `` You have already taken Normandy .
But all the reports of this first embassy show that the two Savoyards were the heads of it , for they were the only ones who were empowered to swear for the king that he would abide by the pope's decision and who were allowed to appoint deputies in the event that one was unavoidably absent .
Behind him lay the Low Countries , where men were still completing the cathedrals that a later Florentine would describe as `` a malediction of little tabernacles , one on top of the other , with so many pyramids and spires and leaves that it is a wonder they stand up at all , for they look as though they were made of paper instead of stone or marble '' ; ;
Bad relations between England and Flanders brought hard times to the shepherds scattered over the dales and downs as well as to the crowded Flemish cities , and while the English , so far , had done no more than grumble , Othon had seen what the discontent might lead to , for before he left the Low Countries the citizens of Ghent had risen in protest against the expense of supporting Edward and his troops , and the regular soldiers had found it unexpectedly difficult to put down the nasty little riot that ensued .
Loyal and unscrupulous , with a single-minded ambition to which he devoted all his energies , he outmatched the English diplomats time and time again until , by a kind of poetic justice , he fell at the battle of Courtrai , the victim of the equally nationalistic if less articulate Flemings .
The defeat and death of Adolf of Nassau at the hands of Albert of Habsburg also worked to the disadvantage of the English , for all the efforts to revive the anti-French coalition came to nothing when Philip made an alliance with the new king of the Romans .
This was Boniface's monumental tactlessness .
They had other topics of conversation , besides their news from courts and fairs , which were of interest to Othon , the builder of castles in Wales and churches in his native country .
The Scots had found a new leader in William Wallace , and Edward's yearly expeditions across the Border called for evermounting taxes , which only increased his difficulties with the barons and the clergy .
The English , relying on a prejudiced arbiter and confronted with superior diplomatic skill , were also hampered in their negotiations by the events that were taking place at home .
But when the situation was so complicated that even Nogaret , one of the principal actors in the drama , could misinterpret the pope's motives , it is possible that Othon and his companions , equally baffled , attributed their difficulties to a more immediate cause .
To the pope , head of the universal Church , to the duke of Burgundy , taking full advantage of his position on the borders of France and of the Empire , or to Othon , who found it quite natural that he should do homage to Edward for Tipperary and to the count of Savoy for Grandson , Flotte's outspoken nationalism was completely incomprehensible .
These shifts in alliance and allegiance not only increased the difficulties confronting the English embassy as a whole , but also directly involved the two Savoyards , Amadee and Othon .
Do you want to drive the king of England from all his overseas possessions '' ? ?
If his circumspection in regard to Philip's sensibilities went so far that he even refused to grant a dispensation for the marriage of Amadee's daughter , Agnes , to the son of the dauphin of Vienne -- a truly peacemaking move according to thirteenth-century ideas , for Savoy and Dauphine were as usual fighting on opposite sides -- for fear that he might seem to be favoring the anti-French coalition , he would certainly never take the far more drastic step of ordering the return of Gascony to Edward , even though , as he admitted to the English ambassadors , he had been advised that the original cession was invalid .
He was a learned and brilliant man , one of the best jurists in Europe and with flashes of penetrating insight , and yet in his dealings with other people , particularly when he tried to be ingratiating , he was capable of an abysmal stupidity that can have come only from a complete incomprehension of human nature and human motives .
Underneath all the high-sounding phrases of royal and papal letters and behind the more down-to-earth instructions to the envoys was the inescapable fact that Edward would have to desert his Flemish allies and leave them to the vengeance of their indignant suzerain , the king of France , in return for being given an equally free hand with the insubordinate Scots .
The Frenchman's answer was a terse `` Vous dites vrai '' .
On the other hand , he did not want to offend Edward either , and he found himself in a very difficult position .
But although in many of these discussions Othon and Amadee might have been tempted to consider their own interests as well as those of the king , Edward's confidence in them was so absolute that they were made the acknowledged leaders of the embassy .
The younger men , Vere , and Pembroke , who was also Edward's cousin and whose Lusignan blood gave him the swarthy complexion that caused Edward of Carnarvon's irreverent friend , Piers Gaveston , to nickname him `` Joseph the Jew '' , were relatively new to the game of diplomacy , but Pontissara had been on missions to Rome before , and Hotham , a man of great learning , `` jocund in speech , agreeable to meet , of honest religion , and pleasing in the eyes of all '' , and an archbishop to boot , was as reliable and experienced as Othon himself .
Boniface had to uphold the sacredness of the feudal contract at all costs , for it was only as suzerain of Sicily and of the Patrimony of Peter that he had any justification for his Italian wars , but in the English-Scottish-French triangle it was almost impossible for him to recognize the claims of any one of the contestants without seeming to invalidate those of the other two .
Because of these involvements in the matter at stake , Boniface lacked the impartiality that is supposed to be an essential qualification for the position of arbiter , and in retrospect that would seem to be sufficient reason why the English embassies to the Curia proved so fruitless .
Nogaret is hardly an impartial witness , and even he did not make his charges against Boniface until the latter was dead , but there is some truth in what he said and more in what he did not say .
For by now the original cause of the quarrel , Philip's seizure of Gascony , was only one strand in the spider web of French interests that overlay all western Europe and that had been so well and closely spun that the lightest movement could set it trembling from one end to the other .
They had risen from humble beginnings by their own diligence and astuteness , they were unfettered by the codes that bound nobles like Othon or even the older generation of clerks like Hotham , and they were working for an end that their opponents had never even visualized .
A second truce had been arbitrated in April , 1298 , by Jean D'Arlay , lord of Chalon-sur-Saone , the most staunch of Edward's Burgundian allies , and these last were represented in the discussions at the Curia by Gautier de Montfaucon , Othon's neighbor and a member of the Vaudois coalition .
On the surface , the whole question was purely feudal .
This lofty disregard for others was not shared by such men as Pierre Flotte and his associates , that `` brilliant group of mediocre men '' , as Powicke calls them , who provided the brains for the French embassy that came to Rome under the nominal leadership of the archbishop of Narbonne , the duke of Burgundy , and the count of St.-Pol .
the pope was playing a dangerous game , with so many balls in the air at once that a misstep would bring them all about his ears , and his only hope was to temporize so that he could take advantage of every change in the delicate balance of European affairs .
It was not merely a hunger for `` money , gold and precious objects '' that delayed the papal pronouncement that could have brought the war to an end ; ;
When the negotiations began , his quarrel with the king of France was temporarily in abeyance , and he had no intention of reviving it so long as there was hope that French money would come to pay the troops who , under Charles of Valois , the papal vicar of Tuscany , were so valuable in the crusade against the Colonna cardinals and their Sicilian allies .
It is hard not to lay most of the blame for their failures on the pope .
In all the talk of feudal rights , the knights and bishops must never forget the woolworkers , nor was it easy to do so , for all along the road to Italy they passed the Florentine pack trains going home with their loads of raw wool from England and rough Flemish cloth , the former to be spun and woven by the Arte Della Lana and the latter to be refined and dyed by the Arte Della Calimala with the pigment recently discovered in Asia Minor by one of their members , Bernardo Rucellai , the secret of which they jealously kept for themselves .
it was the clerks who caused the mischief and who made him say that the ruling passion of their race was covetousness and that in dealing with them he never knew whether he had to do with a Frenchman or with a devil .

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There would be no halos , no angels .
Rabbi Melzi smiled at him with infinitely old but merry eyes .
He was crouched over his anvil in the courtyard getting his chisels into trim , when a splinter of steel flew into his eye and imbedded itself in his pupil .
When carving he was charged with spontaneous energy ; ;
His Mary would be slender of limb and delicate of proportion , yet she must hold this full-grown man as securely and convincingly as she would a child .
`` Every day .
No fold could be accidental , each turn of the drapery had to serve organically , to cover the Madonna's slender legs and feet so that they would give substantive support to Christ's body , to intensify her inner turmoil .
They took Jesus's body , then , and wrapped it in winding-clothes with the spices ; ;
His first model arrived at dusk .
In their mid-thirties .
But at the end of the sitting , when Michelangelo showed him the quick , free drawings , with the mother roughed in , holding her son , the model grasped what Michelangelo was after , and promised to speak to his friends .
I will send you the best the quarter has to offer '' .
In his concept there could be no one else present .
Mary presented quite a different problem .
frequently he would take his leave of Michelangelo by announcing :
The surgeon came back at dusk , cut the vein of a second pigeon , again washed out the eye .
With intelligence .
He brought with him a mixture of myrrh and aloes , of about a hundred pounds' weight .
I cannot accomplish this if you will not help me '' .
Yet he never allowed these models to become fixed in his mind ; ;
Discovering that draperies could be designed to serve structural purposes , he began a study of the anatomy of folds .
That's enough '' .
Grumbled Michelangelo ; ;
Now she was intensely alive , anguished ; ;
Michelangelo hurried to Sangallo's solitary bachelor room with his sketches , asked the architect to design a stand which would simulate the seated Madonna .
many of their gifted members were prominent in the Vatican as physicians , musicians , bankers .
Each religion has its own tenets '' .
At dawn Argiento went to Jacopo Galli .
`` Workmen .
Before dawn .
`` I am working for the Cardinal of San Dionigi .
`` See , Argiento , if you control the way these folds are bunched , like this , or made to flow , you can enrich the body attitudes .
He worked for two hours a day with each model sent by the rabbi .
`` Leave me your address .
I was taught '' .
He went into the Jewish quarter , wanting to draw Hebraic faces so that he could reach a visual understanding of how Christ might have looked .
The surgeon carried a cage of live pigeons .
When might Mary have had that moment to hold her child on her lap ? ?
Though this sculpture must take place thirty-three years after her moment of decision , he could not conceive of her as a woman in her mid-fifties , old , wrinkled , broken in body and face by labor or worry .
Michelangelo bought some scrap lumber .
only what Mary felt for her son .
He was told to ask for Rabbi Melzi at the synagogue on Saturday afternoon .
When he wanted to emphasize , or get greater intensity , he added or subtracted clay .
Soon he was ready to go into a three-dimensional figure in clay .
Here he sketched , sitting in their flowing gowns of linen and silk , young girls not yet twenty , some about to be married , some married a year or two .
Sangallo studied the drawings and improvised a trestle couch .
Here , for the most part , they were well treated , as a `` reminder of the Old Testament heritage of Christianity '' ; ;
They can have as much tactile appeal as flesh and bone '' .
The true surge had to be inside the marble itself .
He was reading from the Talmud with a group of men from his congregation .
By the second day Michelangelo began to worry ; ;
`` So that's sculpture '' , commented Argiento wryly , when he had sluiced down the floor for a week , `` making mud pies '' .
but he had sketched the women of Tuscany in their fields and homes .
Perhaps after the soldiers had laid him on the ground , while Joseph of Arimathea was at Pontius Pilate's asking for Christ's body , Nicodemus was gathering his mixture of myrrh and aloes , and the others had gone home to mourn .
The men did not object to his sketching them while they went about their work , but no one could be persuaded to come to his studio to pose .
Argiento had been trained so rigorously by the Jesuits that Michelangelo was unable to change his habits : up before dawn to scrub the floors , whether they were dirty or not ; ;
His first desire was to create a mother and son alone in the universe .
It was a relief to shift in his mind to technical problems .
At the same time he started walking the streets , peering at the people passing or shopping at the stalls , storing up fresh impressions of what they looked like , how they moved .
Argiento made him lie down on the bed , brought a pan of hot water , dipped some clean white linen cloth and applied it to extract the splinter .
He was able to discern the body lines of the Roman women under their robes .
Search as he might , he could find no place where the Bible spoke of a moment when Mary could have been alone with Jesus .
His image of the Virgin had always been that of a young woman , even as had his memory of his mother .
Since his Christ was to be life size , how was Mary to hold him on her lap without the relationship seeming ungainly ? ?
He then draped him over the rough stand , explained that he was supposed to be recently dead , and was being held on his mother's lap .
The model quite plainly thought Michelangelo crazy ; ;
The colony had been small until the Spanish Inquisition of 1492 drove many Jews into Rome .
And sensitivity '' .
In particular he sought the gentle , sweet-faced nuns , with head coverings and veils coming to the middle of their foreheads , remembering their expressions until he reached home and set them down on paper .
Those who saw his finished Pieta would take the place of the biblical witnesses .
The Jewish section was in Trastevere , near the Tiber at the church of San Francesco a Ripa .
He stumbled into the house , eyes burning like fire .
He assumed he could blink the splinter out .
On Sundays he would walk miles into the campagna to visit with them , and in particular to see their horses .
Carving was action .
`` Argiento , this is senseless '' , he complained , not liking to work on the wet floors , particularly in cold weather .
When Michelangelo explained why he had come , Rabbi Melzi replied gravely :
I'm sure he would approve '' .
But it would not come .
Even though he would later be resurrected , he was at this moment dead indeed , the expression on his face reflecting what he had gone through on the cross .
10 .
The rabbi said thoughtfully , `` I would not want my people to get in trouble with the Church '' .
`` You're too clean .
The arrangement with Argiento was working well , except that sometimes Michelangelo could not figure who was master and who apprentice .
In his sculpture therefore it would not be possible for him to project anything of what Jesus felt for his mother ; ;
That is why our creative people give their time to literature , not to painting or sculpture '' .
He felt close to Mary , having spent so long concentrating on the beginning of her journey .
water boiling on the fire for washing laundry every day , the pots scoured with river sand after each meal .
This seemed right to him .
There was only one way to accomplish this : by design , by drawing diagrams and sketches in which he probed the remotest corner of his mind for creative ideas to carry his concept .
Argiento never left his side , keeping the water boiled , applying hot compresses throughout the night .
Not bulky laborers , but sinewy men .
He hesitated for a moment when Michelangelo asked him to disrobe , so Michelangelo gave him a piece of toweling to wrap around his loins , led him to the kitchen to take off his clothes .
`` And God help anyone who tries to unteach you '' ! !
Jesus' inert body would be passive , his eyes closed .
`` The Bible forbids us to bow down to or to make graven images .
Michelangelo found the rabbi in the room of study , a gentle old man with a white beard and luminous grey eyes , robed in black gabardine with a skullcap on his head .
These would be two human beings , whom God had chosen .
He drew toward the composite design from his meticulously accurate memory , without need to consult his sketches .
They would feel what Mary was undergoing .
Though the pain was considerable Michelangelo was not too concerned .
her son was dead .
When the cloth dried and stiffened , he saw what adjustments had to be made .
Mostly the scene was crowded with mourners , such as the dramatic Dell'Arca Lamentation in Bologna , where the grief-stricken spectators had usurped Mary's last poignant moment .
Next he turned to wax because there was a similarity of wax to marble in tactile quality and translucence .
He improvised as he went along , completing a life-size clay figure , then bought yards of an inexpensive material from a draper , wet the lightweight cloth in a basin and covered it over with clay that Argiento brought from the bank of the Tiber , to the consistency of thick mud .
`` No '' , said Argiento stolidly .
and a Jesus who , though lean , was strong even in death a look he remembered well from his experience in the dead room of Santo Spirito .
Together he and Argiento built the stand , covering it with blankets .
that is how the Jews prepare a body for burial .
`` What kind of models would you prefer '' ? ?
they remained rough starting points .
He respected each of these approach techniques , and kept them in character : his quill drawings had a scratchiness , suggesting skin texture ; ;
Here he would have free expression because the material could be moved to distort forms .
Galli arrived with his family surgeon , Maestro Lippi .
`` Today I go see the horses '' .
Scrub the studio once a week .
`` I am carving a Pieta from white Carrara marble .
Michelangelo grinned .
only the instructions from his rabbi kept him from bolting .
too careful or detailed studies in clay and wax would have glued him down to a mere enlarging of his model .
Visually , these approximated what he was feeling within himself .
`` But , Rabbi Melzi , you don't object to others creating works of art '' ? ?
He started by making free sketches to loosen up his thinking so that images would appear on paper .
`` Not at all .
Drawing and models were his thinking .
the clay he used plastically to suggest soft moving flesh , as in an abdomen , in a reclining torso ; ;
I wish to make Jesus an authentic Jew .
Listed as present at the Descent were Mary , Mary's sister , Mary Magdalene , John , Joseph of Arimathea , Nicodemus .
Since the Santo Spirito hospital had taken only men , he had had no experience in the study of female anatomy ; ;
yet he knew that he had nothing to grumble about , for Argiento made few demands on him .
The boy was becoming acquainted with the contadini families that brought produce into Rome .
He spent concentrated weeks putting his two figures together : a Mary who would be young and sensitive , yet strong enough to hold her son on her lap ; ;
and by the second night he was in a state of panic : he could see nothing out of the afflicted eye .
Jacopo Galli introduced him into several Roman homes .
Mary would have to carry the human communication .
He told Argiento to take a bird out of the cage , cut a large vein under its wing , let the blood gush into Michelangelo's injured eye .
the wax he smoothed over to give the body surface an elastic pull .
The one thing he missed from his farm in the Po Valley was the animals ; ;
It took a piece of bad luck to show Michelangelo that the boy was devoted to him .

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`` Who is going to stop me '' ? ?
He goes to the chief himself .
`` If they are here , then surely I have the right to be here '' , Rousseau said .
`` Nonsense '' , he said .
`` Is it because of my slovenliness that hair grows on my face ? ?
They cried .
All these emotions were screwed up to new heights when , after acceptance and the first rehearsals , there ensued such a buzz of excitement among Parisian music lovers that Duclos had to come running to Rousseau to inform him that the news had reached the superintendent of the King's amusements , and that he was now demanding that the work be offered first at the royal summer palace of Fontainebleau .
How , for example , could a Voltaire understand the strange predicament in which a Rousseau would find himself when , soon after the furor of his first Discourse , he acquired still another title to fame ? ?
Cried the ladies , enchanted by his music .
The musicians of the Royal Opera would not rehearse a work merely to see how it would sound .
The furor was such that people who could not possibly have squirmed their way into the rehearsals were pretending that they were intimate with the whole affair and that it would be sensational .
Rousseau had to admit that though he couldn't agree to a public performance , he would indeed , just for his own private satisfaction , dearly love to know how his work would sound when done by professional musicians and by trained voices .
Jean Jacques asked .
He couldn't appear as a composer now .
Rousseau agreed .
And how anxious this lover of obscurity was for applause ! !
`` Why not '' ? ?
He felt himself now , as he himself says in his Confessions , at a crucial point of his life .
He is in a hurry to write another essay against culture .
Imagine the honor of it ! !
But I said I would first have to get the author's permission .
But his facility in this genre was not great .
`` And even more right .
Or at least appear to reject it ! !
On the contrary , he was pleased that his face showed a neglect of several days .
And those without beards would have stood out as not dressed for the occasion .
Merely to satisfy the author's curiosity .
Bah , what was a contradiction in one's life ? ?
There's the King .
`` To have become so corrupt '' , he says , `` surely you must have studied many arts and sciences '' .
The chief , annoyed by these questions , knocks Voltaire down and shouts at him that he not only never went to any school , but never even learned how to read .
Jean Jacques asked , striving to appear unimpressed .
But then , after the little operetta had been given its feeble amateur rendering , everyone insisted that it was too good to be lost forever , and that the Royal Academy of Music must now have the manuscript in order to give it the really first-rate performance it merited .
Surely it would grow there whether I washed myself or not .
And that was why , on the day of the performance , when a carriage from the royal stables called to take him to the palace , he did not bother to shave .
`` At home , yes '' , they argued .
Every woman has had the experience of saying no when she meant yes , and saying yes when she meant no .
Now times have changed , and I must pretend that hair doesn't grow on my face .
The ladies especially couldn't understand what troubled him .
But now what crazy twists and turns of his emotions ! !
`` What is slovenly about me '' ? ?
`` Your name will never appear .
`` I'd simply like to know if it is as good as you kind people seem to think '' , he said .
No one will even suspect that it is your work '' .
`` A learned man '' ? ?
To that Rousseau could agree .
This time as a musician .
And thus torn between his desire to be known as the composer of a successful opera and the necessity of remaining true to his proclaimed desire for anonymity , Rousseau suffered through several painful weeks .
And this in addition to his usual fear of being among people of high society , his fear of making some inane or inappropriate remark .
`` This is the sort of stuff I write and then throw away '' ! !
But of course behind his boldness he didn't feel bold at all .
But while the two men are riding into the country , where they are going to dinner , they are attacked in the dark of the forest by a band of thieves , who strip them of everything , including most of their clothes .
That after all his years of effort to become a composer , he should now , now when he was still stoutly replying to the critics of his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences , be so close to a success in music and have to reject it .
Could he walk out in the midst of his piece ? ?
They pointed out to him .
But they , naturally , kept his secret well , and the public at large knew only of a great excitement in musical and court circles .
You couldn't on the one hand decry the arts and at the same time practice them , could you ? ?
That would certainly be paradoxical .
And they wouldn't leave off arguing and pleading until he had promised .
`` Heaven forbid '' ! !
And his efforts to get a performance for his Gallant Muses invariably failed .
To Voltaire's surprise , however , their host gives them fresh clothes to put on , opens his purse to lend them money and sits them down before a good dinner .
Oh , the irony and the bitterness of it ! !
How titillating it was to go among people who did not know him as the composer , but who talked in the most glowing terms of the promise of the piece after having heard the first rehearsals .
When finally the two bedraggled men reach their friend's home , Voltaire's fears are once again aroused .
`` I'm dressed as I always am '' , Rousseau said .
And everyone went to work to learn the parts which he wrote .
`` Put a few such songs together '' , they urged him .
These little songs , however , were sweet nothings from the heart , tender memories of his childhood , little melodies that anyone could hum and that would make one want to weep .
Immediately after dinner , however , Rousseau asks for still another favor .
How infuriating all this was ! !
`` You must make an opera out of this material '' .
The ladies were delighted and Jean Jacques was applauded .
How could the rich , for whom life was made so simple , ever understand the subterfuges , the lies , the frauds , the errors , sins and even crimes to which the poor were driven in their efforts to overcome the great advantages the rich had in the race of life ? ?
And even deeper than that : his fear lest in this closed hall he should suddenly itch to relieve himself .
He trembled lest his piece should fail .
`` Neither better nor worse '' .
`` Let me do the submitting to the Royal Academy '' , he suggested .
That would be too much ! !
Such was the impromptu that Voltaire gave to howls of laughter at Sans Souci and that was soon circulated in manuscript throughout the literary circles of Europe , to be printed sometime later , but with the name of Timon of Athens , the famous misanthrope , substituted for that of Rousseau .
But then one day , while on a week's visit to the country home of a retired Swiss jeweler , Rousseau amused the company with a few little melodies he had written , to which he attached no great importance .
`` At what university did you study '' ? ?
Now , when everything was opening up to him -- even the court of Louis 15 ! !
And for good reasons .
And Madame De Pompadour '' .
But at the same time how understandable .
But he recalled that Rameau had once had a private performance of his opera Armide , behind closed doors , just for himself alone .
`` But here you are in the palace .
For it was Rameau's type of music that he had been trying to write , and that he couldn't write .
And fashion is the real king here .
Since I am the composer '' ! !
-- he had to play a role of self-effacement .
Afraid at one and the same time that his work might be turned down -- which would be a blow to his pride even though no one knew he was the author -- and that the work would be accepted , and then that his violent feelings in the matter would certainly betray how deeply concerned he was in spite of himself .
Before the King ? ?
A contradiction ? ?
And of course the news of who the composer was did finally begin to get around among his closest friends .
As a composer .
Back and forth Duclos had to go , between M. De Cury and Jean Jacques and between the Duke D'Aumont and Jean Jacques again , as his little operetta , The Village Soothsayer , though still unperformed , took on ever more importance .
Here , before the court ? ?
Ever since he had first begun to study music and to teach it , Rousseau had dreamed of piercing through to fame as the result of a successful opera .
He was really amazed to discover the other guests so excited about these delicate little songs .
But Duclos thought he saw a way out .
`` You can't go in that way '' ! !
But what else could he do ? ?
Could he have pen and paper , please ? ?
The bandit laughs in his face .
Monsieur De Cury was incensed , of course .
The fault was Rameau's and that of the whole culture of this Parisian age .
And listening to such a conversation one morning while taking a cup of chocolate in a cafe , Rousseau found himself bathed in perspiration , trembling lest his authorship become known , and at the same time dreaming of the startling effect he would make if he should proclaim himself suddenly as the composer .
How cruel ! !
Not Louis 15 , , since even he obeys .
Duclos , the historian , pointed out to Jean Jacques that this was impossible .
No .
`` What was your answer '' ? ?
He refuses to believe that the bandit chief never attended a higher institution .
`` But in such a slovenly condition '' .
`` String them onto some sort of little plot , and you'll have a delightful operetta '' .
His operatic music had little merit .
Seeing him in that condition , and about to enter the hall where the King , the Queen , the whole royal family and all the members of the highest aristocracy would be present , Grimm and the Abbe Raynal and others tried to stop him .
That's the fashion .
Duclos understood what was bothering Rousseau : that the writer of the Prosopopoeia of Fabricius should now become known as the writer of an amusing little operetta .
And I was certain he would refuse '' .
But Voltaire perseveres .
But no .
Rousseau was aware that he must seem like a hypocrite , standing there and arguing that he could not possibly permit a public performance .
He didn't believe them .
Well , yes , perhaps in literature , since you could argue that you couldn't keep silent about your feelings against literature and so were involved in spite of yourself .
Rousseau asked .
Why had not this success come to him before he had plunged into his Discourse , and before he had committed himself to a life of austerity and denial ? ?
For it is such a distinguished place , with such fine works of art and such a big library , that there can be little doubt but that the owner has become depraved by all this culture .
`` You must be a very learned man '' , says Voltaire to one of the bandits .
He asks .
`` You haven't dressed for the occasion '' ! !
That glory , craved for so long , was now forbidden to him .
But now music too ? ?
Still , just for the ladies , and just for this once , for this one weekend in the country , he would make a little piece out of his melodies .
Now , if you don't mind , I should like to hear my own piece performed '' .
Rousseau is so persuasive that Voltaire is almost convinced that he should burn his books , too .
`` I refused '' , Duclos said .
`` What else could I do ? ?
A hundred years ago I would have worn a beard with pride .
And the fault , of course , was Rameau's .

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Winslow Upton after graduation from Brown University and two years of graduate study , accepted a position at the Harvard Observatory .
After the months in Europe , she returned to Boston and became active in church and community life .
When she was nine years old , she wrote a description of a store she had visited .
At the Fifteenth Anniversary ( 1896 ) as already quoted , Miss Upton projected with force and eloquence the Spelman of the Future as a college of first rank , with expanding and unlimited horizons .
But even so Lucy could not give up her intellectual pursuits .
Miss Upton told the Trustees that the death of Miss Giles was `` the sorest grief '' the Seminary had ever been called upon to bear .
she died on August sixth .
A gentleman of the old school , Mr. Upton possessed intellectual power , ample means , and withal , was a devoted Christian .
Many a student was able to remain at Spelman , only because of her unobtrusive help .
She served as secretary in the Seminary office for 25 years , and was in charge of correspondence , records , and bookkeeping .
Mary J. Packard , states a Messenger editorial , was `` efficient , pains-taking , self-effacing , loving , radiating the spirit of her Master .
Before coming on a visit to Spelman in 1885 , Miss Mary had been a successful teacher in Worcester , and her position there was held open for her for a considerable period .
of her `` great power of discernment '' ; ;
Here was a cause she believed in .
and when school closed , she was unable to travel to Massachusetts .
When her brother Winslow became a student at Brown University in 1874 , she wrote him about a course in history he was taking under Professor Diman : `` What is Prof. Diman's definition of civilization , and take the world through , is its progress ever onward , or does it retrograde at times ? ?
She drew on all her resources of mind and heart to help them -- to make them at home in the world ; ;
The six expeditions to study eclipses of the sun , of which he was a member , took him to Colorado , Virginia , and California as well as to the South Pacific and to Russia .
She served for a number of years without pay beyond her travel and maintenance .
Miss Giles always used to refer to her as `` Sister '' .
Lucy was a lively part of the household .
She had taught classes in botany , astronomy ( with the aid of a telescope ) , geometry , and psychology .
walks laid ; ;
Both had eager and inquiring minds ; ;
Such were the qualities of the Acting-President of the Seminary after the death of Miss Giles .
Mathematics came next '' .
Who won is not revealed , but Winslow's daughter Eleanor says they got up to 1,212 words .
There was another family interest also .
'' And that she proceeded to do .
`` Their house '' , writes Albert S. Flint , `` was always a haven of hospitality and good cheer , especially grateful to one like myself far from home '' .
Also Lucy and Winslow had a private contest to see which one could make the most words from the letters in `` importunately '' .
At different times he served as glee-club and choir leader and as organist .
Both loved the out-of-doors , including mountain climbing and horseback riding .
With the Fund in hand , the debt on the boilers had been paid ; ;
She helped with teaching as well as office work for a few years -- the catalogues show that she had classes in geography , rhetoric and bookkeeping .
Her father , James Upton , was the Upton mentioned by Hawthorne in the famous introduction to the Scarlet Letter as one of those who came into the old custom house to do business with him as the surveyor of the port .
Lecky and Stanley's Eastern Church .
She discussed in her letters to Winslow some of the questions that came to her as she studied alone .
of `` her exquisiteness of dress '' , `` her well-modulated voice that went straight to the hearts of the hearers '' ; ;
more chapters of Guizot ; ;
They were not sufficiently challenging however , and she resigned in 1887 , to go to Germany with her brother Winslow and his family while he was there on study .
Lucy Upton was graduated from the Salem High School when few colleges , only Oberlin and Elmira , were open to women ; ;
and she had an appetite for learning that could not be denied .
She played chess with him by postcard .
She urged the importance of more thorough preparation for admission .
For three years he was connected with the U.S. Naval Observatory and with the U.S. Signal Corps ; ;
Winslow , as his daughters Eleanor and Margaret recall , used to characterize her as `` our iron sister '' .
and one of $2,000 under the will of Miss Celia L. Brett of Hamilton , New York , a friend from the early days .
The daughters of Spelman , she said , had never known or thought of Spelman without her .
While in Washington , D.C. , Lucy Upton held positions in the U.S. Census Office , and in the Pension Bureau .
and ground had been broken for the superintendent's home .
After her father's death , Lucy and her youngest sister lived for a few years with Winslow in Washington , D.C. .
She read Maitland's Dark Ages , `` which I enjoyed very much '' ; ;
As a matter of fact , Albert S. Flint expressed his conviction that `` her physical strength , her mental power , her lively interest in all objects about her and her readiness to serve her fellow beings '' would have led her `` to a distinguished career amongst the noted women of this country '' .
Her services to the School for many years were of a very high character , and I have often thought that one of the buildings should be named for her '' .
Miss Mary Jane Packard , Sophia's half-sister , became ill in March , 1910 ; ;
Quiet and energetic , cheerful and calm , she too was a power in the development of the seminary .
With infinite patience she responded to every call , no matter at what cost to herself , and to her all went , for she was sure to have the needed information or word of cheer .
She noted that no student had been withdrawn through loss of confidence ; ;
The death of her mother in 1865 prevented this .
Soon the office work claimed all her time .
Under Miss Upton , the work of the year 1909-10 went forward without interruption .
Winslow had musical talents , as had his father before him .
At the meeting of the Board of Trustees , on March 3 , 1910 , Miss Upton presented the annual report of the President .
With four younger children at home , Lucy stepped into her mother's role , and even after the brothers and sisters were grown , she was her father's comfort and stay until he died in 1879 .
her great love of flowers and plants and birds ; ;
The study of Greek was the distinctive mark of boys destined to go to college , and Lucy Upton too expected to go to college and take the full classical course offered to men .
Many years later ( on August 3 , 1915 ) , Lucy Upton wrote Winslow's daughter soon to be graduated from Smith College : `` While I love botany which , after dabbling in for years , I studied according to the methods of that day exactly forty years ago in a summer school , it must be fascinating to take up zoology in the way you are doing .
Yet they thrived on it .
The removal of Miss Packard 18 years earlier had caused them great sorrow , but they still had Miss Giles .
After correspondence with Miss Packard and to the joy of Miss Packard and Miss Giles , she came to Atlanta , in the fall of 1888 , to help wherever needed , although there was then no money available to pay her a salary .
Her study of history was persistently pursued .
and so do the hearts of students and of teachers .
and both believed that intellectual growth must go hand in hand with the development of sturdy character and Christian zeal .
A picture of her in high school comes from a younger schoolmate , Albert S. Flint , friend of her brother Winslow , and later , like Winslow , a noted astronomer .
Whatever was the science in the high school course for the time being , that was my favorite study .
and her close knowledge of individual students .
The books of the school hold a memorial to her ; ;
Do you think I might profitably study some of the history you do , perhaps two weeks behind you .
What was called an `` accidental meeting '' with Miss Packard in Washington turned her attention to Spelman .
and that the year's work had gone forward smoothly .
`` Yet Spelman has strong , deep roots , and will live for the blessing of generations to come '' .
and as graduates gratefully recall , she drew on her purse as well .
There is clear evidence that Lucy from childhood had an unusual mind .
Rockefeller and Packard Halls had been renovated ; ;
Two bequests were recorded : one of $200 under the will of Mrs. Harriet A. Copp of Los Angeles ; ;
She was closely associated with the Founders in all their trials and hardships .
She spoke also with deep thankfulness of the many individuals and agencies whose interest and efforts through the years had made the work so fruitful in results .
Lucy's correspondence with brother Winslow during his college days was not entirely taken up with academic studies .
Her students have spoken of the exacting standards of scholarship and of manners and conduct she expected and achieved from the students ; ;
There is reason to suppose that Lucy would have made a record as publicly distinguished as her brother had it not been that her mother's death occurred just as she was about to enter college .
But she decided to stay at Spelman .
and after 1883 , was professor of astronomy at Brown University .
And it was Lucy Upton who first started the idea of a regular course in Music at Spelman College .
She remained in Atlanta through June and July ; ;
After all , she had come to Spelman Seminary in 1888 , and had been since 1891 except for one year , Associate Principal or Dean .
Now the school was indeed bereft .
Miss Upton and Miss Packard , as a matter of fact , had many tastes in common .
He recalled Lucy , as `` a bright-looking black-eyed young lady who came regularly through the boys' study hall to join the class in Greek in the little recitation room beyond '' .
She possessed an observant eye , a retentive memory , and a critical faculty .
Miss Upton spoke gratefully of the response of Spelman graduates and Negro friends in helping to raise the Fund , and their continuing efforts to raise money for greatly needed current expenses .
In 1890 when the trip to Europe and the Holy Land was arranged for Miss Packard , it was Miss Upton who planned the trip , and `` with rare executive ability '' bore the brunt of `` the entire pilgrimage from beginning to end '' .
The daughter profited from his interest in scientific and philosophical subjects .
So strenuous it was physically , with its days of horseback riding over rough roads that it seems an amazing feat of endurance for both Miss Packard and Miss Upton .
An essay on `` Freedom '' written at 10 years of age quoted the Declaration of Independence , the freedom given to slaves in Canada , and the views of George Washington .
that the enrollment showed an increase of boarding students as was desired ; ;
La Croix on the Customs of the Middle Ages , 16 chapters of Bryce `` and liked it more and more '' ; ;
She named 48 items , and said there were `` many more things which it would take too long to write '' .
Moreover , she had physical as well as mental vigor .
Her mother also was a person of superior mind and broad interests .
When Dr. Wallace Buttrick , wise in his judgment of people , declined to have the Science Building named for him , he wrote Miss Tapley ( April 7 , 1923 ) `` If you had asked me , I think I would have suggested that you name the building for Miss Upton .
The raising of the $25,000 Improvement Fund two days before the time limit expired , and the spontaneous `` praise demonstration '' held afterward on the campus , were reported as events which had brought happiness to Miss Giles .

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In the story of Bright and the Corn Law agitation , the Crimean War , the American Civil War , and the franchise struggle Trevelyan reflects something of the moral power which enabled this independent man to exercise so immense an influence over his fellow countrymen for so long .
Thus Trevelyan repeats the story which pictured Victor Emmanuel as refusing to abandon the famous Statuto at the insistence of General Radetzky .
Like most major works of synthesis , The History Of England is informed by the positive views of a first-class mind , and this is surely a major work .
Living pictures of the early boroughs , country life in Tudor and Stuart times , the impact of the industrial revolution compete with sensitive surveys of language and literature , the common law , parliamentary development .
Characteristically , Trevelyan enjoyed writing the work .
The biography of Lord Grey is strictly speaking not a biography at all .
The complexities of Venetian politics eluded him , but the story of the revolution itself is told in restrained measures , with no superfluous passages and only an occasional overemphasis of the part played by its leading figure .
The strength of the History is also its weakness .
The outstanding example was in Garibaldi And The Thousand , where he made use of unpublished papers of Lord John Russell and English consular materials to reveal the motives which led the British government to permit Garibaldi to cross the Straits of Messina .
For once his touch deserted him .
Tolerance and compromise , social justice and civil liberty , are today too often in short supply for one to be overly critical of Trevelyan's emphasis on their central place in the English tradition .
Like his volume on Wycliffe , the work was accompanied by the publication of a selected group of documents , in this case illustrative of the history of Queen Anne's reign down to 1707 .
These lectures formed the nucleus of a general survey of English development which took form afterward as A History Of England .
It is a Whig history of the `` Tory reaction '' which preceded the Reform Bill of 1832 , and it uses the figure of Grey to give some unity to the narrative .
His academic duties had little evident effect on his prolific pen .
Research in the period of Grey and Bright led naturally to a more ambitious work .
Trevelyan accepts Italian nationalism with little analysis , he is unduly critical of papal and French policy , and he is more than generous in assessing British policy .
First The Life Of John Bright appeared and seven years later Lord Grey Of The Reform Bill .
Associated in a sense with the Manchester School through his mother's family , Trevelyan conveys in this biography something of its moral conviction and drive .
Finally , the period after 1870 receives little attention and that quite superficial .
By now he had become Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge and had been honored by the award of the Order of Merit .
His passion and enthusiasm convey the courage and high adventure of Garibaldi's exploits and give the reader a unique sense of participation in the events described .
Trevelyan is militantly sure of the superiority of English institutions and character over those of other peoples .
Blenheim was followed in rapid succession by Ramillies And The Union With Scotland and by The Peace And The Protestant Succession , the three forming together a detailed picture of England under Queen Anne .
The History Of England has often been compared with Green's Short History .
And yet the elements which capture his liberal and humanistic imagination are those which make the English story worth telling and worth remembering .
More temperately than in the study of Grey and despite his Liberal bias , Trevelyan vividly sketches the England of pre-French Revolution days , portrays the stresses and strains of the revolutionary period in rich colors , and brings developments leading to the Reform Bill into sharp and clear focus .
In 1924 Trevelyan traveled to the United States , where he delivered the Lowell lectures at Harvard University .
Military knowledge , love of detail , and a sure feeling for the portrayal of action were the added ingredients .
Already Trevelyan had begun to parallel his nineteenth-century Italian studies with several works on English figures of the same period .
To most observers , there is little doubt that he placed an artificial strait jacket of unity upon the years of Anne's reign which in reality existed only in the pages of his history .
Its success is a tribute , above all , to Trevelyan's brilliance as a literary stylist .
Trevelyan centers too exclusively on Bright , is insufficiently appreciative of the views of Bright's opponents and critics , and makes light of the genuine difficulties faced by Peel .
His technique is genuinely masterful .
But fifty years later the trilogy still maintains a firm place in the list of standard works on the unification of Italy , a position cautiously prophesied by the reviewers at the time of publication .
The plan is admirably fulfilled for the period up to 1832 .
Nineteenth-century virtues , however , seem somehow to have gone out of fashion and the Bright book has never been particularly popular .
Britain in the nineteenth century is a textbook designed `` to give the sense of continuous growth , to show how economic led to social , and social to political change , how the political events reacted on the economic and social , and how new thoughts and new ideals accompanied or directed the whole complicated process '' .
Later research has shown this part of the legend of the Re Galantuomo to be false .
In looking back over the volumes , it is possible to find errors of interpretation , some of which were not so evident at the time of writing .
The Liberal-Radical heritage which informs all of Trevelyan's interpretations of history here seems clearly to have distorted the issues and oversimplified the period .
And Grey's Northumberland background was close to Trevelyan's own .
The three volumes brought to the fore a characteristic of Trevelyan's prose which remained conspicuous through his later works -- a genius for describing military action with clarity and with authority .
Yet Britain In The Nineteenth Century became the vade mecum of beginning students of history , went through edition after edition , and continues to be reprinted up to the very present .
He saw the age as one in which Britain `` settled her free constitution '' and attained her modern place in the world .
Of the two , The Life Of Bright is incomparably the better biography .
Yet in several chapters on Scotland in the eighteenth century , Trevelyan copes persuasively with the tangled confusion of Scottish politics against a vivid background of Scottish religion , customs , and traditions .
Trevelyan's Liberalism was above all a liberalism of the spirit , a deep feeling of communion with men fighting for country and for liberty .
Yet after 1832 , the interrelations of economic and social and political affairs become blurred and the narrative becomes largely a conventional political account .
Trevelyan's Manin And The Venetian Revolution Of 1848 , his last major volume on an Italian theme , was written in a minor key .
Trevelyan was at least in part attracted to the period by an almost unconscious desire to take up the story where Macaulay's History Of England had broken off .
In addition , he believed in the `` dramatic unity and separateness of the period from 1702-14 , lying between the Stuart and Hanoverian eras with a special ethos of its own '' .
Trevelyan's excursions into contemporary history were rarely happy ones .
Yet he is right when he claims in his autobiography that he drew the real features of the man , his tender and selfless motives and his rugged fearless strength .
In four opening chapters reminiscent of Macaulay's famous third chapter , Trevelyan surveys the state of England at the opening of the eighteenth century .
But after 1832 , the narrative tends to lose its balanced , many-sided quality and to become a medley of topics , often unconnected by any single thread .
But the Garibaldi volumes were more than a romantic story .
By what one reader called a `` series of dissolving views '' , he merges one period into another and gives a sense of continuous growth .
In short order , the general history became his most popular work and has remained , aside from his later Social history , the work most widely favored by the public .
Economic analysis was never Trevelyan's strong point and the England of the industrial transformation cries out for economic analysis .
The scene is etched in sharp detail , the military problems brilliantly explained , and the excitement and importance of the battle made evident .
But as a stimulating , provocative interpretation of the broad sweep of English development it is incomparable .
The History takes too much for granted to serve as a text for other than English schoolboys , and like Britain in the nineteenth century it deteriorates badly as it goes beyond 1870 .
If only for this modest masterpiece of military history , Blenheim is likely to be read and reread long after newer interpretations have perhaps altered our picture of the Marlborough wars .
His delightful picture of society and institutions is filled with warm detail that brings the period vividly to life .
His nationalism was not a new characteristic , but its self-consciousness , even its self-satisfaction , is more obvious in a book that stretches over the long reach of English history .
The volume is a piece of passionate special pleading , written with the heat -- and often with the wisdom , it must be said -- of a Liberal damning the shortsightedness of politicians from 1782 to 1832 .
Once the scene is set , Trevelyan skilfully builds up the tense story until it reaches its climax in the dramatic victory of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy at Blenheim .
He tends to underestimate -- or perhaps to view charitably -- the brutality and the violence of the age , so that there is an idyllic quality in these pages which hazes over some of its sharp reality .
Like Green , Trevelyan aimed to write a history not of `` English kings or English conquests '' , but of the English people .
Four years after the publication of The History Of England , the first volume of Trevelyan's Queen Anne trilogy appeared .
The result was fortunate .
Ramillies And The Union With Scotland has fewer high spots than Blenheim and much less of its dramatic unity .
Published in 1923 , it did not gain the popular acclaim of the Garibaldi volumes , probably because Trevelyan felt less at home with Manin , the bourgeois lawyer , than with Garibaldi , the filibuster .
Some historians have found his point of view not to their taste , others have complained that he makes the Tory tradition appear `` contemptible rather than intelligible '' , while a sympathetic critic has remarked that the `` intricate interplay of social dynamics and political activity of which , at times , politicians are the ignorant marionettes is not a field for the exercise of his talents '' .
The theme of glorious summer coming after a long winter of discontent and repression was , he has told us , congenial to his artistic sense .
The account of the battle is , next to his descriptions of Garibaldi's campaigns , Trevelyan's outstanding military narrative .
Of the three volumes , Blenheim is easily the best .
If it is not one of his best books , it can only be considered unsatisfactory when compared with his own Garibaldi .
The confused rambling of guerrilla warfare , such as most of Garibaldi's campaigns were , was brought to life by Trevelyan's pen in some of the best passages in the books .
Yet as an evocation of time past , there are few such successful portraits in English historical literature .
Trevelyan contributed considerable new knowledge of the issues connected with his subject .
But his concentration on personalities and his categorical assessment of their actions fail to convey the political complexities of a long generation harassed by world-wide war and confronted with the problem of adjustment to an unprecedented industrial and social transformation .
Because Bright's speeches were so much a part of him , there are long and numerous quotations , which , far from making the biography diffuse , help to give us the feel of the man .
His personal familiarity with the scenes of action undoubtedly contributed much to the final result , but familiarity alone would not have been enough without other qualities .

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A good binge has that kind of therapeutic value .
Then she said , `` Allons '' , and we got up and went to my hotel without another word .
I made the mistake of going to the Jour et Nuit .
I raised my eyes to look at her in the mirror .
Hardly glancing at her , I smiled a bleak one which said , Thanks , baby , but I'd rather be alone .
My head was clear .
`` I didn't really use yours '' , she went on .
She was eating bread and cheese just as fast as she possibly could , and washing it down with red wine .
`` Non , non '' , she said , taking the bottle , `` not for that be sorry '' .
`` All right '' .
I put aside my empty cup .
We seemed to be drowsing , sadly , soberly , in the cold , cold air while the snow fell .
It was when I packed up what duds I had and went to Paris .
I grunted , sipping .
`` But I already have ! !
Suddenly I understood why she had the umbrella .
I was hungry as a wolf , and my body felt lean and vital .
I walked around breathing the cold wine of the air until I found a park , and I sat down on a snowy bench where the light was dim and came from the sky .
I had a pocketful of money , which was unusual when I was in the army , and the plane would be grounded all night .
When she had drained the last of the bottle and paid her bill , she came directly to my table and said :
Perhaps if I took off the aqua-lung I could swim better , love my woman better .
`` Bon jour '' ! !
`` You are very tactful , do you know , Stephen '' , she remarked .
Maybe closer to thirty , I thought .
I wondered if I ought to go use the new one myself .
There were some sweet machines other than women : an old Bugatti , a lean Farina coachwork on an American chassis , a Swallow , a type A40-AjK Mercedes and lots more .
I gave it to the woman .
I had champagne at Maxim's , then went into a cafe called the Jour et Nuit to ask the way to Montmartre .
I was turning over the idea of a good debauchery when I dozed off .
Somehow she was attractive .
While a hazy part of my mind concentrated on swimming down , a clear part sorted over recent events , among them my only positive act in a long time .
the many little tricks she knew made her embrace the ultimate one -- the ever more fantastic pressures deeper in her body squeezed not me but the air I breathed into a nitrogen anesthetic .
She asked .
We undressed and made love with the comfortable acceptance I had once known with Valery .
I no longer knew how deep I was , somewhere under 230 feet , getting drunker , happier and more contented by the second .
I knew all about her .
I didn't much care if she were there or not .
She smiled at me , but it was an awfully sad smile .
All that day and Monday I drank just enough to orbit but not make deep space .
And so off we went to her apartment .
She was blonde , and young , and nice and round in a tight white dress .
Wild kicks never are , but I hoped to dig up a better frame of mind .
There was dignity and beauty in the little white flakes falling through the blue night .
`` What is this for '' ? ?
She had a funny little scar on her stomach , on the left side .
This took me so funny I had to look at her .
I wasn't going to lug around a glass .
She looked good , with her short tousled hair and no make-up .
I met Claire , which was better .
We finished the bottle -- I hadn't had a lot out of it earlier -- not speaking much to each other , and we stayed sober .
I said with round eyes .
`` A bullet '' , she answered .
As we ate , we talked .
I thought that was pretty humorous , but I didn't laugh .
The cynicism was back in her eyes , a bitter wisdom , and I wondered if forty were not so far wrong after all .
`` I'm sorry I haven't got a glass '' , I said .
I couldn't be sure .
I was twenty-one back then , in the army , and fog put our plane down at Orly instead of Rhine-Main .
I didn't know a human could feed so fast and still be beautiful .
I know men never kiss les putains '' .
I could see she was shocked .
Pretty soon a woman came along carrying a folded umbrella as a walking stick .
She exclaimed , smiling .
`` Why , to brush your teeth '' .
`` Um '' ? ?
The place was busy but I didn't feel like a Hun .
`` What is this from '' ? ?
It gave her the right to sit down beside me , back straight , one hand out on the handle .
We sent the waiter away and ate a tremendous amount of cold ham , hot hard-boiled eggs and hot garlic bread .
We went to the Louvre for a few hours , then by Metro to a cabaret in Montmartre .
It gave her propriety .
I stared .
No child , this tart , she must have been thirty-five or even forty .
`` Yes , because you didn't run off to use that new toothbrush '' .
`` Oh '' ? ?
yielding-Mediterranian-woman- , she soothed me , and drew me deeper into her .
I said with enthusiasm at the idea .
She came out pink from a hot bath , and I gave her my robe .
After a few hours , Life hadn't showed , and I was crocked .
She asked innocently .
`` I carry one in my purse .
`` J'ai faim '' ! !
I asked , touching the scar on her stomach .
I knew it wouldn't be the same .
I suppose we were cold , but we didn't feel it .
We were not rushed .
I had on only a topcoat , but I wasn't cold .
Because I liked this sad person so much , I said , `` Will you have a drink with me '' ? ?
I decided thirty-five was the best estimate of her age .
)
We sat back comfortably on the bed with our last cups of coffee .
I chuckled aloud , and the mouthpiece fell out .
I felt wonderful , the absolute opposite of last night's melancholy .
She was a nymphomaniac , of course , the poor girl .
I used yours '' .
That first time was good and it stuck with me .
He must have thought I was a tourist .
I never got there .
Not good looking , but self-confident and wise so that it made her attractive .
I felt better Tuesday evening when I woke up .
In less than an hour I had gotten a hotel , showered , shaved and was out on the Champs Elysees in a fresh uniform .
I read the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer .
I could see the ancient cynicism reinforce itself in her eyes , and I wondered how many men she had picked up with this same gambit .
She was another human being and happened to be a hustler .
It was no vacation , just me getting out after a bellyfull .
The coffee wasn't very hot though , made in a filter pot , but it was good .
It was a Saturday evening in April with a mist-like rain , and I was a little high on the good taste of life .
It was a nice place , not filled with smoke .
Elemental , but sex .
everything was glamorous to my dazzled eyes .
But I smelled the coffee , and thinking , What the hell , live dangerously , I decided I would scald my worries away .
Her dark cool caresses were sweeter than any woman's ; ;
I didn't ask for a Jeroboam of champagne '' .
The reasons for this dive seemed foolish now .
She asked gently .
It gave her poise and posture .
We had champagne and steamed mussels .
`` Is it a woman '' ? ?
I had part of a bottle of French beer called Panther Pils ( so help me ) , then switched to Tuborg .
`` Bon jour '' , I said brightly , sitting up , which pulled the covers to her hips .
That's what was on my mind .
I was slowly swimming down to the bottom of the sea .
All the women were beautiful , and the men were equal to them ; ;
`` But not immediately '' .
I think we were very tired , for we awoke at the same moment , deeply rested , surprised to see the late morning sun on the windows , which were wet where the rime had melted .
She was trying to make a hole in my armor , and I didn't want it .
''
Her eyes were smiling , too , but so sadly , and there was tiredness and infinite wisdom in them .
I felt my frozen sad face crumble , and I grinned a silly one I couldn't have helped .
Her name was Suzanne , and mine Stephen .
I sat waiting for Life to come along and sweep me up .
It's really rotten to drink good cognac like that , but I hadn't cared before .
I got there on a Saturday evening .
I liked her , and all at once I was glad she was there .
I had brushed my teeth , showered , shaved and dressed by the time a waiter wheeled in breakfast .
After a while she said with sort of an unuttered laugh , `` You have snow in your hair and ears '' .
`` Ah , Monsieur , it is not my business to wager it .
`` I'm not unhappy '' , I lied , staring at the snow .
My head was clear , my thinking sober and I was reconciled to this Paris idea as a flop on top of all my others .
I feel another of terrible urgency .
`` The toothbrush Monsieur '' , he said , presenting it .
`` Well -- women and unhappiness go together '' , I observed profoundly , adding , `` You can wager your derriere on that '' .
She smiled all the way to her wise , sad eyes , and drained her own .
Only the dive itself had any meaning .
Maybe her ravenous eating wasn't grotesque because she was so positive about it .
She was silent for a while , then said , `` Why are you so unhappy '' ? ?
I even snorted a chuckle .
Anyway , I pulled a bottle of Remy Martin out of my topcoat , drew the cork , and passed it to her .
I sensed no stranger in her .
`` Madame '' , I said with noblesse oblige because of the `` handsome '' -- `` yeah '' .
She saw me and sat down beside me , three feet away .
Once before I had been to Paris , long before I married Valery .
She must have seen the ring on my left hand .
`` Handsome soldier , I have assuaged one hunger with food .
She was even more miserable than me .
There wasn't much light in the blue dark , but I could see her well .
Without it she would have been drab and limp .
I called downstairs for food and a toothbrush for her .
I went out into it .
To my immense relief , she changed the subject in the next sentence : `` Shall we go to the Louvre today '' ? ?
The metal-tasting nitrogen made me wonder if I should remove the mouthpiece and suck in the sweet water .
I fixed him with a steely eye and said , `` What's this for ? ?
I felt like a Hun in Rome .
She understood sex anyway , and played at it well .
`` Yeah , but breakfast first '' .
The next morning a little cognac made me feel better -- but what can you do in Paris on Sunday morning ? ?
I was just miserable .
It was like a long thin line drawn through a pink circle .
There was the Arc de Triomphe and the Tour d'Eiffel -- I was no yokel , but I was young , and this was Paris ! !
I couldn't imagine her without it .
( I didn't have on a hat .
Is your evening free '' ? ?
With a laugh she beat me to the bathroom .
She made me welcome .
Sometime earlier the weather had turned cold and it was snowing .
She tilted up and drank , and then I drank .
I went to my hotel and slept .
So I drank more cognac .
The sommelier brought the wine first , a magnum instead of the bottle I had ordered .
Toward the break of day I waxed philosophical , and drew analogies about her way of eating bread and cheese .
Now it was nine years later , and it wasn't spring but winter when I returned .
`` Now isn't it better to smile '' ? ?

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Time perspective -- the ability to plan for the future and to postpone gratifying immediate wants in order to achieve long-range objectives -- is more easily developed if , from infancy on , the individual has been able to rely on and trust people and the world in which she lives .
they accepted a job primarily because it was available , convenient , and paid reasonably .
And , as shown in Chapter 6 , , some SNP females originally developed such trust only during their adolescence , through the aid of , and their identification with , alter-parents .
The comments made by some unwed mothers ( quoted in Chapter 2 ) ) reflect this paralysis of workmanship .
These affairs temporarily relieved the monotony of school or work activities containing no anticipation of achievement and joy of craftsmanship , no sense of dignity derived from a job well done .
The case histories provide some interesting illustrations of ideological diffusion , embodied in the unwed mother's inability to identify independently a given value system or behavior pattern , , and her subsequent disinclination to assume any individual responsibility for her sexual behavior .
The developmental process involves the individual's progressively experiencing a sense of dignity and achievement resulting from having completed tasks , having kept commitments , and having created something ( however small or simple -- even a doll dress of one's own design rather than in the design `` it ought to be '' ) .
However , if the child has been constantly surrounded , during nursery and early school age , by peer groups ; ;
and role-experimentation vs. negative identity .
This tendency is , perhaps , most clearly revealed in the literature on religious conversions and experiences of adolescents .
but very few seemed aware that such acceptance and identification need to be supplemented with more enduring and stable identification of and with one's self .
whether to stay financially dependent on her parents or help support herself while attending school ; ;
Many appeared to regard their sexual behavior as a justifiable means of gaining acceptance from and identification with others ; ;
For example , the unwed mothers expressed their frustration with males who did not indicate more explicitly `` what it is they really want from a girl so one can act accordingly '' .
Erikson has noted that , unless this trust developed early , the time ambivalence experienced , in varying degree and temporarily , by all adolescents ( as a result of their remembering the more immediate gratification of wants during childhood , while not yet having fully accepted the long-range planning required by adulthood ) may develop into a more permanent sense of time diffusion .
Adolescents have a much-discussed tendency to polarize ideas and values , to perceive things as `` either-or '' , black or white -- nuances of meaning are relatively unimportant .
For many of these unwed mothers , the data on their family life and early childhood experiences revealed several indications and sources of their basic mistrust of their parents in particular and of the world in general .
To be different is to invite shame and doubt ; ;
The successful and positive resolution of these crises during adolescence involves an epigenetic principle -- during adolescence , the individual's positive resolutions in each area of identity crisis depend , to a considerable degree , on his already having resolved preliminary and preparatory identity crises during his infancy , childhood , and early adolescence .
and whether to attend this or that college and to follow this or that course of study .
For example , some unwed mothers had had no work experiences , household chores , and responsibilities during childhood and early adolescence ; ;
If she has not had such experiences , the female's normal adolescent degree of indecision will be compounded .
They condemned the movie script writers for implying that sex was enjoyable and exhilarating .
Our discussion of this involves using Erik Erikson's schema of `` identity vs. identity diffusion '' as a conceptual tool in superimposing a few common denominators onto the diverse personality and family configurations of the unwed mothers from whose case histories we quoted earlier .
and they censured parents who `` never disciplined and were too permissive '' or who `` never explained how easy it was to get pregnant '' .
She may well be incapacitated by it when she is confronted with present and future alternatives -- e.g. , whether to prepare primarily for a career or for the role of a homemaker ; ;
The adolescent also faces the identity crisis that Erikson has termed ideological polarization vs. diffusion of ideals .
In discussing the ways this crisis is germane to consderations for the prevention of illegitimacy , we shall again superimpose Erikson's concept on our data .
and in the fact that she bases her decisions about work , college , carreer , and studies on what others are doing , rather than on her own sense of identity with given skills , abilities , likes , and dislikes .
However , as Erickson has noted , the individual's failure to develop preliminary identities during infancy and childhood need not be irreversibly deterministic with respect to a given area of identity diffusion in his ( or her ) adolescence .
The positive development , during adolescence , of this capacity to think and to feel strongly and with increasing independence , and to identify overtly either with or against given ideas , values , and practices , depends to a considerable degree on both previous and present opportunities for developing autonomy , initiative , and self-certainty .
whether to pursue a college education or a job after high school ; ;
It provides identification -- with an idea , a value , a cause that cuts through , or even transcends , the multiple and ambivalent identities of their passage from child to adult , and permits their forceful and overt expression of emotion .
Erikson has postulated that such ideological polarization temporarily resolves their search for something stable and definite in the rapidly changing and fluctuating no-man's-land between childhood and adulthood .
Her ostensible indifference to and rebellion against suggestions and criticisms by anyone except peer friends during adolescence are the manifestations , in her adolescence , of her having been indoctrinated in childhood to feel shame , if not guilt , for failing to behave in a manner acceptable to , and judged by , the performance of her nursery- and elementary-school peer friends .
A sense of self-certainty and the freedom to experiment with different roles , or confidence in one's own unique behavior as an alternative to peer-group conformity , is more easily developed during adolescence if , during early childhood , the individual was permitted to exercise initiative and encouraged to develop some autonomy .
This paralysis may be expressed in the female's starting -- and never completing -- many jobs , tasks , and courses of study ; ;
Our discussion does not utilize all the identity crises postulated by Erikson , but is intended to demonstrate the utility of his theoretical schema for studying unwed mothers .
A pronounced ideological diffusion -- i.e. , inability to identify independently with given ideas and value systems -- is reflected in many ways .
This conclusion is dependent on the assumption that traditional sex mores will continue to sanction both premarital chastity as the `` ideal '' , and the double standard holding females primarily responsible for preserving the ideal .
Some of these mothers , apparently feeling a desperate urgency , made , on the spur of the moment , commitments , in love and sex , that would have life-long consequences .
These things both express and , at the same time , continue contributing to , their identity diffusion in an area that could have become a source of developing dignity and self-certainty .
The adolescent's capacity to anticipate achievement and to exercise the self-discipline necessary to complete tasks successfully depends on the degree to which he or she developed autonomy , initiative , and self-discipline during childhood .
The adolescent experiences identity crises in terms of time perspective vs. time diffusion .
The diffusion is most pronounced and most likely to become fixed , however , in those who have had no or very minimal opportunities to develop the autonomy and initiative that could have been directed into constructive expression and so served as sources of developing self-certainty .
and it is better to be shamed and criticized by one's parents , who already consider one different and difficult to understand , than by one's peers , who are also experiencing a similar groping for and denial of adult status .
The absence , during her childhood and early adolescence , of experiences in developing the self-discipline to complete tasks within her ability -- experiences that would have been subsequent sources of anticipation of achievement -- and her lack of childhood opportunities to practice autonomy and initiative in play and expression , both tend in her adolescence to deprive her of the freedoms to role-experiment and to fail occasionally in experimenting .
In another sense , it is represented in the arguments of the `` true believers '' who seek to disprove the validity of all other beliefs and ideas in order to retain confidence in theirs .
Childhood experiences in learning work and self-discipline habits within a context of developing autonomy and initiative have considerable significance for the prevention of illegitimacy .
Experience of this time diffusion ranges from a sense of utter apathy to a feeling of desperate urgency to act immediately .
In the specific case of time diffusion , we must emphasize the significance of the earlier development of mistrust when it is combined with the inevitable time crisis experienced by most ( if not all ) adolescents in our society , and with the failure of the adolescent period to provide opportunities for developing trust .
Within Erikson's schema , the adolescent's delinquent behavior -- in this case , her unwed motherhood -- reflects her `` identity diffusion '' , or her inability to resolve these various identity crises positively .
The adolescent experiences two closely related crises : self-certainty vs. an identity consciousness ; ;
The excerpts from case histories presented above confirm this significance , though through different facets of experience .
Erikson has noted that , as this indecision mounts , it may result in a `` paralysis of workmanship '' .
For example , some contemporary writing tends to fuse the `` good guys '' and the `` bad guys '' , to portray the weak people as heroes and weakness as a virtue , and to explain ( or even justify ) asocial behavior by attributing it to deterministic psychological , familial , and social experiences .
It is mirrored by the individual Willie Lohmans , whose ideas and behavior patterns are so dependent and relativistic that they always coincide with those of the individual or group present and most important at the moment .
They criticized parents for never having emphasized traditional concepts of right and wrong ; ;
They attended school and selected courses primarily on the basis of decisions others made ; ;
they subsequently occupied their leisure hours in searching for something exciting and diverting .
In the adult world , there are a number of rather general and diffuse sources of ideological diffusion that further compound the adolescent's search for meaning during this particular identity crisis .
On the other hand , some unwed mothers had had so much work and responsibility imposed on them at an early age , and had thus had so little freedom or opportunity to develop autonomy and initiative , that their work and responsibilities became dull and unrewarding burdens -- to be escaped and rebelled against through fun and experimentation with forbidden sexual behavior .
Most adolescents have some ideological diffusion at various developmental stages , as they experience a proliferation of ideas and values .
Sex was both .
inculcated with the primacy of group acceptance and group standards ; ;
These childhood experiences are sources of the self-certainty that the adolescent needs , for experimenting with many roles , and for the freedom to fail sometimes in the process of exploring and discovering her skills and abilities .
These polar extremes in time diffusion were indicated in some of the comments by unwed mothers reported in earlier chapters .
They were disappointed by the physical and emotional hurt of premarital sexual intercourse .
The attitudes of some unwed mothers quoted in Chapter 2 , , revealed both considerable preoccupation with being accepted by others and a marked absence of self-certainty .
Another identity crisis confronting the adolescent involves anticipation of achievement vs. work-paralysis .
We hope thereby to emphasize that , from a psychological standpoint , the effectual prevention of illegitimacy is a continuous long-term process involving the socialization of the female from infancy through adolescence .
For example , it is evinced by the adolescent ( or adult ) whose beliefs and actions represent primarily his rebellion and reaction against the ideas and behavior patterns of others , rather than his inner conviction and choice .
As their identity diffusion increased , they became more susceptible to sporadic diversions in love and sexual affairs .
and allowed little initiative in early play and work patterns -- then in adolescence her normal degree of vanity , sensitivity , and preoccupation with whether others find her appearance and behavior acceptable , will be compounded .
Hypothesizing a series of developmental stages that begin in the individual's infancy and end in his old age , Erikson has indicated that the adolescent is faced with a series of identity crises .
Others displayed utter apathy and indifference to any decision about the past or the future .

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Orthodontic work is possible because teeth are held firmly but not rigidly , by a system of peridontal membrane with an involved nerve network , to the bone in the jaw ; ;
What can 10-year-old Susan expect when she enters the orthodontist's office ? ?
`` After your child's baby teeth are all in -- usually at the age of two and one half to three -- it's time for that first dental appointment '' , Dr. Brodie advises .
`` Fees are about half to a third of what they were 25 years ago '' .
Plastics are easier to handle than the vulcanized rubber formerly used , and they save time and money .
but after that , if thumb-sucking pressure is frequent , it will have an effect .
This appliance will exert a gentle and continuous or intermittent pressure on the bone .
People today are aware of the value of orthodontics , and as a result there are more practitioners in the field .
During these visits the dentist will adjust the braces to increase the pressure on her teeth .
Let the orthodontist decide the proper time to start treatment '' , he urges .
Richard Stewart is no special case .
In many cities in the United States clinics associated with dental schools will take patients at a nominal fee .
A child probably requires some form of treatment if he has any of the following conditions :
`` If teeth are moved too rapidly , serious injury can be done to their roots as well as to the surrounding bone holding them in place '' , explains Dr. Brodie .
Front teeth not meeting when the back teeth close .
Crooked , overlapping , twisted , or widely spaced teeth .
Upper teeth completely covering the lowers when the back teeth close .
as a rule , the earlier general dental treatment is started , the less expensive and more satisfactory it is likely to be .
A chin too prominent in relation to the rest of the face , a thrusting forward of the lower front teeth , an overdeveloped lower jawbone , and an underdeveloped upper jaw indicate the opposite type of malocclusion .
The failure of teeth to fit together when closed interferes with normal chewing , so that a child may swallow food whole and put a burden on his digestive system .
However , this does not mean that a child's teeth or jaws must necessarily resemble those of someone in his family .
growth studies have been carried on consistently by orthodontists .
On her first visit the orthodontist will take x-rays , photographs , tooth measurements , and `` tooth prints '' -- an impression of the mouth that permits him to study her teeth and jaws .
One main type of malocclusion is characterized by a receding chin and protruding upper front teeth .
occlusion is the dentist's expression for the way teeth fit together when the jaws are closed .
Some municipal agencies will pay for orthodontic treatment for children of needy parents .
they are not anchored directly to the bone .
Tooth deformity may be the result of excessive thumb- or finger-sucking , tongue-thrusting , or lip-sucking -- but it's important to remember that there's a difference between normal and excessive sucking habits .
Then , too , misplaced or jammed-together teeth are prone to trapping food particles , increasing the likelihood of rapid decay .
Because of these chewing troubles , a child may avoid certain foods he needs for adequate nutrition .
What is the cost ? ?
This knowledge both modifies and dictates diagnosis and treatment .
This serious condition , popularly known as pyorrhea , is one of the chief causes of tooth loss in adults .
Now a dentist can recommend extraction immediately .
Superior new material for orthodontic work is another result of research .
Ten-year-old Richard Stewart had been irritable and quarrelsome for almost a year .
Yet from the dentist's point of view , bad-fitting teeth should be corrected for physical reasons .
Some such youngsters rarely smile , or they try to speak with the mouth closed .
Dr. Brodie has 30-year records of head growth , started 20 minutes after children's births .
What is it likely to cost ? ?
`` A child with a certain type of head and teeth will outgrow tooth deformity '' .
He can correct decay , thus preventing early loss of teeth .
Malocclusion can also result if baby teeth are lost too soon or retained too long .
His grades had gone steadily downhill , and he had stopped bringing friends and classmates home from school .
In the period from 10 to 14 the permanent set of teeth is usually completed , yet the continuing growth of bony tissue makes moving badly placed teeth comparatively easy .
Malocclusion , or a bad fit , is what parents need to look out for .
An average national figure for two to three years of treatment would be $650 to $1,000 .
To become an orthodontist , a man must first be licensed by his state as a dentist , then he must spend at least two years in additional training to acquire a license as a specialist .
Why and when should tooth-straightening be undertaken ? ?
A noticeable protrusion of the upper or lower jaw .
Badly placed teeth can also cause such a speech handicap as lisping .
Contrary to the thinking of 30 to 40 years ago , when all malocclusion was blamed on some unfortunate habit , recent studies show that most tooth irregularity has at least its beginning in hereditary predisposition .
`` For these and other reasons '' , says Dr. Brodie , `` orthodontics can prolong the life of teeth '' .
That is why Dr. Brodie asks parents not to insist , against their dentist's advice , that their child have orthodontic work done too early .
What do parents need to know about those `` years of the braces '' in order not to waste a child's time and their money ? ?
Occasional sucking up to the fifth year may not affect a youngster's teeth ; ;
During the year that followed , Dick co-operated whole-heartedly with the dentist and was delighted with the final result achieved -- an upper row of strong straight teeth that completely changed his facial appearance .
`` Fortunately through our growth studies we have been able to see what nature does , and that helps us know what we can do '' .
The youngsters in the boys' class had nicknamed Dick `` Bugs Bunny '' because his teeth protruded .
It's perfectly normal for babies to suck their thumbs , and no mother need worry if a child continues this habit until he is two or three years old .
`` Both because of our culture's stress on beauty and our improved economic conditions , some parents demand that the dentist try to correct a problem before it is wise to do so .
`` most orthodontic work is done on children between the ages of 10 and 14 , though there have been patients as young as two and as old as 55 '' , says Dr. Brodie .
`` Factors in the cost of treatment are the length of time involved and the skill and education of the practitioner '' , says Dr. Brodie .
Plaster of Paris , once utilized in making impressions of teeth , has been replaced by alginates ( gelatin-like material ) that work quickly and accurately and with least discomfort to a child .
Tooth fit explained
In the past an orthodontist might have tried , over four or five years , to straighten and fit the boy's large teeth into a jaw that , despite some growth , would never accommodate them .
In other cases , in view of present-day knowledge of head growth , orthodontists will recommend waiting four or five years before treatment .
Second teeth that have come in before the first ones have fallen out , making a double row .
every orthodontist sees children who are embarrassed by their malformed teeth .
If a child loses a molar at the age of two , the adjoining teeth may shift toward the empty space , thus narrowing the place intended for the permanent ones and producing a jumble .
Straightening one tooth that has come in wrong may take only a few months .
now we know that family characteristics do affect tooth formation to a large extent '' , he says .
If baby teeth are retained too long , the incoming second teeth may be prevented from emerging at the normal time or may have to erupt in the wrong place .
Work that might cost $500 to $750 in the South could cost $750 to $1,200 in New York City or Chicago .
Last comes the retention stage .
Correction can save teeth
These two basic malformations have , of course , many variations .
The child is kept on call , and the orthodontist watches the growth .
Aligning all the teeth may take a year or more .
`` In the past anyone who said that 90% of all malocclusion is hereditary was scoffed at ; ;
For example , a boy may inherit a small jaw from one ancestor and large teeth from another .
Usually this is a thin band of wire attached to the molars and stretching across the teeth .
When in place , a well-cemented band actually protects the part of the tooth that is covered .
Parents are often concerned that orthodontic appliances may cause teeth to decay .
How can they tell whether a child needs orthodontic treatment ? ?
When Richard's parents told him they wanted to take him to an orthodontist -- a dentist who specializes in realigning teeth and jaws -- their young son was interested .
In certain cases , as in Dick Stewart's , a child's personality is affected .
`` Moving one or two teeth can affect the whole system , and an ill-conceived plan of treatment can disrupt the growth pattern of a child's face '' .
The reason ? ?
`` Then see that your youngster has a routine checkup once a year '' .
`` Nature often takes care of the problem '' , says Dr. Brodie .
`` Costs may seem high , but they used to be even higher '' , says Dr. Brodie .
An added complication such as a malformed jaw may take two or three years to correct .
Susie's teeth have now been guided into a desirable new position .
Then comes the time when the last wire is removed and Susie walks out a healthier and more attractive girl than when she first went to the orthodontist .
If a child does lose his first teeth prematurely because of decay -- and if no preventive steps are taken -- the other teeth may shift out of position , become overcrowded and malformed .
To help prevent orthodontic problems from arising , your dentist can do these things :
This must be done at the rate at which new bony tissue grows , and no faster .
Research helps families
Bad alignment may result in early loss of teeth through a breakdown of the bony structure that supports their roots .
Mr. and Mrs. Stewart were puzzled and concerned .
Susie may wear this only at night or for a few hours during the day .
Abnormal pressure , applied over a period of time , produces a change in the bony deposit , so a tooth functions normally in the new position into which it has been guided .
Most orthodontists require an initial payment to cover the cost of diagnostic materials and construction of the appliances , but usually the remainder of the cost may be spread over a period of months or years .
If he decides to proceed , he will custom-make for Susie an appliance consisting of bands , plastic plates , fine wires , and tiny springs .
How long will this take ? ?
But because teeth sometimes may drift back to their original position , a retaining appliance is used to lock them in place .
The eyeteeth ( third from the middle on top , counting each front tooth as the first ) beginning to protrude like fangs .
The charge for a complete full-banded job differs in various parts of the country .
Prevention is best
In turn the other teeth are likely to decay because food particles may become impacted in them .
`` The majority of children in the United States could benefit by some form of orthodontic treatment '' , says Dr. Allan G. Brodie , professor and head of the department of orthodontics at the University of Illinois and a nationally recognized authority in his field .
Next Susie will enter the treatment stage and visit the orthodontist once or twice a month , depending on the severity of her condition .
The when and how of straightening
As the tooth moves , bone cells on the pressure side of it will dissolve , and new ones will form on the side from which the tooth has moved .
Then one day Dick's classmate Jimmy , from next door , let the cat out of the bag .
During the first few days of wearing the appliance and immediately following each adjustment , Susan may have a slight discomfort or soreness , but after a short time this will disappear .

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In reply to a question of whether they now tax boats , airplanes and other movable property excluding automobiles , nineteen said that they did and twenty that they did not .
Intangible property is taxable wherever the owner has a place of abode the greater portion of the year .
An adequately staffed and equipped State assessing office could apply uniform methods and standards which would go far toward producing equitable assessments on all properties throughout the State .
One assessor checked boats only , another trailers and tractors , one mentioned house trailers , and two others referred to trailers without specifying the type .
Consequently there have developed several forms of grants-in-aid and shared taxes , as well as the unrestricted grant to local governments for general purposes whose adoption accompanied the introduction of a sales tax at the state level .
There was a time some years ago when local taxation by the cities and towns was sufficient to support their own operations and a part of the cost of the state government as well .
So few answered the question relating to their efforts to assess movable property that the results are inconclusive .
In two cases , airplanes only were indicated .
The assessors' association , meeting at Narragansett in September 1960 , devoted its session to a discussion of the boat problem .
Although a similar situs for tangible property is mentioned in the statute , this is cancelled out by the provision that definite kinds of property `` and all other tangible property '' situated or being in any town is taxable where the property is situated .
The wording of the question was quite general and may have been subject to different interpretations .
Notwithstanding state aid , the local governments are continuing to seek additional revenue of their own by strengthening the property tax .
In defining personal property , it specifically mentions `` all ships or vessels , at home or abroad '' .
Only a few more than 10,000 boats had been registered with the Division of Harbors and Rivers at the end of the 1960 boating season , but many had been taken out of the water early when the threat of a hurricane brought the season to an early close .
This financial assistance from the state has become necessary because the local governments themselves found the property tax , or at least at the rates then existing , insufficient for their requirements .
Middletown bases its claim on the general provision of the law that `` all rateable property , both tangible and intangible , shall be taxed to the owner thereof in the town in which such owner shall have had his actual place of abode for the larger portion of the twelve ( 12 ) months next preceding the first day of April in each year '' .
Rhode Island law specifies that all real estate is taxable in the town in which it is situated .
This condition will undoubtedly continue until such time as a state uniform system of evaluation is established , or through mutual agreement of the local assessing officials for a method of standard assessment practice to be adopted .
Twenty-seven assessors stated that they were in favor of improved means for assessing movable personal property , and only five were opposed .
Fifteen stated that it was according to location , four by residence of the owner , and nineteen did not answer .
It also provides for the taxation of all personal property , belonging to inhabitants of the state , both tangible and intangible , and the tangible personal property of non-residents in this state .
Since that time the demands of the citizens for new and expanded services have placed financial burdens on the state which could not have been foreseen in earlier years .
It is obvious that this is a potential and lucrative source of revenue for the assessors of those towns where a substantial amount of such property would be subject to taxation .
For many years a state tax on cities and towns was paid by the several municipalities to the state from the proceeds of the general property tax .
However , few are taxed , and the owners and location of most boats are unknown to the assessors on the date of assessment of town valuations .
Practices in Rhode Island .
This situation resulted in both towns claiming the tax , and probably justifiably .
Interest has been shown for a number of years by local assessors in the possibility of taxing boats .
Slightly more than 5,000 boats were registered with the Coast Guard prior to the recent passage of the state boating law .
Another question that was asked of the assessors was whether they favored the assessment of movable property at its location or at the residence of the owner .
No one really knows how many boats there actually are or what their aggregate value may be .
Although the laws of the various states , in general , specify the situs of property , i.e. , residence or domicile of the owner , or location of the property , the exceptions regarding boats , airplanes , mobile homes , etc. , seem to add to the uncertainty of the proper origination point for assessment .
The replies from each individual town are not given in detail because the questions asked the personal opinion of the several assessors and are not necessarily the established policy of the town in each case .
To determine the practice and attitude of municipal governments concerning tangible movable property , a questionnaire was sent to all local government assessors or boards of assessors in Rhode Island .
It is not clear , however , whether they are thinking of all movable property or only of boats , trailers , aircraft or certain other types of personal property whose assessment would be advantageous to their particular towns .
Boats were indicated specifically by only one of the five towns known to tax boats .
A recent example of this problem is the flying of six airplanes , on December 31 , 1960 , from the Newport Airpark in Middletown , to the North Central Airport in Smithfield .
There are legitimate reasons for differences of opinion among the assessors as a whole and among the public officials in each town .
Problems of taxing personal property .
This problem of fair and equitable assessment of value is a difficult one to solve in that the determination of fair valuation is dependent on local assessors , who in general are non-professional and part-time personnel taking an individualistic approach to the problem .
The resulting setup , it was declared , `` would be similar to that which is in successful operation in a number of metropolitan counties as large or larger than Rhode Island '' .
Of greater interest is a question as to whether movable property was assessed according to its location or ownership .
A single statewide assessing unit would eliminate the differences and complications that are inherent in a system of 39 different and independent assessing units '' .
Only four towns indicated that they made any more than a normal effort to list property of this kind .
taxing of boats .
Seven others expressed no opinion .
On this point there was fairly general agreement that assessors would like to do more than they are doing now .
These problems are not local to Rhode Island , but are recognized as common to all states .
Boats as personal property
Assessors in Rhode Island are charged not only with placing a valuation upon real and personal property , but they also have the responsibility to raise by a tax `` a sum not less than nor more than '' a specified amount as ordered by a city council or financial town meeting .
It has been estimated that the value of boats in Rhode Island waters is something in excess of fifty million dollars , excluding commercial boats .
At the same time there has been an upgrading and expansion of municipal services as well .
This accounts for the wide variance in assessment practices of movable tangible property in the various municipalities in Rhode Island .
To summarize , it may be said that there is no one prevailing practice in Rhode Island with respect to the taxation of movable property , that assessors would like to see an improvement , and of those who have an opinion , that assessment by the town of location is preferred on the basis of their present knowledge .
The location of the latter now is determined for tax purposes at the time of registration , and it is now accepted practice to consider a motor vehicle as being situated where it is garaged .
The need for greater knowledge is evident from their replies .
Among the many problems in the taxing of personal property , and of movable tangible property in particular , two are significant : ( 1 ) situs , ( 2 ) fair and equitable assessment of value .
This is being done both by the revaluation of real property and by seeking out forms of personal property hitherto neglected or ignored .
Ten others made no reply .
Assessment of value .
The Smithfield tax assessor , in turn , claims the tax under the provision of law `` and all other tangible personal property situated or being in any town , in or upon any place of storage shall be taxed to such person in the town where said property is situated '' .
It is known that at least five towns ( Barrington , Bristol , Narragansett , Newport and Westerly ) place some value on some boats for tax purposes .
It has been obvious to the assessors , particularly those in shore communities , that boats comprise the largest category of tangible personal property which they have been unable to reach .
Situs of property .
This would seem to fix the tax situs of all movable personal property at its location on December 31 .
It is difficult to tabulate exactly what was meant in each individual situation , but the conclusion may be drawn that 21 towns do not assess movable personal property , and of the remainder only certain types are valued for tax purposes .
The Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council in its publication once commented : ``
The Institute of Public Administration , in its report to the State Fiscal Study Commission in 1959 , recommended `` consolidating and centralizing all aspects of property tax administration in a single state agency professionally organized and equipped for the job '' .
Of those who have an opinion , it seems that assessment by location is preferred .
There was one vote for location being the place where the property is situated for the greater portion of the twelve months preceding the assessment date .
The Rhode Island property tax
Obviously , it would be impossible to determine where every vehicle might be on the 31st day of December .
Eighteen voted for assessment by the town in which it is located and eleven preferred assessment by the town in which the owner resides .
Both boats and aircraft would fall within this category , as well as motor vehicles .
Taxation of tangible movable property in Rhode Island has been generally of a `` hands off '' nature due possibly to several reasons : ( 1 ) local assessors , in the main , are not well paid and have inadequate office staffs , ( 2 ) the numerous categories of this component of personal property make locating extremely difficult , and ( 3 ) the inexperience of the majority of assessors in evaluating this type of property .
In view of the acceptance accorded the status of motor vehicles for tax purposes , in the absence of any specific provision it would seem entirely consistent to apply the same interpretation to boats or aircraft .
The most realistic way of facing up to this problem would be to have the State take over full responsibility for assessing all taxable property .
No satisfactory solution has been found , but this is due more to the difficulties inherent in the problem than to a lack of interest or diligence on the part of the assessors .
This tax was discontinued in 1936 .
These opinions of the assessors are of significance in indicating what their thinking seems to be at the present time .
Thus , there has come into being a situation in which the state must raise all of its own revenues and , in addition , must give assistance to its local governments .
It would seem , then , that movable property and equipment is not taxed as a whole but that certain types are taxed in towns where this is bound to be expedient for that particular kind of personal property .
Through their professional organization , the Rhode Island Tax Officials Association the question of taxing boats long has been debated and discussed .

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Open societies can take many forms , and within very broad limits recipients must be free to set their own goals and to devise their own institutions to achieve those goals .
We must use common sense in applying conditions
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Gradually others will move up to the same level
Aid is a long-term process
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More importantly , several of the more advanced of the less developed countries have found through experience that they must plan their own complex investment programs for at least 5 years forward and tentatively for considerably more than that if they are to be sure that the various interdependent activities involved are all to take place in the proper sequence .
If the less developed countries are to be persuaded to adopt a long-term approach , the United States , as the principal supplier of external aid , must be prepared to give long-term commitments .
The taking of these steps involves tough internal policy decisions .
Encouraging a long-term approach
Many of the individual projects for which development assistance is required call for expenditures over lengthy periods .
It must be recognized as a slow-acting tool designed to prevent political and military crises such as those recently confronted in Laos and Cuba .
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and administrative practices which will make possible the more effective review and implementation of programs once established .
Third , we can offer technical help in the formulation of programs for development which are adapted to the country's objectives and resources .
Providing an incentive
( A ) the need to budget a period of years .
We can help in the planning process
It is vitally important that the new U.S. aid program should encourage all of them , since the main thrust for development must come from the less developed countries themselves .
The reasons for stressing self-help
surveying the needs and requirements over time of broad sectors of the economy , such as transport , agriculture , communication , industry , and power ; ;
In many societies , what we regard as corruption , favoritism , and personal influence are so accepted as consistent with the mores of officialdom and so integral a part of routine administrative practice that any attempt to force their elimination will be regarded by the local leadership as not only unwarranted but unfriendly .
Dams , river development schemes , transportation networks , educational systems require years to construct .
Development requires a long-term approach
2 .
On the other hand , it is no interference with sovereignty to point out defects where they exist , such as that a plan calls for factories without power to run them , or for institutions without trained personnel to staff them .
Once we have made clear that we are genuinely concerned with a country's development potential , we can be blunt in suggesting the technical conditions that must be met for development to occur .
E .
These cases in which light is already visible at the other end of the tunnel are ones which over the next few years will absorb the bulk of our capital assistance .
There are many others .
But there will be still other countries where , despite the inadequacy of the level of self-help , we shall deem it wise , for political or military reasons , to give substantial economic assistance .
This includes not only development programing , but also establishing tax policies designed to raise equitably resources for investment ; ;
3 .
Governments are rarely monolithic .
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To insist on a level of performance in programing and budgeting completely beyond the capabilities of the recipient country would result in the frustration of the basic objective of our development assistance to encourage more rapid growth .
Moreover , tolerance by us of such practices results in serious waste and diversion of aid resources and in the long run generates anti-American sentiment of a kind peculiarly damaging to our political interest .
U.S. position on self-help
The application of conditions in the allocation of aid funds cannot , of course , be mechanical .
Encouraging self-help
fiscal and monetary policies designed to prevent serious inflation ; ;
Most of our aid will go to those nearing self-sufficiency
Only rarely is attention given to accurate progress reports and evaluation .
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External aid can be effective only if it is a complement to self-help .
Yet an economy cannot get the most out of its resources if dishonesty , corruption , and favoritism are widespread .
A requirement of reasonably honest administration may be politically uncomfortable in the short run , but it is politically essential in the long run .
Moreover , on complex projects , design work must be completed and orders for machinery and equipment placed months or even years before construction can commence .
( D ) honesty in government .
It must be recognized that countries at different stages of development have very different capabilities of meeting such conditions .
Only a very few of the more advanced ones , such as India and Pakistan , have developed systematic techniques of programing .
The specific reasons for a long-term approach
Second , we can make assistance for particular projects conditional on the consistency of such projects with the program .
They must , therefore , be related to long-range development plans .
This includes foreseeing balance-of-payments crises , with adequate attention to reducing dependence on imports and adopting realistic exchange rates to encourage infant industries and spur exports .
Most important of all , the less developed countries must be persuaded to take the necessary steps to allocate and commit their own resources .
Thus , as a development program is being launched , commitments and obligations must be entered into in a given year which may exceed by twofold or threefold the expenditures to be made in that year .
it must express the nation's own will and goal .
In this , as in so many aspects of our development assistance activities , the incentive effects of the posture we take are the most important ones .
In the more primitive areas , where the capacity to absorb and utilize external assistance is limited , some activities may be of such obvious priority that we may decide to support them before a well worked out program is available .
Even in these cases we should promote self-help by making it clear that our supporting assistance is subject to reduction and ultimately to termination .
The United States can use its aid as an incentive to self-help by responding with aid on a sustained basis , tailored to priority needs , to those countries making serious efforts in self-help .
To have any success in this effort , we must ourselves view it as an enterprise stretching over a considerable number of years , and we must encourage the recipients of our aid to view it in the same fashion .
In such a case , however , we would encourage the recipient country to get on with its programing task , supply it with substantial technical assistance in performing that task , and make it plain that an expansion or even a continuation of our assistance to the country's development was conditional upon programing progress being made .
and regulatory policies aimed to attract the financial and managerial resources of foreign investment and to prevent excessive luxury consumption by a few .
This includes assistance in -- assembling the basic economic , financial , technological , and educational information on which programing depends ; ;
For both economic and political reasons all segments of the population must be able to share in the growth of a country .
designing the financial mechanisms of the economy in ways that will promote growth without inflation ; ;
They must be persuaded to adopt the other necessary self-help measures which are described in the preceding section .
External aid can only be marginal , although the margin , as in the case of the Marshall plan , can be decisive .
They must be induced to establish the necessary tax , fiscal , monetary , and regulatory policies .
The capital expansion programs of business firms involve multi-year budgeting and the same is true of country development programs .
The range of self-help
At the other end of the spectrum , where the more advanced countries can be relied upon to make well thought through decisions as to project priorities within a consistent program , we should be prepared to depart substantially from detailed project approval as the basis for granting assistance and to move toward long-term support , in cooperation with other developed countries , of the essential foreign exchange requirements of the country's development program .
U.S. aid , therefore , should increasingly be designed to provide incentives for countries to take the steps that only they themselves can take .
The number of countries thus favorably situated is small , but their peoples constitute over half of the population of the underdeveloped world .
The extent to which we can persuade the less developed countries to appraise their own resources , to set targets toward which they should be working , to establish in the light of this forward perspective the most urgent priorities for their immediate attention , and to do the other things which they must do to help themselves , all on a realistic long-term basis , will depend importantly on the incentives we place before them .
Nevertheless , we can administer an aid program in such a manner as to promote the development of responsible programing .
1 .
or a skilled labor force is trained before there are plants available in which they can be employed .
Moreover , once these steps are taken , they may require years to make themselves felt .
The most fundamental concept of the new approach to economic aid is the focusing of our attention , our resources , and our energies on the effort to promote the economic and social development of the less developed countries .
First , we can encourage responsibility by establishing as conditions for assistance on a substantial and sustained scale the definition of objectives and the assessment of costs .
The whole program must be conceived of as an effort , stretching over a considerable number of years , to alter the basic social and economic conditions in the less developed world .
In several significant cases , such as India , a decade of concentrated effort can launch these countries into a stage in which they can carry forward their own economic and social progress with little or no government-to-government assistance .
3 .
( B ) the need to plan investment programs .
1 .
In most of the less developed countries , however , such programing is at best inadequate and at worst nonexistent .
Neither growth nor a development program can be imposed on a country ; ;
In establishing conditions of self-help , it is important that we not expect countries to remake themselves in our image .
Others have so-called development plans , but some of these are little more than lists of projects collected from various ministries while others are statements of goals without analysis of the actions required to attain them .
If they feel that we are taking a long-term view of their problems and are prepared to enter into reasonably long-term association with them in their development activities , they will be much more likely to undertake the difficult tasks required .
Without such forward planning , investment funds are wasted because manufacturing facilities are completed before there is power to operate them or before there is transport to service them ; ;
2 .
Thus , we might provide limited assistance in such fields as education , essential transport , communications , and agricultural improvement despite the absence of acceptable country programs .
( C ) tapping the energies of the entire population .
A systematic approach to development budgeting and programing is one important kind of self-help .
( C ) the need to allocate country resources .
D .
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The major areas of self-help are the following : ( A ) the effective mobilizing of resources .
There are other countries where , with skillful diplomacy , we may be able by our aid to give encouragement to those groups in government which would like to press forward with economic and social reform measures to promote growth .
It is not a tool for dealing with these crises after they have erupted .
This is not a short-run goal .
How long it will take to show substantial success in this effort will vary greatly from country to country .
It also includes providing for the training of nationals to operate projects after they are completed .
Perhaps the most important incentive for them will be clear evidence that where other countries have done this kind of home work we have responded with long-term commitments .
( B ) the reduction of dependence on external sources .
Some of the most dramatic successes of Communism in winning local support can be traced to the identification -- correct or not -- of Communist regimes with personal honesty and pro-Western regimes with corruption .
Otherwise , development will not lead to longrun stability .
Meantime , over the decade of the sixties , we can hope that many other countries will ready themselves for the big push into self-sustaining growth .
Aid advice is not interference
In still others which are barely on the threshold of the transition into modernity , the decade can bring significant progress in launching the slow process of developing their human resources and their basic services to the point where an expanded range of developmental activities is possible .
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In many instances it can withhold or limit its aid to countries not yet willing to make such efforts .

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A pervading quality of free lyricism and a building from turns close to the ground towards jumps into the air gives the work its central focus .
The other variables include the dancer who is to perform the movement and the length of time he is to take in its performance .
Then the choreographer must arbitrate .
Others look to more objective devices of order .
Again , the composer must select his own materials .
Chance , he finds , enables him to create `` a world beyond imagination '' .
Even the least alteration will change the quality .
or it may involve more subtle distinctions : the sway may be gradually minimized or enlarged , its rhythmic emphasis may be slightly modified , or it may be transferred to become a movement of only the arms or the head .
Most avant-garde creators , true to their interest in the self-sufficiency of pure movement , have tended to dress their dancers in simple lines and solid colors ( often black ) and to give them a bare cyclorama for a setting .
As the dancer is depersonalized , his accouterments are animized , and the combined elements give birth to a new being .
To raise the dancer out of his personal , pedestrian self , Mr. Nikolais has experimented with relating him to a larger , environmental orbit .
But in this approach it is the artist's ultimate insight , rather than his immediate impressions , that gives form to the work .
He accepts the accidents of his brushwork because they provide evidence of the vitality of the experience of creation .
Events occur without apparent reason .
If his dancers are sometimes made to look as if they might be creatures from Mars , this is consistent with his intention of placing them in the orbit of another world , a world in which they are freed of their pedestrian identities .
He has designed a matching backdrop and costumes of points of color on white for Mr. Cunningham's Summerspace , so that dancers and background merge into a shimmering unity .
Avant-garde choreographers , seeking new forms of continuity for their new vocabulary of movements , have turned to similar approaches .
The theme may be the formation of a shape from which other shapes evolve .
The design is determined emotionally : `` I must reach into myself for the spring that will send me catapulting recklessly into the chaos of event with which the dance confronts me '' .
This became a dance called Prelude To Flight .
He is still concerned , however , with a personal event .
But I would never have thought of it myself '' .
In each case , the object , the color , even the percussive sounds of the electronic score were designed to become part of the theatrical being of the performer .
If a work is divided into several large segments , a last-minute drawing of random numbers may determine the order of the segments for any particular performance .
He must construct transitions so that a dancer who is told to lie prone one second and to leap wildly the next will have some physical preparation for the leap .
The contemporary painter tends to depict not the concrete objects of his experience but their essences as revealed in abstractions of their lines , colors , masses , and energies .
He may toss coins ; ;
An order can be chanced rather than chosen , and this approach produces an experience that is `` free and discovered rather than bound and remembered '' .
The sequence of movements in a Cunningham dance is unlike any sequence to be seen in life .
The unit of form is determined subjectively : `` the Heart , by the way of the Breath , to the Line '' .
According to Katherine Litz , `` the becoming , the process of realization , is the dance '' .
The only factors that are personally set by the choreographer are the movements themselves , the number of the dancers , and the approximate total duration of the dance .
But Robert Rauschenberg , the neo-dadaist artist , has collaborated with several of them .
He disdains external restrictions -- conventional syntax , traditional metre .
The work must be true to both the physical and the spiritual character of the experience .
Another element to concern the choreographer is that of the visual devices of the theatre .
The test of form is fidelity to the experience , a gauge also accepted by the abstract expressionist painters .
An approach that has appealed to some choreographers is reminiscent of Charles Olson's statement of the process of projective verse : `` one perception must immediately and directly lead to a further perception '' .
The resulting picture might appear a maze of restless confusions and contradictions , but it is more true to life than a portrait of an artificially contrived order .
The system works as an impersonal mechanism .
Mr. Cunningham tries not to cheat the chance method ; ;
The process stipulates that the choreographer sense the quality of the initial movement he has discovered and that he feel the rightness of the quality that is to follow it .
The dancer who never loosens her hold on a parasol , begins to feel that it is part of herself .
She , too , is concerned with `` the becoming , the process of realization '' , but she does not think in terms of subtle variations of spatial or temporal patterns .
The sequence may involve a sharp contrast : for example , a quiet meditative sway of the body succeeded by a violent leap ; ;
The musician employing the serial technique of composition establishes a mathematical system of rotations that , once set in motion , determines the sequence of pitches and even of rhythms and intensities .
Or , clad from head to toe in fabric stretched over a series of hoops , the performer may well lose his sense of self in being a `` finial '' .
Though he is also concerned with freeing dance from pedestrian modes of activity , Merce Cunningham has selected a very different method for achieving his aim .
He seeks to make his dancers more `` godlike '' by relating them to the impersonal elements of shape , light , color , and sound .
He cites with pleasure the comment of a lady , who exclaimed after a concert : `` Why , it's extremely interesting .
In fact , he calls his productions dance-theatre works of motion , shape , light , and sound .
He rejects all subjectively motivated continuity , any line of action related to the concept of cause and effect .
However , there is always the possibility that chance will make demands the dancers find impossible to execute .
For Mr. Taylor's Images And Reflections she made some diaphanous tents that alternately hide and reveal the performer , and a girl's cape lined with grass .
Midi Garth also believes in subjective continuity that begins with the feeling engendered by an initial movement .
An earlier but still influential school of painting , surrealism , had suggested the way of dealing with the dream experience , that event in which seemingly incongruous objects are linked together through the curious associations of the subconscious .
Mr. Nikolais has made a distinctive contribution to the arts of costume and decor .
Musicians who use the chance method also exclude subjective control of formal development .
But , since they have rejected both narrative and emotional continuity , how are they to unify the impressive array of materials at their disposal ? ?
Their consequences are irrelevant -- or there are no consequences at all .
He may even alter the pattern by applying a scheme of random numbers .
From this being come new movement ideas that utilize dancer and property as a single unit .
The concept remains subjective .
He bases his approach on the belief that anything can follow anything .
The approach to the depiction of the experience of creation may be analytic , as it is for Miss Litz , or spontaneous , as it is for Merle Marsicano .
But a tossing of coins , with perhaps the added safeguard of reference to the oracles of the I Ching , the Chinese Book Of Changes , dictates the handling of the chosen materials .
It may be a free front-back swing of the leg , leading to a sideways swing of the arm that develops into a turn and the sensation of taking off from the ground .
It may be a reaction to a percussive sound , the following movements constituting further reactions .
The answers derived by these means may determine not only the temporal organization of the dance but also its spatial design , special slips designating the location on the stage where the movement is to be performed .
nearby , another sits motionless , while still another is twirling an umbrella .
It is through the metamorphosed dancer that the germ of form is discovered .
Rather than putting their trust in ephemeral sensations they seek form in the stable relationships of pure design , which symbolize an order more real than the disorder of the perceptual world .
Each performance may be different .
Alwin Nikolais objects to art as an outpouring of personal emotion .
He must rearrange matters so that two performers do not bump into each other .
At one side of the stage a dancer jumps excitedly ; ;
he may take slips of paper from a grab bag .
He lifts her , puts her down , and walks off , neither pleased nor disturbed , as if nothing had happened .
He began with masks to make the dancer identify himself with the creature he appeared to be .
they look straight at the audience , not at each other .
But he cannot order his elements by will , either rational or inspired .
Unconcerned with the practical function of his actions , the dancer is engrossed exclusively in their `` motional content '' .
Some look deliberately to devices used by creators in the other arts and apply corresponding methods to their own work .
Others , less consciously but quite probably influenced by the trends of the times , experiment with approaches that parallel those of the contemporary poet , painter , and musician .
A man and a girl happen to meet ; ;
It may establish the relation of the figure of the dancer to light and color , in which case changes in the light or color will set off a kaleidescope of visual designs .
The `` approximate '' is important , because even after the order of the work has been established by the chance method , the result is not inviolable .
He went on to use objects -- hoops , poles , capes -- which he employed as extensions of the body of the dancer , who moved with them .
The creator trusts his intuition to lead him along a path that has internal validity because it mirrors the reality of his experience .
Some let dances take their form from the experience of creation .
But the metamorphosis must come first .
Thus , the avant-garde choreographers have extended the scope of materials available for dance composition .
An exploration of these possible relationships constitutes the process of creation and thereby gives form to the dance .
But her conscious need was to break away from constricting patterns of form , a need to let the experience shape itself .
The sequence is determined by chance , and Mr. Cunningham makes use of any one of several chance devices .
he adheres to its dictates as faithfully as he can .
Some painters have less interest in the experience of the moment , with its attendant urgencies and ambiguities , than in looking beyond the flux of particular impressions to a higher , more serene level of truth .
If one dancer slaps another , the victim may do a pirouette , sit down , or offer his assailant a fork and spoon .
In his recognition of his impersonal self the dancer moves , and this self , in the `` first revealed stroke of its existence '' , states the theme from which all else must follow .
Looking back , Miss Marsicano feels that her ideas may have been influenced by those of Jackson Pollock .
Thus , there is freshness not only in the individual movements of the dance but in the shape of their continuity as well .
Movements unfold freely because they are uninhibited by emotional bias or purposive drive .
The depersonalization continued as the dancer was further metamorphosed by the play of lights upon his figure .
At one time she felt impelled to make dances that `` moved all over the stage '' , much as Pollock's paintings move violently over the full extent of the canvas .
The composer may reverse or invert the order of his original set of intervals ( or rhythms or dynamic changes ) .
And any sequence can not only change its positions in the work but can even be eliminated from it altogether .

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This gives a wide flare to the pecs , causing them to flow dramatically upward into deltoids and dramatically downward into the serratus and Aj .
Charles Harve , who recently won the `` Most Muscular Man '' subdivision award in the Mr. Canada event ; ;
But don't worry .
Far from discouraging Henri , his parents urge him on to greater and greater accomplishments .
2 .
extend your feet forward and backward until you are in a deep leg split .
Instead of admonishing him to let the weights alone they personally took him to that master Montreal bodybuilding authority , Professor Roland Claude .
The last exercise of Roland Claude's prescribed program for Henri is a single exercise , done in individual sets with a bit longer pause between sets .
Henri has always had shapely legs from swimming and water skiing and really doesn't have to work them very much .
You need the barbell variation to build width and mass in the pecs .
Mr. Claude is a specialist in torso development and he has long favored the now-famous Weider Push-Pull Super-Set technique in which one exercise of the Super-Set is a pressing or `` pushing '' movement which accents one sector of a muscle group in a specific way , followed by a `` pulling '' exercise which works the opposing sector of the same muscle group .
And at once Claude saw what the trouble was and he knew just how to correct it .
3 .
By this time Henri's entire chest-back-lat-shoulder area is pumped-up to almost bursting point , and Claude takes time to do a bit more pectoral-front deltoid shaping work .
As you see , the professor has designed a piece of apparatus that forces the bodybuilder to use a w-i-d-e grip .
The Pushup done in this manner is the greatest pectoral-ribcage stretcher ever invented ! !
the facet of muscular development that wins prizes .
Now good definition is one thing that all of us can acquire with occasional high-set , high-rep , light-weight workouts .
It just got longer and longer '' .
`` A real ' nothing ' torso '' , says Henri .
Now raise the weight by straightening your front leg , without moving your feet .
Therefore it's a genuine pleasure to tell you about an entirely happy bodybuilder who has never had to train in secret has never heard one unkind word from his parents and never has been taunted by his schoolmates ! !
So right away Claude introduced Henri to his famous `` moon '' bench and proceeded to teach him his first Push-Pull Super-Set consisting of the wide-grip Straight-Arm Pullover ( the `` pull '' part of the Push-Pull Super-Set ) which dramatically widens the ribcage and strongly affects the muscles of the upper back and chest and the collar-to-collar Bench Press which specifically works on the chest to build those wide , Reeves-type `` gladiator '' pecs , while stimulating the upper lats and frontal deltoids .
That's when he went to Professor Claude .
It's a complete thigh contraction-extension exercise .
This is true only if a very wide grip is used and only when the greatest possible stretch is achieved .
The exercise I shall discuss in this -- the first of a new series of articles on muscle definition-specialization of a particular body part -- is the One Leg Lunge .
This comes not alone from high-set , high-rep training , but from certain definition-specialization exercises which the champion selects for himself with the knowledge of exactly what works best for him .
This happy , always smiling lad with the sunny disposition is our new Junior Mr. Canada -- Henri De Courcy .
Why it was ever forgotten for even a moment I cannot say because it works perfectly for everyone , no matter whether he has short or long thigh-bone lengths ! !
The dumbbell variation develops a most classically sculptured outline to the Aj .
Indeed , a lighter weight works much better because a greater , more extensive split can be performed .
Well , sir they did real great ! !
Now when Henri was just 12 he was only 4' 10'' '' tall and weighed an astounding 72 pounds , and his greatest desire was to pack on some weight .
Undoubtedly you have read the case histories of some of his prize-winning pupils ( every pupil has a physique title of some kind or other ) .
It increases flexibility of the legs .
Often these exercises work well for some bodybuilders but less spectacularly for others .
Because they are `` minority '' exercises and have but a limited appeal they soon find themselves in the limbo of the forgotten .
Seeing so many illustrations and reading so many testimonials to the value of Quick-Wate and Super-Protein , those two wonder-working Weider food supplements , he decided to try them and see what they could do for him .
Used in several sets of high reps once or twice each week it will not be long before your entire upper leg takes on a razor-sharp definition in which the muscles look like wire cables writhing and twisting under the skin ! !
He's crazy about water skiing and swimming and this vigorous exercise in conjunction with the added food supplements packed pounds of solid muscle on his skinny frame .
It speeds muscle growth and power development even for the advanced bodybuilder because each hip and leg is exercised separately , thus enabling a massive , concentrated effort to be focused on each .
Squat-style lifters and leg-split lifters would both benefit enormously by practicing those variations providing that they remember to make alternate sets with the left and right leg to the front .
Of course he did some exercising .
It was muscular but it wasn't symmetrical .
2 .
But as you can also see , it's not a painful exercise at all , because Henri De Courcy -- the `` happy '' bodybuilder -- looks as though he were having the time of his life ! !
But for purely definition purposes -- used in conjunction with your regular Squatting , Leg Curling , Leg Extensor programs -- a heavy weight is not needed .
grasp the bar ( which will rest against the back of your neck ) ; ;
He has Henri do from four to six sets of the Incline Bench Press ( note the high incline ) .
Although I suggested that you hold the bar at the back of the neck there's no reason why you shouldn't make some experiments with the bar held in front of the neck .
It improves over-all balance and control for the bodybuilder , and helps to make Squats more easily and more correctly performed .
You should also begin this exercise with a very light barbell until you become accustomed to it balance-wise .
In his gym the professor has some of the most `` knocked out '' equipment since Vic Tanny .
Physique contests are rarely won on muscle size alone .
( Note how strongly the upper lats and serratus are worked in this fine exercise because of the pin-point concentration of force which the dumbbell variation affords ) .
Now when Henri has completed four complete Push-Pull Super-Sets No. 1 , the professor allows him about a five-minute rest period before starting him on four complete Push-Pull Super-Sets No. 2 .
When the front knee is straight and locked , allow it to bend again until you feel the bar come lightly into contact with the sides of the Power Stands .
Only when the newest Mr. America or Mr. Universe discovers them and puts them into practice are we reacquainted with them and once again see how effective they really are .
For in almost less time than it takes to tell it , Henri's bodyweight was increasing rapidly .
Place a suitably-loaded barbell across them ; ;
It is the one exercise that drastically influences the definition of the thighs at the hipline -- that mark of the champion that sets him apart from all other bodybuilders ; ;
After you have taken a breather , reverse the position of your legs so that the front thigh of the previous exercise is now to the rear , and the rear thigh now to the front , and perform the same movement in the same manner .
that steel-edged `` carved-out-of-solid rock '' looks of the great champions .
It places terrific tension on the leg muscles from start to finish of each repetition .
Place your Power Stands in position and adjust their height so that this will correspond to the height of your shoulders when you are in a deep leg split as for a heavy Clean .
Rarer still is a Mr. America or Mr. Universe of true Herculean build .
and a host of others .
He has to ; ;
There's Gaetan D'Amours who is our newest Mr. Canada ; ;
Super-Set No. 2 is made up of similar exercises , but this time done with dumbbells , and using both `` moon '' and flat benches .
he just can't do anything about it at all ! !
Yesiree , the professor knows his muscles ! !
That's because the good professor teaches only Weider methods at his famous Montreal Health Studio which is located at 1821 Mt. Royal East in Montreal .
5 .
4 .
The aspects of physical development that catch the judges' eyes and which rightfully influence their decisions are symmetry and that hallmark of the true champion -- superior definition of the muscles .
But contest definition -- that dramatic muscular separation of every muscle group that seems as though it must have been carved by a sculptor's chisel -- is something quite different .
You'll need your Weider Power Stands for this fine exercise and here's the way it's done : 1 .
In the third Push-Pull Super-Set the `` push '' exercise is the widegrip Pushup Between Bars , while the `` pull '' exercise is the Moon Bench Lateral Raise with bent arms .
Jean-Paul Senesac , whose story appeared here two issues ago ; ;
And they couldn't have entrusted Henri to better hands because `` le professeur '' knows his muscles from the sterno-cleido mastoideus of the neck right down to the tibialis anticus of the leg and better still , he knows just what exercises work best for them and what Weider principles to combine them with for fast , fast muscle growth .
This is the kind of chest that invariably wins contests ; ;
As you can see , in this Push-Pull Super Set the entire chest-back-shoulder area is vigorously exercised in alternate sectors by alternate exercises so the complete torso remains pumped-up all the time ! !
But he was totally dissatisfied with his upper body .
The `` push '' exercise of this Push-Pull Super-Set is the Bench Press done with elbows well pulled back and with a greater downward stretch of the pectorals not possible with the barbell variation .
whaddya gonna do with all those muscles ( of which he has none at the time ) '' ? ?
That's the One-Leg Lunge in a nutshell .
About that time he began reading Mr. America and Muscle Builder and he learned of the famous Weider way to fast weight gaining .
You should have a couple of training partners to stand by when you make your first experiments just for safety .
You'll know when you've made the greatest stretch because your shoulder blades will touch ! !
The `` pull '' exercise in this Super-Set is the one-dumbbell Bent-Arm Pullover .
Really there is no reason why this fine exercise should not find its way into your leg program at all times , for the following suggestions show why it is so effective : 1 .
The One Leg Lunge is a split and all lifters practice this in their regular workouts .
So with four complete Push-Pull Super-Sets No. 1 , four of No. 2 , four of No. 3 and four to six sets of the Incline Bench Press , you can see that Henri De Courcy has had a terrific mass-building , muscle-shaping , torso-defining workout that cannot be improved upon .
3 .
Jack Boissoneault , who was with us last month ; ;
After all , a guy's gotta have a little ego ! !
`` It never seemed to widen .
a criterion of muscle `` drama '' that is unforgettable to judges and audiences alike ; ;
Oh , you'll wobble and weave quite a bit at first .
Definition of the thighs at the uppermost part is quite commonly seen in most championship Olympic lifters which is easily understandable .
Too often a beginning bodybuilder has to do his training secretly either because his parents don't want sonny-boy to `` lift all those old barbell things '' because `` you'll stunt your growth '' or because childish taunts from his schoolmates , like `` Hey lookit Mr. America ; ;
Before your first training experiment has ended there will be a big improvement and almost before you know it you'll be raising and lowering yourself just like a veteran ! !

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But it would not be very satisfactory to leave our conclusions at the point just reached .
Our students want occupations that permit them to use their talents and training , to be creative and original , to work with and to help other people .
For instance , college-educated people consistently show up in study after study as more often than others supporters of the Bill of Rights and other democratic rights and liberties .
Students are approximately equally divided between those who regard vocational preparation as the primary goal of an ideal education and those who chose a general liberal education .
We find `` reluctant recruits '' whose values are not in line with their expected occupation's characteristics .
The old ideal of the independent entrepreneur is extant -- but so is the recognition that the main chance may be in a corporate bureaucracy .
Detached from their prior statuses and social groups and exposed to the pervasive stimuli of the university milieu , the students tend to assimilate a new common culture , to converge toward norms characteristic of their own particular campus .
But they are optimistic about their prospects in these regards ; ;
It is even true that some among them use the sheer fact of conformity -- `` everyone does it '' -- as a criterion for conduct .
Kluckhohn recently has summarized evidence regarding changes in values during a period of years , primarily 1935-1955 , but extending much farther back in some instances .
Students testify to a felt need for a religious faith or ultimate personal philosophy .
When their faith in civil liberties is tested against strong pressures of social expediency in specific issues , e.g. , suppression of `` dangerous ideas '' , many waver and give in .
after all , feelings of immortality and invulnerability are standard illusions of youth .
It exists alongside the acceptance of traditional forms of organized religion ( church , ordained personnel , ritual , dogma ) .
Occupational choices are also useful -- and interesting -- in bringing out clearly that values do not constitute the only component in goals and aspirations .
In the university milieu of scholarship and research , of social diversity , of new ideas and varied and wide-ranging interests , `` socialization '' into a campus culture apparently means heightened appreciation of the idea of a liberal education in the arts and sciences .
As one looks at the existing evidence , one finds a correlation , although only a slight one , between high grades and `` libertarian '' values .
Upon second thought we were forced to realize that we have very few reliable historical benchmarks against which we might compare the present situation , and that conclusions that present-day students are `` more '' or `` less '' religious could not be defended on the basis of our data .
But these terms are treacherous .
many a people-oriented student who dreams of the M.D. decides to enter his father's advertising agency ; ;
Yet they have accepted most of the extant `` welfare state '' provisions for health , security , and the regulation of economic affairs , and they overwhelmingly approve of the traditional `` liberalism '' of the Bill of Rights .
hence changes in attitudes and values can be analyzed for identical individuals at two points in time .
rather , the generality of these students find their university experience congenial to their own sense of values .
But the extent of ethical robotism is easily overestimated .
The interesting thing in this connection is that the norms upon which students tend to converge include toleration of diversity .
To the extent that our sampling of the orientations of American college students in the years 1950 and 1952 may be representative of our culture -- and still valid in 1959 -- we are disposed to question the summary characterization of the current generation as silent , beat , apathetic , or as a mass of other-directed conformists who are guided solely by social radar without benefit of inner gyroscopes .
Our first impression of the data was that the students were surprisingly orthodox and religiously involved .
But , here again , comparative benchmarks are lacking , and we do not know , in any case , what measure of profoundity and intensity to expect from healthy , young , secure and relatively inexperienced persons ; ;
In their views on dating , courtship , sex , and family life , our students prefer what they are expected to prefer .
`` Conservatism '' and `` traditionalism '' seem implied by what has just been said .
The students who are most willing to acquiesce in the suppression of civil liberties are also those who are most likely to be prejudiced against minority groups , to be conformist and traditionalistic in general social attitudes , and to lack a basic faith in people .
The ideal of a liberal education impresses itself upon the students more and more as they move through college .
Although we have no measures of its strength or intensity , the heritage of the doctrine of inalienable rights is retained .
For this purpose we now draw upon data from sociological and psychological studies of students in American colleges and universities , and particularly from the Cornell Values Studies .
they set limits to their aspirations -- few aspire to millions of dollars or to `` imperial '' power and glory .
In the latter research program , information is available for 2,758 Cornell students surveyed in 1950 and for 1,571 students surveyed in 1952 .
For there is also the `` face of reality '' in the form of the individual's perceptions of his own abilities and interests , of the objective possibilities open to him , of the familial and other social pressures to which he is exposed .
And it may be well to recall that to say `` conformity '' is , in part , another way of saying `` orderly human society '' .
Their commitments are , for the most part , couched in a familiar idiom .
Fortunately , it is possible to be somewhat more concrete and factual in diagnosing the involvement of values in education .
In the field of religious beliefs and values , the college students seem to faithfully reflect the surrounding culture .
There is a clear relationship between their educational evaluations and their basic pattern of general values .
Although he questions the extent and nature of the alleged revival of religion and the alleged increase in conformity , and thinks that `` hedonistic '' present-time orientation does not have the meaning usually attributed to it , he does conclude that Americans increasingly enjoy leisure without guilt , do not stress achievement so much as formerly , are more accepting of group harmony as a goal , more tolerant of diversity and aware of other cultures .
Furthermore , many reluctant recruits are yielding to social demands , or compromising in the face of their own limitations of opportunity , or of ability and performance .
There is now substantial evidence from several major studies of college students that the experience of the college years results in a certain , selective homogenization of attitudes and values .
College in gross -- just the general experience -- may have varying effects , but the students who are successful emerge with strengthened and clarified democratic values .
For them , in the grim words of a once-popular song , love and marriage go together like a horse and carriage .
And , contrary to many popular assertions , the goal-values chosen do not seem to us to be primarily oriented to materialistic success nor to mere conformity .
Students' choices of ideal educational goals are not arbitrary or whimsical .
As they move through the college years our young men and women are `` socialized '' into a broadly similar culture , at the level of personal behavior .
In addition , the 1952 study collected comparable data from 4,585 students at ten other colleges and universities scattered across the country : Dartmouth , Harvard , Yale , Wesleyan , North Carolina , Fisk , Texas , University of California at Los Angeles , Wayne , and Michigan .
Our data indicate that these students of today do basically accept the existing institutions of the society , and , in the face of the realities of complex and large-scale economic and political problems , make a wary and ambivalent delegation of trust to those who occupy positions of legitimized responsibility for coping with such collective concerns .
Of the latter sample , 944 persons had been studied two years earlier ; ;
As we looked more intently at the content of our belief and the extent of religious participation , we received the impression that many of the religious convictions expressed represented a conventional acceptance , of low intensity .
Within the fixed frame of these aspirations , they can afford to place a high value on the expressive and people-oriented aspects of occupation and to minimize the instrumental-reward values of power , prestige , and wealth .
At the same time , a major proportion of these young men and women see religion as a means of personal adjustment , an anchor for family life , a source of emotional security .
In other words , as students go through college , those who are most successful academically tend to become more committed to a `` Bill of Rights '' orientation .
Few students are really so faceless in the not-so-lonely crowd of the swelling population in our institutions of higher learning .
The purely cognitive or informational problems are often acute .
A variety of data are assembled to bear upon such alleged changes as diminished puritan morality , work-success ethic , individualism , achievement , lessened emphasis on future-time orientation in favor of sociability , moral relativism , consideration and tolerance , conformity , hedonistic present-time orientation .
They also want money , prestige , and security .
These personal and social goals often overshadow the goals of intellectual clarity , and spiritual transcendence .
The selective and directional qualities of basic value-orientations are clearly evident in these data : the `` success-oriented '' students choose vocational preparation , the `` other-directed '' choose goals of social adjustment ( `` getting along with people '' ) , the `` intellectuals '' choose a liberal arts emphasis .
and many a hopeful incipient business executive decides it were better to teach the theory of business administration than to practice it .
Their expressed standards concerning sex roles , desirable age for marriage , characteristics of an ideal mate , number of children desired are congruent with the values and stereotypes of the preceding generation -- minus compulsive rebellion .
But the correlation is substantial only among upperclassmen .
Avowed atheists or freethinkers are so rare as to be a curiosity .
We find , in the first place , that the students overwhelmingly approve of higher education , positively evaluate the job their own institution is doing , do not accept most of the criticisms levelled against higher education in the public prints , and , on the whole , approve of the way their university deals with value-problems and value inculcation .
Nor are optimistic and socially-oriented themes at all rare in the distinctive religious history of this country .
Furthermore , in certain respects , there are norms common to colleges and universities across the country .
In this sense also , they are surely conformists .
Still another segment of the student population consists of those who seek , in what they regard as religion , intellectual clarity , rational belief , and ethical guidance and reinforcement .
Students develop occupational images -- not always accurate or detailed -- and they try to fit their values to the presumed characteristics of the imagined occupation .
The religious quest is often intense and deep , and there are students on every campus who are seriously wrestling with the most profound questions of meaning and value .
Thus , many a creativity-oriented aspirant for a career in architecture , drama , or journalism , resigns himself to a real estate business ; ;
In a real sense they are admittedly conservative , but their conservatism incorporates a traditionalized embodiment of the original `` radicalism '' of 1776 .
It is not our impression that these evaluations are naively uncritical resultants of blissful ignorance ; ;
Even in such technical curricula as engineering , the senior is much more likely than the freshman to choose , as an ideal , liberal education over specific vocational preparation .
There is impressive consistency between specific occupational preferences and the student's basic conception of what is for him a good way of life .
The `` cult of adjustment '' does exist .
The same patterned consistency shows itself in occupational choices .
And as they go through college , the students tend to bring their political position in line with that prevalent in the social groups to which they belong .
This finding is consistent also with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students .
In the field of political values , it is certainly true that students are not radical , not rebels against their parents or their peers .
They even accept the `` double standard '' of sex morality in a double sense , i.e. , both sexes agree that standards for men differ from standards for women , and women apply to both sexes a standard different from that held by men .
Other conceivable goals , such as character-education and social adjustment , are of secondary importance to them .

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But since 1927 , researchers digging into ancient court records and legal files have been able to find illuminating pieces of information .
Fog hung over the route constantly .
For hundreds of years , the evidence available consisted of ( 1 ) the captain's fragmentary journal , ( 2 ) a highly prejudiced account by one of the survivors , ( 3 ) a note found in a dead man's desk on board , and ( 4 ) several second-hand reports .
Greene was in actuality a young ruffian from Kent , who had broken with his parents in order to keep the company he preferred -- pimps , panders and whores .
Each time his objective had been the same -- a direct water passage from Western Europe to the Far East .
On previous voyages , it had been in precisely such dangerous situations that he had failed as a leader and captain .
( The common misconception that he was Dutch and that his first name was Hendrik stem from Dutch documents of his third voyage .
) In 1610 , Hudson was probably in his early forties , a good navigator , a stubborn voyager , but otherwise fatally unsuited to his chosen profession .
First , they wanted to clarify a tantalizing , bizarre enigma .
The captain was gone , and the mate was gone .
Others added that Juet had wanted to turn the ship homeward .
As the bergs grew larger , Hudson was forced to turn south into what is now Ungava Bay , an inlet of the Great Strait .
The great , crushing ice masses coming into view made him sound like the voice of pure reason .
Just as it was being hauled inboard , a sea hit the ship .
By springtime , he was supported by a rich merchant syndicate under the patronage of Henry , Prince of Wales .
Second , they believed it important to determine the fate of the captain -- a man whose name is permanently stamped on our maps , on American towns and counties , on a great American river , and on half a million square miles of Arctic seas .
But there remained one mysterious , unexplored gap , far to the north .
North and south , east and west , back and forth he sailed in the land-locked bay , plowing furiously forward until land appeared , then turning to repeat the process , day after day , week after week .
For the first three weeks , the ship skirted up the east coast of Great Britain , then turned westward .
On the second voyage , he had turned back at the frozen island of Novaya Zemlya and meekly given the crew a certificate stating that he did so of his own free will -- which was obviously not the case .
Hudson was free to sail on .
He was not the sort of sailor Hudson wanted his backers to see on board and he had Greene wait at Gravesend , where the Discovery picked him up .
Not enough to do away with all doubts , but sufficient to give a fairly accurate picture of the events of the voyage .
This was the bitter end , and Hudson seemed to know he was destined to failure .
And he refused to be anything else .
The purpose of this fourth voyage was clear .
The important result , however , was that Juet and Francis Clemens , the deposed boatswain , became Hudson's sworn enemies .
Hudson's reply was to accuse the mate of disloyalty .
On the third voyage , a near-mutiny rising from a quarrel between Dutch and English crew members on the Half Moon had almost forced him to head the ship back to Amsterdam in Mid-Atlantic .
The men were at first puzzled , then angered by the aimless tacking .
The anchor cable would have been lost overboard , but Philip Staffe was on hand to sever it with his axe .
Hundreds of miles to the north , the route back to England through the `` Furious Overfall '' was again filling with ice .
When she reached port , she was found to have on board only eight men , all near starvation .
With Hudson looking on , his protege Greene picked a fight with the ship's surgeon , Edward Wilson .
Turbulent tides rose as much as fifty feet .
The man who now commanded her had started the voyage as an ordinary seaman .
Of only one could he be sure -- young John Hudson , his second son .
This must have been Hudson's blackest discovery .
To port was a point 200 feet high rising behind to a precipice of 2,000 feet .
When Hudson had finished , the `` town meeting '' broke down into a general , wordy argument .
All through July the Discovery picked her way along the 450-mile-long strait , avoiding ice and rocky islands .
The government forbade Hudson to return to Amsterdam with his ship .
In 1607 and 1608 , the English Muscovy Company had sent him northward to look for a route over the North Pole or across the top of Russia .
The name : Henry Hudson .
Even Hudson , experienced in Arctic sailing and determined as he was , must have had qualms as he slid down the Thames .
To starboard was a cape a thousand feet high , patched with ice and snow , populated by thousands of screaming sea birds .
The ship's compass was useless because of the nearness of the magnetic North Pole .
Floating ice bore down from the north and west .
Up spoke carpenter Staffe , who said he wouldn't give ten pounds to be home .
In 1609 , the Dutch East India Company hired Hudson , gave him two learned geographers , fitted him out with a ship called the Half Moon , and supplied him with Dutch sailors .
Philip Staffe , the ship's carpenter , was a good worker , but perversely independent .
What disaster struck the Discovery during those seventeen months ? ?
Hudson deposed Juet and cut his pay .
When the Half Moon put in at Dartmouth , England , in the fall of 1609 , word of Hudson's findings leaked out , and English interest in him revived .
For he seemed to sense at once that before him was no South Sea , but the solid bulk of the North American continent .
The trial was held September 10 .
Poor winds and fog locked her up in a harbor the crew called `` Lousie Bay '' .
After finding that its coasts led nowhere , however , he turned north again , toward the main , ice-filled passageway -- and the crew , at first uneasy , then frightened , rebelled .
What happened to the fourteen missing men ? ?
The trouble was at least partly Juet's doing .
He had obtained and provisioned a veteran ship called the Discovery and had recruited a crew of twenty-one , the largest he had ever commanded .
After three weeks' swift sailing , however , the ship entered an area of shallow marshes and river deltas .
In 1602 , George Waymouth , in the same little Discovery that Hudson now commanded , had sailed 300 miles up the strait before his frightened men turned the ship back .
Nearly twenty-five years before , Captain John Davis had noted , as he sailed near the Arctic Circle , `` a very great gulf , the water whirling and roaring , as it were the meeting of tides '' .
Patiently , he explained what he knew about their course and their objectives .
Ahead were perilous , ice-filled waters .
As Hudson resumed his desperate criss-crossing of the little bay , every incident lessened the crew's respect for him .
The great `` sea to the westwards '' was a dead end .
But men willing to sail at all into waters where wooden ships could be crushed like eggs were hard to find .
There at the river's edge waited one Henry Greene , whom Hudson listed as a `` clerk '' .
Hudson , presiding , heard Juet's defense , then called for testimony from crew members .
Hudson's first error of the fourth voyage occurred only a few miles down the Thames .
The ship halted .
His chief discovery was important -- the Great North ( later , the Hudson ) River -- but it produced no northwest passage .
One man remarked that if he had a hundred pounds , he would give ninety of them to be back in England .
On August 3 , two massive headlands reared out of the mists -- great gateways never before , so far as Hudson knew , seen by Europeans .
Early in June , the Discovery passed `` Desolation '' ( southern Greenland ) and in mid-June entered the `` Furious Overfall '' .
The new mate was Robert Bylot , talented but inexperienced .
Arnold Lodley and Michael Perse were like the rest -- lukewarm , ready to swing against Hudson in a crisis .
The statement was effective .
He went to his cabin and emerged carrying a large chart , which he set up in view of the crew .
There were other shifts and pay cuts according to the way individuals had conducted themselves .
Feverishly , he tried to brush away this intuition .
All told , they offered a highly confused picture .
Hudson named the capes Digges and Wolstenholme , for two of his backers .
)
Instead of quelling the dissension , as many captains of the era would have done ( Sir Francis Drake lopped a man's head off under similar circumstances ) , Hudson decided to be reasonable .
With difficulty , Hudson persuaded him to rejoin the ship , and they sailed from Iceland .
Hudson knew he had to use these men as long as he remained an explorer .
This is the story of his last tragic voyage , as nearly as we are able -- or ever , probably , will be able -- to determine :
A century of exploration had established that a great land mass , North and South America , lay between Europe and the Indies .
In fact , Hudson's sail up the Great North River had disposed of one of the last hopes .
The meeting broke up .
He named this opening , between Baffin Island and Labrador , the `` Furious Overfall '' .
On May 11 , she reached Iceland .
Seventeen months later , on September 6 , 1611 , an Irish fishing boat sighted the Discovery limping eastward outside Galway Bay .
This time he turned westward , to the middle Atlantic coast of North America .
The subsequent two-weeks wait made the crew quarrelsome .
He was a Londoner , married , with three sons .
Hudson pointed the Discovery down the east coast of the newly discovered sea ( now called Hudson Bay ) , confident he was on his way to the warm waters of the Pacific .
The sailing in the spring of 1610 was Hudson's fourth in four years .
Juet had made plentiful enemies , several men stepped forward .
Once , after the Discovery lay for a week in rough weather , Hudson ordered the anchor raised before the sea had calmed .
The mate , Robert Juet , who had kept the journal on the Half Moon , was experienced -- but he was a bitter old man , ready to complain or desert at any opportunity .
Juet demanded that Hudson prove his charges in an open trial .
Historians have had two reasons for persisting so long in their investigations .
Twice he had failed , and the Muscovy Company indicated it would not back him again .
He thereupon went to London and spent the winter talking to men of wealth .
The issue was settled on shore , Greene winning and Wilson remaining ashore , determined to catch the next fishing boat back to England .
On April 17 , 1610 , the sturdy little three-masted bark , Discovery , weighed anchor in St. Katherine's Pool , London , and floated down the Thames toward the sea .
A group of sailors announced to Hudson that they would sail no farther .
Worse , his present crew included five men who had sailed with him before .
Cook Bennett Mathues said Juet had predicted bloodshed on the ship .
For weeks he had been saying that Hudson's idea of sailing through to Java was absurd .
She carried , besides her captain , a crew of twenty-one and provisions for a voyage of exploration of the Arctic waters of North America .
( Later , it was to be called Hudson Strait .
Hands on Bible , seaman Lodley and carpenter Staffe swore that Juet had tried to persuade them to keep muskets and swords in their cabins .
It is believed that Hudson was related to other seafaring men of the Muscovy Company and was trained on company ships .
Once more , Juet's complaints were the loudest .
These questions have remained one of the great sea mysteries of all time .
Michael Butt and Adame Moore were thrown off the capstan and badly injured .
Hudson now proposed to sail all the way through and test the seas beyond for the long-sought waterway .
One by one , the openings in the coast that promised a passage through had been explored and discarded .

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Her mother was a Greer and her father's family came from the Orkney Isles .
Place side by side in a 2-inch deep baking pan .
Honors that have come to Greer Garson are countless .
Greer Garson , world-famous star of stage , screen and television , will be honored for the high standard in tasteful sophisticated fashion with which she has created a high standard in her profession .
A. F. Schmalzried , secretary ; ;
The Heritage collection , to be shown by Sanger-Harris and Anderson's Studio , has perhaps more different types of woods and decorations than any one manufacturer ever assembled together at one time .
And to keep athletes' stomachs from getting jumpy under physical duress , he bans all highly flavored condiments .
In the past , the men and women have chartered planes to Las Vegas and Jamaica , buses to Mineral Wells and Kerrville and private railway coaches to Shreveport and Galveston .
`` Mostly meat and potatoes -- they have to have that go-go-go without getting too fat '' , says Ramsey .
And you'll notice that in both places , there are acres of charming young ladies who with little effort spice up any chow line .
Ramsey , 6-3 , 195 and ruggedly slim , says , `` I can't remember when I didn't pester my mother to teach me to cook '' .
She is adept at skeet shooting , trout fishing , Afro-Cuban and Oriental dancing and Southwestern archaeology .
Mr. and Mrs. Phil G. Abell are chairmen for the Saledo trip .
A high-legged buffet provides easy-to-reach serving , a cocktail table has small snack tables tucked under each end , recessed arched panels decorate a 60-inch long chest .
Among stage performances was a starring role in `` Golden Arrow '' directed by Noel Coward .
As a Neiman-Marcus award winner the titian-haired Miss Garson is a personification of the individual look so important to fashion this season .
There will be a large drawing of a sunbonnet girl with eyes that flash at the guests .
)
Mellow bronzy-green-gold fabrics and the gleam of copper and hand-crafted ceramic accessories reiterate the mood as does the Alexander Smith carpet in all wool loop pile .
`` I like his clothes for their drama and simplicity and appreciate the great impact he has on fashion '' .
Colorful , bright Eastman Chromspun fabrics , with the magenta , pink and white tones predominating as well as golden shades are used with Composite .
See-through design of the chairs combines both the nostalgic ladder back and an Oriental shoji flavor .
She likes his classic chemise .
A favorite is Norman Norell , however .
Ginghams and calico will be popular dress for the women .
Sydney Wragge , creator of sophisticated casuals for women and Roger Vivier , designer of Christian Dior shoes Paris , France , whose squared toes and lowered heels have revolutionized the shoe industry .
It is a collection with a custom-design look , offering simplicity with warmth , variety and vitality .
The get-together Friday night will be a banquet at the country club patio and pool , and an orchestra will play for dancing .
Back in college , today's handsome Gander was the only male member of a Texas Tech class on food .
She took postgraduate work at the University of Grenoble in France and then returned to London to work on market research with an advertising firm .
Her acting began with the Birmingham Repertory Company and she soon became the toast of the West End .
So you can see that Gerald G. Ramsey , director of SMU's food services , is not the ordinary type of craven , women-trodden chef .
Chicken Cadillac
Salt and pepper each breast .
Other triumphs include `` Random Harvest '' , `` Madame Curie '' , `` Pride and Prejudice '' , `` The Forsythe Saga '' and `` Mrs. Miniver '' ( which won her the Academy Award in 1943 ) .
Stagecoach Days is the theme for the weekend on the Old Chisholm Trail .
Both Miss Garson and her oilman-rancher husband are active supporters of Boys Clubs of America and patrons of the vivid art and opera colony that flourishes in New Mexico .
Add enough warmed cream , seasoned to taste with onion juice , to about half cover the chicken breasts .
Design elements closely rooted to traditional forms but wearing a definite contemporary label keynote Drexel's fall 1961 group , Composite .
Though there has been some avant garde indication that contemporary furniture might go back to the boxy look of the '20's and '40's , two manufacturers chose to take the approach of the sophisticated , but warm look in contemporary .
She is in Madame Tussard's Waxworks in London , a princess of the Kiowa tribe and an honorary colonel in many states .
Use one 6-ounce chicken breast for each guest .
Two of these are in or near Dallas and the others away from the vicinity .
Serving on the club's board are Mmes R. P. Anderson , president ; ;
The pretty coeds must have ogled him all day long -- but he dutifully kept his eye on the gravy .
Bake slowly about one hour at 250-275 F. until lightly brown .
Balenciaga is her favorite European designer .
Her creations in fashion are from many designers because she doesn't want a complete wardrobe from any one designer any more than she wants `` all of her pictures by one painter '' .
Tell that to the little wife when she moans at the woman's burden ! !
Irene suits rate high because they are designed for her long-bodied silhouette .
`` They aren't supposed to look at women , you know '' , Ramsey recalled .
This coming weekend they have reserved the entire Stagecoach Inn and adjoining country club , Saledo , for festivities .
Black and white is her favorite color combination along with lively glowing pinks , reds , blues and greens .
She gave a fine portrayal of Auntie Mame on Broadway in 1958 and has appeared in live television from `` Captain Brassbound's Conversion '' to `` Camille '' .
The other bedroom has heavier styling , door-fronted dressers with acacia panels , a poster bed or a bed with arched acacia panels and matching mirror .
The silver and ebony plaques will be presented at noon luncheons by Stanley Marcus , president of Neiman-Marcus , Beneficiary of the proceeds from the two showings will be the Dallas Society for Crippled Children Cerebral Palsy Treatment Center .
Walnut , wormy chestnut , pecan , three varieties of burl , hand-woven Philippine cane , ceramic tiles , marble are used to emphasize the feeling of texture and of permanence , the furniture to fit into rooms with tiled floors , brick or paneled walls , windows that bring in the outdoors .
She now serves on the board of directors of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and the Dallas Theater Center and on the board of trustees of the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts .
The Drexel collection , called Composite , to be shown by Titche's offers a realistic approach to decorating , a mature modern that is a variation of many designs .
Just this April she was nominated for the seventh time for an Academy Award for her portrayal of Eleanor Roosevelt in `` Sunrise at Campobello '' .
The attractive Greer Garson , who loves beautiful clothes and selects them as carefully as she does her professional roles , prefers timeless classical designs .
Sprinkle over top of chicken breasts .
`` What with all those pretty girls around , they had a hard time '' .
( Leave off the ham and you call it Chicken Pontiac , says Ramsey .
It was during `` Old Music '' at the St. James Theater that Hollywood's Louis B. Mayer spotted her .
Decorating the ballroom will be the yellow rose of Texas , in tall bushes ; ;
Called Perennian , to indicate its lasting , good today and tomorrow quality , the collection truly avoids the monotony of identical pieces .
So he hides the mayonnaise .
`` Unfortunately , there is still little demand for broccoli and cauliflower '' .
He was in charge of the Hockaday School meals from 1946 to 1950 , before he moved to Aj .
Dip in melted butter and roll in flour .
Committee members aiding them in planning the entertainment are Messrs and Mmes Roy McKee , George McElyee , Jack Fanning , W. H. Roquemore and Joe Darrow .
Rounded posts give a soft , sculptured look , paneled doors have decorative burl panels or cane insets plus softening arches , table tops are inlaid in Macassar ebony or acacia .
Serve each breast on a thin slice of slow-baked ham and sprinkle with Thompson seedless grapes .
Harry Rolnick , president of the Byer-Rolnick Hat Corporation and designer of men's hats ; ;
Therefore , her wardrobe is largely mobile , to be packed at a moment's notice and to shake out without a wrinkle .
He is apt to rear back and claim his rights .
W. H. Roquemore , treasurer , and the following chairmen : Mmes McKee , publicity ; ;
The travel club is comprised of 75 fun-loving couples who have as their motto `` Go Somewhere , Anywhere , Everywhere '' .
Dignity and comfort , in a contemporary manner , reflecting the best aspects of today's design , with substance and maturity , keynote the Perennian collection from Heritage .
Last October he gave a public speech in Washington , D.C. entitled `` Are Women Here To Stay '' ? ?
She also likes the femininity and charm of designs by Ceil Chapman and Helen Rose .
What do the pretty SMU girls like on their plates ? ?
Ramsey has stoked up Harry Truman , Henry Cabot Lodge , the King of Morocco , Clement Atlee and other shiny characters .
The spider-leg pedestal table has a base finished in an ebony , to set off the lustrous brown of the walnut top .
After signing a motion-picture contract , she came to America and had `` Goodbye , Mr. Chips '' as her first assignment after a year's wait .
Reared in England , she studied to be a teacher , earned several scholarships and was graduated with honors from the University of London .
Their activities will be climaxed in the spring of 1962 when they go to Europe .
Center panel , hand-screened wood , actually is a back of one of the tall bookcases .
Members are on their way to Saledo , not by stage coach , but in air-conditioned cars .
She is state chairman for the New Mexico Tuberculosis and Cancer Associations .
That is the goal of two new collections being introduced in Dallas this month .
The Vagabonds are `` on the road '' again .
Bake slowly at least one-half hour longer .
She will receive the 1961 `` Oscar '' at the 24th annual Neiman-Marcus Exposition , Tuesday and Wednesday in the Grand Ballroom of the Sheraton-Dallas Hotel .
To bring warmth to the dining area , golden orange tones are used in the fabrics .
`` I bought my first dress from him when I was still a struggling young actress '' , she reminisces .
Once four Tibetan monks , in their saffron robes , filed through the cafeteria line .
Four parties are given a year .
Lawrence B. Jones , yearbook , and Sam Laughlin , scrapbook .
And he operates three cafeterias in the Student Center , along with McElvaney Dining Hall and the athlete's tables .
What does he feed his SMU football mastodons at the training table ? ?
Invitations have been extended to some Austin dignitaries including Gov. and Mrs. Price Daniel .
In private life , Miss Garson is Mrs. E. E. Fogelson and on the go most of the time commuting from Dallas , where they maintain an apartment , to their California home in Los Angeles' suburban Bel-Air to their ranch in Pecos , New Mexico .
He also dishes up 3,000 snacks .
Her favorite cocktail dress is a Norell , a black and white organdy and silk jersey .
Ramsey , as SMU's food wrangler , buys enough groceries to serve 32,000 meals a week .
An interesting approach to the bedroom is presented , with a young , basic , functional group of chests , dressers and corner units and a canted headboard .
The fabrics have Scotchgard finish to resist soil and wrinkles .
These two , Heritage and Drexel , chose too not to produce the exactly matching design for every piece , but a collection of correlated designs , each of which could stand alone .
Contemporary furniture that is neither Danish nor straight-line modern but has sculptured pattern , many design facets , warmth , dignity and an effect of utter comfort and livability .
Guests will wear costumes typical of the Chisholm Trail Days .
The men will be in western attire , including Stetsons and colored vests .
The only woman recipient , Miss Garson will receive the award with Ferdinando Sarmi , creator of chic , beautiful women's fashions ; ;
Of Scotch-Irish-Scandinavian descent , Greer Garson was born in County Down , Ireland .
Occasionally she deserts the simple and elegant for a fun piece simply because `` It's unlike me '' .
While this is baking , saute mushrooms , fresh or canned , in butter .
bluebonnets and stagecoach silhouettes .
`` Pretty much hamburger , hotdogs , steak and , at night , maybe pizza '' , says the handsome food expert .

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I'm honey only to my husband , understand '' ? ?
She answered him precisely , missing not a beat in her scrutiny of the financial reports .
Gazing at her husband's drugged body , his chest rising and falling in mindless rhythms , she saw the grandeur of his fictional world , that lush garden from which he plucked flowers and herbs .
I should have '' .
He did not see Sparling , or DeGroot , or Ringel , or any of the feverish crew that had so harassed him twelve hours ago .
Southern California gasped and blinked under an autumn hot spell , drier , more enervating , more laden with man's contrived impurities than the worst days of the summer past .
Then , gently , he shoved her behind toward Laura .
Both grinned at the detective .
The bulk of the press corps was covering Rheinholdt's conference .
The night before , they had telephoned the Andrus maid , Selena Masters , and she had arrived early , bursting her vigorous presence into the silent house with an assurance that amused McFeeley and confounded Moll .
The dog refused to be scared off , so Kahler had purchased some small firecrackers .
`` Didn't occur to me my child would be kidnaped when I had it listed '' , Andrus muttered .
`` I'm a little groggy .
The street cleaner had not yet been around .
Emerson the previous day .
yes , they had read about the case ; ;
Two men he did not recognize were sipping coffee and munching sweet rolls .
When Joe identified himself , he nodded , unsmiling , and ushered him into a sedate living room .
Laura touched his hand .
She charged off to the bedrooms .
they had enough difficulty getting from day to day , let alone having an awful crime thrust upon them .
In contrast to the caravan of the previous night , there were only four cars parked across the street .
He wanted to take the mother to headquarters at once and start her on the mug file .
`` I hit him in the ass once '' .
One soft evening -- that marvelous sea-blessed time when the sun's departing warmth lingers and a smell of spume and wrack haunts everything -- Amy had picked herself off the floor and begun to walk .
She lost not a second , picking herself up and continuing her pilgrimage to Laura .
Their names had not come up in any discussions with Laura , and he had no idea what they would be like .
Mrs. Kahler joined them .
The woman had the glassy look of an invalid , as if she had not slept at all .
then all four gathering on the sofa to face the inquisitor .
The man wore a vest and a tie , the woman had on a dark green dress and three strands of pearls .
each shrub glazed with good health .
no , they didn't know the Andrus family ; ;
While she was thus engaged , McFeeley questioned her about her whereabouts the previous day , any recollections she had of people hanging around , of overcurious delivery boys or repairmen , of strange cars cruising the neighborhood .
Inside , as soon as Mr. Skopas had disclosed -- in a hoarse whisper -- the detective's errand , his family gathered in a huddle , forming a mass of dark flesh on and around a brocaded sofa which stood at one side of a baroque fireplace .
Skopas expressed no curiosity over the case , offered no expression of sympathy , made no move to escort McFeely to the door .
The equation was simple : wealth brought them happiness , and their united front to the world was their warning that they meant to keep everything they had , let no one in on the secrets .
`` Maybe today'll be a good-news day '' .
When the detective left , Andrus phoned his secretary to cancel his work and to advise the network to get a substitute director for his current project .
`` Y'all wanna walk -- walk '' , he said .
`` Yes , I know , Fritzie .
Both had been up since 7:00 -- Irv on the early-morning watch , McFeeley unable to sleep during his four-hour relief .
`` A couple of tips we're running down -- nothing promising .
Outside , only a handful of reporters remained .
During the night , a phone company technician had deadened the bells and installed red blinkers on the phones .
Laura was sitting in an easy chair about eight feet away .
`` Sleep well '' ? ?
He could think of nothing else to tell them : no assurances , no hopeful hints at great discoveries that day .
Tuesday
It could continue this way , hitting 106 and more in the Valley , Joe McFeeley knew , into October .
Not seeing her dark intelligent face , one would have gauged the voice as that of a Westwood Village matron , ten years out of Iowa .
`` Finally , all I needed was to throw a little piece of red wood that looked like a firecracker and that dumb dog would run ki-yi-ing for his life '' .
H'all should have let me do it '' .
a gross boy in his teens , shuffling in from the kitchen with a sandwich in his hands ; ;
`` Few crank calls '' , McFeeley said .
Too bad your number is in the directory '' .
Amy walked -- making it halfway across the cottage floor .
`` Y'all should have let me take that money out '' , Andrus said .
Moll took his coffee into the nursery .
Selena Masters , Joe realized , was her own woman .
`` Funny thing '' , Mr. Kahler said , when they were seated , `` when I heard you ringing , I figured it was that guy down the block , Hausman '' .
Fritzie was on the couch reading ; ;
Mr. Kahler went on to explain how Hausman's fox terrier had been `` making '' in his flower beds .
They possessed no outer fortifications , no hard shells of confidence ; ;
`` 'nother minute I'd have been fine .
In the darkness , she saw him stirring .
When the parents emerged from the bedroom a few minutes later , the maid greeted them quietly .
The Skopas people seemed to him of that breed of human beings whose insularity frees them from tragedy .
She envied him .
All four remained impacted on the sofa until he had left .
Andrus did not answer him .
McFeeley told the parents he would escort them to police headquarters in a half hour .
Her speech was barren of southernisms ; ;
`` Scared the hell out of him '' , Kahler grinned .
McFeeley identified himself .
The door was answered by a slender man in his sixties -- straight-backed , somewhat clerical in manner , wearing rimless glasses .
He did not want to bring the Andruses to the station house too early -- Rheinholdt had summoned a press conference , and he didn't want them subjected to the reporters again .
He imagined they were the kind whose tax returns were never examined ( if they were , they were never penalized ) , whose children had no unhappy romances , whose names never knew scandal .
yes , they had let some reporters use their phone , but they would no longer .
McFeeley looked puzzled .
`` Oh -- we managed '' , she said .
It was amazing how they had herded together for protection : an enormous matriarch in a quilted silk wrapper , rising from the breakfast table ; ;
Amy had to be safe , had to come back to them -- if only to reap that share of life's experiences that were her due , if only to give her parents another chance to do better by her .
She was the only kind of Negro Laura Andrus would want around : independent , unservile , probably charging double what ordinary maids did for housework -- and doubly efficient .
No , they hadn't seen anyone around ; ;
The three had little to say to each other .
Before that , he wanted to talk to the neighbors .
Sergeant Moll understood .
The heat intensified on Tuesday .
Once , they were at Easthampton for the summer ( again , Fritzie said , a good place , even though they were being robbed ) .
In a few minutes she was making the ten-foot hike unaided ; ;
The previous night's horror -- the absolute failure , overcast with the intrusions of the press , had left them all with a wan sense of uselessness , of play-acting .
Once , Andrus walked by it , hastily scanned the bold black headline and the five-column lead of the article ( by Duane Bosch , staff correspondent -- age not given ) , and muttered : `` We a buncha national celebrities '' .
When McFeeley was halfway to the door , the proprietor emerged -- a mountainous , dark man , his head thick with resiny black hair , his eyes like two of the black olives he imported in boatloads .
McFeeley greeted the parents , then studied his notebook .
He asked .
He and Irvin Moll were sipping coffee at the breakfast bar .
With a hard eye , she informed Moll : `` Don't sure 'nuff me , officer .
`` I'm awful sorry about what's happened '' , Selena said .
Kahler continued : `` I fixed his dog the other day and I guess he's sore , so I expected him to come barging in '' .
Sipping their coffee , discussing the weather , the day's shopping , Fritzie's commitments at the network ( all of which he would cancel ) , they avoided the radio , the morning TV news show , even the front page of the Santa Luisa Register , resting on the kitchen bar .
Then Laura took her gently and shoved her off again , toward Fritzie : Amy did not laugh -- this was work , concentration , achievement .
soon she was parading around the house , flaunting her new skill .
The infant , in white terry-cloth bathrobe , her face intense and purposeful , had essayed a few wobbly steps toward her father .
After she had served the detectives coffee and toast ( they politely declined eggs , uncomfortable about their tenancy ) , she settled down with a morning newspaper and began reading the stock market quotations .
She had a dried-out quality -- a gray , lean woman , not unattractive .
She was a child too much a part of her environment , too eager to grow and learn and experience .
And he ignored him , skirting the parked cars and walking up the path to the Skopas house .
Amy still missing .
a girl in her twenties , fat and sullen , descending the marble staircase ; ;
We can expect more of the same .
Kidnaper spurns ransom ; ;
The master of the house , his nourished face unrevealing , consented to postpone his departure a few minutes to talk to the detective .
By comparison , Fritzie and Laura Andrus were quivering fledglings .
Both were dressed rather formally .
However , the litter remained , augmented by several dozen lunchroom suppers .
Flanked by marble urns and alabaster lamps , they seemed to be posing for a tribal portrait .
They offered no opinions , volunteered nothing , betrayed no emotions .
Selena was the wrong woman for these crudities .
Studying them , McFeeley could not help make comparison with the Andrus couple .
He would lay in wait in the garage , and when the terrier came scratching around , he'd let fly with a cherry bomb .
The maid was very black and very energetic , trim in a yellow pique uniform .
Through the swathings of terror , she jabbed deceit's sharp point -- Amy would be reborn , a new child , with new parents , living under new circumstances .
They answered him in monosyllables , nods , occasionally muttering in Greek to one another , awaiting the word from Papa , who restlessly cracked his knuckles , anxious to stuff himself into his white Cadillac and burst off to the freeway .
Someone would have to remain in the office continually .
Did anything happen during the night '' ? ?
Mrs. Andrus was talking to the maid , arranging for her to come in every day , instead of the four days she now worked .
The comfort was short-lived , yet she found herself returning to the assurance whenever her imagination forced images on her too awful to contemplate without the prop of illusion .
she was one of Eliot Sparling's neutralized minorities , adopting the rolling R's and constricted vowels of Los Angeles .
McFeeley noted the immaculate lawn and gardens : each blade of grass cropped , bright and firm ; ;
He settled on the sofa with his coffee , warming his hands on the cup , although the room was heavy with heat .
The latter , thanking her for the coffee , had winked and muttered , `` Sure 'nuff , honey '' .
She admired him .
He seemed to be muttering , his voice surprisingly clear .
There remained a family named Kahler , owners of a two-story Tudor-style house on the south side of the Andrus home .
His face was bloated with drugging , redder than normal .
Some liar's logic , a wisp of optimism as fragile as the scent of tropical blossoms that came through the window ( a euphoria perhaps engendered by the pill Fritzie had given her ) , consoled her for a moment .
One of the reporters called to him : `` Anything new , Lieutenant '' ? ?
He had spoken to Mrs. .

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Nerves , Mr. Robards said , just a nip anyway .
`` We will both go back , Laban '' ! !
Miss Kizzie had been right snippy ever since they were married , though you'd have thought a namesake would have brought her round .
Gunny invariably tried to bite her .
In any case he would be thrusting a burden on his remaining sons , making them parties to a deception peculiarly his own .
`` You've told God , Frank '' , he said .
Simply call Mr. Whipsnade Oscar , and Dr. Dunne P.GA , and C'un Major Frank .
`` I read it , yes .
I was so cruel to Tolley , so unfair .
But there were great satisfactions , even for a small man .
She hoped they were well .
He had a good idea why not .
Kizzie turned to go inside .
Miss Jen was funny that way , funny that she didn't seem to take to his ideas and perk up .
Returning to the log-house he found some favorite lines from Jonathan Swift on his lips :
''
Tolley's going is my fault .
'' She burst into tears .
There was something not nice about triplets , though their father seemed pleased , showing no disappointment that they hadn't been the son he wanted , saying , `` You don't see triplets trippin' down the pike ever' day , Miss Jen , hon .
`` Hurry , Frank ! !
Zion stayed to get my pin , but it'll be a cold day in June when I go back '' .
Surely now his beloved son could rest in peace .
He would be in the barn , or riding for the veterinarian ! !
He'd had no idea how unhappy his sweet peach had been .
He , with fifteen or twenty horses or mares or geldings or what-nots out there in the barn , was reverent only of `` the Mare '' , `` the Racin' Mare '' , the revolting Gunny .
Didn't you read it ? ?
He is coming back , isn't he , Frank '' ? ?
Mr. Robards -- Jenny was the only person she knew of in the Mt. Pleasant neighborhood who called him that -- was kind but too easygoing .
`` Them's the purtiest babes you ever did see , but Miss Jen gets mighty lonesome .
Now she must be thinking of a boy-name , something special .
He called her `` the Mare '' much as Mrs. Whipsnade spoke of `` the Queen , God bless her '' .
And what had happened ? ?
He questioned God's taking time to telegraph the message , but he felt better about Kizzie , and he took the sealed envelope from its pigeonhole , wondering why he had preserved it .
It made him pretty hot under the collar , after the idea Miss Sis had given him , to be told by Miss Kiz that her holy spa was all reserved for this summer and next , if you please , and that much as she regretted it , they would be unable to entertain Mrs. Robards and the children .
And if I ever hear you say ' Mist Laban ' again I'll scream .
This -- trip of his had nothing to do with her consorting with tenants , and I am going to see that everybody at Mt. Pleasant understands that simple fact .
Human birth was no novelty to Mr. Robards .
Roy was deeply distressed .
I drove him away .
If he ever did such a thing again she'd die of shame .
`` A swell party , send an invite to ever'body but them -- those folks you met at the Galt House , the ones I've got to know in this new Jockey Club affair , the whole dang neighborhood .
It didn't bother him for everybody from the blacksmith to the preacher to say , `` Howdy , Miss Jenny '' , adding a careless `` Roy '' , but it did her .
She's married that tenant ! !
They're not going to laugh at the Fairbrothers and Labans very long ! !
Beyond his window were the greening trees , new spring , eternal hope , eternal life .
Wait for me , Laban , I'll be dressed in half a second '' ! !
Frank followed her into the bedroom , hooked her dress up the back .
He kissed her .
Jenny's aversion to having Dr. Dunne , a former admirer , seemed silly to him , but he would humor her , get anybody she wanted , the best never being too good for her .
Of course she wasn't herself right now , but as her strength came back her spirits didn't seem to rise with it .
`` Indeed you are ! !
She'll relish the sight of a friendly face .
`` To absent loved ones '' .
You know it and I'll tell everybody exactly how it happened '' .
Let none but Him who rules the thunder
I heard you '' ! !
`` See for yourself , Miss Zion .
Yes , oh yes .
Absolution for his lie ? ?
Those elegant `` At Home '' cards she sent out , now she could wear her pretty clothes again , and had the house all trimmed up , hadn't brought many callers in two whole months .
Though he was glad she got on well with his young folks , she ought to be welcome at the finest house in the land , too .
`` It was plain as the nose on your face that they're laughing about it , Mamma .
`` ' And let me go , for the night gathers me , and in the night shall no man gather fruit ' '' .
Put this man and woman asunder '' .
`` I'll decide that when I get there .
We'll have oystchers -- couple bar'l oystchers'll fetch in a crowd any time .
The sun's right '' --
Jenny wished now that she had had Dr. Dunne , feeling that somehow he wouldn't have allowed the dear baby to turn into triplets .
You told me to bring my camera .
`` You can joke ! !
`` In Brace's room ! !
Tolley had gone to live in California .
`` Pictures '' ? ?
Rhyme 'em up cute -- Arcilla , Flotilla ''
`` You could try .
Listening for hours to his laments that the war and `` Mist Fair's '' poverty afterwards had robbed the mare of many a racing triumph , and to his predictions of greatness for the procession of foals to come , Jenny could look forward to years of conflict with an animal who disliked her intensely and showed it .
Never concern for his wife's nerves , or the danger that the curled lip and big teeth might mark their own dear baby due in January .
Yet when the dear baby came , he had Tillie over here in a jiffy , and was as attentive and sweet and worried and happy when it was all over as any husband could have been .
She swung around .
`` Don't you dare ! !
Just wait till she saw the Mare's foal .
Edmonia for her mother , she said firmly , Jennifer , for herself , and --
Doc Dunne and Miss Sis had come .
But Mr. Robards' now , oh my yes , indeed , yes ! !
`` Kezziah , for Miss Kizzie '' , he suggested .
And don't tell me you didn't at church Sunday .
Zion was surprised when Roy's buggy stopped beside her on the pike one early summer day as she was walking home from the country school where she was teaching now that Eph Showers had had a call to preach in some mountain town .
`` Thrifty of her to use it up .
She was so beautiful , so valiant , so pitiable .
''
Why should I want pictures of an empty room now ? ?
A beautiful and haunting line , a subtle genius , Swinburne , difficult not to envy a gifted man , and perhaps he did .
What about Royal Robards ? ?
Night after night he stayed with Gunny in the dead of winter , rubbing her with quarts of expensive liniment , fussing over her bran mash as the cook did over charlotte russe , tracking manure on the pretty new carpet when he did come to the house .
Her horse , rather .
How strange it was that he could give her this handsome house and carte blanche as to its beautiful furnishings , and fail her in -- spiritual ways .
So had Miss Shawnee Rakestraw , full of criticisms about the changes here , giving thanks that her dear old father had gone to his Heavenly Rest last year , saying how much she enjoyed her boarding house in town in inclement weather , was looking forward to Quinzaine Spa this summer .
`` Why lacerate the -- congregation '' ? ?
He really hadn't meant to , he assured her , but it was plain to her that the importance of these small things was lost on Mr. Robards .
He poured his thimble of wine for the toast he'd made so often .
Laban had more to say .
Miss Kiz won't care your comin' , will she '' ? ?
He swung in through his own wide gateway .
The chances were against his being here to humor her when her time came , she was sure .
`` Why of course not '' , Zion said uncomfortably .
Handsomest colt in all Kentucky .
But I'll be fair now ! !
This ought to simplify Tolley's life '' .
Tolley had no idea of marrying that sneaky little Jenny ! !
Unusual in a case like this , but '' --
`` Have a party an' leave 'em out , hon '' , he suggested .
`` Why don't you name him Jesus Christ ! !
For the first few months of their marriage she had tried to be nice about Gunny , going out with him to watch this pearl without price stamp imperiously around in her stall .
`` Let me stay and take the pictures you wanted , Mamma .
He'd mentioned it , himself , at church and everybody seemed to have the idea that Tolley had left because Jenny had jilted him for Roy Robards .
There lay Grand Fair's Quinzaine , his own young parents' graves , but new life and promise for his sons , grandsons .
Never , `` Quit that , you sor'l devil '' ! !
It was simply his necessity to confess which had made him write and keep this thing .
What else was there to say ? ?
Her hesitation was only momentary and she hoped he didn't notice it , as she settled herself , asked quickly how Miss Jenny and the babies were getting on .
Gunny symbolized so much that was unpleasant -- Tolley , the indifference with which the Fairbrothers and indeed the whole neighborhood now treated her and which she would die rather than acknowledge to her husband , his lack of understanding and sympathy in her present condition , her disgusting swollen stomach .
But this last time he drank not to Brace but `` To Tolley '' ! !
`` Under the window in stormy weather
`` What pictures '' ? ?
It won't take a minute '' .
Reaching for an old clay pot , relic of pioneer days , he tore the envelope in pieces , dropping them into it , touching the little pyre to flame , watching it curl , the red sealing wax melting and bubbling in the feathery ash .
He could put a stop to it , she told him again and again .
`` She was mighty good to you past times , an' this'll fetch her '' .
I'll see word gets round '' .
I marry this man and woman together .
There was an idea .
He didn't tell Miss Jen , but she must have got word from the cook or nurse , who of course knew those Quinzaine nigs , and she really took a fit .
If he died before she did , she would never be unable to resist opening it .
Another weakness -- far more irritating than his manner of speaking , which he made only token effort to change -- was his devotion to that old horse of Tolley's .
Roy smiled -- he did have a nice smile -- took off his hat most politely , told her to hop in , and he'd give her a lift to Quinzaine .
Strong too , up on his legs when he was an hour old .
He was downright worried about her , but there was one more thing he could try .
She musn't annoy Gunny whose foal was due then too ! !
More and more , these days , she'd been driving that pretty little mare that looked like her , over to Tillie's and Nick's -- his own old square frame box on posts , chickens and cats and pups under the house , everybody friendly inside , making a to-do over the babies dressed like dollies .
Mr. Robards laughed , said he'd feel a damn fool , plain-out couldn't do that even to please her .
Tillie was a fine midwife and could get here quick , he suggested .
Oh , she'd come to see them once , left silver teething rings for all of the trips .
`` Stand back , Miss Jen , she's oneasy of your scarf '' .
`` Make your confession to God , Kizzie dear , not to the congregation '' .
But when Miss Jen went over right away to return the call , Miss Kiz couldn't have been very cordial , for she'd come back before she hardly had time to get there .
I'm not going back '' --

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At the 4th tee Palmer chose to hit a one-iron when a three-wood was the proper club , so he put the ball in a bunker in front of the green .
When they reached Augusta last week , together they had won five of the 13 tournaments to date .
Player immediately proved he was not in the least awed by the dramatic proximity of Palmer .
And that is just what happened on the last few holes .
But the seven-iron shot he used to approach the green strayed into a bunker and lodged in a slight depression .
The boldness of champions
As Player stepped on the first tee he knew that Palmer had birdied the first two holes and already was 2 under par for the day .
But Palmer knew , as did everybody else at Augusta , that his streak was about to be broken .
On the back nine he began to acquire the tidal wave of a gallery that stayed with him the rest of the tournament .
Rosburg had started early in the day , and by the time Palmer and Player were on the course -- separated , as they were destined to be for the rest of the weekend , by about half an hour -- they could see on the numerous scoreboards spotted around the course that Rosburg , who ended with a 73 , was not having a good day .
( On Thursday nobody except Charlie Coe was thinking of Charlie Coe .
Player attacked with his four-wood and hit a shot that few who saw it will ever forget .
Anyone who now doubted that a personal duel was under way had only to watch how these exceptionally gifted golfers were playing this most difficult golf course .
On Friday , a day as cloudless and lovely as Thursday had been gray and ugly , the plot of the tournament came clearly into focus .
The Augusta National Golf Club Course got up and bit both Player and Palmer .
or Ken Venturi , who had a somewhat shaky 72 but was bound to do better ; ;
Afterwards , Palmer told Charlie Coe , his last-round partner , that he simply played the hole too fast .
It struck the 9th green on the fly and stopped just off the edge .
On this day the wind had switched 180-degrees from the northwest to the southeast , and nearly every shot on the course was different from the previous few days .
But Player was only one stroke back , with a 69 .
As if to confirm his stature , he quickly won three of the first eight tournaments .
He outplayed Palmer all around the course and finished with a tremendous 65 to Palmer's 71 .
He bogeyed the 10th .
Palmer , meanwhile , had been having his troubles .
But as the tour reached Pensacola a month ago , Player was leading Palmer in official winnings by a few hundred dollars , and the rest of the field was somewhere off in nowhere .
`` Just when you think you have it licked , this golf course can get up and bite you '' , Player had said one afternoon midway through the tournament .
From there he chipped back and sank his putt for a par 4 .
When the winter tour began at Los Angeles last January there was no one in sight to challenge Palmer's towering prestige .
or Rosburg , whose accurate short game and supersensitive putter can overcome so many of Augusta's treacheries ; ;
Player was the first to feel its teeth .
At one point late in the day , when Palmer was lining up a 25-foot putt on the 16th , a thunderous cheer from the direction of the 18th green unmistakably announced that Player had birdied the final hole .
Without so much as a grimace or a gesture to show that he had noticed ( although he later admitted that he had ) Palmer proceeded to sink his 25-footer , and his gallery sent its explosive vocalization rolling back along the intervening fairways in reply .
A lot of people were still thinking about Jack Nicklaus , the spectacular young amateur , who had a 70 ; ;
Half an hour after he finished his round , Player holed out at the 18th green with a 69 and a three-round total of 206 , four strokes ahead of Palmer .
On that final Sunday at Pensacola neither Palmer nor Player was leading the tournament and , as it turned out , neither won it .
Byron Nelson did , Hogan did .
Player won only one .
After playing a splendid first nine holes in 34 -- two strokes under par -- on this fifth and final day of the tournament ( Sunday's fourth round had been washed out by a violent rainstorm when it was only half completed ) , Player's game rapidly fell to pieces .
Player then had the choice of punching the ball safely out of the woods to the 9th fairway and settling for a bogey 5 , or gambling .
On the final round at Pensacola , the luck of the draw paired Palmer and Player in the same threesome and , although it was far from obvious at the time , the gallery was treated to the first chapter of what promises to be one of the most exciting duels in sport for a long time to come .
He hit a poor tee shot , pulling it off into the pine woods separating the 9th and first fairways .
This day Palmer had started first .
Palmer had started the round four strokes behind Player , and at one point in the afternoon had trailed by as many as six strokes .
The Masters golf tournament proved last Monday what it can do to the strongest men and the staunchest nerves .
Starting half an hour behind Player in company with British Open Champion Kel Nagle , Palmer birdied the 2nd , the 9th , the 13th and the 16th -- four birdies , one bogey and 13 pars for a 69 .
Gary Player , the small , trim South African , was the eventual winner , but in all his 25 years he never spent a more harrowing afternoon as he waited for the victory to drop in his lap .
End at seven
He could read on the nearby scoreboard that Palmer , by then playing the 15th hole , was leading him by a stroke .
Arnold Palmer , the defending champion , lost his title on the 72nd hole after a few minutes of misfortune that left even his fellow pros gaping in disbelief .
He did seem hasty on his second and third shots , but then there was an agonizing wait of several minutes while Coe graciously putted out , giving Palmer a chance to recover his composure , which he had quite visibly lost .
Even so , it was still not clear to many in the enormous horde of spectators -- unquestionably the largest golf crowd ever -- that this tournament was to be , essentially , a match between Palmer and Player .
The lean and leathery Oklahoma amateur , who has been playing topnotch tournament golf for many years , refused to let the Masters jitters overtake him and closed the tournament with his second straight 69 .
As evening approached and Palmer finished his Saturday round with a disappointing one-over-par 73 , this remarkable record was still intact , thanks to his Thursday and Friday rounds of 68 and 69 .
His three-round total of 210 was three strokes better than the next best score , a 213 by Bill Collins , the tall and deliberate Baltimorean who had been playing very well all winter long .
Unlike most such sports rivalries , it appeared to have developed almost spontaneously , although this was not exactly the case .
Player immediately proceeded to follow suit .
Palmer was now putting merely for a tie , and Player , who was sitting beside his wife and watching it all on television in Tournament Chairman Clifford Roberts' clubhouse apartment , stared in amazement when Palmer missed the putt .
They started on the 4th hole , a 220-yard par-3 .
As he signed his scorecard and walked off the course , Player was almost in tears .
He birdied the 13th , the 15th and the 18th -- five birdies , one bogey and 12 pars for a 68 .
After a journey through woods and stream he double-bogeyed the 13th .
It is almost axiomatic that golfers who dominate the game of golf for any period of time attack their shots with a vehemence bordering on violence .
Until late last Saturday afternoon Palmer had played seven consecutive rounds of golf at the Masters -- four last year and three this -- without ever being out of first place .
Player began with a birdie on the first hole , added five straight pars and then another birdie at the 9th .
On Thursday , the first day of the Masters , the contest between Palmer and Player developed instantly .
The bad luck that can so often mar a well-played round of golf is simply overpowered and obliterated by the contemptuous boldness of these champions .
Palmer's 281 for the four rounds at Augusta was a comfortable four strokes ahead of the next closest pro , but it was barely good enough for a second-place tie with Coe .
When Palmer hit a good straight drive up the fairway on the 72nd hole , he seemed to have the championship won .
Palmer's 4-under-par 68 got him off to an early lead , which he shared with Bob Rosburg .
Now all he had to do was finish in even par to collect the trophy and the biggest single paycheck in golf .
)
As Player began his second round in a twosome with amateur Bill Hyndman , his share of the gallery was not conspicuously large for a contender .
The roar of Palmer's gallery as he sank a thrilling putt would roll out across the parklike landscape of Augusta , only to be answered moments later by the roar of Player's gallery for a similar triumph .
But whichever of these two finished ahead of the other would be the undisputed financial leader of the tour .
Having hit one of the trees , the ball came to rest not more than 160 yards out .
Bob Jones played that way .
Thereafter , until the Masters , Player gradually increased his lead over Palmer in winnings and added one more tournament victory at Miami .
`` I was hitting the ball well '' , Player said later , `` and I felt strong .
But Player's real test came on the ninth hole , a downhill dogleg to the left measuring 420 yards .
The latter involved hitting a full four-wood out to the first fairway and toward the clubhouse , hoping to slice it back to the deeply bunkered 9th green .
It was a dismal , drizzly day but a good one on which to score over the Augusta National course .
Long after the erratic climate and the washed-out final round on Sunday have become meteorological footnotes , the 1961 Masters will be remembered as the scene of the mano a mano between Arnold Palmer and Gary Player .
Starting the second nine , Palmer was already four strokes behind Player and knew it .
or even old Byron Nelson , whose excellent 71 made one wonder if he had solved the geriatric aspects of golf .
His bogey 4 on this hole and subsequent bogeys at 5 and 7 along with a birdie at 8 brought him back to even par .
Instant rivalry
In fact , he went on to birdie the 6th and 8th as well , to go 4 under par for the first eight holes .
And last week at the Masters Palmer and Player did .
In trying to hit it out with a sand wedge Palmer bounced the ball over the green , past spectators and down the slope toward a TV tower .
The usually skiddy greens were moist and soft , so the golfers were able to strike their approach shots boldly at the flag-stick and putt firmly toward the hole without too much worry about the consequences .
More than a streak had ended .
He bogeyed the 15th by missing a short putt and finally scrambled through the last three holes without further mishap for a 2-over-par 74 and a 72-hole total of 280 .
When you're playing like that you'd better attack '' .
When the shaken Palmer finally did hit his fourth shot , he overshot the hole by 15 feet .
As the third round of the tournament began on Saturday and the duel was resumed in earnest , it was Player's superior aggressiveness that carried him into the lead .

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He rocked back in the chair , knee locked against stomach , his beady eyes fixed on Matson .
He smiled thinly , savoring his joke .
He stared at the report in Killpath's hand , sure it was written by Accacia -- just as sure as if he'd submitted it in his scrawled longhand .
`` The sergeant is just leaving '' .
But leave me alone .
`` I've been here for some time '' .
He sucked in his breath and kept quiet while Killpath laid down the sheet again , wound the gold-wire stems of his glasses around his ears and then , eying the report as it lay before him on the desk , intoned , `` Acting Lieutenant Gunnar Matson one failed to see that the station keeper was properly relieved two absented himself throughout the entire watch without checking on the station's activities or the whereabouts of his section sergeants three permitted members of the Homicide Detail of the Inspector's Bureau to arrogate for their own convenience a patrolman who was thereby prevented from carrying on his proper assignment four failed to notify the station commander Acting Captain O. T. Killpath of a homicide occurring in the district five frequented extralegal establishments known as after-hours spots for purposes of an unofficial and purportedly social nature and six '' -- he leaned back and peeled off his glasses `` -- failed to co-operate with the Acting Captain by returning promptly when so ordered .
But I'm not one damned bit sorry I went out to question the people I know in the places they hang around , and '' --
Not yet .
Killpath leaned forward again , rocked comfortably with his arms still wrapped around one knee .
He must have '' --
I thought you hadn't come in yet '' .
An argument with Orville Torrence Killpath was as frustrating and as futile as a cap pistol on a firing range .
But even before he started across the oiled road to his Plymouth , parked in the lot under the cypress trees across from the station , he knew that he wasn't going home .
`` Why don't you just hire somebody else '' ? ?
`` Sir .
He was silent again , possibly listening to the sounds in the squadroom .
You can't tell a customer how much it's going to cost him to refinance his payments before he even signs for a loan on the money down ! !
`` I didn't think Accacia knew so many big words , Lieutenant '' .
Because I'm looking for the son of a bitch that killed that old man , and I'm going to get him .
`` Well '' ? ?
Mission Street at this hour was populated by a whole community that Gun could not have seen on his tour of duty -- the neighborhood that had known Urbano Quintana by day .
It had come as no great surprise to Matson that the hot water in the showers didn't work , that Loren Severe had thrown up all over the stairs , or that some thieving bastard of a cop had walked off with his cigarettes .
Gun waited for Killpath to sit down behind the desk near the window .
He sat stiff-backed in a chair that did not swivel , though it was obvious to Gun that Killpath felt his position as acting captain plainly merited a swivel chair .
Gun set the captain's fifth of Hiram Walker inside the safe before he reported to Lt. Killpath , though he knew that Killpath's ulcer prevented him from making any untoward incursion on Herman Wolff's gift .
Killpath leaned forward ; ;
That way I don't lose so much '' .
He walked up to the lieutenant's office , leaned wearily against the gun rack that housed four rifles and a gas gun nobody remembered having used and a submachine gun that was occasionally tried out on the Academy Range .
his foot slipped off the chair and he put it back again , frowning now .
Now , as he passed the open counter that divided the assembly room from the business office , he nodded and said good night to the station keeper and his clerks , not stopping to hear the day-watch playback of his chewing out .
`` Let's not push our patience beyond the danger line , Sergeant '' , Killpath nasaled .
`` No , sir '' .
`` I shouldn't like to have to write you up for insubordination as well as dereliction of duty '' .
Killpath sailed the paper across the desk , but Matson didn't pick it up or even glance at it .
`` Now , now , you're just guessing , Sergeant '' .
If the acting captain wanted his acting lieutenant to sit on his ass around the station all night , Killpath would just have to go out and drag Gun back by the heels once an hour ; ;
A time plan is a mere convenience , you understand , and when '' -- He interrupted himself , smiling .
He took up a white sheet of paper , dark with single-spaced data .
`` Sergeant Vaughn , sir '' .
Gun waited .
He could pick up another pack on his way home , if he were going home .
Gun cleared his throat .
Language was no problem anyway ; ;
Gun held his breath a moment , pushing the volume and pitch of his voice down under the trapdoor in his throat .
A district station can't run smoothly , unless '' -- He interrupted himself , looking around Gun at the doorway .
`` Oh , yes .
`` I was out in the district , sir '' .
The safe at Ingleside District Station stands next to the gum machine in a narrow passageway that leads to Captain Harris's office ( to the left ) , the lieutenant's office ( farther along and to the left ) and the janitor's supply closet ( straight ahead ) .
He just didn't want to talk about it .
He clamped his jaws to keep the fury from spilling out .
The 7:45 bell rang and he could hear the outside doors bang shut , closing in the assembled day watch .
Aside from the fact that business was slow this time of year and his one salesgirl was not the most enterprising , Mr. Phillips had no worries at all , and he said as much to Gun Matson , who sat across from him in civilian clothes , on a Jiffy-Couch-a-Bed , mauve velour , $79.89 nothing-down special ! !
At the doorway he squinted up at the gray morning overcast and patted his jacket pockets for the cigarettes , remembering then that he'd left them at the Doughnuttery .
`` Running in , running out .
`` Morning , Lieutenant Rinker '' .
But for some fool reason he couldn't remember which men he'd put on the transfer detail .
Now that's not regulation , is it '' ? ?
Mr. Phillips had only to signal from his doorway to summon aid from the ubiquitous bilingual children who played on the sidewalks of Mission Street .
So I have heard '' .
It was nine o'clock in the morning : the hour which , like a spade turning clods of earth , exposed to the day a myriad of busy creatures that had lain dormant in the quiet night .
The safe is a repository for three dead flashlight batteries , a hundred and fifty unused left-hand fingerprint cards , a stack of unsold Policemen's Ball tickets from last year , and thirty-seven cents in coins and stamps .
`` He let a patrolman take over the duties of the station keeper .
`` Let's just remember , Sergeant , that we must all carry our own umbrella .
A car pulled into the driveway outside the window .
Roll was being called .
The desk before him was in no better repair than the rest of the furniture crowded into the room , including wooden file cabinets with some of their pulls yanked off and a wardrobe stained with the roof seepage of countless seasons .
`` She's honest as the day '' , Mr. Phillips said , and added , `` Mr. Gunnar , I can say this to you : Beebe is a little too honest .
What have you to say to that , Sergeant '' ? ?
It was more a matter of tact , and also it was none of Killpath's goddam business .
Makes for confusion and congestion '' .
`` That's not taking one's command with a responsible attitude , Matson '' .
He put his chin on his kneecap , stretching his neck like that of a turkey on a chopping block , and stared wordlessly at his sergeant .
Fight with Sam Schaeffer , fight with the whole damned Bureau .
Leave me alone , Gun thought .
Gun told himself that the old bastard was a fool .
`` Sir , Vaughn knows better than to leave the station without a relief .
I don't think his diligence mitigates your negligence , Matson '' .
Gun knew it was Car 12 , the wagon , returned from delivering Ingleside's drunk-and-disorderlies to the City Jail .
Gun went to the connecting door , which was open , and stood at attention while Orville Torrence Killpath , in full uniform , finished combing his hair .
`` Sorry , Orville .
`` Where's the Lieut '' ? ?
He stretched a pale hand out to the scattered papers on his desk .
Finally , Orville intoned through his hawk nose , `` We can't have people running in any time they please , Sergeant '' .
Killpath pulled one thin leg up , clamping his arms around the shinbone to press his knee into an incredibly scrawny gut .
Killpath licked his lips .
`` What if I said nobody was here but a couple of patrolmen '' ? ?
It was professedly worth three thousand dollars in stock and good will , and the name was written in gold in foot-high letters across each of the two display windows .
because he'd be damned if he was going to be a mid-watch pencil-pusher just to please his ulcerated pro-tem captain .
`` I might point out that your inability to report to my office this morning when you were instructed to do so has not ah limited my knowledge of your activities as you may have hoped '' .
`` Do you have any idea who might have been in charge at the time '' ? ?
But stupidity was no consolation when it had rank .
He stared at the clerk who sat at a scarred and ancient fumed-oak desk stuffing envelopes .
The day-watch platoon commander , Lt. Rinker , was calling out the beat assignments , but Matson couldn't make the names mean anything .
Killpath said , `` You were expected to report to my office twenty minutes ago , Sergeant .
`` Patrolman Accacia is an alert and conscientious law-enforcement officer .
Then
`` I called the station at three this morning '' , Killpath's nasal voice pronounced .
Sol Phillips had purchased the Alliance Furniture Mart seventeen years ago .
`` I put her in lamps .
Then Killpath smiled .
I would have been negligent and a goddam lousy cop to boot , if I'd sat around this station all night when somebody got away with murder in my district .
It was the posture which the men had come to recognize as that of Killpath defying his ulcer .
On the right window , at eye level , in smaller print but also in gold , was Gonzalez , Prop. , and under that , Se Habla Espanol .
He stood up , cocked his head and eyed Gun coldly .
It was the best he could hope for on a watch that had ended with a session in Killpath's office .
Gun stiffened , his hands balling into fists at his sides .
Not that he gave a damn what the grapevine sent out about Killpath's little speech on the comportment of platoon commanders .
Killpath peered through half-closed lids at his reflection , thrust up his chin in a gesture of satisfaction and about-faced .
The clerk wagged his head toward the captain's office .
The lieutenant's sparse brown hair was heavily pomaded , and as Killpath raked the comb through it , it stuck together in thatches so that it looked like umbrella ribs clinging to his pink skull .
That's not getting all the juice out of the orange , now is it '' ? ?
`` But you didn't know a thing about it , did you '' ? ?
The lieutenant eyed Gun's reflection in the mirror over the washbowl and then glanced back at his own face , moving the comb methodically around his head .
Can't have it .
If you just leave me to hell alone , Lieutenant .
`` No , sir '' .
Mr. Phillips took a razor to Gonzalez , Prop. , but left the promise that Spanish would be understood because he thought it meant that Spanish clientele would be welcome .
`` Negligence , hell '' ! !
`` No , sir '' .
Gun knew that nothing but aces back to back would give the lieutenant an ulcer and a smile at the same time .
It's too bad I didn't call you , and it's too bad I let Schaeffer use Accacia when he could have had a boy who'd be glad to learn something of Homicide procedure .

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The highest rated non-supervisory engineering title is ' research engineer .
Consulting Electrical Engineer ,
Westinghouse has a similar system , with two classifications representing various levels of competence on the strictly technical side : consulting engineer or scientist , as the case may be , and advisory engineer or scientist .
The latter jobs include major management responsibilities and have been filled by those who have come up primarily through the engineering-management side .
Another structure
Since the Industrial Revolution , when factories emerged , this classical pattern has been followed .
The salary level of an individual within the group will reflect the scientific community's acceptance of him as an authority in his scientific field .
the top non-supervisory level , senior staff engineer , enjoys status and pay ranging up to that for the second level of engineering supervision .
He is usually conscious of the social pressures at home and outside ; ;
With no set standards , there is the tendency to promote to the next highest level when the top of a salary band is reached regardless of performance .
`` These recent steps do not offer the possibility of extension to the great number of senior engineers who have displayed technical competence .
Yet titles are traditionally given only to management men , and income tends to rise with title .
`` We have two approaches for the technical man : the position of staff engineer , which is rated as high in salary as department manager ; ;
Operations of this nature offer the best opportunity to recognize scientific status .
Also , moving into a managerial position does not necessarily end a man's recognition as a technical expert .
This is not a mutually exclusive plan ; ;
Actually , there are a number of individual-contributor positions in both operating departments and in the company-wide `` services '' operation that are filled by men with successful managerial experience who are currently broadening their capabilities .
There have always been tales of disillusionment -- the competent technician who became an administrator , willingly or not , and found he didn't like it ; ;
All grades of management seek more resounding titles and incomes because of social pressures .
Above this point there is no generally used parallel ladder .
In the paragraphs that follow , we quote from 32 men who are identified on the final page .
The second level , senior engineer , rates slightly below first-level supervision .
`` A recent , and more pertinent action , has been the establishment of a technical staff reporting to the vice-president for Engineering .
Senior staff engineer ? ?
Several other examples : central and satellite
If no specific organization plan exists limiting the number of scientists at each salary level , the result is a department top-heavy with high-level , high-salaried personnel '' .
Some men have no talent for or interest in management ; ;
This approach has not been entirely satisfactory .
there is no one point in a man's career at which he must select either the technical or the managerial path upward .
and many are engineers who have been advanced from the divisions .
It is doubtful that the complete solution to the over-all problem can result entirely from company efforts .
We have a few ' consultants ' -- retired engineers retained and called in on certain problems .
Among the more familiar plans for dual-channel advancement is that of General Electric .
These headquarters engineers , headed by the vice-president -- Engineering , counsel and advise divisional managers and chief engineers on product problems as well as aid with design ; ;
Additional symbols of status are granted , such as reserved parking , distinctive badge passes authorizing special privileges , and a difference in the treatment of financial progress through merit .
The salary schedule permits remuneration greater than the average paid to the first level of engineering supervision ( engineering section head ) .
Even the college professor in America has been affected .
It is common to shift back and forth , working up through a number of supervisory and individual-contributor positions .
All scientific staff members will have the title , ' research-staff member .
As several recent books have over-emphasized , we have become the most status-conscious nation in the world .
Part of this headquarters staff , however , are engineering managers who work between divisional chief engineers and headquarters management .
The company expects to extend upward both compensation and status for non-supervisory engineers , but probably not into executive levels .
Nobody should be more able to answer the questions on this score than engineering vice-presidents and chief engineers .
The late W. R. G. Baker , a pioneer in television design and long-time vp & gm of the Electronics Division , and later , by his own choice , an individual consultant .
Labor fights to change its collar from blue to white .
We have these positions , which compare directly : Af
The only ' fellows ' in our company are those who have been honored by ASME , AIEE or AIChE .
We have not yet succeeded in establishing recognition of technical specialization comparable to our higher levels of management , but I believe we will trend in this direction but not to exceed vice-president '' .
`` We also do a number of things to build up the prestige of the engineer as a ' professional ' and also to give public recognition to individual technical competence .
This function is staffed by engineers chosen for their technical competence and who have the title , member of the technical staff .
The old shop adage still holds : `` A good mechanic is usually a bad boss '' .
Another factor that may hold hope is for parallel recognition is , as one man says it : `` that the fad for educating top people along managerial lines is yielding to the technically trained approach '' .
Promotion is too often based on longevity and time in salary grade instead of merit .
This difficulty arises even though we can give examples of men who have actually followed this course .
usually concerned about America's belief that attainment and success are measured in dollars and titles .
In this organization , about half of the engineers with 15 or more years of employment are in supervision , engineering or elsewhere .
This leads one to conclude , as you have , that there is inevitably more prestige in a management position in the minds of our people '' .
There have been many extremely competent men who have been converted into very incompetent managers or submerged in paper work , to their own and the public's dissatisfaction and loss .
`` We presently are involved in inaugurating a new development center .
`` .
and an administrative organization to take the routine load away from department managers and project engineers as much as possible , thus allowing them more time for strictly technical work .
Senior Physicist .
It is , as one engineer says , `` indeed a difficult thing for the engineer to accept that he can go as far on his technical merit as he could employing managerial skills .
These include encouragement of , and assistance to , the engineer in preparation and publication of technical papers .
`` Above these jobs we have chief engineer for the company and vice-president of Engrg , R & Aj .
I am sure that the engineer who enters management is nearly always opening the door to greater possibilities than he would have as a technical specialist -- because of his wider accountability '' .
`` We have tried to make both paths attractive , so that good men could find opportunity and satisfaction in either .
`` A serious problem accompanying the technical-ladder approach is the difficulty of clearly defining responsibilities and standards of performance for each level .
One company instituted , early in 1959 , a vertical classification system consisting of four levels .
They must learn to wear several hats , so to speak , working with management , sales and engineering problems related to the product .
The highest position is known as a ' research scientist .
Consultant , Advanced Development
Consulting Engineer , Heat Transfer
Scientists who agitate hardest for technical recognition are often the most reluctant to accept it .
Further , the management path does not open the door to higher opportunities than are offered by the more technical path .
Yet our economy clings inexorably to recognition of managerial status as the gage of success .
Fundamental to the difficulty of creating the desired prestige is the fact that , in the business community , prestige and status are conferred in proportion to the authority that one man has over others and the extent of which he participates in the management functions '' .
Top job : research scientist
This has been more evident since our products have incorporated astronomically increased technology .
What can be done for the `` individual contributor '' who is extremely important -- and likely to be more so -- in the operation of the technically oriented company ? ?
We have discovered that the outward trappings such as private offices and private secretaries are extremely important ; ;
Senior Electrical Engineer ,
We also have an ' engineering section head -- research engineer ' classification which has salary possibilities equivalent to that of a research engineer .
We have set up a central R & D department , as well as engineering-management departments -- about 80 people working on problems related to those of our plants .
`` We have made limited application of the ' parallel ladder ' plan .
One way to formalize this is in the job structure .
`` We do not have people in our organization termed ' consultants ' or ' fellows ' , who are specialists in one particular technical subject .
The expectation is that first-level supervisors will be selected in approximately equal numbers from the second and third engineering level , with very few coming from the first level .
So we asked such men in major companies in the design field to offer their opinions on the `` dual-road-up '' problem -- and more importantly -- their solutions .
But the realization has been growing that these are not the complete answer .
Until recently .
These positions carry such titles as :
Contrary to usual organization-position evaluations , the position to which research-staff members report administratively will not necessarily encompass the duties of the research-staff member , therefore , are not necessarily evaluated as highly .
A complete plan
the scientist who rebelled against the personnel and paper work ; ;
Many companies have systems , particularly in R & D , which work more or less well , depending upon size and actual belief in the policy on the part of administration , as will be abundantly apparent in subsequent quotations .
These are only halfway measures , and the answer will come when some way is found to allow the technical man in industry to progress without limit in salary and prestige '' .
and although we have attempted to provide these status symbols , support of the ' dual-ladder ' plan has been half-hearted despite the creation of a salary potential for a research scientist commensurate with that of men in top managerial positions .
I suppose it is because we are just not big enough .
First : what title , what setup ? ?
Throughout history , the man who showed superior performance has become the commander of others -- for good or bad .
forcing them into management can only create trouble .
We have two media for publicizing individual technical activity , a magazine widely distributed both within and without the company , and an information bulletin for engineering personnel distributed to the homes of all engineers .
The primary deterrent appears to lie with the technical people themselves , and their concept of what constitutes status in present-day society .
A separate research department is , of course , confined to new or future designs .
The remedies have been many and varied -- attempts to teach management techniques -- either in plant , at special schools , or in university `` crash '' courses -- provision of management-trained assistants or associates .
These men are considered managers of engineers .
`` We have over 20 divisions -- each of which has an engineering department headed by a chief engineer .
Salaries compare favorably with those paid to the first two or three levels of management .
and much more commonly in recent years , the engineer who found that other duties interfered with -- or eliminated -- his engineering contributions .
There is no formal equivalence to the supervisory ranks ; ;
In the GE plan , a number of individual contributors have positions and compensation higher than those of many managers .
This reflects the very heavy engineering content of the products -- which are not military .
Approximately four years ago , we initiated a dual ladder of advancement for technical persons .
Harold E. Strang , expert in switchgear design , for a long period vp & gm of the Measurements & Industrial Products Division , and who currently , approaching retirement , is vice-president and consulting engineer in the Switchgear & Control Division .
As examples at GE : Glen B. Warren , formerly manager of the Turbine Division , widely recognized as a turbine designer .
Publicity is given to the award of patents to our engineers and financial support is provided for individual membership in technical societies .
Consulting Engineer ,
Staff engineer dept. manager

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Future plans
Its editors only knew of one example to point to , a public housing development of 278 homes in New Haven described by John Schulz in the March , 1950 issue .
For example , the officials of Poughkeepsie town ( township ) where the project is located think highly of it because it simplifies their snow clearing problem .
He believes that this is a sound approach to gas competition in builder developments where gas is available .
The oilheating industry is looking up , led by a revival of research and development .
The word means it won't boil away easily , nothing else .
The earlier New Haven development was public housing , so it easily leaped over the problems met in a private venture .
When a family buys a home the title is subject to a perpetual easement to Tri-State .
Every year about this time National Gargle Your Cooling System week rolls around .
The fact is that removing and leaving out a thermostat from any water cooled vehicle , will greatly increase the fuel consumption , reduce power and contribute to spark plug fouling due to an accumulation of excessive carbon deposits on the insulators .
Does your policy have a lay-up clause ? ?
How does Tri-State get its revenue from this plan ? ?
The figure five is important in insurance .
But it's too early yet to go visit Oakwood Heights .
Duplicate coverage .
The amount paid by the oil company to Tri-State for the use of its oil distribution system and the privilege of supplying all the homes , is subject to negotiation but naturally must be profitable to both parties .
It will accommodate firing rates as low as a half gallon an hour .
This means either cars or trucks .
Be careful that you keep adequate coverage , but look for places to save money .
Rather the monthly total consumption was divided and charged on the basis of number of rooms and persons in the family .
This first test is being leased for ten years but future projects will require at least 15 years .
The meter is mounted high on the basement wall .
What does Tri-State actually want to do , now that it has the meters under franchise and certain phases of its piping system in the `` patent applied for '' stage ? ?
Not a year goes by but what several local companies in the U.S. and Canada , even overseas , write to Fueloil & Oil Heat to inquire if it's feasible and where it is being done .
Don't let your mechanics pull the thermostats out of those fueloil delivery trucks or installation rigs of yours .
Next , run the engine and let it heat up so the thermostat opens , and then look for leaks again .
For this first development the supplier signing the lease is a major oil company but in turn the deal is being transferred for operation to its local fueloil distributor .
Common complaints included `` Mrs. Murphy '' leaving her windows open all the time , a fresh air fan , or the family was visiting `` Aunt Minnie '' with the house shut up but they still paid the same rate for oil .
The big tanks were at the site but still sunning themselves .
The Government housing agencies consider it feasible with one special stipulation .
The Public Service Commission has ruled that this is not a public utility , subject to their many regulations .
This has survived the years but there has been considerable concern among the tenants over the fact that the oil was not metered .
Then fill the system and add a rust inhibitor .
Discounts run up to 2% of cost .
Ritter , the builder , is convinced that the total cost of all the heating systems plus the oil distribution system is no greater than would be gas heating systems in the houses plus their lines and meters .
First , drain that old coolant down the storm sewer .
In working out the practical legal conclusions President Waters was not thinking only of this pilot project , for it is planned to duplicate this program or system in other builder developments nationally .
For a few details of the system the lines are 1-1/4'' '' X-Tru-Coat , a product of Republic Steel Corp. , and all lines are welded .
In the present project the heating is by circulating hot water from Paragon boiler-burner units with summer-winter domestic hot water hookups .
others were building .
Initial considerations
Several financial institutions , both banks and insurance companies , have been sounded out .
He must undertake complete servicing of the oilheating equipment to assure fine heating .
Have a talk with your insurance agent .
Again , the oil man must read the meters at such intervals as he finds best .
A big mechanical ditcher was running the trenches , and the town building inspector was paying a friendly , if curious , visit .
It is always difficult , or at least time-consuming , to get approval of any kind of line under a public street , as one example .
Do it this way for the summer gargle :
There's an advantage in having a firm like Tri-State headed by a lawyer .
Now , check for leaks in your hoses and hose connections , around the freeze-out plugs , gaskets , water pump seals and heater fittings .
Avoid doubling up on the same item .
It wants to interest builders and oil companies in the idea of including its facility in their new home projects , by financing and installing the storage , piping and meters , and leasing these for 15 years , with renewal options , to a strong oil company .
They like it and would supply most of the capital because of the long term leases by strong oil companies .
If you run into excess plug fouling on one truck , check to be sure that the rig has a thermostat .
Spring and summer may be here officially , but those thermos stay in .
The officers of the new corporation have naturally explored many angles , as well as personalities that might be affected .
As a matter of fact you could probably find a new home development in every populated county in the country with three-bedroom ranch style cottages in the $14,000 range .
In other words , the whole storage and pipeline system does not belong to the homeowners nor to the town but rather to Tri-State .
The job of getting property easements and street easements and the acre for the tanks would become pretty discouraging .
Sixty miles north of New York City where the wooded hills of Dutchess County meet the broad sweep of the Hudson River there is a new home development called `` Oakwood Heights '' .
This whole development is certain to be of interest to the readers , for the idea has so often been mentioned , somewhat wistfully .
As a result of that attitude , others have been discouraged from trying central distribution .
With many company policies you get a fleet discount if you insure five or more rigs .
If a lot of rust shows in the drain , use a good flushing cleaner .
The thermostat is important to get your engine up to operating temperature quickly , and to keep it running at its most efficient temperature through the proper circulation of the coolant .
The major gets the assured gallonage for the life of the lease and the distributor apparently can do well because delivery cost is low .
Its oil for heating is metered monthly to each home from a line that starts at a central storage point .
The supplier delivers at his convenience in transport loads , so as to maintain two-to-three weeks reserve supply against weather contingencies .
There must be a restriction in the deed to provide that the customer may not be charged more than the current market price for the oil , an obvious precaution , since the account is permanently wedded , just like with gas or electricity .
Check the temperature gage and be sure it is working .
It leases the whole facility to a large oil company , at least large enough to have a strong credit position .
Only eight of the 50 houses were completed at the time of the editor's visit on June 8th ; ;
Are you paying too much for your truck insurance ? ?
Dow says that the fluid can be used now for two years .
It pays in the long ( hot ) run to take good care of the water works .
Of course , you'll want to use the softest water you can in your radiators .
A new low capacity meter is the key that unlocks the situation at Oakwood Heights .
This means that if your insured vehicle is laid up for more than 30 days , insurance can be suspended and a proportionate return of your premium made to you .
There's a good chance you are doubling on some coverage , not taking discounts coming to you and not cutting some corners that can be cut .
For the central storage , Tri-State buys one acre , Buries its tanks and simply holds permanent title to that piece .
Use the air hose for this job .
For example , don't pay in a truck policy for medical coverage that you may be paying for in a health and accident policy .
Its figures are a half inch high and very easy to read , even into tenth gallons .
For example : If your bodily injury claims start payment after the first $250 , a 25% premium saving is often made .
A primary ingredient in these fields is imagination , and Tri-State Pipeline Corporation deserves a very good mark .
The idea of a central tank with lines to each house is not in itself a novelty .
These have to do with property rights , municipal official attitudes and a host of others .
Vice-president is Louis Berkman and the secretary-treasurer is Mark Ritter .
Called a `` Slo-Flo '' meter it was designed for this job by Power Plus Industries of Los Angeles , a key individual being Don Nelson .
First go over the type of coverage you now have .
Ritter is the builder of Oakwood Heights and president of Kahler-Craft Distributors , Inc. , Newburgh , N.Y. .
It may also work in one other way -- by licensing its system patents and supplying the meters , letting the oil company or even the builder install the facilities .
Its president is Otis M. Waters , partner in the law firm of Timen & Waters , 540-K Chrysler Bldg. , New York City .
However , that is not all he has to do .
They are laid a minimum of 24'' '' deep and in some areas four feet down , particularly under roads , to stay clear of all other piping such as water and sewers and to minimize shocks from heavy trucking .
If you use one of the new year-round cooling system fluids such as `` Dowguard '' be sure to check it .
Usually premium reductions can be obtained by applying deductibles to your liability plan .
Be sure the bugs and dirt are blown out of the radiator fins .
This is a pilot operation sponsored by a new entity chartered in Delaware as the Tri-State Pipeline Corporation , with principal offices in New York State .
Tri-State has acquired its exclusive distribution for the northern , principal heating states .
Look for these features which may mean you can save :
Take precautions now , to be sure you avoid those unpleasant and costly heat breakdowns when the temperature zooms this summer .
But Oakwood Heights is unique in one particular .
But in a new development where everything starts from scratch the solutions are simple .
To overcome this , the builder lays and completes the street himself , then deeds it to the community while retaining a perpetual easement for the oil lines .
Check its inhibitor effectiveness before leaving it in during the summer .
On this first venture the central storage is 20,000 gallons , in two tanks , or an average of 400 gallons for each of the 50 homes .
Pitch it out .
The rust inhibitors in the fluid are used up after one year , and you don't want to risk the rust that two years' use could mean .
Don't save the anti-freeze , even if it the expensive `` permanent '' type .
This applies to repair work of winter storage .
It would be pretty difficult to install a Tri-State system in old neighborhoods , and that's an understatement .
The central storage is near a main artery quite easy to reach with large transports on a short crescent swing , with fewer trucks in the residential streets .

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`` You bought it '' ? ?
It was hotter once they reached the flat , and drier , but the grass was better .
If you were a man '' --
The water was there , so much of it that it spread all through the dead orchard .
It didn't seem to tell her anything .
And he was handsome , despite the long thin scar that slanted across his cheek .
He had a feeling that the girl meant trouble .
He had spent two hours riding around the ranch that morning , and in broad daylight it was even less inviting than Judith Pierce had made it seem .
The half-breed eased the Winchester down and rested it across his lap .
And determined not to show it .
He hadn't shown up too well in their eyes , letting himself be browbeaten by a woman .
It must have got there when you fell against me '' .
`` You own this place '' ? ?
It made Wilson wonder .
Wilson brushed the dust from his coat .
It would to me '' .
`` You shouldn't be riding up here after dark , Judith '' , he said quietly .
But I'll know how to handle you next time '' .
He got up slowly , and she was already on her feet , and he stood facing her .
`` No '' , Wilson said .
`` I've had enough of that .
If you want to see '' --
He grabbed her by the shoulders and went down on one knee , taking her weight so that some of the wind was driven out of him .
`` You could burn down this whole mountainside with a fire that size .
There was brush , and stands of pine that no grass could grow under , and places so steep that cattle wouldn't stop to graze .
He had known women like that , one woman in particular .
But a moment later he brought his horse forward into the light , and Wilson had a good look at him .
Not all of it .
`` Jake Carwood .
`` He's a friend .
The scar looked pure white in the half-darkness ; ;
`` She isn't , mister '' .
all dusty and sunbaked .
And he had a feeling -- thanks to the girl -- that things would get worse before they got better .
It hadn't started out that way .
I've had enough of you .
Judith Pierce .
She said , and her tone had softened until it was almost friendly .
Mine .
A warm breeze played across it , moving it like waves .
It was meant to insult him , and didn't quite succeed .
But there was water .
`` The fire's too big .
Her hat had come off and fallen behind her shoulders , held by the string , and he could see her face more clearly than he had at any time before .
It's not the kind of thing that a man would be proud of .
Maybe you know him '' .
Well , the grass was there , though in some places the ground was too steep for a cow to get to it .
He had an uneasy feeling about it .
She brought the quirt down , slashing it across his cheek , and he tried to step back .
`` I am .
good grass , good water .
You took me by surprise .
That girl last night , what was her name ? ?
And make sure it's out when you leave in the morning '' .
`` Both of you .
You're pretty hard on him '' .
He found the pan where he had dropped it and carried it back down to the stream .
There were tracks of cattle all over his six hundred and forty acres .
I don't know what makes you think you can get away with this kind of business , and I don't care about that , either .
She was carrying a quirt , and she started to raise it , then let it fall again and dangle from her wrist .
She swung the quirt again , and this time he caught her wrist and pulled her out of the saddle .
And one had been too many .
And I appreciate the advice '' .
The coyote was calling again , and he hoped that this time there would be no other sounds to interrupt it .
She had helped him change his mind .
livable perhaps , but badly in need of repairs .
`` I'm not advising you '' , she said .
`` I ought to '' -- he said .
They lay a little too stiffly , with their eyes straining to stay closed .
`` I'm telling you .
She studied it for a long time .
He sold me a clear title .
Wilson didn't say anything .
She wiped it off with the sleeve of her coat .
Be sure it's out when you leave .
`` There's some mistake '' , he said finally .
A red-tailed hawk flew in behind them and stayed there , watching for any snakes or rabbits that they might stir up from the side of the road .
She showed her surprise by tightening the reins and moving the gelding around so that she could get a better look at his face .
I ought to .
There was only one place where Jake Carwood's description had gone badly awry : the peace and quiet .
2
Is there anything else you want to know '' ? ?
The place had been cheap -- just the little he had left after Amelia's burial -- and it would serve its purpose .
I'm not leaving in the morning .
The place was quiet .
`` Never mind '' , she said sternly .
He had forgotten that she was so pretty .
Not yours .
She finally regained her balance and got up in the saddle .
But they were starting a new life .
`` Who was that '' ? ?
It might hurt you , though .
Somebody might mistake you for a woman '' .
She was quick .
The fire had gone down , and the man was only a shadow against the trees .
Kathy was already in the wagon .
That's all .
He was tall and dark-skinned , a half-breed , Wilson thought .
I have it with me , right here .
`` From a man in St. Louis '' , Wilson said .
`` Put the rifle down , Joseph '' , the girl said .
It's bigger than it has to be , though I don't see where it's doing any harm .
`` It doesn't hurt .
She seemed irritated .
`` But it's understandable .
He side-stepped her blow and she fell , stumbling against the gelding .
But the scar seemed to pull hard at the corner of his mouth , and his eyes were hurt and angry .
If you've got any ideas '' .
`` Go to sleep '' , he said .
She came down against him , and he tried to break her fall .
`` I can take care of this .
The first part of the road was steep , but it leveled off after the second bend and curled gradually into the valley .
Already some of the pain had gone from Amelia's death .
That fire's too big .
And they had almost everything they needed : land , a house , two whiteface bulls , three horses .
He wiped the blood from his cheek .
The girl laughed .
And there was a house ; ;
Six hundred and forty acres , the old man back in St. Louis had said ; ;
He asked .
He took it without flinching .
It took them an hour before they came to the first houses of Kelseyville .
`` She's not a man , mister '' , he said .
An hour before , with the children asleep and nothing but the strange darkness , he would have appreciated company .
My father ran him off here six years ago '' .
They were going to town , and they were both excited .
They had the house cleaned up by noon , and Wilson sent the boy out to the meadow to bring in the horses .
`` I saw your fire '' , she said , speaking slowly , making an effort to control her anger .
It took him a long time to compose himself .
`` Carwood didn't tell you that '' , she said .
`` Not now '' , Wilson said .
The voice came from behind him , and Wilson turned .
He scrubbed absent-mindedly at the pans and reflected on how things had turned out .
He was losing patience again .
It's no job for you '' .
They weren't sleeping , of course , but they thought they were doing him a favor by pretending .
She brought up her free hand to hit him , but this time he was quicker .
In the last analysis , though , Wilson had little cause to complain .
That afternoon when they had pulled up in front of the broken-down ranch house , his hopes had been high .
He saw her hand start to work down the leather thong toward the handle of the quirt , and he grabbed her wrist .
The land wasn't all Wilson had expected of it .
He stood on the porch and watched him struggling with the heavy harness , and finally went over to help him .
`` I guess I'll find out soon enough .
He stood watching the girl , wondering what was coming next .
But her prettiness was what he had noticed first , and all the other things had come afterward : cruelty , meanness , self-will .
`` Your personal guard ? ?
his eyes were black and deep-set , and expressionless .
She glanced around the clearing , taking in the wagon and the load of supplies and trappings scattered over the ground , the two kids , the whiteface bull that was chewing its cud just within the far reaches of the firelight .
The town was about what Wilson expected : one main street with its rows of false-fronted buildings , a water tower , a few warehouses , a single hotel ; ;
He watched the girl until she had gone into the trees , and waited until he couldn't hear the sound of her horse any longer , then went up to where the children were sleeping .
`` I'll bet that's as close as you've been to a man since you were a baby '' , Wilson said .
The half-breed didn't answer this time .
`` All right '' , Wilson said quickly .
He took the reins just below the bit and held them firmly , and it was his turn to smile now .
`` It wouldn't matter to my father , and not to me .
He raised the Winchester and pointed it at Wilson's chest .
He finished with the team and filled his pipe and stood looking about him .
There's better things to do than listen to something like that .
`` That quirt -- I ought to use it on you , where it would do the most good .
He was shaking with anger , his breath coming in long , painful gasps .
Wilson backed the team into the traces , and wished they weren't going to town at all .
You've got blood on your cheek .
Yes , there was plenty of water , too much , and that was probably the trouble .
`` He works for my father '' , the girl said , and then seemed to change her mind .
Let it burn down .
His name's Joseph Sanchez .
He watched the half-breed as he turned silently .
`` I said go home , Joseph .
It wouldn't matter to a fool like you .
I'll let you go back to doing the dishes now '' .
She had picked up the quirt and was twirling it around her wrist and smiling at him .
The girl tapped the quirt impatiently against her knee and glared at him .
If she did , he could stand it better in the light .
`` You're right about the fire .
`` I thought I told you to stay home '' .
There would still be plenty of moments of regret and sadness and guilty relief .
`` Oh , no '' , he said , and he was without humor now .
You've got no business up here '' .
It was the only thing about her that was the least bit hard to remember .
He was taken aback .
I don't know what goes on around here , and I don't care .
Why should I ? ?
He meant to say more , but he never got the chance .
I meant what I said about that fire .
Then she turned back to Wilson and smiled , and he wasn't quite sure what she meant by it .
It made him a little sick , and he let go of her .
They expected greater things from him , regardless of how trying the circumstances , and they were disappointed .
They could hear the pony's feet on the dry leaves for a while , then the sound faded out .
`` I don't mind washing dishes now and then '' , he said pleasantly .
`` I know him .
I own the place '' .
There was an artificial lake just out of sight in the first stand of trees , fed by a half dozen springs that popped out of the ground above the hillside orchard .
And it doesn't make any difference .
I'll be down at the creek finishing the dishes , if you want me '' .
Not tonight , at any rate .
But you're wrong about the rest of it .

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He lost all sense of dignity .
`` Not again so soon '' .
His jowls were spiked by barbs of graying beard .
He had to reach Admassy's place .
It was a narrow road , barely wide enough for two cars to pass .
Not a single strand of wire reached into the silent houses beside the red-clay road .
He still had three miles to go .
There were many more between here and Jarrodsville .
It concerned an officer who had been disgraced and drummed out .
Marty looked helplessly in both directions .
The viscous mud was ankle-deep , and in places great puddles spread across the road and reflected the murky light .
He jumped , and sank to his knees in muddy water .
It was so utterly unexpected that Marty stood for several moments with his mouth hanging open foolishly after it had happened .
The Plymouth was coming at him from the east , the pickup truck from the west .
He remembered a story he had read as a youth .
That way was barred on both sides of the road by a high barbed-wire fence .
The weird , insane sound of the Rebel yell reverberated again and echoed from the distant hills .
The drums of thunder were right behind him now .
From a great distance thunder growled and broke the silence .
The station wagon came to a stop a couple of hundred feet in front of him , beside a fenced field .
Back East the more affluent juvenile delinquents , who could afford hyped-up autos instead of switch blades as lethal weapons , played this same game and called it `` Chicken '' .
You must've known I'd gone to get the sheriff .
He looked straight at Marty .
He stopped stone-still .
They thundered at him .
When the two cars were equidistant from him , the station wagon started up again and the Ford gathered speed .
It was Pete Holmes , the cabdriver .
He thought the fender of the Plymouth brushed his jacket as it went by .
There was nothing he could do except jump into the ditch .
After he had proceeded a few feet , he paused and turned up the cuffs of his trousers , which were already damp and mud-caked .
Yet the men all moved at the same instant .
They would reach him at almost exactly the same instant .
Marty wished these poor farm people would turn their backs .
Probably people were watching him from the porch or from behind the windows of this farmhouse , too , but he did not bother to look .
They , too , stared at him .
The sheriff was occupied with maneuvering the car around in a very narrow space .
His small , mean eyes regarded Marty steadily , unblinkingly .
And Jarrodsville was more than three miles away , down an old dirt road that the rain had turned into a quagmire .
At least he could climb up on the fence when his tormenters roared by again .
`` I see there are some cars here .
I was lucky they let me go , I guess '' .
Across the road there was one no more than a hundred yards away .
Marty scanned the faces of the others nearest him , looked into their staring eyes .
Why didn't you wait at the Burch house ? ?
He would be harassed repeatedly and would escape death by inches time after time , all the way to Jarrodsville .
There was another on this side , a little further down .
Acey Squire's station wagon .
Marty faced east and started walking down the left side of the road .
Even the eyes of the smallest children seemed malicious .
He had turned his ankle slightly , and it pained him .
There had been two more cars parked at the farm , a Plymouth and a pickup truck .
He climbed back to the road , and he felt utterly exhausted .
He did not try to run .
They reared tall and mocking .
The cars , with their load of howling men , had disappeared in the distance .
They would be coming for him next , bearing down on him from both directions .
They were staring at him in the same blank and menacing way that the men outside the gate had stared .
He thought he saw a pale face at a window .
He was going to make it , he told himself .
A second car was coming from the west , from the direction of Sanford's Run .
The steady roll of the drums had sounded behind him as he walked between the endless ranks of the men he had commanded , and each man about-faced and turned his back as the officer approached .
Marty recognized the man .
The fencing by the roadside ended .
He forced himself to stay frozen there .
The day's rain had been added to the stagnant water .
He stumbled to the middle of the road and simply stood there , waiting for them , a perfect target .
This was Acey Squire , proprietor of the juke joint .
In a fraction of a second the pickup truck hurtled by on the other side .
I wonder if one of you gentlemen could drive me back to town ? ?
The cars must have had their gas pedals pushed down to the floor boards .
As the two cars roared by , there was a high-pitched eerie , nerve-shattering sound .
Do you know where it might have gone '' ? ?
There was someone in front with the sheriff .
He held his arms close to his sides and made himself as small as possible .
They had timed it better this time .
Every man in every one of these houses is a Night Rider .
`` I have to get back to Jarrodsville '' , he went on .
The seventeen men stood and stared at him for a moment longer .
They bore down on him .
Perhaps they had a car or truck and would drive him into town .
He broke into a dogtrot , breathing heavily , streaming with sweat .
And then a startling thing occurred .
On his side of the road there were two farm hands , well back in a field , leaning against a plow .
I'd be happy to pay for the favor , of course '' .
Now the dirt highway was bordered on either side by a fairly deep drainage ditch , too broad to leap over unless you were an Olympic star .
They piled into the waiting cars , motors roared , the cars sped off .
It had headed back toward Jarrodsville .
When it was finally pointed east , he said , `` You should never have come out here alone .
The car drew up alongside him and stopped .
I couldn't fight a dozen or so of 'em .
Squire chewed his gum , his jaw moving in a steady rhythm .
It was his only sanctuary .
He had to make for the section of road just ahead that was bordered by the rail fence , the section by the farmhouse .
And now he saw them .
Now he saw that the approaching car was painted white , and he began to wave his arms frantically .
For just an instant he thought of appealing to them for help .
The station wagon and the old Plymouth headed east toward Jarrodsville .
But there wasn't no use in me staying there .
His eyes were threaded by little filaments of red as if tiny veins had burst and flooded blood into them .
There was no word spoken , no apparent signal given .
He stood , panting , for a moment .
They were coming on at reckless speed for such old vehicles .
If he backed against the fence , one of the cars would brush him as it passed , and he would be cruelly lacerated by the wire .
He had driven the car that passed them on the road outside Admassy's place .
Now Acey and his friends were returning to seek him out .
It was the Ford that had been outside Burch's farm .
He staggered into the back seat and lay back , fighting for breath .
He did not leave the middle of the road .
`` Oh , no , not again '' , he said aloud .
It was coming toward him .
And then he saw something that he had not seen before , and panic gripped him again .
When the Plymouth neared , it veered toward him and seemed about to run him down .
And then he heard a car coming from the east , and he felt as if he would break down and weep .
If I'd stayed , all that I'd have got was four punctured tires and one busted head .
He could not go through the fields .
As he approached the first farmhouse , thunder sounded behind him again , closer now and louder , like a steadily advancing drum corps .
He was deep in water , but at least they could not reach him there .
Marty knew how the Union soldiers must have felt at Chancellorsville and Antietam and Gettysburg when the ragged gray ranks charged at them , screaming the wild banshee howl they called the Rebel yell .
He splashed on , mud sucking at his feet with each step , until he reached the end of the drainage ditch and the beginning of the fence that enclosed the farm .
It was the sound of a siren .
Marty's heart skipped a beat when he recognized it .
Perhaps she would be glad that they hadn't hurt him .
He did not answer .
He trudged on , his aching eyes focused straight ahead .
Land looked back toward the dilapidated house .
There was a very old man and a young woman and a brood of children ranging from toddlers to teen-agers .
He avoided showing any surprise or annoyance when no one answered him .
It was the prowl car from the sheriff's office .
That had only been a ruse to lure him out on the deserted road .
For moments he stood in water , shivering and gasping for breath .
He asked , keeping his voice casual .
He would go in there , climb through the window , and at least be safe for a little while and able to rest .
`` Did anyone see my cab '' ? ?
It was probably one of Kipling's tales of the British Army .
A foolish thought came into his head .
As he chewed his gum and exuded wheezing breath , Marty smelt the reek of bad whiskey .
The fences stretched on endlessly .
He did not dare climb back up to the road .
Perhaps it was Dora May .
He was nearing the Admassy house .
And then he heard them .
It was the station wagon that had passed his cab on the road , the station wagon that had been parked at the Burch farm .
Marty Land stood alone on a red-clay road as storm clouds gathered ominously in the sky again .
Marty smiled at Squire pleasantly and said , `` There was a cab waiting for me here .
The car was now in sight .
There was a new sound , a sound as piercing as the Rebel yell , yet different .
You could not stand on dignity when you were soaked and muddied and your life was at stake .
The fence , his only refuge when the metal death came roaring at him , was made of rails , all right , but the rails were protected by a thick screening of barbed wire that would rip his flesh if he pressed against it .
There were several people on the porch of the farmhouse .
The fences on both sides of the road bristled with the barbed wire .
There was even a bare chance that the phone had not been disconnected .
Then he realized the utter futility of the idea .
And then the station wagon and the Ford would seek him out again .
Telephone poles lined the road .
This is redneck country .
He was trapped on the road when he heard the sound of an approaching car .
There was nothing he could do but walk .
He could not leave the road because of the water-filled drainage ditch .
If he moved , he would be in the path of the other car .
He lurched on down the road despairingly , because there was no place else to go .
In seconds all four cars were out of sight .
Pete turned around and said to Marty , `` I guess you think I'm a yellow-bellied hound .
`` Get in '' , Charley Estes said brusquely .
There were other farmhouses nearby .
The Ford and the pickup truck sped west toward Sanford's Run .
Then there was another sound .
The Admassy place could not be far now .
Their wires stretched out into infinity .

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My man came out an hour later , drove to the beach , turned right and after half a mile went to the Swim and Tan Motel .
`` Your wife isn't going to join you -- later '' ? ?
She gave a little pout and said , `` I don't get off work until eleven o'clock .
I turned on the electric bug , and the signal came in loud and clear .
The card the man I was shadowing had filled out was still on the counter .
one here and one that's out quite a ways where there's usually curb parking '' .
I asked .
The attendant waved me on .
`` Not a bit '' , I said , `` but she's keeping her figure in hand '' .
Can you find it all right '' ? ?
I used the alias of Robert C. Richards , gave the first three letters and the first and last figure of the license number on the agency heap , but a couple of phony numbers in between .
There are three soft-drink vending machines , and if you should be joined by -- anybody -- try to keep things quiet , if you will .
You're the one I was talking to about a monthly rental .
`` No '' , I said .
`` Oh , you ! !
`` Thank you '' , I told her .
I stayed half a block behind him , letting lots of cars keep in between us , listening to the steady beep beep beep .
I made time and picked him up within ten blocks .
He didn't have to telephone .
I could get up close to him where there was traffic but had to drop far behind when there wasn't traffic .
You're conscious of the fact that your feet hurt , that the city pavements are hard .
He started to say something as I walked in and then suddenly grinned and said , `` Oh , yes .
`` Oh , that's all right '' , he said .
I noticed that he was in Unit 12 and that he had registered under the name of Oscar L. Palmer and wife , giving a San Francisco address .
Traffic was pretty heavy .
I put in new batteries so as to be certain I'd have plenty of power and on my way out walked over to the regular parking stalls and stood looking at them thoughtfully .
I waited until the parking attendant was busy with a customer , then slipped around the back of the car with license number JYM 114 , attached the electronic bug to the rear bumper and walked out .
She went in to get the hamburgers , and I switched on the device again and kept the signal from Dowling's car coming in steady and clear until I saw her starting back with the hamburgers .
If he does , it's still better than an even chance he won't notice the transposition of the numbers , and if he should notice it , the thing can be passed off as an honest mistake .
By this time it was dark .
`` Good figures should be kept in hand '' , she said , and walked away with an exaggerated wiggle .
It was a fairly modern motel with quite a bit of electrical display in front .
I was so hungry my stomach felt all lines of communication had been severed .
I waited a solid two hours before my man came out of the office building .
I wasn't far behind him when he entered the parking lot and hurried over to his car .
You see , she's on a diet .
That's when my evening commences '' .
She looked at me provocatively .
I couldn't see him , but the electric bugging device gave steady beeps when it was straight ahead , short half beeps when the car I was following was to the left , and long drawn-out beeps when it turned to the right .
`` That curb parking is undependable and annoying , particularly when it rains '' , he said .
I walked with him back to the entrance .
I have a couple of them I'm figuring on ; ;
The manager of the motel was a woman who apparently didn't care .
`` Make it as snappy as you can , will you '' ? ?
His signal was coming loud and clear and then all of a sudden it turned to a buzz .
`` You mean you're all alone , Mr. Richards '' ? ?
I didn't turn it off '' .
I was held up a bit trying to make a left turn .
`` You really in a hurry , Handsome '' ? ?
You want to sit down .
`` I'm in a hurry , Beautiful '' .
`` It's ten dollars either way .
Then I shut off the device again .
`` Diets can be terrible '' , the girl said .
`` It's one of the rules on transients .
That meant he'd parked someplace .
I reached over and switched off the electronic bugging device .
The place wasn't particularly busy at that time of night , and the girl who was waiting on me , who was clothed in the tightest-fitting pair of slacks I had ever seen on a woman and a sweater that showed everything there was -- and there was lots of it -- wanted to be sociable .
`` I'll be here at ten-fifty-five '' , I said .
I turned left too soon and got a signal showing that I was still behind him but he was to the right .
I took another sidelong glance at the other registration card , then took the key to Unit 13 that she had given me and went down long enough to park the car .
I turned on the device again , half fearful that I might find silence , but the buzzes came in loud and clear .
`` Okay '' , I said to the attendant , `` I'll let you know if I close the deal on the office in this building '' .
`` Don't you think it's selfish to have dinner before you go to pick her up '' ? ?
`` It's a sublease .
The attendant recognized me once more and said , `` What did you do about that office '' ? ?
Ninety-nine times out of a hundred the motel manager doesn't check the license number on the plates against the license number the tenant writes out .
She wanted to hang around while I was eating .
I grinned at him , handed him a couple of dollars and said , `` By the time you get the parking charge figured up , there should be a cigar in it for you '' .
`` Forgot to get something out of the car '' , I told him , showing him my ticket .
My lights would have been a giveaway if I'd tried to shadow him in the conventional manner .
I was giving the parked cars the once-over .
I sat there with the faint odor of charcoal-broiled steaks tantalizing my nostrils and occasionally catching the aroma of coffee .
My quarry was in the apartment house for two hours .
Moreover , I'd have lost him if it hadn't been for the electronic shadowing device .
Regulars drive out their own cars '' .
The powerful microphone I could press against the wall between my motel unit and that occupied by the man would bring in the sound of any conversation , and I was positively nauseated I was so hungry .
I said `` Darn it , that's the automatic signal that shows when the ignition key is on .
I know where the car is .
I kept trying to get him to take my money .
`` It's a kindness to her .
`` You're going to be a regular .
`` That's right '' , I told him .
She knew where to come .
`` Okay '' , I told him .
It's one thing to go without food when you're occupied with some work or when you're simply postponing a meal , but when you're dependent on someone else and know that you can't eat until he's bedded down for the night , hunger can be a gnawing torture .
`` That's right '' .
What's that thing going buzz-buzz-buzz in your car '' ? ?
I went back to the agency car and got out an electric bug , one of the newest devices for electronic shadowing .
The Oldsmobile with the license number JYJ 114 was in stall number five .
'' She announced .
With the aid of that I could hear my man moving around , heard him cough a couple of times , heard the toilet flush , heard the sound of water running .
After a while , however , a person's mind gets fed up and that magnifies all of the disagreeable physical symptoms which go with that sort of an assignment .
`` I'm in a rush right now .
The batteries on the bugging device I had put on the car were still fresh enough to send out good strong signals .
He came out alone .
`` I don't think so '' .
After fifteen minutes of traffic driving he turned to the left .
She asked .
You'll get in the office building here .
It's a formality , you know '' .
I asked .
There are ice cubes in a container at the far end and in another by the office .
She'll eat just a pineapple and cottage cheese salad and I'm to have one with her so she won't feel out of place '' .
I could have written anything .
The construction was reasonably solid ; ;
He gave me a ticket on the agency car and parked it .
Want me to drive it out '' ? ?
For the first fifteen or twenty minutes it's possible to be more or less interested in window displays , then in people passing by .
`` Not to you '' , she said smiling .
There's lots of time left '' .
She was complying with the law in regard to registrations but she certainly wasn't checking license numbers or bothering the tenants .
We like to run a nice quiet place '' .
You get business where the business is , not where it isn't '' .
He consulted the parking ticket , then looked at a notation and said , `` You're in the third row back toward the rear .
Whoever his companion was going to be , she was going to join him later .
I waited until my man was coming out of the office with the key to a cabin before I went in to register .
I always keep a set in the car .
I sat where I could watch the exit and realized I was hungry .
I put a small electric amplifier against the wall on the side I wanted to case .
I remembered it was the Peeping Tom place .
`` How much overweight is she '' ? ?
I circled the block and found he was in the parking lot of a high-class restaurant .
He had written out the license number of his car but had transposed the last two figures , an old dodge which is still good .
One of the hardest chores a detective has is hanging around on a city street , trying to make himself inconspicuous , keeping an eye on the entrance of an office building and waiting .
`` That's what they all say .
You don't want to lease a place way out in the sticks .
not like the cracker-box construction of so many of the motel units that have stucco all over the outside but walls that are thin enough so you can hear every movement of the people in the adjoining apartment .
After a while the signal became a buzz and I knew he was behind me .
`` If you expect her to show up '' , she said , `` you'd better put ' and wife ' on there .
I was back in ten minutes .
By the time I'd made it he was gone .
I got in the car , drove down to the drive-in and ordered a couple of hamburgers with everything included , a cup of coffee and the fastest service possible .
`` I haven't made up my mind yet '' , I said .
I found a parking place half a block away , sat in the car and waited .
Your leg muscles and back muscles feel weary .
`` I'll have one of the boys get it '' , he said .
I had noticed a drive-in down the road a quarter of a mile .
When I switched on the lights for her to come and get the check , I had the exact change plus a dollar tip .
`` There may not be any women left '' , I said .
I hurried over to the agency heap , jumped in , started the motor and was just in time to see the car I wanted to shadow turn to the left .
`` Any difference in the rate '' ? ?
`` Sure '' , I told him .
If it ever got behind me , the beep turned to a buzz .
I made a big circle until I located the car parked at the curb in front of an apartment house .
`` It's early in the evening to be in a hurry .
Then he came out and started driving toward the beach .

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It was my first reaction upon hearing of Lumumba's death .
( And this is not , perhaps , the place to discuss Harlem's very complex attitude toward black policemen , nor the reasons , according to Harlem , that they are nearly all downtown .
he found it , if anything , all too familiar .
He did not , as far as I can gather , find the South `` worse '' ; ;
And these days , of course , in terms increasingly vivid and jubilant , it speaks of the end of that domination .
He was born in the North and did his military training in the South .
He cannot avoid observing that some of the children , in spite of their color , remind him of children he has known and loved , perhaps even of his own children .
This perpetual justification empties the heart of all human feeling .
One day , to everyone's astonishment , someone drops a match in the powder keg and everything blows up .
Negroes want to be treated like men : a perfectly straightforward statement , containing only seven words .
Personally , it is the Southerner's sexual coming of age , when , without any warning , unbreakable taboos are set up between himself and his past .
Everything , thereafter , is permitted him except the love he remembers and has never ceased to need .
Neither the Southerner nor the Northerner is able to look on the Negro simply as a man .
However , the chaos on my desk prevented my being in the U.N. gallery .
4 .
The first question is : Would I like to live here ? ?
which is precisely what , and where , he is , and is the reason he walks in twos and threes .
the fact that American Negroes rioted in the U.N. while Adlai Stevenson was addressing the Assembly shocked and baffled most white Americans .
They do not escape Jim Crow : they merely encounter another , not-less-deadly variety .
The country will not change until it re-examines itself and discovers what it really means by freedom .
The pressure within the ghetto causes the ghetto walls to expand , and this expansion is always violent .
but I do not believe that these examples are meant to be used as justification for our own crimes .
The white policeman standing on a Harlem street corner finds himself at the very center of the revolution now occurring in the world .
The climate and the events of the last decade , and the steady pressure of the `` cold '' war , have given Americans yet another means of avoiding self-examination , and so it has been decided that the riots were `` Communist '' inspired .
The businessmen and racketeers also have a story .
Walk through the streets of Harlem and see what we , this nation , have become .
I was curious about the impact of this political assassination on Negroes in Harlem , for Lumumba had -- has -- captured the popular imagination there .
There is no way for him not to know it : there are few things under heaven more unnerving than the silent , accumulating contempt and hatred of a people .
As far as the color problem is concerned , there is but one great difference between the Southern white and the Northerner : the Southerner remembers , historically and in his own psyche , a kind of Eden in which he loved black people and they loved him .
Negroes are , therefore , ignored in the North and are under surveillance in the South , and suffer hideously in both places .
He has never , himself , done anything for which to be hated -- which of us has ? ?
Thirdly , the South is not merely an embarrassingly backward region , but a part of this country , and what happens there concerns every one of us .
And he is not the only one who knows why he is always in company : the people who are watching him know why , too .
I know Negroes who prefer the South and white Southerners , because `` At least there , you haven't got to play any guessing games '' ! !
Their presence is not as frightening as the discontent which creates their opportunity .
Historically , the flaming sword laid across this Eden is the Civil War .
The idea seems to threaten profound , barely conscious assumptions .
What happened is that Negroes want to be treated like men .
They are two sides of the same coin and the South will not change -- cannot change -- until the North changes .
The white people fall back bitterly before the black horde ; ;
I myself have witnessed and endured it more than once .
Even if he is gifted with the merest mustard grain of imagination , something must seep in .
Rare , indeed , is the Harlem citizen , from the most circumspect church member to the most shiftless adolescent , who does not have a long tale to tell of police incompetence , injustice , or brutality .
Stevenson's speech , and the spectacular disturbance in the gallery , were both touched off by the death , in Katanga , the day before , of Patrice Lumumba .
According , then , to what I take to be the prevailing view , these rioters were merely a handful of irresponsible , Stalinist-corrupted provocateurs .
)
He , too , believes in good intentions and is astounded and offended when they are not taken for the deed .
Now , I do not doubt that , among the people at the U.N. that day , there were Stalinist and professional revolutionists acting out of the most cynical motives .
They seem to feel that because they fought on the right side during the Civil War , and won , they have earned the right merely to deplore what is going on in the South , without taking any responsibility for it ; ;
Northerners indulge in an extremely dangerous luxury .
Southerners see them all the time .
And so do the prostitutes .
And I was curious about the African reaction .
A kind of panic paralyzes their features , as though they found themselves trapped on the edge of a steep place .
It is a view which even a minimal effort at observation would immediately contradict .
Stevenson stated , in the course of his address , that the United States was `` against '' colonialism .
The guessing games referred to have driven more than one Negro into the narcotics ward , the madhouse , or the river .
God knows what the African nations , who hold 25 per cent of the voting stock in the U.N. were thinking -- they may , for example , have been thinking of the U.S. abstention when the vote on Algerian freedom was before the Assembly -- but I think I have a fairly accurate notion of what the Negroes in the gallery were thinking .
My recital disturbed him and made him indignant ; ;
I once tried to describe to a very well-known American intellectual the conditions among Negroes in the South .
It is hard , on the other hand , to blame the policeman , blank , good-natured , thoughtless , and insuperably innocent , for being such a perfect representative of the people he serves .
And the second question is : Why don't those who now live here move out ? ?
they do not move to New York , they move to Harlem .
Any street meeting , sacred or secular , which he and his colleagues uneasily cover has as its explicit or implicit burden the cruelty and injustice of the white domination .
He is not prepared for it -- naturally , nobody is -- and , what is possibly much more to the point , he is exposed , as few white people are , to the anguish of the black people around him .
Unless one takes refuge in the theory -- however disguised -- that Negroes are , somehow , different from white people , I do not see how one can escape the conclusion that the Negro's status in this country is not only a cruel injustice but a grave national liability .
He can retreat from his uneasiness in only one direction : into a callousness which very shortly becomes second nature .
I find this view amazing .
It seems to be indispensable to the national self-esteem that the Negro be considered either as a kind of ward ( in which case we are told how many Negroes , comparatively , bought Cadillacs last year and how few , comparatively , were lynched ) , or as a victim ( in which case we are promised that he will never vote in our assemblies or go to school with our kids ) .
It is a notion which contains a gratuitous insult , implying , as it does , that Negroes can make no move unless they are manipulated .
In the second place , though , even if Birmingham is worse , no doubt Johannesburg , South Africa , beats it by several miles , and Buchenwald was one of the worst things that ever happened in the entire history of the world .
The world has never lacked for horrifying examples ; ;
East River , downtown : postscript to a letter from Harlem
What I find appalling -- and really dangerous -- is the American assumption that the Negro is so contented with his lot here that only the cynical agents of a foreign power can rouse him to protest .
He never sees Negroes .
None of this is true for the Northerner .
In the meantime , generations keep being born , bitterness is increased by incompetence , pride , and folly , and the world shrinks around us .
The answer to both questions is immediately obvious .
the landlords make a tidy profit by raising the rent , chopping up the rooms , and all but dispensing with the upkeep ; ;
He knows that he certainly does not want his children living this way .
Wherever there is great social discontent , these people are , sooner or later , to be found .
I tried to explain what has happened , unfailingly , whenever a significant body of Negroes move North .
But inevitably the border which has divided the ghetto from the rest of the world falls into the hands of the ghetto .
One has only , for example , to walk through Harlem and ask oneself two questions .
People who have mastered Kant , Hegel , Shakespeare , Marx , Freud , and the Bible find this statement utterly impenetrable .
and he asked me in perfect innocence , `` Why don't all the Negroes in the South move North '' ? ?
Northerners never think about them whereas Southerners are never really thinking of anything else .
Had I been there , I , too , in the eyes of most Americans , would have been merely a pawn in the hands of the Communists .
-- and yet he is facing , daily and nightly , people who would gladly see him dead , and he knows it .
Well , in the first place , it is not possible for anyone who has not endured both to know which is `` worse '' .
White people hold the line as long as they can , and in as many ways as they can , from verbal intimidation to physical violence .
The emptier our hearts become , the greater will be our crimes .
He moves through Harlem , therefore , like an occupying soldier in a bitterly hostile country ; ;
Before the dust has settled or the blood congealed , editorials , speeches , and civil-rights commissions are loud in the land , demanding to know what happened .
and what has once been a neighborhood turns into a `` turf '' .
I had intended to be there myself .
Negroes represent nothing to him personally , except , perhaps , the dangers of carnality .
He becomes more callous , the population becomes more hostile , the situation grows more tense , and the police force is increased .
I was curious to know if Lumumba's death , which is surely among the most sinister of recent events , would elicit from `` our '' side anything more than the usual , well-meaning rhetoric .
This is precisely what happened when the Puerto Ricans arrived in their thousands -- and the bitterness thus caused is , as I write , being fought out all up and down those streets .
I know another Negro , a man very dear to me , who says , with conviction and with truth , `` The spirit of the South is the spirit of America '' .
The resulting , indescribable torment affects every Southern mind and is the basis of the Southern hysteria .
and that they can ignore what is happening in Northern cities because what is happening in Little Rock or Birmingham is worse .
Nor was it long , naturally , before prominent Negroes rushed forward to assure the republic that the U.N. rioters do not represent the real feeling of the Negro community .
It is a terrible , an inexorable , law that one cannot deny the humanity of another without diminishing one's own : in the face of one's victim , one sees oneself .
They do not move to Chicago , they move to the South Side ; ;

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But now he knows `` that an intellectual is not only a man to whom books are necessary , he is any man whose reasoning , however elementary it may be , affects and directs his life '' .
For the figure of Vincent Berger Malraux has obviously drawn on his studies of T. E. Lawrence ( though Berger fights on the side of the Turks instead of against them ) , and like both Lawrence and Malraux himself he is a fervent admirer of Nietzsche .
and the narrator recalls the words of his father , Vincent Berger : `` It is not by any amount of scratching at the individual that one finally comes down to mankind '' .
One such event is the landing in Europe itself , when the mingled familiarity and strangeness of the Occident , after the blank immensities of Asia , shocks the returning traveller into a realization of the infinite possibilities of human life .
The men around him , observes the narrator , `` have been living from day to day for thousands of years '' .
This magnificent but greatly underestimated book , which bodies forth the very form and pressure of its time as no other comparable creation , has suffered severely from having been written about an historical event -- the Spanish Civil War -- that is still capable of fanning the smoldering fires of old political feuds .
Andre Malraux's The Walnut Trees Of Altenburg was written in the early years of the second World War , during a period of enforced leisure when he was taken prisoner by the Germans after the fall of France .
The narrator is an Alsatian serving with the French Army , and he has the same name ( Berger ) that Malraux himself was later to use in the Resistance ; ;
This has been his first encounter with mankind , and , although he has now become a legendary figure in the popular European press , it leaves him profoundly dissatisfied .
The human is deeper than a mass ideology , certainly deeper than the isolated individual ; ;
Vincent Berger's mission is a failure because the Ottoman nationalism on which Enver Pasha counted does not exist .
The Walnut Trees Of Altenburg includes not one war but two , and throws in a Turkish revolution along with some guerrilla fighting in the desert for good measure .
The manuscript , presumably after being smuggled out of the country , was published in Switzerland in 1943 .
This central episode consists of a series of staccato scenes set in the period from the beginning of the present century up to the first World War .
Trains whistling in the night , the rattle and clatter of cabs .
and amid a dusty desolation in which nothing human any longer seemed to survive , Vincent Berger begins to dream of the Occident .
For here if anywhere in contemporary literature is a major effort to counterbalance Existentialism and restore some of its former lustre to the tarnished image of the species Man , or , as Malraux himself puts it , `` to make men conscious of the grandeur they ignore in themselves '' .
The theme of The Walnut Trees Of Altenburg is most closely related to its immediate predecessor in Malraux's array of novels : Man's Hope ( 1937 ) .
On the contrary , the frenzy and furor of combat is only the sombre foil against which the sudden illuminations of the human flash forth with the piercing radiance of a Caravaggio .
Nothing , however , could be farther from the truth .
`` He was not much older than myself , '' writes the narrator , `` when he began to feel the impact of that human mystery which now obsesses me , and which makes me begin , perhaps , to understand him '' .
Despite Berger's report , Enver Pasha refuses to surrender his dream of a Turkish Blood Alliance ; ;
Central Asia is sunk in a somnolence from which nothing can awaken it ; ;
These biographical analogies are obvious , and far too much time has been spent speculating on their possible implications .
`` and the more the action claims to be total , the smaller is the part of man engaged '' .
Is this not Malraux himself alluding to his own earlier infatuation with the ideological ? ?
What does the narrator see and what does he feel ? ?
Malraux , to be sure , does not abandon the world of violence , combat and sudden death which has become his hallmark as a creative artist , and which is the only world , apparently , in which his imagination can flame into life .
For a dawning sense of illumination occurs in consequence of two events which , as so often in Malraux , suddenly confront a character with the existential question of the nature and value of human life .
'' Finally , after almost being beaten to death by a madman -- he could not fight back because madmen are sacred to Islam -- he throws up his mission and returns to Europe .
For as his companions gradually dissolve back into a state of primitive confrontation with elemental necessity , as they lose all the appanage of their acquired culture , he is overcome by the feeling that he is at last being confronted with the essence of mankind .
2 ,
Much more important is to grasp the feelings of the narrator ( whose full name is never given ) as he becomes aware of the disorganized and bewildered mass of French prisoners clustered together in a temporary prison camp in and around the cathedral of Chartres .
Even so apparently impartial a critic as W. H. Frohock has taken for granted that the book was originally intended as a piece of Loyalist propaganda ; ;
1 ,
and it should be far better known than it is .
And , after becoming the right-hand man of Enver Pasha , he is sent by the latter to pave the way for a new Turkish Empire embracing `` the union of all Turks throughout Central Asia from Adrianople to the Chinese oases on the Silk Trade Route '' .
If we are to believe the list of titles printed in Malraux's latest book , La Metamorphose Des Dieux , Vol. 1 ( ( 1957 ) , he is still engaged in writing a large novel under his original title .
A good many pages of the first section are taken up with an account of the dogged determination of the prisoners to write to their wives and families -- even when it becomes clear that the Germans are simply allowing the letters to blow away in the wind .
like Malraux he was also serving in the tank corps before being captured , and we learn as well that in civilian life he had been a writer .
The work as it stands is not the entire book that Malraux wrote at that time -- it is only the first section of a three-part novel called La Lutte avec l'Ange ; ;
and we must attend to it more closely than has usually been done .
and has then gone on to argue , with unimpeachable consistency , that all the obviously non-propagandistic aspects of the book are simply inadvertent `` contradictions '' .
`` For six years my father had had to do too much commanding and convincing , '' writes the narrator , `` not to understand that man begins with ' the other ' '' .
Here I am face to face with the primeval stuff '' .
As an Alsatian before the first World War he was of course of German nationality ; ;
and Vincent Berger learns that political ambition is more apt to hide than to reveal the truth about men .
The narrator feels himself catching a glimpse of pre-history , learning of man's `` age-old familiarity with misfortune '' , as well as his `` equally age-old ingenuity , his secret faith in endurance , however crammed with catastrophes , the same faith perhaps as the cave-men used to have in the face of famine '' .
`` Oh , for the green of Europe ! !
`` Man engages only a small part of himself in an action '' says old Alvear the art-historian ; ;
These lines never cease to haunt the book amidst all the exaltations of combat , and to make an appeal for a larger and more elemental human community than one based on the brutal necessities of war .
Nowhere before in Malraux's pages have we met such impassioned defenders of a `` quality of man '' which transcends the realm of politics and even the realm of action altogether -- both the action of Malraux's early anarchist-adventurers like Perken and Garine , and the self-sacrificing action of dedicated Communists like Kyo Gisors and Katow in Man's Fate .
Awkwardly and laboriously , in stiff , unemotional phrases , the soldiers continue to bridge the distance between themselves and those they love ; ;
But while war still serves as a catalyst for the values that Malraux wishes to express , these values are no longer linked with the triumph or defeat of any cause -- whether that of an individual assertion of the will-to-power , or a collective attempt to escape from the humiliation of oppression -- as their necessary condition .
And by a skillful and unobtrusive use of imagery ( the enclosure is called a `` Roman-camp stockade '' , the hastily erected lean-to is a `` Babylonian hovel '' , the men begin to look like `` Peruvian mummies '' and to acquire `` Gothic faces '' ) , Malraux projects a fresco of human endurance -- which is also the endurance of the human -- stretching backward into the dark abyss of time .
From this point of view the `` militant mobs '' of the past , stirred into action by one ideology or another , were all composed of `` intellectuals '' -- and this is not the level on which the essence of mankind can be discovered .
This new vision of man that the narrator acquires is also accompanied by a re-vision of his previous view .
`` As a writer , by what have I been obsessed these last ten years , if not by mankind ? ?
The whole purpose of Man's Hope is to portray the tragic dialectic between means and ends inherent in all organized political violence -- and even when such violence is a necessary and legitimate self-defense of liberty , justice and human dignity .
they instinctively struggle to keep open a road to the future in their hearts .
A professor at the University of Constantinople , where his first course of lectures was on Nietzsche and the `` philosophy of action '' , Vincent Berger becomes head of the propaganda department of the German Embassy in Turkey .
Malraux pretends , perhaps with a trifle too self-conscious a modesty , that his fragmentary work will accordingly `` appeal only to the curiosity of bibliophiles '' and `` to connoisseurs of what might have been '' .
And when Vincent Berger returns to Europe , this first result of his encounters with mankind is considerably enriched and deepened by a crucial revelation .
The framing scenes , on the other hand , both take place in the late Spring of 1940 , just at the moment of the defeat of France in the second great world conflict .
But as he remarks in his preface to The Walnut Trees , `` a novel can hardly ever be rewritten '' , and `` when this one appears in its final form , the form of the first part will no doubt be radically changed '' .
and this first section was somehow preserved ( there are always these annoying little mysteries about the actual facts of Malraux's life ) when the Gestapo destroyed the rest .
It is this larger theme of the `` quality of man '' , a quality that transcends the ideological and flows into `` the human '' , which now forms the pulsating heart of Malraux's artistic universe .
`` I thought I knew more than my education had taught me , '' notes the narrator , `` because I had encountered the militant mobs of a political or religious faith '' .
The entire middle section of The Walnut Trees is taken up with the life of Vincent Berger himself , whose fragmentary notes on his `` encounters with mankind '' are now conveyed by his son .
But as he discovers shortly , on returning among intellectuals obsessed by le culte du moi , his experience of action had also taught him a more positive lesson .
The intuition about mankind conveyed in these opening pages is of crucial importance for understanding the remainder of the text ; ;
The Walnut Trees Of Altenburg is composed in the form of a triptych , with the two small side panels framing and enclosing the main central episode of the novel .
but he quickly involves himself in the Young Turk revolutionary movement to such an extent that his own country begins to doubt his patriotism .
Even in its present form , however , the first part of Malraux's unrecoverable novel is among the greatest works of mid-twentieth century literature ; ;

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The pre-1960 rate of Federal participation with respect to any State's base allotment , as well as the adjusted rate in effect during the 1960 - 1962 period , is designated by the statute as that State's `` adjusted Federal Share '' .
For each State ( except Puerto Rico , Guam , the Virgin Islands , and , prior to 1962 , Alaska and Hawaii ) determine average per capita income based on the last three years .
) 4 .
The term `` State '' means the several States , the District of Columbia , the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico ; ;
( Each State's unadjusted allotment for any fiscal year , which exceeds its minimum allotment described in item 13 below by a percentage greater than one and one-half times the percentage by which the sum being allotted exceeds $23,000,000 , must be reduced by the amount of the excess .
In all other States it is the difference obtained by subtracting from 100 the result obtained in item 4 above ; ;
and second , to increase uniformly the allotments to those States whose allotments are below their maximums , with adjustments to prevent the allotment of any State from thereby exceeding its maximum .
Determine the ratio that the amount being allotted is to the sum of the products for all the States .
) 2 .
) 5 .
Prior to and since 1960 the rest of the support allotment is matched at rates related to the fiscal capacity of the State , with a pivot of 40% State ( or 60% Federal ) participation in total program costs .
These provisions are designed to reflect the differences in wealth and population among the States , with the objective that a vocationally handicapped person have access to needed services regardless of whether he resides in a State with a low or high per capita income or a sparsely or thickly populated State .
It stipulates , in addition , that all amounts remaining as a result of imposing the `` ceiling '' , and not used for insuring the `` floor '' , be redistributed to those States still below their maximums .
These amendments to the Vocational Rehabilitation Act were designed to help provide for more specialized rehabilitation facilities , for more sheltered and `` half-way '' workshops , for greater numbers of adequately trained personnel , for more comprehensive services to individuals ( particularly to the homebound and the blind ) , and for other administrative improvements to increase the program's overall effectiveness .
Additional note on allotments .
14 .
Determine the particular State's `` allotment percentage '' .
) 3 .
To assist the States , therefore , in rehabilitating handicapped individuals , `` so that they may prepare for and engage in remunerative employment to the extent of their capabilities '' , the 83rd Congress enacted the Vocational Rehabilitation Amendments of 1954 ( P. L. 565 ) .
By law this is 75% for the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico .
Determine the average per capita income for the United States for the last three years .
Determine the sum of the products obtained in item 8 above , for all the States .
Determine the average per capita income for the U. S. based on the last three years .
( Divide the amount being allotted by the result obtained in item 9 above .
Determine the particular State's `` Federal Share '' .
Beginning in 1960 , the matching requirements for the base allotment are being adjusted ( upward or downward , as required ) 25% a year , so that by 1963 the entire support allotment will be matched on the basis of a 40% pivot State share , with maximum and minimum State shares of 50% and 30% , respectively .
For the States which maintain two separate agencies -- one for the vocational rehabilitation of the blind , and one for the rehabilitation of persons other than the blind -- the Act specifies that their minimum ( base ) allotment shall be divided between the two agencies in the same proportion as it was divided in fiscal year 1954 .
Determine for each State ( except the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico , and , prior to 1962 , Alaska and Hawaii ) that percentage which bears the same ratio to 50% as the particular State's average per capita income bears to the average per capita income of the U. S. .
Determine the particular State's unadjusted allotment for the particular fiscal year .
Method of computing Federal shares .
except that no State shall have an allotment percentage less than 33-1/3% nor more than 75% .
The authority for the program was renewed several times until the vocational rehabilitation program was made permanent as Title 5 , of the Social Security Act in 1935 .
The method used in computing the allotments is specifically set forth in the Act .
)
( The same amount used in item 2 under Method Of Computing Allotments , above .
7 .
explanation of matching formula .
Determine the ratio of 50% to the average per capita income of the U. S. ( Divide 50 by the result obtained in item 2 above .
Matching requirements
The provisions are also designed to avoid disruption in State programs already in operation , which might otherwise result from the allotment of funds on the basis of wealth and population alone .
The following steps are employed in calculations : 1 .
) 9 .
the term `` United States '' includes the several States and the District of Columbia , and excludes the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico , and , prior to 1962 , Alaska and Hawaii .
The term `` State '' means the several States , the District of Columbia , the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico ; ;
Under P. L. 113 , 78th Congress , the Federal Government assumed responsibility for 100% of necessary State expenditures in connection with administration and the counseling and placement of the disabled , and for 50% of the necessary costs of providing clients with rehabilitation case services .
Throughout these years , the statutory authorization was for such sums as were necessary to carry out the provisions of the Act .
the term `` United States '' includes the several States and the District of Columbia and excludes the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico , and , prior to 1962 , Alaska and Hawaii .
Square each State's allotment percentage .
) 4 .
For purposes of this explanation , this percentage is referred to as the State's `` unadjusted Federal share '' .
The following table shows , for selected years , the authorizations , appropriations , allotment base , Federal grants to States and State matching funds for this part of the grant program :
6 .
The 1954 Amendments completely changed the financing of the vocational rehabilitation program , providing for a three-part grant structure -- for ( 1 ) basic support ; ;
( Multiply result obtained in item 7 above , by result obtained in item 6 above .
As is the case with the allotment provisions for support of vocational rehabilitation services , the matching requirements are also based on a statutory formula .
Determine if the particular State's unadjusted allotment ( result obtained in item 11 above ) is greater than its maximum allotment , and if so lower its unadjusted allotment to its maximum allotment .
The percentage of Federal participation in such costs for any State is referred to in the law as that State's `` Federal share '' .
Method of computing allotments .
) 12 .
Regardless of its unadjusted allotment , each State is guaranteed by law a minimum allotment each year equal to the allotment which it received in fiscal year 1954 -- increased by a uniform percentage of 5.4865771 which brings total 1954 allotments to all States up to $23,000,000 .
( For each State , make all computations set forth in items 1 to 8 above , and then add the results obtained for each State in item 8 .
( Multiply the result obtained in item 3 above by the result obtained for each State in item 1 above .
Up to this time and for the next eight years , the services provided disabled persons consisted mainly of training , counseling , and placement on a job .
Determine if the particular State's unadjusted allotment ( result obtained in item 11 above ) is less than its minimum ( base ) allotment , and if so raise its unadjusted allotment to its minimum allotment .
and ( 3 ) research , demonstrations , training and traineeships for vocational rehabilitation -- and in addition for short-term training and instruction .
Funds allotted in addition to their minimum allotment are apportioned to the two agencies as they may determine .
In all other States it is the difference obtained by subtracting from 100 the result obtained in item 4 above ; ;
If the resulting difference for the particular State is less or more than these extremes , the State's Federal share must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme .
Recent changes .
( Divide 40 by the amount used in item 2 above .
( Multiply the result obtained in item 3 above by the amount used for each State in item 1 above .
From its inception in 1920 with the passage of Public Law 236 , 66th Congress , the purpose of the vocational rehabilitation program has been to assist the States , by means of grants-in-aid , to return disabled men and women to productive , gainful employment .
By law this is 70% for the Virgin Islands , Guam and Puerto Rico .
( the same amount used in item 1 under Method Of Computing Allotments , above .
except that no State shall have a Federal share less than 50% nor more than 70% .
For each State ( except the Virgin Islands , Guam , Puerto Rico , and , prior to 1962 , Alaska and Hawaii ) , determine the average per capita income for the last three years .
) 8 .
) 2 .
In order to assist the States in maintaining basic vocational rehabilitation services , Section 2 of the amended Act provides that allotments to States for support of such services be based on ( 1 ) need , as measured by a State's population , and ( 2 ) fiscal capacity , as measured by its per capita income .
Under the law as it existed until 1943 , the Federal Government made grants to the States on the basis of population , matching State expenditures on a 50-50 basis .
Prior to 1960 , in order to provide matching for the minimum ( base ) allotment , State funds had to equal 1954 State funds .
The method used for computing the respective Federal and State shares in total program costs is specifically set forth in the Act .
( Alaska and Hawaii had fixed Federal share percentages in effect prior to fiscal year 1962 .
Subsequent sections on grants describe the other categories of the grant structure .
)
( Alaska and Hawaii had fixed allotment percentages in effect prior to fiscal year 1962 .
( See Source of Data , below for population data to be used in this step .
The Act further provides for a `` floor '' or minimum allotment , set at the 1954 level , which is called the `` base '' allotment , and a `` ceiling '' or maximum allotment , for each State .
( 2 ) extension and improvement ; ;
( Multiply the State product in item 8 above by the result obtained in item 10 above .
The provisions for determining a State's unadjusted Federal share are designed to reflect the varying financial resources among the States .
( See Source of Data , below for per capita income data to be used in this step .
Financial aspects .
Multiply the population of each State by the square of its allotment percentage .
) 11 .
) 3 .
Determine each State's population .
The first part of the new structure -- that for supporting the basic program of vocational rehabilitation services -- is described in this Section .
If the resulting difference for the particular State is less or more than these extremes , the State's allotment percentage must be raised or lowered to the appropriate extreme .
The following steps are employed in the calculations : 1 .
description of formula .
) 10 .
Despite the successful rehabilitation of over a half million disabled persons in the first eleven years after 1943 , the existing program was still seen to be inadequate to cope with the nation's backlog of an estimated two million disabled .
( See Source of Data , below , for per capita income data to be used in this step .
Determine for each State ( except the Virgin Islands , Guam , Puerto Rico , and , prior to 1962 , Alaska and Hawaii ) , that percentage which bears the same ration to 40% as the particular State's average per capita income bears to the average per capita income of the United States .
Determine the ratio of 40% to the average per capita income of the United States .
method of distributing funds
The purpose of the adjusted Federal share relating to the base allotment and of the transition provisions for reaching the unadjusted Federal share is to prevent dislocations from abrupt changes in matching rates .
The funds recouped by reductions in item 12 above are used : first , to increase the unadjusted allotments to the specified minimum in those States where the unadjusted allotment is less than the minimum allotment ( item 13 above ) ; ;
Recognizing the limitations of such a program , the 78th Congress in 1943 passed P. L. 113 , which broadened the concept of rehabilitation to include the provision of physical restoration services to remove or reduce disabilities , and which revised the financing structure .
) 5 .
) 13 .

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Part 2 , discusses the operation of the model and derives some significant conclusions .
In such circumstances , it may well be to the advantage of the industry to allow an increase in the basic wage rate .
Finally , since the public requires some restraint on the part of the companies , larger wage increases call for less than proportionately larger price increases ( e.g. , if a wage increase of 5% allows a price increase of 7% , a wage increase of 10% allows a price increase of something less than 14% ) .
The threat of effective anti-trust action , provoked by `` gouging the public '' through price increases not justified by cost increases , and fears of endangering relations with customers , Congress , the general public and the press , all operate to keep price increases in some relation to cost increases .
From this presumption it is an easy step to the conclusion that any observed increases in the basic wage rate must be due to union behavior different and more aggressive than assumed in our model .
In wage negotiations , the industry bargains as a unit with a single union .
D .
Thus , if public pressure sets the effective limit to the price that the industry may charge , this pressure is itself a function of the wage rate .
The level of this average cost is determined by factor prices , technology , and so forth .
In any given time period , the aggregate demand for the industry's product is determined by two things : the price charged by the industry , and the level of Aj .
Where this approach becomes critical , the industry can be expected to put much emphasis on this as evidence of its sincerity in `` resisting '' the wage pressures of a powerful union , requesting tariff relief after it has `` reluctantly '' acceded to the union pressure .
Disagreement on the amount of productivity increase exacerbates the problem of agreeing how an increase in profit margins related to a productivity increase should be shared .
The manner in which this is shared among firms is taken as given .
For internal political reasons , the union asks for ( and accepts ) increases in the basic wage rate , and would vigorously oppose a reduction in this rate , but the adjustment of the basic wage rate upwards is essentially up to the discretion of the companies of the industry .
The demand for the industry's product
The contribution of this paper is a demonstration of this proposition , and an exploration of some of its implications .
The union vigorously demands wage increases from productivity increases , and wage increases to offset cost-of-living increases , but we abstract from these forces here .
Thus , for non-negative changes in the basic wage rate , the industry becomes the active wage-setter , since any increase in the basic wage rate can occur only by reason of industry acquiescence .
The form of the industry demand function is one which makes quantity demanded vary inversely with the product price , and vary directly with the level of Aj .
The simple passage of an additional eleven months' time makes the second 3% boost more acceptable .
For the purposes of setting the product price , the industry behaves as a single entity .
The single union which faces the industry does not restrict its membership , and there is an adequate supply of labor available to the firms of the industry at the going wage rate .
Wage-price policies of industry are the result of a complex of forces -- no single explanation has been found which applies to all cases .
The Mathematical Appendix presents the rigorous argument , but is best read after Part 1 , in order that the assumptions underlying the equations may be explicit .
Whether or not it is in the industry's interest to allow the basic wage rate to rise obviously depends upon the extent to which the public-limit price rises in response to a basic wage increase , and the relation of this response to the increase in costs accompanying the wage increase .
)
In this model , we abstract from all non-wage sources of cost changes , so that the `` public-limit price '' only rises as the wage rate rises .
The industry
The model of this paper considers an industry which is not characterized by vigorous price competition , but which is so basic that its wage-price policies are held in check by continuous critical public scrutiny .
The industry with which this model is concerned is a basic industry , producing a substantial share of gross national product .
( We abstract here from technological progress and assume that prices of all other products change proportionately .
C .
We assume that average total unit cost in the relevant region of operation is constant with respect to quantity produced ( the average cost curve is horizontal , and therefore is identical with the marginal cost curve ) , and is the same for every firm ( and therefore for the industry ) .
Indeed , the apparent stiffening of the industry's attitude in the recent steel strike has a direct explanation in terms of the model here presented .
Changes in the basic wage rate are cost-raising , and they constitute an argument for raising prices .
They become increasingly willing to accept the price increase that the industry claims the wage bargain would entail .
Productivity is something of an amorphous concept and the amount of productivity increase in a given time period is not even well known to the industry , much less to the union or to the public .
The union does not regard unemployment of its own members as a matter of concern when setting its own wage policy -- its concern with employment makes itself felt in pressure upon the government to maintain full employment .
As we have noted , however , we are abstracting from changes in all determinants of this level except for changes in the wage rate .
This is not extended to anticipated levels of GNP , however -- only the current level of GNP affects the public pressure against wage-price increases .
For our present purposes we assume that the sole subject of bargaining is the basic wage rate ( not including productivity improvement factors or cost-of-living adjustments ) , and it is this basic wage rate which determines the level of costs .
2 , the operation of the model
It is convenient to assume that the union-industry contract is of one year's duration .
1 , the assumptions of the model
The entry-limiting price will also be raised for potential domestic competition , but unless general inflation permits profit margins to increase proportionately throughout the economy , we might expect the public-limit price to approach the entry-limit price .
The extent to which the public-limit price is raised by a given increase in the basic wage rate is itself a function of three things : the passage of time , the level of GNP , and the size of the wage increase .
In order to focus clearly upon the operation of this one force , which we may call the effect of `` public-limit pricing '' on `` key '' wage bargains , we deliberately simplify the model by abstracting from other forces , such as union power , which may be relevant in an actual situation .
Part 1 , below describes this abstract model by spelling out its assumptions .
Where the industry's product price has been kept below the `` profit-maximizing '' and `` entry-limiting '' prices due to fears of public reaction , the profit seeking producers have an interest in offering little real resistance to wage demands .
Similarly , higher levels of GNP do not , in themselves , provide grounds for raising prices , but they do relax some of the pressure on the industry so that it can raise prices higher for a given wage increase .
B .
As a strike continues , these parties increase their pressure on the industry to reach an agreement .
For the purposes of this discussion , the problem of relative prices is encompassed in these two variables , since GNP includes other prices .
Union policies and collective bargaining issues
E .
For such an industry , it is only `` safe '' to raise its price if such an increase is manifestly `` justified '' by rising costs ( due to rising wages , etc. ) .
The foreign-entry-limit price would be approached more rapidly , since domestic wage-rates do not enter foreign costs directly .
The industry of this model is so important that its wage and price policies are affected with a public interest .
Because of its importance , and because the lack of price competition is well recognized , the industry is under considerable public pressure not to raise its price any more than could be justified by cost increases .
However , it is not known to either the union or the public precisely how much of a cost increase is caused by a given change in the basic wage rate , although the companies are presumed to have reliable estimates of this magnitude .
In this model , then , the industry is presumed to realize that they could successfully resist a change in the basic wage rate , but since such a change is the only effective means to raising prices they may , in circumstances to be spelled out in Part 2 , below , find it to their advantage to allow the wage rise .
While there may be several such industries to which the model of this paper is applicable , the authors make particular claim of relevance to the explanation of the course of wages and prices in the steel industry of the United States since World War 2 .
Public indignation and resistance to wage-price increases is obviously much less when the increases are on the order of 3% per annum than when the increases are on the order of 3% per month .
The presumption in the literature would appear to be that the basic wage rate would be unchanged in this case , on the grounds that it is `` clearly '' not in the interest of the industry to raise wages gratuitously .
Industry product price policy
Price competition is lacking .
A .
We assume further that the union recognizes the possibility that price-level increases may offset wage-rate increases , and it does not entirely disregard the effect of price increases arising from its own wage increases upon the `` real '' wage rate .
The existence of conflict and of vigorous union demand for an increase in money wages does not contradict the assumption that the union is willing to settle for cost-of-living and productivity-share increases as distinct from a cost-raising increase in the basic wage rate .
The level of average cost ( equal to marginal cost ) is thus strictly a function of the wage rate .
It is this conclusion that we challenge ; ;
We are abstracting from the fact of strikes here , but it should be obvious that the extent to which the public-limit price is raised by a given increase in the basic wage rate is also a function of the show of resistance put up by the industry .
For expository purposes , this is best treated as a model which spells out the conditions under which an important industry affected with the public interest would find it profitable to raise wages even in the absence of union pressures for higher wages .
The industry may deliberately take a strike , not to put pressure on the union , but in order to `` educate '' the government and the customers of the industry .
We are concerned with aggregate demand for the industry's product .
Industry costs
For the industry of this model , the effect of such public pressures in the past has been to hold the price well below the short-run profit-maximizing price ( given the wage rate and the level of GNP ) , and even below the entry-limited price ( but not below average cost ) .
Part 4 , is a brief summary .
we do so by disproving the presumption on which it is based .
The purpose of this paper is to analyze one possible force which has not been treated in the literature , but which we believe makes a significant contribution to explaining the wage-price behavior of a few very important industries .
Notice , however , that the passage of time does not permit the raising of prices per se , without an accompanying wage increase .
Thus , the public-limit price is raised further by a given wage increase the longer it has been since the previous price increase .
Part 3 , discusses the empirical relevance and policy implications of the conclusions .
Since marginal costs rise when the wage rate rises , the profit-maximizing price also rises when the public-limit price is elevated , and is likely to remain well above the latter .

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Pat only nodded .
Carmer's ingenious cache for his loot had been found .
Yet he must chance it .
`` Whatever you say '' .
The bartender measured this situation with heavy eyes and decided he wanted no part of it .
But he was more than half-drunk , and his faculties were dulled .
`` You're the doctor '' , he returned with a smile .
`` Where yuh goin' '' ? ?
Pat pushed through first .
Cobb's assent was tight .
Separating , they took different sides of the main drag and systematically combed the bars .
Still a quarter-mile away , the fresh clap of guns only served to increase his speed .
Looking the setup over , Stevens started coolly for the rear of the place .
There were no less than six or seven saloons in Ganado , not counting the lower class dives , all vying for the trade of celebrating miners and teamsters .
Russ sprang through to bat it nimbly aside .
Although they were forced to maintain a sharper watch , this activity enabled them to ride in and rack their broncs without any particular attention being paid them .
Pat saw Gyp Carmer staggering forward , a half-filled bottle upraised as if to strike .
`` If you spot Carmer give a yell before you move in '' .
Stevens was grunting over the last empty pocket when Russ abruptly rose and lunged toward Carmer's hat , which had tumbled half-a-dozen feet away when he first fell .
A shot or two went wild before Cobb felt something tug at his foot .
The long minute before he reached effective cover seemed endless .
but on the range gunfire had a meaning .
He tramped out of the Miners Rest with his hopes plummeting , and headed doggedly for the Palace Saloon , the last place of any consequence on this side of the street .
When it was followed by a second , whining even closer , Cobb swerved sharply aside into a depression .
He had been sighted , and his attacker pumping shot after shot .
Over and above that , however , was his growing suspicion of Chuck Stober's part in recent events .
Clapping spurs to the bronc he set off at a sharp canter , with growing alarm .
As luck had it , he had not gone twenty feet in the street before Pat appeared .
At the first shot Russ had hurled his mount to the left toward the side of the winding draw .
Cobb unleashed a single powerful jab that sent Gyp reeling wildly and crashing down with a whining groan .
Hitching his cartridge belt around , Pat glanced upward briefly at the Palace and started that way with Cobb at his side .
Russ visited two places without result and his blood pressure was down to zero .
Straightening up , his eyes ablaze , he held out the battered Stetson .
He knew now what he was up against .
`` By golly , Stevens ! !
Kneeling , Cobb planted a sturdy knee in the small of his back , holding him pinned .
`` Shall we get out of here '' ? ?
He had not covered a hundred yards before a gun crashed from somewhere behind .
We can soon tell '' .
A harsh cry floated to him across the brush .
`` You don't have to tell me '' , flashed Cobb .
He started to return it .
Glowering looks met them in the bar , but there was no attempt to halt them .
Less assured than the tall , wide-shouldered man in the lead , Cobb followed alertly , a hand on his gun butt .
The door was locked .
A man knocked the roulette ball about idly in its track , and another dozed at one of the card tables .
The Palace was an elaborate establishment , built practically on stilts in front , with long flights of wooden steps running up to the porch .
Dismounting , Russ looked about hastily .
Count what you've got there , Cobb .
Two men murmured with their heads together at the end of the bar , while the sleek-headed bartender absently polished a glass .
Cursing himself for having ridden out the last few days without a rifle in his saddle boot , Russ drew his Colt and examined it briefly .
`` What luck , Cobb '' ? ?
Hauling up , Russ listened carefully .
Setting a course straight for the house , he was covering ground fast when an angry bee buzzed past close to his face .
Reaching the porch rail beyond view of the bar windows , he feverishly scanned the busy street below .
`` I'll shove along home '' .
So far as he knew , only his father could be there .
Heading for the batwings , Cobb glanced perfunctorily through the nearest window , and suddenly dodged aside .
The truth was , the puncher was both bewildered and dismayed by his own mixed luck .
`` You owe it to Penny to give her a chance to explain that she was defending you , really '' , he observed mildly .
The would-be assassin had his position figured pretty close .
I've had enough .
Gradually the wash climbed upward , forcing him toward open range .
He said no more .
In town no one paid much attention to an occasional shot ; ;
While no larger than Dutch Springs , this mining supply town had the appearance of being far busier and more prosperous .
Climbing the steps steadily , they reached the top and headed for the door .
To his faint surprise Russ held up his hand .
Pat paused there , looking across at the young fellow .
`` Go through his pockets , will you ? ?
At the first restaurant he sensibly pulled up to go in for his dinner , and as a consequence did not see Cobb strike the open range at the mouth of the canyon and head straight across the swells for Antler .
`` Not me '' , he ruled decidedly .
Leaving the card room , they moved back through the Palace the way they had come .
Pat swung into the saddle , yet still he delayed , his brows puckered .
`` It's the second time War Ax hands made a play for that money .
`` It's within a hundred of what Crip had '' , he declared .
If we have to we'll take him apart and see what he's made of '' ! !
`` He'll know when you tell him .
Let's get out of here '' ! !
It was the barkeep .
`` Penny's always glad to see me over there '' , he mused bleakly .
A slug had torn half of his stirrup-guard away .
Toward the west this depression led toward a draw .
Then maybe next time he won't be so quick on the trigger '' .
Pat let him go , following more leisurely .
Russ ran through the bills and named an amount it was highly unlikely any cowpuncher would come by honestly .
`` Pat had never pretended to give advice in such affairs .
As near as Cobb could determine the shots came from the direction of the Antler ranch house .
Carmer himself was nowhere to be seen .
While five minutes ago the place had presented a scene of easy revelry , with Gyp Carmer a prominent figure , it was now as somnolent and dull as the day before payday .
It was you that tracked it down anyway , Stevens '' , he pursued strictly .
`` Gyp Carmer couldn't have known about Colcord's money unless he was told -- and who else would have told him '' ? ?
Forced behind him momentarily , Russ followed at once and halted two steps inside .
Halting , Pat turned to survey him deliberately .
Pat grunted .
Handing the money over , Russ wiped his hands on his pants-legs as if ridding himself of something unclean .
A hall opened in back of the bar , running toward an ell .
A single kick made it spring open , shuddering .
With a bellow Carmer lunged at him .
Giving the other a dark look , he hauled his bronc around and trotted down off the street .
`` Look at this '' ! !
Two minutes later it came again -- a double explosion , followed by a third , sounding more distant .
Suddenly it seemed to him insane that they might hope to locate Gyp Carmer so casually , even were he to prove the thief .
He started to struggle up , heaving desperately .
Small rooms , probably for cards , opened off on either side .
It'll be a pleasure for you to return this money to Colcord and tell him about it , Russ '' .
His glance at Gyp Carmer was disdainful .
Neither spoke till they reached their horses .
`` Over this way ! !
All the doors were open at this hour except one , and it was toward this that Stevens made his way with Russ close at his shoulder .
`` Old Crip wasn't '' , retorted Cobb tartly .
But I want this to sink in awhile .
Cobb got it .
The front windows of the place were long and narrow , reaching nearly to the floor and affording an unusually good view of the interior .
It's all I ask , Stevens '' .
His first glimpse of the ranch house across the brushy swells told him nothing .
`` That is , if we can be sure this is Colcord's money '' --
A carbine cracked more loudly , and a slug clipped fragments from the brush off at one side .
Men crowded the streets and freight rigs and teams were moving about .
`` But I still think Penny's an awful nice girl , Russ '' --
`` You do the same .
Against all expectation , Carmer was inside , clearly enjoying himself to the hilt and already so tipsy that it seemed unlikely he was bothering to note anything or anyone about him .
Inside the crown , stuffed behind the stained sweatband , could be seen thin , crumpled wads of currency .
Nerves tight as a bowstring , he paused to gather his wits .
Russ ran up the steps quickly to the plank porch .
Complying methodically , Pat pulled pocket after pocket inside out without finding a thing .
Whoever was out there hiding in the brushy cover was besieging the Antler house and , having spotted his approach , was determined to drive him off before he could get into the fight .
Another snarled close overhead .
Leading his pony , he hurried that way , not remounting till he was well below the level of the surrounding range .
Stevens was nowhere in sight .
He did not reply , going on toward the back .
`` Okay , Stevens .
Nearing home , he jerked to attention at the distant crack of a gun .
Fierce anger surged through Russ .
Cobb watched this with hunted eyes , his desperate hope waning by the moment .
He fought down the impulse to rush in and collar the vicious puncher on the spot .
If he wondered whether the attackers would allow him to pull away unmolested , he had his answer a moment later .
Behind its ornate facade the notorious dive clung like a bird's nest to the rocky ribs of the canyonside .
He asked himself .
He clambered out of the dwindling wash , the loose dirt flying behind him , and flashed a look about .
He heard cries from behind him , but he could make out no words .
`` He's there '' , he got out tersely , curbing his rising excitement .
You were right '' , Russ exclaimed , tearing the loose bills out of Carmer's hat .
`` Take one side of the street , and I'll take the other '' , he proposed .
Pausing in the outside door to glance behind him , Pat looked his unspoken warning and stepped out .
His eyes widened .
He and Cobb clattered down the high steps to the street .
Pat moved into it .
A second twitched his shirtsleeve , and he felt a brief burn on his upper arm .
Russ gave him a brutal thrust that tumbled him over flat on his stomach .
What did it mean ? ?
He said swiftly .
He ain't gone far '' ! !
He dashed madly for the next elbow turn in the draw , and made it .
How much of an accident could that be '' ? ?
Pat nodded .
Muffling an exclamation , Russ sprang to the nearest steps and ran down .
He tightened up in a twinkling .
`` Gyp'll be holdin' forth in some bar if he's here at all '' , Cobb declared , glancing along the street as they stretched their legs .
Swinging up then , and bending forward over the horn , he urged his mount down the meandering draw .
`` We know Penny spent some -- and Carmer must have dropped a few dollars getting that load on '' .
`` Jumping Jerusalem ! !
Sweeping a look around , he saw that he was safe for the moment .
Yet had he not visited the girl at Saw Buck he would never have been involved in this latest tangle .
I've drawn his fangs '' , he snapped .
Russ pointed upward .
Recklessly hurling the bronc sidewise into an intersecting draw , he plunged forward with undiminished speed .
`` Where else would he get it ? ?

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Watson had nodded absently and muttered that he would check the lists himself later .
That was it .
Someone had hauled him over the side , and he had remained silent while they crossed .
The guards lowered their rifles and their rifles and peered at Watson with sullen , puzzled faces .
If only there was a clock for him to crawl against .
What made him think John had a right to witness his brother's humiliation ? ?
In war , on a night like this , it was only the outward emotions that mattered , what could be flung out into the darkness to damage others .
Watson spat on the ground .
For what ? ?
To hell with John .
-- Henry said that he'd take my arm and get me right there .
He sank back on his thin haunches like a weary hound .
-- Let me help him , for the love of God ! !
-- hush .
-- Oh , Christ .
He believed that brave boys didn't cry .
The place smelled strongly of rank , fertile earth , rotting wood and urine .
I wish you was Henry .
He swayed like a drunkard , his arms milling in slow circles .
Watson supported the man to the edge of the bank and passed the frail figure over the bow of the nearest skiff .
Say three minutes to make it sporting .
A feeling of futility , an enervation of mind greater than any fatigue he had ever known , seeped through him .
Let him chafe with impatience to see Charles , rip open the note with trembling hands and read the formal report in Hillman's beautiful , schoolmaster's hand .
He clutched the staff , and his dark eyes blinked apologetically .
All his emotions had been inward , self-conscious .
He was no heavier than a child .
-- Goddamn you ! !
The thin gray figures raised a hoarse , cawing cry like the call of a bird flock .
-- 'scuse me , sir .
What a fool he had been to think of his brother ! !
Watson had presented his pouch and been led to the bombproof .
But he groped blindly .
He stood with his back to the skiff .
Is it far ? ?
The man wheezed weakly , his fetid breath beating softly against Watson's neck .
Light sticks of fingers , the tips gummy with dark earth , patted at Watson's throat .
They spun and flung their rifles up .
-- yes .
Two slits enabled observers to watch across the river .
Still the guards did not move , but stood inert , aloof from the slow-scrambling man .
Watson bent awkwardly and lifted the man to his feet .
What right had John to any special consideration ? ?
The man had come floundering aboard the flat-bottomed barge at the last instant , brandishing the flag of truce .
Watson had given his name and asked for a safe-conduct pass .
He paced forward unsteadily , leaning too far back , his head tilted oddly .
Watson pounded to the crawling man and stopped , panting heavily .
But you ain't Henry .
Already his cool body lay in the ground .
Watson snatched a deep breath .
The third crawling man forced himself erect .
Watson gesticulated wildly .
-- Beckworth .
An officer with a squad of men had been waiting on the bank .
It stood some fifty paces from the edge of the bank .
Intelligence jabbed at him accusingly .
The man swayed on a thwart , turning his ruined eyes from side to side .
Watson turned away and did not see the man's knees buckle and his body sag .
Watson stared at them curiously .
The figure on the earth halted , seemingly bewildered .
Men were slaughtered every day , tumbled into eternity like so many torn parcels flung down a portable chute .
He was grimly satisfied .
He grew annoyed and at the same time surprised at that emotion .
Yes .
Watson snorted and then laughed aloud .
Beneath his clutch , a flat strip of muscle surged on the bone .
Then he began to crawl again .
Beckworth handed the pass to the colonel .
He was sure of it .
He reached down and closed his fingers on the man's upper arm .
If my pass is approved , I may be a half hour .
Watson ran up the ladder and stood for a second sucking in the cool air that smelled of mud and river weeds .
Would the man make it or not ? ?
The officer , surprised , said he would have to see .
He had peered through the darkness at the rampart .
He had hoped to be alone in the bombproof , but the soldier had followed him .
Three Union guards appeared , carrying their rifles at ready .
The figure halted , and Watson gasped .
From the outside , it seemed no more than a low drumlin , a lump on the dark earth .
They moved toward the skiffs with shocking eagerness , elbowing and shoving .
Watson turned away , sickened for the first time in many months .
No , nor later .
He had thought that the suggestion of taking it himself would tip the colonel in the direction of serving his own order , but the slip of paper was folded and absently thrust into the colonel's belt .
The crawling men tried to rise and fell again .
When the boat had touched , the weaker ones and the two wounded men had been lifted out and carried away by the soldiers .
What in the name of God was he doing , crouched in a timbered pit on the wrong bank of the river ? ?
He stood stiffly erect , clutching the staff , his body half hidden by the limp cloth .
Come on , now .
One man dropped to his knee for better aim .
The flat-bottomed boat swung slowly to the pull of the current .
-- You talk deep .
He had reached the three passive guards ; ;
He tried to order the words of the three Union officers , seeking to create some coherent portrait of the dead boy .
He promised to take me .
Behind them shambled a long column of weak , tattered men .
He wanted no part of the emotions of the exchange , no memory of the joy and gratitude that other men felt .
It was easier to think now , Watson decided .
A soldier held the end of a frayed rope .
Perhaps it would be better to speak to him , since silence could not exorcise his form .
Why had he crossed the dark water , to bring back a group of reclaimed soldiers or to skulk in a foul-smelling hole ? ?
To his left , the two skiffs dented their sharp bows into the soft bank .
Hillman had ordered him not to leave the far bank .
He had not meant to shout .
Not like us fellas .
He heard the patient voice calling .
The men in the boats had started yelling happily at first sight of the officer , two of them calling him Billy .
Now he knew perfectly that he had but longed to increase his own suffering .
What did it matter ? ?
He turned slowly and began to crawl back up the bank toward the rampart .
-- Fetch me the copies of everything B and C companies have requisitioned in the last six months .
In the corner was the soldier with the white flag .
Beckworth left the tent .
To tell John something he would find out for himself .
John would curse .
He appeared to be peering haughtily down his nose at the crowded and unclean vessel that would carry him to freedom .
-- It don't matter .
-- The last six months , sir ? ?
What words had any meaning ? ?
Can you walk ? ?
-- Let's get out of here .
-- Not far .
There's a lot of waste going on here .
The guards came to life with astonishing menace .
In a confused , soaked and stumbling shift of bodies and lifting arms , the two men were dragged into the same skiff .
The figure in the corner belched loudly , a deep , liquid eruption .
The colonel crouched tensely on one of the folding chairs , methodically tearing at his thumbnail .
I want to take a look .
-- Make him lie down ! !
Watson stared into a cadaverous face .
How far could it be , Watson thought bleakly , how far can a blind man crawl ? ?
To confess with a canvas chair as a prie-dieu , gouging at his heart until a rough and stupid hand bade him rise and go ? ?
What do you do to them ? ?
His lack of success steadily eroded his interest .
Watson glanced briefly at him , seeing only a body rigidly erect behind the languid banner .
Though Watson carefully ignored the man , he could not deny his presence .
Despite his yearning , the colonel would not go down to see the men come through the lines .
Watson hardly looked at him .
He would remain in the tent , waiting impatiently , occupied by some trivial task .
The stiff figure in the corner no longer blocked his thoughts .
This is no damned holiday , Beckworth .
Four men were knocked down , but did not attempt to rise .
The soldier's voice was muffled again , stricken with chagrin .
Hillman had written it all out , hadn't he ? ?
So Charles was dead .
He had stupidly thought himself compelled to ease his brother's pain .
Prompted by a guilty urge , he had disobeyed the order of a man he respected .
-- You heard me .
Another body length or all the rest of his nighted life ? ?
It raises the voice , bein in camp .
The men mewed and scratched , begging to be taken away .
The man's voice was a sweet , patient whisper .
The bombproof was a low-ceilinged structure of heavy timbers covered with earth .
He paced slowly , stooping , staring at the damp , slippery floor .
Watson paused for breath .
Below he could see the bright torches lighting the riverbank .
The Union soldiers grounded arms and settled into healthy , indifferent postures to watch the feeble boarding of the skiffs .
He had acknowledged the man .
The man leaned his frail body against Watson's shoulder .
-- Why , course I can .
John's type of man allowed this sort of thing to happen .
If he failed to reach the riverbank in five minutes , say , then the skiffs would pull away and leave him groping in the mud .
-- no .
He was angry , sickened .
-- Henry ? ?
Watson looked for the fourth man .
-- Sir ? ?
He glanced back .
Exactly ! !
You Secesh ? ?
Watson spoke bewilderedly to the dark night flecked with pine-knot torches .
The guards did not look at him .
Wasn't the report official enough ? ?
The man began to creep in the wrong direction , deceived by a slight rise in the ground ! !
It's got to stop .
What did he hope to accomplish here ? ?
Two clotted balls the color of mucus rolled between fiery lids .
His steps were short and stiff , and , with his head thrown back , his progress was a supercilious strut .
He was conscious of a growing sense of absurdity .
Watson watched two of them flounder into the shallow water and listened to their voices beg shrilly .
The soldier answered in a curious , muffled voice , his lips barely moving .
We're almost there .
He stalked into the water and fell heavily over the side of the flat-bottomed barge , his weight nearly swamping the craft .
His sweet whisper came after great effort .
-- We won't be too long .
Watson raced for him , his boots slamming the soft earth .
Where are you , Henry ? ?
He stopped pacing , leaned against the dank , timbered wall and let his mind drift .
-- Yes , sir .
The men he would take back across the river stood there , but he turned away from them .
He had not felt that during the afternoon .
Watson watched the creeping figure .
What had he thought of , to go to John , grovel and beg understanding ? ?
There was no place to sit , but Watson walked slowly from the ladder to the window slits and back , stooping slightly to avoid striking his head on the heavy beams .
A crude ladder ran down to a wooden floor .
I can walk real good .
They were stocky men , well fed and clean-shaven , with neat uniforms and sturdy boots .
They crept down the muddy slope toward the waiting boats .
-- Yes , sir .
His name had been crossed off a list .
The plank floor was slimed beneath Watson's boots .
The officer had told him that both lists must be checked .
he crept in an incertain manner , patting the ground before him .
No one moved to them .
He felt a spectator interest .
At least the Union officer had been decent enough to provide a candle .
Watson stumbled down the bank .
Get busy .
Was John better , more deserving ? ?

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He had on his gray tweed overcoat and his city hat , and his brief case lay on the bench .
`` Lovie , you make me feel naked '' .
I mean our children '' .
All I want is a picture -- with a few lines .
In spite of the hundred things he had on his mind , Winston went and put his arm around her waist .
`` He's used it every day ; ;
And it was his main present ! !
`` I don't know '' .
It hung in all her day clothes , sweet and strong ; ;
Winston watched her fumbling to untie her apron .
`` Four years '' ! !
There were times it wasn't right to make a person happy , like the times she came in the kitchen and asked know we don't keep peanut `` butter for a peanut butter sandwich .
He doubted whether she heard him , over the running water .
Since then , the flowers she had planted had spread all over the hill .
Then he stood back to look at Mr. Jack , who was pulling on his pigskin gloves .
Miss Ada had giggled , and she went sweeping and rustling to the couch and sank down .
`` Fuss , fuss , old man '' .
`` Well , that's over now .
`` Here '' .
He knew the house like a blind man , through his fingers , and he did not like to think of all the time and rags and polishes he had spent on keeping it up .
After a minute he went on , `` People must think the curse is on me , seeing you fresh as an apple and me old and gray '' .
She smiled at Winston , and he saw the hateful hard glitter in her eyes .
Winston had heard because he was setting up the liquor tray in the next room .
`` You want to keep this job , don't you '' ? ?
On Christmas night , they had had a disagreement about it .
Winston enjoyed seeing him start out ; ;
It was meant to be my present '' .
The alabaster cockatoo '' .
`` I guess I better get ready to go '' .
He asked Leona .
I'm going to put it on my dresser '' .
She sounded as though they already existed .
For the first time , he be sad about the move .
Mr. Jack cried when the brush tipped his hat down over his eyes .
She had an alley cat's manners .
Although it had seemed a good reason , to begin with : no couple could afford to have children .
Winston laid it in the basket .
`` I thought you was sick to death of this big house .
`` Darling , I love that photograph .
The enormous plates which had held Mr. Jack's four fried eggs and five strips of bacon were still stacked in the sink .
That house was ten years off his life let himself .
She made him sad some days , and he was never sure why ; ;
Frowning , Miss Ada studied the list .
Now the yard looked wet and bald , the trees bare under their buds , but in a while Miss Ada's flowers would bloom like a marching parade .
He picked up the photograph and began to wrap it .
bending , he touched her knee .
She twitched her leg away .
and after that the Japanese cherries .
-- and flounced to the sink , where she began noisily to wash her hands .
He had a thousand things to see to .
She turned and put her arms around his neck .
those presents had been on his mind .
He noticed a speck of dirt on the sill and swiped at it with his finger .
Winston hurried through the swinging door .
Winston stacked Miss Ada's thin pink dishes in the sink .
sometimes when he was pressing , Winston raised her dresses to his face .
Winston had been surprised at her for that .
`` Here '' , Winston said gently , `` what's these dishes doing not washed '' ? ?
`` You look like that picture I have at the office '' , Mr. Jack had started .
`` I'll give you a medical certificate , framed , if you like '' , Miss Ada had said .
Then he spread out the last list on the counter .
`` What possessed you to tell me a clotheshorse would be a good idea '' ? ?
`` I've been bursting my lungs for you '' , Mr. Jack complained .
Still , he had liked the way she had looked , in a fresh , neat cotton dress -- citron yellow , if he remembered .
What you think I care about that ? ?
Mr. Jack had said , `` You look about fifteen years old '' .
Said you wore yourself out , cleaning all these empty rooms '' .
Then Miss Ada had stood up , rustling and rustling , and gone upstairs .
`` That's a long time , waiting '' .
She had had a dignity about her , even barefoot and almost too tan .
`` Hey '' ! !
He gave Mr. Jack a real going-over ; ;
Winston had heard her shaking out the skirt of her new pink silk hostess gown .
The china lemon tree .
Carefully , he undid the bow .
The velvet smoking jackets , pearl-gray , wine , and blue , which Miss Ada had bought him hung brushed and unworn in the closet .
We've only been married four years , January '' .
`` Mr. Jack sets store by that '' .
In the living room , Miss Ada was standing by the window with a sheaf of lists in her hand .
She had dug a hole for each bulb , each tree wore a tag with her writing on it ; ;
she had on her Easter suit , blue , with lavender binding .
You in this house '' , he always told her .
He brought it in and put it down beside her .
But he knew how important it was for her to keep her figure .
`` I don't mean Miss Ada ! !
When he was going to town , nothing was good enough -- he had cursed at Winston once for leaving a fleck of polish on his shoelace .
`` She's been talking about a picture '' , Winston had told him .
Somehow Winston didn't think she'd take to window boxes .
`` Winston '' , she said , `` get the basket for the breakables '' .
In the kitchen , Leona , his little young wife , was reading the morning paper .
`` I told you what Miss Ada's doctor said '' .
Finally she had come down ; ;
The tulips and the big pink peonies had been blooming along the drive , and he had walked up from the bus almost singing .
She was too young , that was all ; ;
Ten years ago , he had come to the house to be interviewed .
`` Winston '' ! !
Will you wear pink when you're sixty '' ? ?
Too many times was the truth of it , Winston thought .
Sighing , he hurried to the living room .
`` Really , Winston .
he brushed his shoulders and his back and his collar with long , firm strokes .
He sat for a while with his hands on his knees , watching the bend of her back as she gathered up her things -- a comb , a bottle of aspirin -- to take upstairs and pack .
`` Well , let's see .
`` If I catch you one more time down here without stockings '' --
He had only agreed with Miss Ada about getting the valet , but he had actually suggested the photograph to Mr. Jack .
Miss Ada had been out back , in a straw hat , planting flowers .
Her legs hung down long and thin as she sat on the high stool .
Halfway across the house , he could have smelled her morning perfume .
`` I don't know what you think you've been doing about my clothes '' , he said .
`` How do you like it '' ? ?
She wailed .
He drew back , embarrassed and pleased .
`` Is that a compliment '' ? ?
`` How you going to work with a child hanging on you '' ? ?
Winston was relieved ; ;
Then he looked at his finger , at the wrinkled , heavy knuckle and the thick nail he used like a knife to pry up , slit , and open .
`` To Be Left Behind '' was printed at the top in Miss Ada ; ;
`` Picture ! !
every morning , I lay out his clothes on it '' .
You mean picture of me '' ? ?
the snail is pulling in her horns .
where would she go for her gardening now ? ?
`` No .
`` Good-by , Winston '' , Mr. Jack said , giving a final set to his hat .
When they came to Mr. Jack's photograph , twenty by twelve inches in a curly silver frame , Miss Ada said , `` By rights I ought to leave that , seeing he won't take my clotheshorse '' .
After Mr. Jack drove away , Winston went on looking out the window .
fine hand .
She was looking out at the garden .
He had stood at a little distance , studying her , as though he would walk around next and look at the back of her head .
It was Mr. Jack , bellowing out in the hall .
Already the jonquils were blooming in a flock by the front gate , and the periwinkles were coming on , blue by the porch steps .
`` Look out for those movers '' ! !
Leave that fool picture out '' , she added sharply .
Miss Ada was looking fine ; ;
`` This is moving day '' , Winston reminded her , `` and I bet you left things every which way upstairs , your clothes all over the floor and the bed not made .
Winston took out a pencil , admired the point , and wrote slowly and heavily , `` Clothes Stand '' .
I look like an old man , compared '' , and he had picked up his photograph with the red Christmas bow still on it .
His eye had fastened on her leg ; ;
`` Tell me what to get her for Christmas '' .
But Winston had persuaded him .
But she went on down the list .
He hardly believed his reason himself any more .
And the dogwood in early May , for Miss Ada's alfresco party ; ;
All the time in the world .
Leona '' ! !
Make the man put them in if he has to '' .
a handsome , fine-looking man it made him proud to see .
`` Not a line , not a wrinkle .
`` I guess it's children make a woman old .
There were a few blades of lint on the shoulder .
`` How many times have I told you '' -- he began , and was almost glad when she cut him off -- `` Too many times '' ! !
Winston followed her around the room , collecting the small frail objects ( Christmas , birthday , and anniversary ) and wrapping them in tissue paper .
At home , he wouldn't even wash his hands for supper , and he wandered around the yard in a pair of sweaty old corduroys .
She had talked to him right there , with the hot sun in his face , which made him sweat and feel ashamed .
`` How come your bows is always cockeyed '' ? ?
Winston took the clothesbrush out of the closet and went to work .
In a week the hyacinths would spike out .
Still , he couldn't help thinking , we're all getting old , getting small ; ;
Each brass handle and hinge shone for his reward , and he knew how to get at the dust in the china flowers and how to take down the long glass drops which hung from the chandelier .
Winston folded the tissue paper carefully .
`` We've got plenty of time to think about that .
`` I don't want to leave here , Winston '' .
`` What room is there going to be in an apartment for any child '' ? ?
it was something to do with her back , the thinness of it , and the quick , jerky way she bent .
`` Why , Winston '' , she'd cry , `` I just now saw you eating it out of the jar '' ! !
Winston had the big straw basket ready in the hall .
Sighing , Leona dropped the paper and stood up .
Going downstairs with the tray , Winston wished he could have given in to Miss Ada , but he knew better than to do what she said when she had that little-girl look .
Neither of them trusted the movers .
A man gets old anyhow '' .
he wore his clothes with style .
`` Now listen to that '' .
`` Can't you see I'm busy '' ? ?
She looked at him impudently over the corner of the paper .
`` Look , an old man .
Through the door , he had seen Mr. Jack walking around , waiting for Miss Ada .
`` Leave me alone '' , Leona said .
`` This coat looks like a rag heap '' .
`` You know what she likes , Winston '' , he had said wearily , one evening in November when Winston was pulling off his overshoes .
`` At least you could leave it for the movers '' , Miss Ada said .
Winston watched him hurry down the drive to his car ; ;
She had asked .
Winston apologized and quickly set the hat right .
`` At least there is room here '' , she said .
After that they had sat for five minutes without saying a word .
too young and thin and straight .
He was standing in front of the mirror , tightening his tie .

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Capable as their minds may be in some directions , these guardians of the nation's security are incapable of learning , or even of observing .
He has , moreover , another qualification which augurs well for the future .
Vacancy
He is a Buddhist , which means that to him peace and the sanctity of human life are not only religious dogma , but a profound and unshakable Weltanschauung .
This may be opera bouffe now , but it will become more serious should the cold war mount in frenzy .
Nearly 18 per cent of West Berlin's 2,200,000 residents are sixty-five or older , only 12.8 per cent are under fifteen .
When a man is laid to rest , he is entitled to stay put .
It is , in fact , a relatively mild chastisement of the dead .
The materials for compromise are at hand : The Nation , Walter Lippmann and other sober commentators ( see Alan Clark on p. 367 ) have spelled them out again and again .
Mark Arnold-Foster writes : `` People are leaving ( West Berlin ) because they think it is dying .
But if his purpose was to inspire terror , his action could hardly have miscarried more obviously .
According to Friends , the unit was organized by John Snook , a former World War 2 , commando who is vice president and general manager of the telephone company .
If Nikita buys a small plot in some modest rural cemetery , everyone will understand .
Some time ago , however , Mr. Khrushchev decided that when bigger bombs were made , the Soviet Union would make them .
In all the bitter in-fighting , the squabbles over election procedures , the complicated numbers game that East and West played on the assistant secretaries' theme , the gentleman from Burma showed himself both as a man of principle and a skilled diplomat .
But to imitate an opponent when he has made the mistake of his life would be a new high in statesmanlike folly .
they are also trained with carbines , automatic weapons , pistols , rifles and other such ladies' accessories .
A compromise will leave both sides without the glow of triumph , but it will save Berlin .
The Macmillan government might be willing to let him go , but he has been dead seventy-eight years and even the Soviet morticians could not make him look presentable .
He feels , therefore , that to seek a discontinuity in the arms policy of the United States is the least risky path our government can take .
When East Germans fled to the West by the thousands , paeans of joy rose from the throats of Western publicists .
structurally , the U.N. is still fluid , vulnerable to the pressures that its new and enlarged membership are bringing to bear upon it .
it cannot bring them into actual play .
Escalation unto death
So escalation proceeds , ad infinitum or , more accurately , until the contestants begin dropping them on each other instead of on their respective proving grounds .
Even in areas where political connotations are ( deliberately ? ?
The girls , very fetching in their uniforms , are shown firing rockets from a launcher mounted on a dump truck ; ;
In 1899 , Parliament erected a statue to Cromwell in Westminster , facing Whitehall and there , presumably , he still stands .
.
If some future Khrushchev decided to rake up the misdeeds of his revered predecessor , would not the factory workers pass the same resolutions applauding his dispossession ? ?
it is not working now .
The flood is not as great -- only 700 a week according to one apparently conservative account -- but it is symptomatic .
The country is committed to the doctrine of security by military means .
The nuclear war is already being fought , except that the bombs are not being dropped on enemy targets -- not yet .
no precedents have been set as yet ; ;
The official statistics show that 60 per cent are employed workers or independent professional people .
As the civic temper rises , the more naive citizens begin to play soldier -- but the guns are real .
The removal of Stalin's body from the mausoleum he shared with Lenin to less distinguished quarters in the Kremlin wall is not unprecedented in history .
Whole families are moving and removal firms are booked for months ahead .
The head was then fixed on a pole at Westminster , and the rest of the body was buried under the gallows .
So be it -- then we must embark on a crash program for 200-megaton bombs of the common or hydrogen variety , and neutron bombs , which do not exist but are said to be the coming thing .
U Thant of Burma
Not terror , but anger and resentment have been the general reaction outside the Soviet sphere .
West Berlin morale is low and , in age distribution , the situation is unfavorable .
the West may or not remain satisfied with the kind of neutralism that U Thant represents .
No one who has studied the radical Right can suppose that words are their sole staple in trade .
They predicted escalation , and escalation is what we are getting .
What is needed , Philip Morrison writes in The Cornell Daily Sun ( October 26 ) is a discontinuity .
Who , then , is of sufficient stature to lodge with Lenin ? ?
The gallant half-city is dying on its feet '' .
Another piece of evidence appears in a dispatch from Bonn in The Observer ( London ) .
Who but Nikita himself ? ?
Khrushchev threatens us with a 100-megaton bomb ? ?
`` Only a discontinuity can end it '' , Professor Morrison writes .
They are leaving so fast that the president of the West German Employers' Federation issued an appeal this week to factory workers in the West to volunteer for six months' front-line work in factories in West Berlin .
U Thant of course , will hold office until the spring of 1963 , when Mr. Hammarskjold's term would have come to an end .
Besides , he can hardly avoid musing on the instability of death which , what with exhumations and rehabilitations , seems to match that of life .
There is Karl Marx , of course , buried in London .
Since he has just shown who is top dog , he may not be ready to receive this highest honor in the gift of the Soviet people .
These are mentalities which crave action -- and they are beginning to get it , as Messrs. Salsich and Engh report on page 372 .
The Lenin tomb is obviously adequate for double occupancy , Moscow is a crowded city , and the creed of Communism deplores waste .
The appointment of U Thant of Burma as the U.N.'s Acting Secretary General -- at this writing , the choice appears to be certain -- offers further proof that in politics it is more important to have no influential enemies than to have influential friends .
Whether the compromises -- on both sides -- that made possible the interim appointment can then be repeated remains to be seen .
R. H. S. Crossman , M.P. , writing in The Manchester Guardian , states that departures from West Berlin are now running at the rate not of 700 , but of 1,700 a week , and applications to leave have risen to 1,900 a week .
Heavily armed and mobilized as a fast-moving Civil Defense outfit , 23 operators and office personnel stand ready to move into action at a minute's notice '' .
And now , of course , the hue and cry for counter-escalation is being raised on our side .
He has gained only one thing -- he has exploded a 50-megaton bomb and he probably has rockets with sufficient thrust to lob it over the shorter intercontinental ranges .
To the hills , girls
they will be faithful unto death .
They are less vocal now , when it is the West Berliners who are migrating .
State Department officials refusing to show their passes at the boundary , and driving two blocks into East Berlin under military escort , will not avail .
Or the city can be a graveyard monument to Western intransigence , if that is what the West wants .
What is interesting is that his positive qualifications for the post were revealed only as a kind of tail to his candidacy .
Mr. Khrushchev's demand for a troika is dormant , not dead ; ;
Morrison points out that since our country is more urbanized than the Soviet Union or Red China , it is the most vulnerable of the great powers -- Europe of course must be written off out of hand .
Soon they will begin to hunt down the traitors they are assured are in our midst .
A more dangerous formula for national frustration cannot be imagined .
When one powerful nation strives to emulate the success of another , it is only natural .
The handwriting is on the wall .
If this capacity had not failed them , they would see that their enemy has made a disastrous miscalculation .
The biggest nuclear device the United States has exploded measured some 15 megatons , although our B-52s are said to be carrying two 20-megaton bombs apiece .
The tide turns
His proposal is opposed to that of Richard Nixon , Governor Rockefeller , past chairmen Strauss and McCone of the Atomic Energy Commission , Dr. Edward Teller and those others now enjoying their hour of triumph in the exacerbation of the cold war .
Suppose he did lie beside Lenin , would it be permanent ? ?
A British writer , Richard Haestier , in a book , Dead Men Tell Tales , recalls that in the turmoil preceding the French Revolution the body of Henry 4 , , who had died nearly 180 years earlier , was torn to pieces by a mob .
Who will take Stalin's place beside Lenin ? ?
He seems to have at least a few 30- and 50-megaton bombs on hand , since we cannot assume that he has exploded his entire stock .
The doctrine has never worked ; ;
Friends , a picture magazine distributed by Chevrolet dealers , describes a paramilitary organization of employees of the Gulf Telephone Company at Foley , Alabama .
Berlin's resilience is amazing , but if it has to hire its labor in the West the struggle will be hard indeed '' .
In a sense , the showdown promised by Mr. Hammarskjold's sudden and tragic death has been avoided ; ;
`` The discontinuity can either be that of war to destruction , or that of diplomatic policy '' .
Khrushchev himself is reported to be concerned by the surge of animosity he has aroused , yet our own nuclear statesmen seem intent on following compulsively in his footsteps .
The only hope for West Berlin lies in a compromise which will bring down the wall and reunite the city .
With the neutralists maintaining pressure for one of their own to succeed Mr. Hammarskjold , U Thant emerged as the only possible candidate unlikely to be waylaid by a veto .
But at least the pessimists who believed that the world organization had plunged to its death in that plane crash in the Congo have been proved wrong .
It is being fought , moreover , in fairly close correspondence with the predictions of the soothsayers of the think factories .
The weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by 500 arrivals each week from West Germany , but the hard truth , says Crossman , is that `` The closing off of East Berlin without interference from the West and with the use only of East German , as distinct from Russian , troops was a major Communist victory , which dealt West Berlin a deadly , possibly a fatal , blow .
And in England , after the Restoration , the body of Cromwell was disinterred and hanged at Tyburn .
Contemplating these posthumous punishments , Stalin should not lose all hope .
The official military establishment can only threaten to use its nuclear arms ; ;
Escalation is their first love and their last ; ;
Tanks lined up at the border will be no more helpful .
The escalation must end sometime , and probably quite soon .
Mongi Slim of Tunisia and Frederick Boland of Ireland were early favorites in the running , but France didn't like the former and the Soviet Union would have none of the latter .
`` If the day should ever come that foreign invaders swarm ashore along the Gulf Coast '' , the account reads , `` they can count on heavy opposition from a group of commando-trained telephone employees -- all girls .
) left vague , the spirit of vigilantism is spreading .
Thus , when the Russians sent up their first sputnik , American chagrin was human enough , and American determination to put American satellites into orbit was perfectly understandable .
Nikita Khrushchev , however , has created yet another problem for himself .
These gentlemen are calling for a resumption of testing -- in the atmosphere -- on the greatest possible scale , all in the name of national security .

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He does not insist on telling all he knows about any given subject ; ;
the Blair Purchase Prize for watercolor , Art Institute of Chicago ; ;
The bristles are a Fitch 2 and a one-half inch brush shaved to a sharp chisel edge .
Gradually watercolor claimed his greater affection until today it has become his major , if not exclusive , technique .
However , first I thoughtfully study my sketch for improvement of color and design along the lines I have described .
If a human figure or wild life are to be part of the projected final picture , I try to place them in the initial sketch .
a middle distance often containing the major motif ; ;
Gradually he withdrew from the shop altogether , and for the past thirty years , he has worked independently as a painter , except for his continued hunting and fishing expeditions .
It is for this reason that Roy avoids selecting subjects that require specific recognition of place for their enjoyment .
`` When working from one of my sketches I square it up and project its linear form freehand to the watercolor sheet with charcoal .
When this linear draft is completed , I dust it down to a faint image .
When painting , Mason's physical eyes are half-closed , while his mind's eye is wide open , and this circumstance accounts in part for the impression he wishes to convey .
If the artist would study his work more thoroughly and move certain units in his design , often only slightly , finer pictures would result .
For me , these will belong more completely to their surroundings if they are conceived in this early stage , though I freely admit that I do not hesitate to add or eliminate figures on the full sheet when it serves my final purpose .
`` I am thoroughly convinced that most watercolors suffer because the artist expects nature will do his composing for him ; ;
Trial and error are better placed in the preliminary sketch than in hoping for miracles in the final painting .
Long observation has taught Mason that most landscape can be reduced to three essential planes : a foreground in sharp focus -- either a light area with dark accents or a dark one with lights ; ;
`` Speed in painting a picture is valid only when it imparts spontaneity and crispness , but unless the artist has lots of experience so that he can control rapid execution , he would do well to take these first sketches and soberly reorder their design to achieve a unified composition .
Living with his watercolors is a vicarious experience of seeing nature distilled through the eyes of a sensitive interpretor , a breath and breadth of the outdoor world to help man honor the Creator of it all .
The longer I work , the more I am sure that for me , at least , a workmanlike method is important .
`` As for materials , I use the best available .
But it did teach Roy the basic techniques of commercial art , and later , for twelve years , he and his sister Nina conducted an advertising art studio in Philadelphia .
During all this time Roy continued to paint , first only on weekends , and then , as the family business permitted , for longer periods .
two American Watercolor Society prizes ; ;
In the best tradition , he first taught himself to see , then to draw with accuracy and assurance , and then to paint .
I have used a variety of heavy-weight hand-made papers , but prefer an English make , rough surface , in 400-pound weight .
Just because a tree or other object appears in a certain spot is absolutely no reason to place it in the same position in the painting , unless the position serves the design of the whole composition .
As a boy Roy Mason began the long process of extracting the goodness of the out-of-doors , its tang of weather , its change of seasons , its variable moods .
And like this English master , Mason realizes his subjects in large , simplified masses which , though they seem effortless , are in reality the result of skilled design born of hard work and a thorough distillation of the natural form that inspired them .
rather his pictures invite the observer to draw on his memory , his imagination , his nostalgia .
Roy Mason is essentially a landscape painter whose style and direction has a kinship with the English watercolorists of the early nineteenth century , especially the beautifully patterned art of John Sell Cotman .
Then I plan my attack : the parts I will finish first , the range of values , the accenting of minor details -- all in all , mechanics of producing the finished job with a maximum of crispness .
His pictures generalize , though they are inspired by a particular locale ; ;
and others in Buffalo , New York , Chautauqua , New Haven , Rochester , Rockport , and most recently , the $300 prize for a watercolor at the Laguna Beach Art Association ,
But even on these , the palette often takes over while the shotgun cools off ! !
and a background , usually a silhouetted form foiled against the sky .
color patterns that are made to weave throughout the whole composition ; ;
What I have observed time and time again is a process of integration , integration that begins as abstract design and gradually takes on recognizable form ; ;
they universalize in terms of weather , skies , earth , and people .
`` Of late years , I find that I like best to work out-of-doors .
In analyzing the watercolors of Roy Mason , the first thing that comes to mind is their essential decorativeness , yet this word has such a varied connotation that it needs some elaboration here .
two riggers , 6 and 10 ; ;
After more years of concentrated effort , Roy and his brother Max finally established a thriving family business at the old stand .
`` My usual palette consists of top-quality colors : alizarin crimson , orange , raw sienna , raw umber , burnt sienna , sepia , cerulean blue , cobalt blue , French ultramarine blue , Winsor green , Hooker's green 2 , cadmium yellow pale , yellow ochre , Payne's gray , charcoal gray , Davy's gray , and ivory black '' .
But for the technical fact , we have the artist's own testimony :
He worked in oil for years before beginning his work in watercolor , and his first public recognition and early honors , including his election to the Academy , were for his essays in the heavier medium .
In following this general principle , Mason provides the observer with a natural eye progression from foreground to background , and the illusion of depth is instantly created .
From this point , I paint in as direct a manner as possible , by flowing on the washes with as pure a color mixture as I can manage .
Often , in working out-of-doors under all conditions of light and atmosphere , a particular passage that looked favorable in relation to the subject will be too bright , too dull , or too light , or too dark when viewed indoors in a mat .
Inspiring -- yes ; ;
After selecting a sheet and inspecting it for flaws ( even the best sometimes has foreign ' nubbins ' on its surface ) , I sponge it thoroughly on both sides with clean , cold water .
Out of long experience I have found that incidental figures and other objects like trees , logs , and bushes can be traced from the original sketch and moved about in the major areas on the final sheet until they occupy the right position , which I call clicking .
Except for a rich friendship with the painter , Chauncey Ryder who gave him the only professional instruction he ever had -- and this was limited to a few lessons , though the two artists often went on painting trips together -- Roy developed his art by himself .
In my studio I work at a tilt-top table , but leave the paper unfixed so that I can move it freely to control the washes .
Other memberships include the American Watercolor Society , Philadelphia Water Color Club , Allied Artists of America , Audubon Artists , Baltimore Watercolor Society .
It is this subject matter that has brought Mason a large and enthusiastic following among sportsmen , but it is his exceptional performance with this motif that commends him to artists and discerning collectors .
When I looked up the actual date of his birth and found it to be March 15th , I realized that Roy was born under the right zodiacal sign for a watercolorist : the water sign of Pisces ( February 18 thru March 20 ) .
On the death of their father , they returned to their home in Batavia , New York .
By dealing with common landscape in an uncommon way , Roy Mason has found a particular niche in American landscape art .
Over the years , beginning in 1929 , Mason has been awarded seventeen major prizes including two gold medals ; ;
`` My brushes are different from those used by most watercolorists , for I combine the sable and the bristle .
And how very often a water plane is featured in his landscapes , and how appropriate that he should appear in American Artist again , in his natal month of March ! !
Like many others , he had to work hard , long hours in a struggling family business which , though it was allied to art of a kind -- the design and production of engraved seals -- bore no relation to the painting of pictures .
instructive -- maybe ; ;
the Joseph Pennell Memorial Medal ; ;
The red sables are 8 ; ;
More often than not I have found easy excuse to leave my own work and stand at a respectable distance where I could watch this man transform raw nature into a composed , not imitative , painting .
I work on a watercolor easel in the field , and frequently resort to a large garden umbrella to protect my eyes from undue strain .
First I make preliminary watercolor sketches in quarter scale ( approximately Af inches ) in which I pay particular attention to the design principles of three simple values -- the lightest light , the middle tone , and the darkest dark -- by reducing the forms of my subject to these large patterns .
Finally come those little flicks of a rigger brush and the job is done .
The great absorbency of this tissue and the fact that it is easier to control than a sponge makes it an ideal tool for the watercolorist .
`` If I have seemed to emphasize the structure of the composition , I mean to project equal concern for color .
and a very large , flat wash brush .
When this occurs , I make the change on the sketch or on the final watercolor -- if I have been working on a full sheet in the field .
two Ranger Fund purchase awards ; ;
It has been my privilege to paint with Roy Mason on numerous occasions , mostly in the vicinity of Batavia .
Then I dry the sheet under mild pressure so that it will lie flat as a board .
True , a Mason watercolor is unmistakably a synthesis of nature rather than a detailed inventory .
`` In addition to the usual tools , I make constant use of cleansing tissue , not only to wipe my brushes , but to mop up certain areas , to soften edges , and to open up lights in dark washes .
Mason had to earn the privilege of devoting himself exclusively to painting .
His father , a professional engraver and an amateur landscape painter , took his sons on numerous hunting expeditions , and imparted to them his knowledge and love of nature .
as a result , such pictures are only a literal translation of what the artist finds in the scene before him .
He was elected to the National Academy of Design as an Associate in the oil class in 1931 ( after receiving his first Ranger Fund Purchase Prize at the Academy in 1930 ) , and elevated to Academicianship in 1940 .
duplicable -- no ! !
I also use a small electric hand-blower to dry large washes in the studio .
Unlike many decorative patterns that present a static flat convention , this artist's pictures are full of atmosphere and climate .
Out of this background of hunting and fishing , it was only natural that Roy first painted subjects he knew best : hunters in the field , fishermen in the stream , ducks and geese on the wing -- almost always against a vast backdrop of weather landscape .
and that over-all , amazing control of large washes which is the Mason stylemark .
The artist was born in Gilbert Mills , New York , in 1886 , and until two years ago when he and his wife moved to California , he lived in western New York , in Batavia .

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( 2 ) What evidence is there that he was psychically blind ? ?
-- has now been raised in the reader's mind and in the following form .
The force of the authors' analysis ( if indeed it has any force ) can be felt by the reader , I believe , only after three questions have been successfully answered .
could piece , as it were , the jumbled mass together into an organized whole and then recognize it as a man or a triangle or whatever it turned out to be .
And so the authors conclude : `` The conduct of the patient in his every-day life and in his work , even more than the foregoing facts ( mentioned above under 1 ) , leave positively no room for doubt that the sense of touch , in the ordinary sense of the word , was unaffected ; ;
Quite naturally , they make the investigation , first , by prohibiting the patient from making any movements at all and then , later , by repeating it and allowing the patient to move in any way he wanted to .
According to his own testimony , he never actually saw things as shaped but only as generally amorphous `` blots '' of color of a more or less indefinite size ; ;
How , then , do the kinesthetic sensations function in all this ? ?
Nor could he call up memory-pictures of close friends or relatives .
Dice , for example , he inferred from black dots on a white surface .
And the authors give numerous instances of calculated guessing on the patient's part to show how large a role it played in his process of readapting himself and how proficient he became at it .
We do not arrive at spatial images by means of the sense of touch by itself .
In any event , the extraordinary result of this injury was that he became `` psychically blind '' , while at the same time , apparently , the sense of touch remained essentially intact .
This is an assumption with which few would be disposed to quarrel .
But by the tracing procedure , he could , in a strange obviously kinesthetic manner , find the unseen form ; ;
The authors insist , however , that these abnormalities in the sense of touch were due absolutely to no organic disorders in that sense faculty but rather to the injuries which the patient had sustained to the sense of sight .
Perhaps the very important question -- What is , then , exactly the role of kinesthetic sensations in the patient's ability to recognize forms and shapes by means of the tracing movements when he is actually looking at things ? ?
But before we can do this , we must first find answers to our original questions 1 and 2 ; ;
Then he might finally recognize it , apparently by combining the visual blot , actually being seen , with tactual feelings in the head or body accompanying the tracing movements .
If , however , the figure to be discerned were complicated , composed of several interlocking subfigures , and so on , even the tracing process failed him , and he could not focus even relatively simple shapes among its parts .
and he could tell , simply by the feel of it , whether it was made of wood , iron , cloth , rubber , and so on .
It is as follows : `` The usual sensitivity tests showed that the specific qualities of skin-perceptiveness ( pressure , pain , temperature ) , as well as the kinesthetic sensations ( muscular feelings , feelings in the tendons and joints ) , were , as such , essentially intact , although they seemed , in comparison with normal reactions , to be somewhat diminished over the entire body .
and , therefore , he could not recognize even long-familiar things upon seeing them again .
The patient himself denied that he had any visual imagery at all ; ;
then we shall perhaps be in a position to provide something like a complete answer to the question at hand .
He evidently could not actually see the corners of these objects , but their size and the dots gave them away .
and this he could do only by going over its mass with the tracing procedure .
( 2 ) The patient attained an astonishing efficiency in a new trade .
The answer the authors give to it , therefore , is of supreme importance .
The authors set about answering this fundamental question through a detailed investigation of the patient's ability , tactually , ( 1 ) to perceive figure and ( 2 ) to locate objects in space , with his eyes closed ( or turned away from the object concerned ) .
Men , trees , automobiles , houses , and so on -- objects continually confronted in everyday life -- had each its characteristic blot-appearance and became easily recognizable , at the very beginning of tracing , by an inference as to what each was .
Therefore , his only recourse was to learn the shape all over again for each new visual experience of the same individual object or type of object ; ;
that is , he was unaware what kind of objects they were or what their use was .
In what ways , then , did the patient's psychical blindness manifest itself ? ?
or , to put the same thing in physiological terms , that the performance-capacity of the tactual apparatus , from the periphery up to the tactual centers in the brain , -- that is , from one end to the other -- was unimpaired '' .
The supposed tactual sense of spatial location and orientation in the patient and his ability to specify the location of a member , as well as the direction and scope of a movement , passively executed ( with one of his members ) , proved to have been , on the contrary , very considerably affected '' .
This circumstance in the patient's case plus the fact that his tactual capacity remained basically in sound working order constitutes its exceptional value for the problem at hand since the evidence presented by the authors is overwhelming that , when the patient closed his eyes , he had absolutely no spatial ( that is , third-dimensional ) awareness whatsoever .
He could not see objects as unified , self-contained , and organized figures , as a person does with normal vision .
He was oblivious of the form of the object actually being viewed , precisely because he could not assign it to a visual shape , already learned and held in visual memory , as persons of normal vision do .
( 1 ) What allows us to think that the patient had no third-dimensional representations when his eyes were closed ? ?
Often he seems even to have been able to guess correctly , without the tracing motions , solely on the basis of qualitative differences among the blot-like things which appeared in his visual experience .
In short , both his own declarations and his figural blindness , when he looked at objects , seem to present undeniable evidence that he had simply no visual memory at all .
he was absolutely unfamiliar with it because he had no visual memory at all .
This would mean , it can readily be seen , that , again , for each new visual experience , the tracing motions would have to be repeated because of the absence of visual imagery .
at their edges they slipped pretty much out of focus altogether .
If the patient can perceive figure kinesthetically when he cannot perceive it visually , then , it would seem , the sense of touch has immediate contact with the spatial aspects of things in independence of visual representations , at least in regard to two dimensions , and , as we shall see , even this much spatial awareness on the part of unaided touch is denied by the authors .
Instead , he constantly became lost in parts and components of them , confused some of their details with those of neighboring objects , and so on , unless he allowed time to `` trace '' the object in question through minute movements of the head and hands and in this way to discover its contours .
Therefore , if the sense of touch is functioning normally and there is a complete absence of spatial awareness in a psychically-blind person when the eyes are closed and an object is handled , the conclusion seems unavoidable that touch by itself cannot focus and take possession of the third-dimensionality of things and that actual sight or visual representations are necessary .
Obviously , a satisfactory answer to the third question is imperative , if the argument is to get under way at all , for if there is any possibility of doubt whether the patient's tactual sensitivity had been impaired by the occipital lesion , any findings whatsoever in regard to the first question become completely ambiguous and fail altogether , of course , as evidence to establish the desired conclusion .
When the patient was not allowed to move his body in any way at all , the following striking results occurred .
Because of his brain injury and the extreme damage suffered to his sight , the patient had to train himself for a new line of work , that of a portfolio-maker , an occupation requiring a great deal of precision in the making of measurements and a fairly well-developed sense of form and contour .
He could not recognize it ; ;
This meant , concretely , that the patient could not read at all without making writing-like movements of the head or body , became easily confused by `` hasher marks '' inserted between hand-written words and thus confused the mark for one of the letters , and could recognize a simple straight line or a curved one only by tracing it .
First of all , what is their evidence that the tactual apparatus was fundamentally undamaged ? ?
and there was ample evidence of the following sort to corroborate him .
( 2 ) Spatiality becomes part of the tactual sensation only by way of visual representations ; ;
The necessary inference , as the authors themselves interpret it , would seem to be this : `` ( ( 1 ) Spatial qualities are not among those grasped by the sense of touch , as such .
And he could recognize , by touch alone , articles which he had handled immediately before , even though they were altogether unfamiliar to him and could not be identified by him ; ;
As one would surmise , the procedure , however , could be repeated with the same object or with the same type of object often enough , so that the corresponding visual blots and the merest beginning of the tracing movement would provide clues as to the actual shape , which the patient then immediately could determine by a kind of inference .
After a conversation with another man , he was able to recount practically everything that had been said but could not describe at all what the other man looked like .
If the argument is accepted as essentially sound up to this point , it remains for us to consider whether the patient's difficulties in orienting himself spatially and in locating objects in space with the sense of touch can be explained by his defective visual condition .
( 3 ) How can we be sure that his sense of touch was not profoundly disturbed by his head injury ? ?
The injured German veteran was a former miner , twenty-four years old , who had been wounded by shrapnel in the back of the head .
It seems clear , when one takes into consideration the exceedingly defective eyesight of the patient ( we shall describe it in detail in connection with our second question , the one concerning the psychical blindness of the patient ) , that he had to rely on his sense of touch much more than the usual portfolio-maker and that consequently that faculty was most probably more sensitive to shape and size than that of a person with normal vision .
We shall consider these in the inverse order of their presentation .
Psychical blindness is a condition in which there is a total absence of visual memory-images , a condition in which , for example , one is unable to remember something just seen or to conjure up a memory-picture of the visible appearance of a well-known friend in his absence .
( 1 ) When an object was placed in the patient's hand , he had no difficulty determining whether it was warm or cold , sharp or blunt , rough or smooth , flexible , soft , or hard ; ;
The meaning of this , as we shall see , is that he had no fund of visual memory-images of objects as objects ; ;
The underlying assumption , of course , is that only sight and touch enable us , in any precise and fully dependable way , to locate objects in space beyond us , the other senses being decidedly inferior , if not totally inadequate , in this regard .
This resulted in damage to the occipital lobe and very probably to the left side of the cerebellum also .
that is , there is , in the true sense , only a visual space '' .

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Her eyes were glazed as if she didn't hear or even see him .
`` We'll pay you back if you'll let us .
She sat down at the table , shaking her head .
Morgan watched the two figures for a time , puzzled .
He told himself he had never seen two people eat so much .
Leaning his Winchester against the front of the house , he walked to the girl .
His visitors had crawled through the south fence and were crossing the meadow , angling toward the house .
He was well rid of her .
He nodded and , going into the bedroom , brought a needle , thread , and scissors .
Reaching the house ahead of them , he waited with his Winchester in his hands .
He said : `` If it's all right with you , Mr. Morgan , I'll sleep out here on the couch .
The girl's thin face haunted him .
I'm usually a very strong woman , but I'm awfully tired '' .
Jones followed him into the front room , closing the door behind him .
`` And hungry '' , he said .
`` That's all I'm sure of '' .
I guess you'd better go on in the morning '' .
`` Who are you and what happened to you '' ? ?
You'd have starved to death if you'd missed both places '' .
Each day he found himself thinking less often of Ann ; ;
She lay there , making no effort to get back on her feet .
Why didn't you go there '' ? ?
He wasn't so sure about the boy .
`` It's all right '' , he said .
Morgan demanded .
`` Morgan .
`` We're not drunkards '' , she said .
She stared at him , her eyes wide as she thought about what he had said ; ;
They crawled through the north fence and came on toward him , and now he saw that both were young , not more than nineteen or twenty .
Your feet are in bad shape , Mrs. Jones .
`` Oh '' .
`` In the kitchen '' , he said .
He had seen a few nester wagons go through the country , the families almost starving to death , but he had never seen any of them on foot and as bad off as these two .
`` You mean you dragged your wife all over hell's half-acre looking for work '' ? ?
`` That's my wife Sharon .
`` We didn't want town work '' , Jones said .
He carried the tub from the back of the house where it hung from a nail in the wall .
He asked .
This is the Rafter Aj .
`` Are we in Wyoming '' ? ?
`` We've been looking for work , but all the ranchers have turned us down '' .
They were dirty , their clothes were torn , and the girl was so exhausted that she fell when she was still twenty feet from the front door .
The grass in the meadows came fast , now that the warm weather was here .
`` I mean , we don't have any way to get there and we can't expect you to quit work just to take us to town '' .
Do you take in all the strays who come by '' ? ?
Her blond hair was frowzy , her dress torn in several places , and her shoes were so completely worn out that they were practically no protection .
He asked , `` Could we have a drink '' ? ?
They were running from something .
`` I don't have many strays coming to my front door '' , he said .
Her face was very thin , and burned by the sun until much of the skin was dead and peeling , the new skin under it red and angry .
No one walked in this country , least of all Ed Dow or Dutch Renfro or any of the rest of the Bar B crew .
Sometimes he woke up in the middle of the night thinking of Ann , and then could not get back to sleep .
They were a pair of lost , whipped kids , Morgan thought as he went to bed .
Both had blonde hair and blue eyes , and there was even a faint similarity of features .
`` I know '' , Jones said dejectedly .
She said , `` I guess the Lord looks out for fools , drunkards , and innocents '' .
Morgan hesitated , thinking that if this was a trick , it was a good one .
`` What are you doing here '' ? ?
He was silent a moment , thinking he could use a man this time of year , and if the girl could cook , it would give him more time in the meadows , but he knew nothing about the couple .
`` Right now you need a meal and a bath .
Morgan jerked his head toward the front door .
Morgan returned to the kitchen , built a fire , and carried in several buckets of water from the spring which he poured into the copper boiler that he had placed on the stove .
`` Think you can walk to the table '' ? ?
Now he saw that both the man and woman were moving slowly and irregularly , staggering , as if they found it a struggle to remain on their feet .
`` There's only one more ranch three miles north of here .
Some way '' .
The best antidote for the bitterness and disappointment that poisoned him was hard work .
It could be some kind of trick Budd had thought up .
He dismissed the possibility at once .
The girl asked .
He didn't think it was possible for this couple to be pretending .
He stopped , embarrassed , and Morgan said , `` I understand that , but I don't savvy why you'd go off and leave your jobs in the first place '' .
`` Of course '' .
Any lingering suspicion that this was a trick Al Budd had thought up was dispelled .
`` You're awfully kind '' , the girl said .
`` Start in .
`` About five miles north of the line '' .
He picked her up , sliding one hand under her shoulders , the other under her knees , and carried her into the house .
Sharon , she's cooked in a restaurant .
Morgan filled the dipper from the water bucket on the shelf , went back into the front room , lifted the girl's head , and held the edge of the dipper to her mouth .
each day the hurt was a little duller , a little less poignant .
`` I could use some help '' , Morgan said finally , `` but I can't afford to pay you anything .
`` I'm a mess '' , she said , and suddenly she was alarmed .
When , in late afternoon on the last day in June , he saw two people top the ridge to the south and walk toward the house , he quit work immediately and strode to his rifle .
The girl dropped off to sleep .
`` Could you find me a needle and thread '' ? ?
You'll have to go to town to see the doc '' .
`` That's my spare bedroom .
`` I'm Billy Jones '' , the boy answered .
I just can't take any chances on getting her pregnant , and if we were sleeping together ''
`` Get up .
She was amazingly light , and so relaxed in his arms that he wasn't even sure she was conscious .
He hadn't shaved for several weeks , his sparse beard giving his face a pathetic , woebegone expression .
In any case , he had no intention of being caught asleep , so he carried his revolver in its holster on his hip and he took his Winchester with him and leaned it against the fence .
When he saw the expression in her eyes , he knew he couldn't send them on .
But all of this was rationalization .
Dan Morgan '' .
He said : `` You'll feel a lot better after you have a bath .
`` I get up early .
He nodded at the door in front of him .
`` Which are you '' ? ?
He cleaned his shovel , left it against the fence , picked up his Winchester , and started downstream .
Besides , she had a sweet face that attracted him .
The boy licked his dry lips .
He had no idea how much time Budd would give him .
They might kill him in his sleep , thinking there was money in the house .
`` My dress needs some work on it '' .
She had reached a point at which she didn't even care how she looked .
It must have hurt her even to walk , for the sole was completely off her left foot and Morgan saw that it was bruised and bleeding .
`` Mr. Morgan , it's the best-looking food I ever saw '' .
`` We had to do something '' .
`` I'll see '' , Morgan said .
He said : `` I'm going to bed '' .
`` Who are you ? ?
`` We'll work for our keep '' , the boy said eagerly .
The girl cried .
`` We'll see '' , Morgan said .
It's not much of a meal , but it's what I eat '' .
We ran out of money and we haven't eaten for two days '' .
`` This is a mighty empty country '' , Morgan said .
If he had married her , he'd have been asking for trouble .
He'd be an idiot to let them stay he thought , but he couldn't send them on , either .
Jones sighed as if relieved .
He stood looking down at her for a moment , wondering what could have reduced her to this condition .
Could you give us a job , Mr. ''
He brought his Winchester in from the front of the house , then faced the boy .
`` Not much of a meal '' ? ?
He said , `` I've got some supper ready '' .
There's water in the house '' .
He found that if he was tired enough at night , he went to sleep simply because he was too exhausted to stay awake .
He could not afford to lose a drop of the precious water , so he spent most of his waking hours along the ditches in his meadows .
When they were closer and he saw that one was a woman , he was more puzzled than ever .
He had plenty of work to do .
Because the summer was unusually dry and hot , the spring produced a smaller stream than in ordinary years .
We'll work hard , Mr. Morgan '' .
He certainly didn't want a wife who was fickle as Ann .
Morgan filled the fire box with wood again , then started supper and set the table .
How did we get here '' ? ?
They looked a good deal alike , Morgan thought .
`` I'm sorry , Mr. Morgan .
You fell down in front of the house , and I carried you in .
He stopped every few minutes and leaned on his shovel as he studied the horizon , but nothing happened , each day dragging out with monotonous calm .
Dan Morgan told himself he would forget Ann Turner .
`` I'm Dan Morgan .
She got to her feet , staggered , and almost fell .
Morgan laughed .
When they were finally satisfied , Jones said , `` I think he's going to give us work '' .
The bed isn't made , but you'll find plenty of blankets there '' .
She helped him with the dishes , then he brought more water in from the spring before it got dark .
`` We got fired '' , Jones said .
We haven't slept together since we started .
It wasn't the face of a killer .
He caught her by an arm and helped her into the kitchen .
No girl would go this far to fool a man so she could kill him .
When the meal was ready , he told Jones to wash up , and going into the front room , woke the girl .
The boy came on to the porch and sat down , his gaze on Morgan as if half expecting him to shoot and not really caring .
`` I've been mucking in a mine in the San Juan , but I used to work on a ranch .
He put her down on the couch , and going into the kitchen , saw that the boy had dropped into a chair beside the table .
His plans and dreams had revolved around her so much and for so long that now he felt as if he had nothing .
Your wife's in terrible shape '' .
I gave you a drink and then you went to sleep '' .
`` Then we're lucky we got here .
The easiest thing would be to sell out to Al Budd and leave the country , but there was a stubborn streak in him that wouldn't allow it .
then she murmured : `` You're very kind , Mr. Morgan .
She drank greedily , and murmured , `` Thank you '' , as he lowered her head .
You'd better sleep '' .
She didn't move or say anything .
`` The town of Buckhorn's only about six miles from here .
There was more to this than Jones had told him .
`` No , she'll be all right '' , Jones said quickly .
Morgan nodded .
She rubbed her eyes and stretched , then sat up , her hands going to her hair .
The grateful way she looked at Morgan made him ashamed of himself .

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The Bishop of Gloucester described the elder Thomas in 1577 as the richest recusant in his diocese , worth five hundred pounds a year in lands and goods .
He set down that `` I gave Mr. Greene a pynte of muskadell and a roll of bread that last morning I went to have his company to Master Attorney '' .
Mr. Bushell was mentioned in 1602 in the will of Joyce Hobday , widow of a Stratford glover .
Adrian Quiney wrote to his son Richard on October 29 and again perhaps the next day , since the bearer of the letter , the bailiff , was expected to reach London on November 1 .
Asked by the townsmen to cease his suit , Greville had answered that `` hytt shulde coste hym 500 first & sayed it must be tried ether before my Lorde Anderson in the countrey or his uncle Ffortescue in the exchequer with whom he colde more prevaile then we '' .
all which cost me at the least 20 pounds '' .
Daniel Baker deluged his `` Unckle Quyne '' with requests to pay money for him to drapers in Watling Street and at the Two Cats in Canning Street .
Baker added : `` I pray you delivre these inclosed Letters And Comend mee to Mr. Rychard Mytton whoe I know will ffreind mee for the payment of this monei '' .
The knights for Warwickshire in this parliament , which ended its session on February 9 , were Fulke Greville ( the poet ) and William Combe of Warwick , as Fulke Greville and Edward Greville had been in 1593 .
The queen agreed on December 17 , a warrant was signed on January 27 , and the Exchequer paid Quiney his expenses on February 27 , 1598/9 .
A report of Sr. Edw Grevyles minaces to the Baileefe Aldermen & Burgesses of Stratforde '' tells how Quiney was injured by Greville's men : `` in the tyme Mr. Ryc' Quyney was bayleefe ther came some of them whoe beinge druncke fell to braweling in ther hosts howse wher thei druncke & drewe ther dagers uppon the hoste : att a faier tyme the Baileefe being late abroade to see the towne in order & comminge by in hurley burley came into the howse & commawnded the peace to be kept butt colde nott prevayle & in hys endevor to sticle the brawle had his heade grevouselye brooken by one of hys ( Greville's ) men whom nether hymselfe ( Greville ) punnished nor wolde suffer to be punnished but with a shewe to turne them awaye & enterteyned agayne '' .
Wherefore I thynke yow maye doo good yff yow can have money '' .
Sturley's allusion probably explains why Greville took out the patent in the names of Best and Wells , for Sir Anthony Ashley described Best as `` a scrivener within Temple Bar , that deals in many matters for my L. Essex '' through Sir Gelly Merrick , especially in `` causes that he would not be known of '' .
After Quiney was elected bailiff in September , 1601 , without Greville's approval , Greene wrote him that Coke had promised to be of counsel for Stratford and had advised `` that the office of bayly may be exercised as it is taken upon you , ( Sr. Edwardes his consent not beinge hadd to the swearinge of you ) '' .
Stratford's petition to the queen declared that two great fires had burnt two hundred houses in the town , with household goods , to the value of twelve thousand pounds .
He suggested offering half to Sir Edward , fearing lest `` he shall thinke it to good for us and procure it for himselfe , as he served us the last time '' .
Sturley thought that this matter might be `` the rest of the tithes and the College houses and landes in our towne '' .
He refused his consent to the election of Quiney as bailiff in 1592 , but gave it at the request of the recorder , his cousin Sir Fulke Greville .
When Sir Edward Greville enclosed the town commons on the Bancroft , Quiney and others leveled his hedges on January 21 , 1600/1 , and were charged with riot by Sir Edward .
Edward Greville , born about 1565 , had inherited Milcote on the execution of his father Lodowick for murder in 1589 .
Baker wrote : `` I tooke order with Sr. E. Grevile for the payment of Ceartaine monei beefore his going towardes London .
Sturley on November 4 answered a letter from Quiney written on October 25 which imported , wrote Sturley , `` that our countriman Mr. Wm. Shak. would procure us monei : which I will like of as I shall heare when , wheare & howe : and I prai let not go that occasion if it mai sort to ani indifferent condicions .
& synce I did write unto him to dessier him to paie 10 for mee which standeth mee greatly uppon to have paide .
& 20 more Mr. Peeter Rowswell tooke order with his master to paie for mee '' .
At Milcote on November 3 , 1597 , the aldermen asked him to support their petition for a new charter .
He listed what he had spent for `` My own diet in London eighteen weeks , in which I was sick a month ; ;
Allso that if monei might be had for 30 or 40 a lease & might be procured '' .
His mother Bess , who could not write herself , reminded her husband through Sturley to buy the apron he had promised her and `` a suite of hattes for 5 boies the yongst lined & trimmed with silke '' ( for John , only a year old ) .
During 1598 and 1599 he made `` manye Guiftes of myne owne provision bestowed uppon Cowrtiers & others for the better effectinge of our suites in hande '' .
Quiney was in London again in June , 1601 , and in November , when he rode up , as Shakespeare must often have done , by way of Oxford , High Wycombe , and Uxbridge , and home through Aylesbury and Banbury .
my mare at coming up 14 days ; ;
He also sued them for taking toll of grain at their market .
A third Thomas Bushell ( 1594-1674 ) , `` much loved '' by Bacon , called himself `` The Superlative Prodigall '' in The First Part of Youths Errors ( 1628 ) and became an expert on silver mines and on the art of running into debt .
The chancellor of the Exchequer wrote on the petition : `` in myn opinion it is very resonable and conscionable for hir maiestie to graunt in relief of this towne twise afflicted and almost wasted by fire '' .
In his letter mentioning Shakespeare on January 24 , 1597/8 , Sturley asked Quiney especially that `` theare might ( be ) bi Sir Ed. Grev. some meanes made to the Knightes of the Parliament for an ease and discharge of such taxes and subsedies wherewith our towne is like to be charged , and I assure u I am in great feare and doubte bi no meanes hable to paie .
This refers to what had happened after the Earl of Warwick died in 1590 , when the town petitioned Burghley for the right to name the vicar and schoolmaster and other privileges but Greville bought the lordship for himself .
Since more is known about Quiney than about any other acquaintance of Shakespeare in Stratford , his career may be followed to its sudden end in 1602 .
Accompanied by `` Master Greene our solicitor '' ( Thomas Greene of the Middle Temple , Shakespeare's `` cousin '' ) , Quiney tried to consult Sir Edward Coke , attorney general , and gave money to a clerk and a doorkeeper `` that we might have access to their master for his counsel butt colde nott have him att Leasure by the reason of thees trobles '' ( the Essex rising on February 8 ) .
No one , he wrote , took any corn of Greville's , for his bailiff of husbandry `` swore a greate oathe thatt who soe came to put hys hande into hys sackes for anye corne shuld leave hys hande behynde hym '' .
Further letters in November mention that Sir Edward paid forty pounds .
Richard Quiney the younger , a schoolboy of eleven , wrote a letter in Latin asking his father to buy copybooks ( `` chartaceos libellos ) '' ) for him and his brother .
The corporation entertained him for dinner at Quiney's house in 1596/7 , with wine and sugar sent by the bailiff , Sturley .
Bridges , a son by his second wife , was christened at Pebworth in 1607 , but Thomas the younger was living at Packwood two years later and sold Broad Marston manor in 1622 .
After returning Stratford he drew up a defense of the town's right to toll corn and the office of collecting it , and his list of suggested witnesses included his father and Shakespeare's father .
Yff yow bargen with Wm. Sha. ( so in the MS ) or Receave money ther or brynge your money home yow maye see howe knite stockynges be sold ther ys gret byinge of them at Aysshom .
Sturley wrote to Quiney that Sir Edward `` gave his allowance and liking thereof , and affied unto us his best endeavour , so that his rights be preserved '' , and that `` Sir Edward saith we shall not be at any fault for money for prosecuting the cause , for himself will procure it and lay it down for us for the time '' .
Greville proposed Quiney as the fittest man `` for the following of the cause and to attend him in the matter '' , and at his suggestion the corporation allowed Quiney two shillings a day .
The corporation proposed Chief Justice Anderson for an arbiter , sending him a gift of sack and claret .
When Quiney and William Parsons wrote to Greville in 1593 asking his consent in the election for bailiff , they sent the letter to Mr. William Sawnders , attendant on the worshipful Mr. Thomas Bushell at Marston .
and I was six days going thither and coming homewards ; ;
William Parsons and William Walford , drapers , asked Quiney to see to business matters in London .
He was allowed forty-four pounds in all , including fees to the masters of requests , Mr. Fanshawe of the Exchequer , the solicitor general , and other officials and their clerks .
Thomas the elder married twice , had seventeen children , and died in 1615 .
If he borrowed money from Shakespeare or with his help , he would now have been able to repay the loan .
Sturley quoted Quiney as having written on November 1 that if he had `` more monei presente much might be done to obtaine our Charter enlargd , ij faires more , with tole of corne , bestes , and sheepe , and a matter of more valewe then all that '' .
His son Thomas , aged fifteen when he entered Oxford in 1582 , married as his first wife Margaret , sister of Sir Edward Greville .
He asked Quiney to find out whether the money had been paid and , if not , to send to the lodging of Sir Edward and entreat him to pay what he owed .
His daughter Elinor married Quiney's son Adrian in 1613 , and his son Henry married Mary Lane of Stratford in 1609 .
Lady Greville , daughter of the late Lord Chancellor Bromley and niece of Sir John Fortescue , was offered twenty pounds by the townsmen to make peace ; ;
The corporation voted on September 27 , 1598 , that Quiney should ride to London about the suit to Sir John Fortescue , chancellor of the Exchequer , for discharging of the tax and subsidy .
Sir Ed. Gre. is gonne to Brestowe and from thence to Lond. as I heare , who verie well knoweth our estates and wil be willinge to do us ani good '' .
His letter of October 26 named two of the men about whom Quiney had written to Shakespeare the day before .
He was in London `` searching records for our town's causes '' in 1600 with young Henry Sturley , the assistant schoolmaster .
she `` labored & thought she shuld effecte '' it but her husband said that `` we shuld wynne it by the sworde '' .
This seems to refer , not to the loan Richard had asked for , but to a proposed bargain with Shakespeare .
A letter signed `` Isabell Bardall '' entreated `` Good Cozen '' Quiney to find her stepson Adrian , son of George Bardell , a place in London with some handicraftsman .
His servant Robin Whitney threatened Quiney , who had Whitney bound to `` the good abaringe '' to keep the peace .
another I bought there to bring me home 7 weeks ; ;
`` If you can firmly make the good knight sure to pleasure our Corporation '' , Sturley wrote , `` besides that ordinary allowance for your diet you shall have 20 for recompence '' .
He had been in London for several weeks when he wrote to Shakespeare on October 25 .
In his second letter the old mercer advised his son `` to bye some such warys as yow may selle presentlye with profet .

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The trouble here is that it's almost too easy to take the high moral ground when it doesn't cost you anything .
Is it not ironical that Roger Williams's state , Rhode Island , should have been the very last of the forty-eight to establish a state university ? ?
Was it supposed , perchance , that A & M ( vocational training , that is ) was quite sufficient for the immigrant class which flooded that part of the New England world in the post-Civil War period , the immigrants having been brought in from Southern Europe , to work in the mills , to make up for the labor shortage caused by migration to the West ? ?
There is a legend ( Hawthorne records it in his `` English Notebooks '' .
Southern Liberals ( there are a good many ) -- especially if they're rich -- often exhibit blithe insouciance .
) and was repealed .
I was having lunch not long ago ( apologies to N. V. Peale ) with three distinguished historians ( one specializing in the European Middle Ages , one in American history , and one in the Far East ) , and I asked them if they could name instances where the general mores had been radically changed with `` deliberate speed , majestic instancy '' ( Francis Thompson's words for the Hound Of Heaven's Pursuit ) by judicial fiat .
It ignores the sordid financial aspects ( quite conveniently , too , for his audience , who could indulge in moral indignation without visible , or even conscious , discomfort , their money from the transaction having been put away long ago in a good antiseptic brokerage ) .
That the Court order does not unequally affect the Southern region ? ?
Who will say that our country is even now a homogeneous community ? ?
It is true that New England , more than any other section , was dedicated to education from the start .
Calhoun dealt with this question in his `` Disquisition On Government '' .
The slaves never shared in their profits , while they did share , in a very real sense , in the profits of the slave-owners : they were fed , clothed , doctored , and so forth ; ;
) , what voices would be left ? ?
Lincoln was historian and economist enough to know that a substantial portion of this wealth had accumulated in the hands of the descendants of New Englanders engaged in the slave trade .
He also spoke of `` the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years in unrequited toil '' .
Well , after everybody has followed the New England pattern of segregating one's children into private schools , only the poor folks are left .
Moreover , the law of the land is not irrevocable ; ;
Mr. Justice Taney's Dred Scott decision in 1857 was unpopular in the North , and soon became a dead letter .
But I think that something more than this is involved .
I don't propose to go into their history , but I have one or two surmises .
The phrase `` consent of the governed '' needs a hard look .
For over a hundred years Southerners have felt that the North was picking on them .
To guard against the tyranny of a numerical majority , Calhoun developed his theory of `` concurrent majority '' , which , he said , `` by giving to each portion of the community which may be unequally affected by the action of government , a negative on the others , prevents all partial or local legislation '' .
Like Pilate , they had washed their hands .
A Yale historian , writing a few years ago in The Yale Review , said : `` We in New England have long since segregated our children '' .
It would be interesting to know how much `` integration '' there is in the famous , fashionable colleges and prep schools of New England .
One can meet with aloofness almost anywhere : the THIDIU viewpoint , It Doesn't Affect Us ! !
But that was a long time ago .
Can God be mocked , ever , in the long run ? ?
The Declaration of Independence says that `` governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed '' .
He seemed a little surprised that it should have caused any particular trouble anywhere .
Circumstances alter cases .
In the pre-Civil War years , the South argued that the slave was not less humanely treated than the factory worker of the North .
Lincoln understood this better than most when he said in his `` Second Inaugural '' that God `` gives to both North and South this terrible war , as the woe due to those by whom the offense came '' .
I must confess that I prefer the Liberal who is personally affected , who is willing to send his own children to a mixed school as proof of his faith .
There one finds concentrated in a comparatively small area the chief universities , colleges , and preparatory schools of the United States .
After how many generations is such wealth ( mounting all the while through the manipulations of high finance ) purified of taint ? ?
Who will deny that in a vast portion of the South the Federal action is incompatible with the Jeffersonian concept of `` the consent of the governed '' ? ?
In town after town my companion pointed out the Negro school and the White school , and in every instance the former made a better appearance ( it was newer , for one thing ) .
The clause reprobating the enslaving the inhabitants of Africa was struck out in complaisance to South Carolina and Georgia , who had never attempted to restrain the importation of slaves , and who on the contrary still wished to continue it .
But didn't they get off too easy ? ?
A Virginia judge a while back cited a Roman jurist to the effect that ten years might be a reasonable length of time for such a change .
It is the abstractionism , the unrealism , of the pure idealist .
That regional peculiarities do not still exist ? ?
A recent newspaper report said there were five Negroes in the 1960 graduating class of nearly one thousand at Yale ; ;
People talk about `` the law of the land '' .
But I suspect that the old Roman was referring to change made under military occupation -- the sort of change which Tacitus was talking about when he said , `` They make a desert , and call it peace '' ( `` Solitudinem faciunt , pacem appellant '' .
Is the consent of the governed a numerical majority ? ?
It is a question which New Englanders long ago put out of their minds .
A friend of mine in New Mexico said the Court order had caused no particular trouble out there , that all had gone as merry as a marriage bell .
Who is involved willy nilly ? ?
Isn't it a bit odd that the three states of Southern New England ( Massachusetts , Connecticut , and Rhode Island ) have had state institutions of university status only in the very recent past , these institutions having previously been A & M colleges ? ?
Being a teacher of American literature , I remembered Whittier's `` Massachusetts To Virginia '' , where he said : `` But that one dark loathsome burden ye must stagger with alone , And reap the bitter harvest which ye yourselves have sown '' .
I'm talking about the grand manner of the Liberal -- North and South -- who is not affected personally .
It was nice to be able to isolate it .
Complicity is an embarrassing word .
At the present time , the counter-attack takes the line that there's no more of the true spirit of `` integration '' in the North than in the South .
You've already sent your daughter to Miss X's select academy for girls and your son to Mr. Y's select academy for boys , and you can be as liberal as you please with strict impunity .
A man must be able to say , `` Father , I have sinned '' , or there is no hope for him .
In the early days of a homogeneous population , the public school was quite satisfactory .
The line is a pretty good one .
it can be changed ; ;
Like the cowboy in Stephen Crane's `` Blue Hotel '' , we run around crying , `` Well , I didn't do anything , did I '' ? ?
Prohibition was the law of the land , but it was unpopular ( how many of us oldsters took up drinking in prohibition days , drinking was so gay , so fashionable , especially in the sophisticated Northeast ! !
By what right of superior virtue , Southerners ask , do the people of the North do this ? ?
The cliche loses its talismanic virtue in the light of a little history .
George W. Cable ( naturalized New Englander ) , writing in 1889 from `` Paradise Road , Northampton '' ( lovely symbolic name ) , agitated continuously the `` Southern question '' .
And what a galaxy of those adorns that fair land ! !
Whether historically a fact or not , the legend has a certain symbolic value .
Pay him '' ! !
The expression has become quite a cliche .
Emerson -- Platonist , idealist , doctrinaire -- sounded a high Transcendental note in his `` Boston Hymn '' , delivered in 1863 in the Boston Music Hall amidst thundering applause : `` Pay ransom to the owner and fill the bag to the brim .
The New England conscience became desensitized .
And it is precisely in this poorer economic class that one finds , and has always found , the most racial friction .
It really looked as if a change of the sort predicted by Booker T. Washington had been going on .
How did it happen , for example , that the state university , that great symbol of American democracy , failed to flourish in New England as it did in other parts of the country ? ?
He was referring not only to the general college situation but more especially to the preparatory schools .
It's infuriating , this feeling that one is being picked on , continually , constantly .
But with the renewal of interference in 1954 ( as with its beginning in 1835 ) , the improvement was impaired .
that is , about one-half of one per cent , which looks pretty `` tokenish '' to me , especially in an institution which professes to be `` national '' .
After only eighteen years of non-interference , there were already indications of melioration , though `` in a slight degree '' , to be sure .
) .
A dear , respected friend of mine , who like myself grew up in the South and has spent many years in New England , said to me not long ago : `` I can't forgive New England for rejecting all complicity '' .
There were more indications by the mid-twentieth century .
The slave is owner , And ever was .
But people can't be made to integrate , socialize ( the two are inseparable by Southern standards ) by law .
It is something which most of us try to get out from under .
New England , as everyone knows , has long been schoolmaster to the Nation .
One is that they were established , or gained eminence , under pressure provided by these same immigrants , from whom the old families wished to segregate their children .
They may even enroll a colored student or two for show , though he usually turns out to be from Thailand , or any place other than the American South .
I leave out of account the question of the best interests of the children , the question of what their best interests really are .
Robert Penn Warren puts it this way in `` Brother To Dragons '' : `` The recognition of complicity is the beginning of innocence '' , where innocence , I think , means about the same thing as redemption .
They didn't seem to be able to think of any .
The state universities of Maine , New Hampshire , And Vermont are older and more `` respectable '' ; ;
If these people were denied a voice ( do they have a moral right to a voice ? ?
it has been , many times .
If there's no suitable academy in your own neighborhood , there's always New England .
The traditional strategy of the South has been to expose the vices of the North , to demonstrate that the North possessed no superior virtue , to `` show the world that '' as James's Christopher Newman said to his adversaries ) `` however bad I may be , you're not quite the people to say it '' .
Why should this be so ? ?
they had less immigration to contend with .
But can one , really ? ?
Who is the owner ? ?
they were the beneficiaries of responsible , paternalistic care .
Our Northern brethren also I believe felt a little tender under those censures ; ;
I murmured something about a possible difference between New Mexico's history and Mississippi's .
And one finds it again in Thomas Nelson Page ) to the effect that the Mayflower on its second voyage brought a cargo of Negro slaves .
New Englanders were a bit sensitive on the subject of their complicity in Negro slavery at the time of the drafting of the Declaration of Independence , as Jefferson explained in his `` Autobiography '' : ``
I leave it to the statisticians to say what they were , but I noticed several a few years ago , during an automobile ride from Memphis to Hattiesburg .
for though their people had very few slaves themselves , yet they had been pretty considerable carriers of them to others '' .
New England academies welcome fugitives from the provinces , South as well as West .
How do we define it '' ? ?

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They must be freezing up there now .
Five came up while Owen was listening to The Wrangler and he neglected to play , a loss of ten dollars .
he had to find some way to close this impossible conversation .
He looked off to the crest of the Sierras , still white-topped ; ;
he heard her knocking on another door .
he studied the pistol exhibition that Hurrays featured as an added attraction .
`` You haven't been listening to what I've been telling you .
All , of course , except the Donner party who were bent on starving to death .
`` Don't forget whiskey ; ;
then he realized he was hungry .
There was swimming over at the Riverside Hotel , but his skin was so white he looked like the bottom of a frog .
The women had a bright shining expectancy as they leaned out from the wall and gazed splendidly into the distance , while the men were stern but hopeful .
`` Hi , Buzz '' , Owen said .
`` I don't know much about them '' , Owen admitted , `` but I suppose they have their own religion and they probably resent outsiders coming in and telling them what to do and what not to do '' .
`` I'm Mrs. Gertrude Parker '' , a soft voice explained , `` And I'd like to talk to you for a few minutes , please '' .
Probably saw me in the lobby .
He ogled a long redhead with green eyes , but she was a shill with her money in front of her .
He was disappointed to find a nervous , scrawny woman with a big hat standing at the door .
She sat down and played two slots at once , looking grim , as if bested by mechanical devices , and Owen felt sorry for the lay-sisters depending on her support .
`` If you go broke '' , she said , smiling up at him , `` I'll leave you '' .
It sounded silly ; ;
`` Yes '' , Owen called out .
`` I'm allergic to Tahoe '' , Owen explained .
He had no great prejudice against shills ; ;
I don't think you'll find many active Christian salesmen .
The management discreetly withdrew the green stuff into the office and gave the customers chips or checks or premium points .
There was a check from his company , and the usual enthusiastic bulletins on new lines they always issued .
Although it was only three o'clock , he stopped in at the Golden Calf .
She smiled in a sickly-tolerant fashion .
Ahah , he thought , a lush divorcee at last .
He was shorter and fatter than Owen , who felt good standing next to him .
Forebearing , Owen kept his peace .
`` Sounds like real love '' , Owen said .
`` I have no card '' , she said bitterly .
He's a pinto and he photographs wonderfully '' .
When Owen was finally rid of him , there was a timid rap at the door .
We'll get it in a hurry and get it out '' .
He sat down next to a heavily-upholstered blonde , but she was cleaned out in twenty minutes .
`` I didn't say it was Christian .
People don't know how much they give away about themselves by remarks like that .
`` We'll see you around later '' .
`` My name's Gisele '' , the blonde said after she ordered a Scotch .
He showered , shaved , dressed and went down to the dining room for breakfast .
She frowned at his green pajamas with the yellow moons .
`` Do you have any idea how far I travel every day ? ?
He considered some interesting excursion but he was on the road every day from dawn to dusk .
`` Tough '' , Buzz said , `` Listen , we're having a stag dinner over at the Pagan Room on Friday .
`` I'm just logging '' , the cowboy explained .
`` We're all going over to Lake Tahoe and try our luck at Cal-Neva '' , Buzz explained , still instigating .
They all had the hard look of gamblers who had stopped dreaming , who automatically turned the cards , hardly caring what showed up .
`` I'm sure the hotel doesn't know you're wandering around the corridors , knocking on strangers' doors and talking down Eskimos '' .
Can't you help them '' ? ?
His lawyer had sent him a statement on his overdue alimony , and there was a letter from the Collector of Internal Revenue asking him to stop in his office and explain last year's exemptions .
`` Thanks '' , Owen said , `` but Friday is a long way off and anything can happen '' .
`` We ran into a guy at the Pagan Room who guarantees we can beat the wheel .
I could , he thought , take a long walk -- but where ? ?
She sighed a dirty word and left .
He wondered if he might bag a tourist , but they looked frightened of him .
Then there was exercise , boating and hiking , which was not only good for you but also made you more virile : the thought of strenuous activity left him exhausted .
I feel it's my duty .
`` You know '' , he said , getting a grip on himself , `` I think you're going to have to excuse me .
Just to test himself , he played roulette for quarters on his old combination , five and seventeen , and within an hour , he had won , surprisingly , twenty dollars .
She stood indecisively for a moment , then walked down the hall ; ;
The Golden Calf was dimly lit with shaded neon .
His adventurous spirit had waned ; ;
More people were passing ; ;
Owen went over to the crap table and the dice were hot , but he couldn't pyramid with any consecutive success .
Owen wanted to be pleasant because Buzz worked the territory next to his , but he hadn't come to Reno for stag dinners .
A dried-up cowboy sat down next to him in the blonde's place .
He felt suddenly elated , adventurous .
The telephone rang .
I do this work all on my own , because I understand the difficulties and I want to help these lay-sisters .
He asked curiously .
She said , semi-professionally .
it just seemed such a dry run .
He was a little more authentic than usual because he smelled slightly of the stables .
Imagine a stag dinner with Toodle Williams '' .
why go on ? ?
Wow .
`` You're in the secular world '' .
Several people passed in the hall and stared as he slowly retreated , trying to close the door a little , and she slowly leaned toward him and raised her voice .
when the management brought around champagne , the breakfast settled its whirling around in his stomach .
`` Let's have a drink and discuss a merger '' .
it's such a big seller '' .
`` Yes '' ? ?
I have the whole Pacific Northwest '' .
`` They are a very difficult group of people '' .
`` Nice to know you .
`` Well , of course I do .
`` Our church is sponsoring a group of very courageous women up in Alaska .
everyone was flipping silver dollars .
`` Something about the pollen '' .
It took him about fifteen minutes to calm himself ; ;
They're up there in that freezing climate and all of us have to try and help them '' .
`` Oh , I just come once a week .
Owen found Buzz watching chuck-a-luck .
`` How's your luck , honey '' ? ?
I'm always trying to find a breaking table in blackjack .
I'll make them dance the tango .
Owen was aware he was getting overexcited but he couldn't help himself .
I only hope my talking to you has helped you a little , anyway , because you need spiritual bucking-up '' .
Strippers , but scrumptious , and Toodle Williams and her all-lesbian band '' .
Smug , Owen thought , smug and sappy .
He passed two brides , both wearing orchids , and they made him feel a little sad .
`` Why is that '' ? ?
`` God , I take it , plays no part in this '' , she said waspishly .
How , he wondered , does one enjoy one's spare time ? ?
On the way he stopped at the desk to receive his mail .
`` You see '' , she said , looking past him into the room , where the highball glasses sparkled dully in the bright light , `` you and I can't understand the many hardships they have to undergo '' .
Incidentally , I'm pretty famous in these parts : I'm called The Wrangler '' .
`` What you need is a steady martingale '' , the cowboy announced after watching Owen play .
That she was out for a touch was certain , but when did she get to the pitch ? ?
There were more women than men in the place , but he couldn't find a flowerpot .
I once trained a horse for Hoot Gibson , but nothing like Sparky .
The mural around the wall depicted early settlers in covered wagons , who appeared much more animated than the gamblers .
Our key salesmen are in appliances and cosmetics '' .
She apparently wasn't satisfied with his reaction .
`` How did you get by the desk '' ? ?
There was a slight nervous twitch in the region of her left eye .
Not that religion isn't big business ; ;
those bibles and prayer books make a lot of money for publishing houses , but they don't get top personnel .
My mother wanted to call me Sylphide , but it sounded too affected '' .
`` It sort of brings a lump to my throat '' .
She looked crestfallen , as if he had somehow disappointed the whole human race .
What would happen next ? ?
I'll think it over '' .
When he looked in the back , Mrs. Gertrude Parker was marking keno cards .
He started out as a stickman , then became a pit boss until the Club found him crossroading .
This proved conclusively that The Wrangler was a jinx , so he walked on down to Hurrays , an even more glorified gambling den than the Golden Calf .
`` Probably down at the bar .
It gave her a lewd , winking effect .
I have an appointment '' .
`` I went over to the Willows and dropped two notes '' .
Buzz was a tireless instigator who never let his victims rest .
`` You can't build on your hit-and-miss five-seventeen '' .
I'm with the Bar-H , pushing a horse called Sparky .
Owen asked .
`` What are you playing '' ? ?
`` Named after the ballet .
Buzz had on a Hawaiian shirt and was carrying some sun-tan oil and dark glasses .
`` You know , that's very interesting .
`` How do you do '' ? ?
Don't you have to spend any time on your ranch '' ? ?
With any luck at all he could easily find a flowerpot .
He read a special announcement whereby Hurrays would feature a special floorshow at three A.M. starring Adele ( The Body ) Brenner and fourteen glamorous schoolgirls .
I figure if I can get any kind of publicity campaign going , I'll land him on TV -- you know , one of those favorite horses for some Western hero .
The more canvassing I do , the more I note how far most people are from their personal God '' .
Owen was surprised to see Mrs. Gertrude Parker playing the one-arm bandits that were cunningly arranged by the entrance .
`` Have you ever tried to reason with an Eskimo '' ? ?
`` Well , okay '' , Buzz said .
We call them lay-sisters and they go among the Eskimos making friends and bringing the light .
The way was opening up ; ;
`` I haven't had any luck since I was a baby '' .
`` God doesn't have any appliance or cosmetics '' , he said heatedly before he caught himself .
`` Oh '' ? ?
A short platinum blonde in a bursting sun-suit addressed him .
`` I can imagine '' , she said .
the glisten of the Truckee River made a wide spangle .
Every day I visit a different hotel .
`` That's hardly a Christian approach '' , she remonstrated .
`` And whiskey '' , she said , smiling and blinking at the highball glasses .
She looked well-fed and prosperous , but he didn't get the impression he was being propositioned the way he'd been hoping .
Do you know these women go all through Alaska , and they don't have the proper facilities ? ?
`` I wonder if they did eat each other at the end '' , Owen mused .
The tables were all spinning , the dice rattling , the bar crowded .
There was no cash around ; ;
`` You missed it '' , Buzz's voice said , `` You should have gone over to the Pagan Room with us .
`` Stake me '' , she said , `` and let me at those dice .
`` I keep all these plays in this little black book , and I watch over a twelve-hour period to find out what numbers are repeating .
He ate breakfast in a sullen mood , but afterwards , when he walked out onto Virginia Street , he felt braced .
This Sparky can rack and single-foot and he's the fastest thing in Washoe County .
He was knocking down checks at faro '' .
But roulette's not my game .
But what do you want to do about the lay-sisters ? ?
He laughed and laughed .
He's my own horse , and what I collect from him I use on blackjack .
Mrs. Gertrude Parker drew back .
`` Leave a card or something .
Perhaps a packing trip into the Sierras , let his beard grow -- but that was too stark .
Perhaps golf , with a fashionable companion -- but he'd lost his clubs , hadn't played in years .
She asked , winking wildly .
They travel in pairs as much as a hundred-and-fifty miles a day '' .

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But what the elements could not do was seriously threatened when Brigadier General William E. ( Grumble ) Jones reached Philippi while on the famous Jones-Imboden raid in May , 1863 .
The Essex Merrimack Bridge when first built was not covered .
Jones relented , he did not order his men to apply the torch -- the drove of livestock was driven up the valley , via Beverly , and across the mountains to feed and serve the Confederate army , while Jones and his raiders turned toward Buckhannon to join forces with Imboden .
Information is hereby given that Mr. Timothy Palmer of Newburyport , Mass. has agreed to take charge of the concerns of the Patentees of the Chain Bridge , in the states of Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont , Rhode Island , and Connecticut , so far as relates to the sale of Patent rights and the construction of Chain Bridges .
Never rebuilt , the bridge was strengtened in 1938 by two extra piers , a concrete floor , and a walk-way along the upper side in order to care for modern traffic .
An advertisement in the `` Newburyport Herald '' , December 21 , 1810 , shows Palmer in a new light as an expert on chain bridges .
The southern half , however , on account of its underbracing , was considered by boat owners a menace to navigation .
The division between the island and this shore , consists principally of an arch ; ;
He says of it :
`` Whereas , a Bridge over Merrimack River , from the Land of Hon'ble Jonathan Greenleaf , Esquire , in Newbery , to Deer Island , and from said Island to Salisbury , would be of very extensive utility , by affording a safe Conveyance to Carriages , Teams and Travellers at all seasons of the year , and at all Times of Tide .
On the second occasion it took prayers as well as reason to dissuade the soldiers from their purpose .
This document began : `` No. 1 Newbury Port , may 30th , 1791
I have already mentioned that Mr. Timothy Palmer of Newburyport was the inventor of the arched bridges in this country .
So frequently have pictures of the bridge appeared in books and in national publications that it vies with the old John Brown Fort at Harpers Ferry as the two nationally best known structures in West Virginia .
The reporter must have written this with tongue in cheek , because Dexter's oration could hardly be understood ; ;
It is one of the very few , if not the only surviving bridge of its type to serve a main artery of the U.S. highway system , thus it is far more than a relic of the horse and buggy days .
The `` Essex Journal '' says that he `` delivered an oration on the bridge , which for elegance of style , propriety of speech or force of argument , was truly Ciceronian '' .
This chain bridge proved less durable than the wooden arch on the Salisbury end .
It still stands as a monument to the engineering skills of the last century and still serves in the gasoline age to carry heavy traffic on U.S. Route 250 -- the old Beverly and Fairmont Turnpike .
During the war it was in constant use by the wagon trains transporting supplies from the railhead at Grafton to the troops operating in the interior .
he reasoned and argued , pointing out that Jones or other Confederate commanders would need it should troops pass that way in retreat .
Colonel Frederick W. Lander , impersonated , will again make his break-neck ride down the steep declivity of Talbott's ( now College ) Hill and thunder across the bridge to join Colonel Benjamin F. Kelley's ( West ) Virginia Infantry , then swarming through the streets in pursuit of the retreating Confederates .
The matter was considered and reconsidered , and finally opposed , but in spite of many objections , the Court granted a charter on January 9 , 1792 .
`` Approved , Timothy Palmer ''
Union soldiers at times used it for sleeping quarters to escape from the rain or other inclement weather , and some of them left momentoes of their stay by carving their names and small tokens on its walls and beams .
`` It consists of two divisions , separated by an island at a small distance from the southern shore .
This two-part bridge is best described by Rev. Timothy Dwight , president of Yale College , in his `` Travels In New-England And New-York '' , published in New Haven in 1821 .
It stood in its original form until 1882 .
This second chain bridge was 570 feet long , had two thirty-foot towers and a draw , and a double roadway .
As far as we know , no American bridge had been thus protected in 1792 .
.
The north portion of the Essex bridge was well worth the cost of construction , although it proved to be twice what was estimated in the beginning .
and was there apprenticed to a builder and architect , Moody Spofford .
Sturdy and strong after more than a century of continuous use , the old covered , wooden bridge that spans the Tygartis Valley River at Philippi will have a distinctive part in the week-long observance of the first land battle of the Civil War at its home site , May 28th to June 3rd .
For their length , their types of construction , their picturesque settings , and their literary associations , they should be known and remembered .
whose chord is one hundred and sixty feet , and whose vortex is forty feet ( it was actually 37 feet ) above the high-water mark .
Timothy Palmer , who invented and later patented the arch type of construction for wooden bridges , was the genius who planned and supervised the building of the Essex , or `` Deer Island '' bridge although the actual work was carried out under the direction of William Coombs , who received $300 as recompense .
that he moved with his parents to West Boxford when he was sixteen years old ; ;
On November 26 of that year the bridge was completed and opened .
between the north shore of Deer Island and the Salisbury side there was an arch of 113 feet and a series of piers with a draw forty feet long .
The first bridge known to have been covered wholly or in part , -- and perhaps the most interesting one , connected Newbury ( now Newburyport ) with Salisbury Point .
Between the abutments on the Newbury shore and the south bank of Deer Island there was one span or arch measuring 160 feet ; ;
Centering around this historic old structure , a group of public-spirited Barbour County citizens have organized and planned a week-long series of events , beginning on May 28th and continuing through June 3rd , to observe most appropriately the centennial of the first land engagement of the Civil War at Philippi .
In spite of this catastrophe , the bridge was rebuilt on the same plan and opened again on July 17 , 1827 .
Completed and opened for traffic in 1852 , the bridge was designed and built by Lemuel Chenoweth and his brother , Eli , of Beverly .
The old-time bridges over the Merrimac River in Massachusetts are of unusual interest in many respects .
A brief description accompanying the picture says that the bridge contained more than 6000 tons of timber .
It was indeed a remarkable feat that a man who had had no experience of bridge building should have applied the principle of the arch , which appears in his famous bridges at Portsmouth , Haverhill , and Philadelphia .
As Mr. Palmer was educated to house-building only , and had never seen a structure of this nature ; ;
`` .
The horse and men were saved , but the oxen drowned .
Its original appearance is shown in an engraving published in the `` Massachusetts Magazine '' in May 1793 , which is reproduced herewith ( Fig. 1 ) .
John Templeman
He was closely followed by the Ohio and Indiana troops -- thus the old bridge has another distinction ; ;
This covered , wooden bridge is so closely identified with the first action in the early morning of June 3 , 1861 , and with subsequent troop movements of both armies in the Philippi area that it has become a part and parcel of the war story .
General Jones was fresh from a long series of bridge burnings , including the long bridge at Fairmont , and , after seeing a great drove of horses and cattle he had collected safely across the bridge , he sent his men to work piling combustibles in and around it .
`` Mr. Palmer will attend to any applications relating to bridges and if desired will view the proposed site , and lay out and superintend the work , or recommend a suitable person to execute it .
The bridge has survived the natural hazards of the elements , war , fire , and floods , as well as injuries incident to heavy traffic , for more than a hundred years .
This was built by John Templeman from plans submitted by James Finley of Fayette County , Pennsylvania .
It is hardly necessary to remind students of covered bridges that Timothy Palmer was born in 1751 in nearby Rowley ; ;
that of being the first such structure secured by force of arms in the war of the '60s .
This paper was signed by forty-five persons , subscribing a total of two hundred shares .
In appearance and construction it resembles the Pascataqua bridge .
Its building was first proposed in 1791 , when a group of citizens , mostly Newburyport men , petitioned the General Court for an act of incorporation .
The Philippi bridge , however , was the Chenoweth master piece , with its 139-foot , dual lane , span -- and it stands today as a monument to its builders .
and , although he later explained that he was talking French , it seems rather more likely that he had succumbed to the joys of the evening .
Twice during the Civil War it was saved from destruction by the opposing armies by the pleas and prayers of a local minister .
The Essex bridge was a toll crossing until 1868 , when the County Commissioners laid out all the Merrimack bridges as highways .
The Chenoweth brothers were experienced bridge builders , and against the competition of other , and better known , bridge designers and builders they had constructed nine of the covered , wooden bridges on the Parkersburg and Staunton Turnpike a dozen years before , as well as many other bridges for several counties .
The whole length of Essex bridge is one thousand and thirty feet and its breadth thirty-four .
Reverend Joshual Corder , a Baptist minister , gathered a few citizens of Southern sympathies , to call on Jones and plead with him to spare the structure ; ;
It is said that the eccentric Timothy Dexter , who was one of the first share-holders , stood on the table and made a speech worthy of the occasion .
A month later the General Court served notice to the town of Newbury that the bridge was to be built .
`` We , the Subscribers , do agree , that as soon as a convenient Number of Persons have subscribed to this , or a similar Writing , We will present a petition to the Hon'ble General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , praying for an Act incorporating into a Body politic the subscribers to such Writing with Liberty to build such a Bridge , and a Right to demand a Toll equal to that received at Malden Bridge , and on like Terms , and if such an Act shall be obtained , then we severally agree each with the others , that we will hold in the said Bridge the several shares set against our respective Names , the whole into two hundred shares being divided , and that we will pay such sums of Money at such Times and in such Manners , as by the said proposed Corporation , shall be directed and required '' .
Timothy Palmer had general supervision of the work .
In this sequence I shall write about them in the order of their erection .
Again Reverend Corder saved the bridge when Union soldiers planned to destroy it , after filling its two lanes with hay and straw -- but for what reason is not recorded nor remembered , certainly not because of pressure from an opposing Confederate force .
In 1810 it was torn down and replaced by a chain suspension bridge .
It reads : `` chain bridges
It fell , February 6 , 1827 , carrying with it a horse and wagon , two men and four oxen .
Richard S. Allen is the authority for the statement that the northern section was probably roofed by 1810 .
A dinner and celebration in honor of this piece of engineering took place July 4 , 1793 , in a tavern erected by the corporation on the island .
he certainly deserves not a little credit for the invention '' .

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Cloud made an interesting statement in parting from his client : `` I wanted to be a lawyer , and Mrs. Wright wanted me to be an avenging angel .
The misery of Miriam's bitterness can be felt today by anyone who studies the case -- it was hopeless , agonizing , and destructive , with Miriam herself bearing the heaviest burden of shame and pain .
Cried Wright , showing that automobiles were considered to be a danger as early as the 1920's .
No matter what troubles might betide him , this most American of artists knew in his heart he could not function properly outside his native land .
and it gave Miriam Noel a fund of energy like that of a person inspired to complete some great and universal work of art .
The distracted Miriam would agree to a settlement through her legal representative , then change her mind and make another attack on Wright as a person .
The first news stories had it that this blaze was started by a bolt of lightning , as though Miriam could call down fire from heaven like a prophet of the Old Testament .
Then Miriam varied the senseless psychological warfare by suddenly withdrawing a suit for separate maintenance that had been pending , and asking for divorce on the grounds of cruelty , with the understanding that Wright would not contest it .
To get an idea of the embarrassment and chagrin that was heaped upon Wright and Olgivanna , we should bear in mind that the raids were sometimes led by Miriam in person .
Miriam had not yet goaded him into mentioning her directly , but one can feel the generalized anger in Wright's remarks to reporters when he was asked , one morning on arrival in Chicago , what he thought of the city as a whole .
Miriam was stopped at the Taliesin gate , and William Weston , now the estate foreman , came out to parley .
Here Wright gave a slight sigh of weariness , and continued , `` It means more long years lived across the social grain of the life of our people , making shift to live in the face of popular disrespect and misunderstanding as I best can for myself and those dependent upon me '' .
I am an attorney , not an instrument of vengeance '' .
Yet somehow , when officers were prodded into visiting Taliesin to execute the warrants , they would find neither Wright nor Olgivanna at home .
`` Volstead laws , speed laws , divorce laws '' , he said , `` as they now stand , demoralize the individual , make liars and law breakers of us in one way or another , and tend to make our experiment in democracy absurd .
At this point Mrs. Frances Cupply , one of Wright's handsome daughters by his first wife , came from the house and tried to calm Miriam as she tore down a no visitors sign and smashed the glass pane on another sign with a rock .
Miriam Noel Wright said , `` Here I am at my own home , locked out so I must stand in the road '' ! !
After all , that's the job of the architect -- to give the world a little joy '' .
Flocks of writs , attachments , and unpleasant legal papers of every sort began to fly through the air .
how can he be financed so that he can find the work he ought to do ? ?
What irritated Miriam was that Wright had told the papers about a reasonable offer he had made , which he considered she would accept `` when she tires of publicity '' .
A series of conferences with friends and bankers began about this time ; ;
Mrs. Wright is without funds .
This time he was making no mistake .
Olgivanna -- in her country the nickname was a respectful form of address -- was not only attractive but shrewd , durable , sensible , and smart .
`` That isn't a boulevard , it's a racetrack '' ! !
Billy Koch , who had once worked for Wright as a chauffeur , gave a deposition for Miriam's use that he had seen Olgivanna living at Taliesin .
A storm did take place that night , and fortunately enough , it included a cloudburst that helped put out the flames .
Miriam now ordered Pengally to break down the gate , but he said he really couldn't go that far .
If you cut down these horrible buildings you'll have no more traffic jams .
`` Madame Noel , I think you had better go '' , said Mrs. Cupply .
This exhausted Wright's patience , and in consequence he talked freely to reporters in a Madison hotel suite .
Turning to the reporters , she asked , `` Did you hear her ? ?
The Bank of Wisconsin sent a representative to the judge's chambers in Madison to give information on Wright's ability to meet the terms .
but Wright stayed in the United States .
When I take over Taliesin , the first thing I'll do is fire you '' .
While this was under consideration , dauntless as ever Wright set about the building of Taliesin 3 .
nor was she moved by a letter from Wright pointing out that if he was not `` compelled to spend money on useless lawyer's bills , useless hotel bills , and useless doctor's bills '' , he could more quickly provide Miriam with a suitable home either in Los Angeles or Paris , as she preferred .
Then , with staring eyes and lips drawn thin , Miriam said to the young woman , `` You are ugly -- uglier than you used to be , and you were always very ugly .
`` This is a horrible way to live '' , Wright went on .
He was then asked for a solution of the difficulty , and began to talk trenchant sense , though private anguish showed through in the vehemence of his manner .
You are even uglier than Mr. Wright '' .
But surely Michigan Avenue was handsome ? ?
His mentioning of Japan and Holland had been merely the expression of wishful thinking .
He said that Mr. Wright was not in , and so could not be arrested on something called a peace warrant that Miriam was waving in the air .
`` Take a gigantic knife and sweep it over the Loop '' , Wright said .
But every time I suggested this to her , Mrs. Wright turned it down and demanded that I go out and punish Mr. Wright .
The first thing to do is get her some money by a temporary but definite adjustment pending a final disposition of the case .
Even so , many of the things that happened to Wright and Olgivanna seem inordinately severe .
and the question before these meetings was , here is a man of international reputation and proved earning power ; ;
And this is my own home '' .
So I got out .
Their afflictions centered on one maddening difficulty : Miriam held up the divorce proceedings that she herself had asked for .
If Mrs. Wright doesn't accept the terms in the morning , I'll go either to Tokyo or to Holland , to do what I can .
You'll have some joy in the life of this city .
No wonder Wright was enchanted -- no two better suited people ever met .
A troop of reporters brought up the rear .
`` And I think you had better leave '' , replied Miriam .
You'll have trees again .
The animosity expressed by such a scene had the penetrating quality of a natural force ; ;
Later accounts blamed defective wiring for starting the fire ; ;
He said that the architect might reasonably be expected to carry his financial burdens if all harrassment could be brought to an end , and that the bank would accept a mortgage on Taliesin to help bring this about .
In the silence that followed , Miriam walked close to Mrs. Cupply , who drew back a step on her side of the gate .
' I think you had better leave ' ! !
There were three years of this strange warfare ; ;
but the years that immediately followed were to be extraordinarily trying , both for Wright and his Montenegrin lady .
And now there was some question as to his continued residence there .
In spite of the disaster , Wright completed during this period plans for the Lake Tahoe resort , in which he suggested the shapes of American Indian tepees -- a project of great and appropriate charm , that came to nothing .
In a few weeks Miriam made another sortie at Taliesin , but was repulsed at the locked and guarded gates .
Almost from that day , until his death , Olgivanna was to stay at his side ; ;
As if to make certain that Wright would be unable to pay any settlement at all , Miriam wrote to prospective clients denouncing him ; ;
This might put Wright in such a bad light before a court that Miriam would be awarded Taliesin ; ;
From her California headquarters , Miriam fired back , `` I shall never divorce Mr. Wright , to permit him to marry Olga Milanoff '' .
and during the unhappy time , Miriam often would charge that Wright and Olgivanna were misdemeanants against the public order of Wisconsin .
At last her lawyer , Arthur D. Cloud , gave up the case because she turned down three successive settlements he arranged .
At this time Miriam Noel appeared , urging on Constable Henry Pengally , whose name showed him to be a descendant of the Welsh settlers in the neighborhood .
she also went to Washington and appealed to Senator George William Norris of Nebraska , the Fighting Liberal , from whose office a sympathetic but cautious harrumphing was heard .
Years were to pass before these plans came off the paper , and Wright was justified in thinking , as the projects failed , that much of what he had to show his country and the world would never be seen except by visitors to Taliesin .
Reporters began to trail Miriam everywhere , and to encourage her to make appalling statements about Wright and his doings .
Then she rounded on Weston and cried , `` You always did Wright's dirty work ! !
at any rate , heat grew so intense in the main part of the house that it melted the window panes , and fused the K'ang-si pottery to cinders .
Next day , word came that Miriam was not going through with the divorce ; ;
`` Cut off every building at the seventh floor .
Miriam Noel disregarded the free advice of her departing counselor , and appointed a heavy-faced young man named Harold Jackson to take his place .
Little enough joy was afforded Wright in the spring of 1925 , when another destructive fire broke out at Taliesin .
It must be granted that the flouting of convention , no matter how well intentioned one may be , is sure to lead to trouble , or at least to the discomfort that goes with social disapproval .
His reply was , `` Everything that has been printed derogatory to you , purporting to have come from me , was a betrayal , and nothing yet has been printed which I have sanctioned '' .
Miriam sniffed at this , and complained that Wright had said unkind things about her to reporters .
Under this kind of pressure , it is not surprising that Wright would make sweeping statements to the newspapers .
One of the most distressing of these scenes occurred at Spring Green toward the end of the open warfare , on a beautiful day in June .
As he made plans for the new Taliesin , Wright also got on paper his conception of a cathedral of steel and glass to house a congregation of all faiths , and the idea for a planetarium with a sloping ramp .
First , Wright said , he was choked by the smoke , which fortunately kept him from seeing the dreadful town .
You don't need concentration .
`` You are being strangled by traffic '' .
Miriam said that she must be assured that `` that other woman , Olga , will not be in luxury while I am scraping along '' .
I realize , in taking this stand , just what it means to me and mine '' .
Spread everything out .
Wright set his loss at $200,000 , a figure perhaps justified by the unique character of the house that had been ruined , and the faultless taste that had gone into the selection of the prints and other things that were destroyed .
Then , after overtures to accept a settlement and go through with a divorce , Miriam gave a ghastly echo of Mrs. Micawber by suddenly stating , `` I will never leave Mr. Wright '' .
This showed that common sense had not died out at the county and village level -- though why the unhappy and obviously unbalanced woman was not restrained remains a puzzle .
Amid a shortage of profitable work , the memory of Albert Johnson's $20,000 stood out in lonely grandeur -- the money had quickly melted away .

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( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked , it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control .
Sen. John L. McClellan of Arkansas and Rep. David Martin of Nebraska are again beating the drums to place the unions under the anti-monopoly laws .
it must play a game in which there never is a winner .
At the very moment that every attempt is being made to take management out from under the irrationality of anti-trust legislation , a drive is on to abolish collective bargaining under the guise of extending the anti-monopoly laws to unions who want no more than to continue to set wages in the same way that ship operators set freight rates .
The courts , by interpretation , emasculated the act .
The public atmosphere that has been generated which makes acceptance of this law a possibility stems from the disrepute into which the labor movement has fallen as a result of Mr. McClellan's hearings into corruption in labor-management relations and , later , into the jurisdictional squabbles that plagued industrial relations at the missile sites .
It is now disclosed that the taxpayer not only pays for high wages , but he pays the employers' strike expenses when the latter undertakes to fight a strike .
Labor remained a commodity -- but presumably a privileged one granted immunization from the anti-trust laws .
Business Week ( Aug. 9 , 1961 ) reports that the United Aircraft Company , against which the International Association of Machinists had undertaken a strike , decided to keep its plants operating .
Should these giants really flex their competitive muscles , they would become the only survivors in the industry .
( P. 214 ) anti-trust laws became the greatest protection to uncontrolled business dictatorship .
He wrote : `` ( P. 211 ) the anti-trust laws were the answer of a society which unconsciously felt the need of great organizations , and at the same time had to deny them a place in the moral and logical ideology of the social structure .
In People vs. Fisher , Justice Savage of the New York Supreme Court declared :
As early as 1776 , Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth Of Nations : `` We have no acts of Parliament against combining to lower the price of work ; ;
Senator McClellan is proposing the application of anti-trust measures to unions in transportation .
The past usefulness of the anti-trust laws to management was explained by Thurman Arnold , in The Folklore of Capitalism , back in 1937 .
The suit against the union was successful and many workers lost their homes to pay off the judgment .
but the right does not exist to raise the wages of the mechanic by any forced and artificial means '' .
Compare this statement of a nineteenth-century judge with how Congressman Martin , according to the Daily Labor Report of Sept. 19 , 1961 , defends the necessity of enacting anti-trust legislation in the field of labor `` if we wish to prevent monopolistic fixing of wages , production or prices and if we wish to preserve the freedom of the employer and his employees to contract on wages , hours and conditions of employment '' .
However , one can argue that no such control is necessary as long as one pretends that the anti-trust laws are effective and rational .
Rep. Frank Kowalski of Connecticut has brought this problem to the attention of the Armed Services Committee .
Uncle Sam would then accuse them of creating a monopoly by `` unfair competition '' .
Eighteenth-century England , upon whose customs our common law was built , had outlawed unions as monopolies and conspiracies .
The industry is so structured that price-setting by a multi-product company will vary with the way overhead charges are allocated -- whether marginal or average pricing is applied .
The tortured reasoning that unions use to deny their ambition to exercise monopoly power over the supply and price of labor is one of the things that create a legal profession .
Let us look at the heavy-electrical-goods industry in which General Electric , Westinghouse and a number of other manufacturers were recently convicted of engaging in a conspiracy to rig prices and allocate the market .
In the famous Danbury Hatters case , a suit was brought against the union by the Loewe Company for monopolistic practices , e.g. , trying to persuade consumers not to purchase the product of the struck manufacturer .
The question might be asked : `` Don't the managements of the heavy-electrical-goods manufacturers know these facts ? ?
Indeed , it is in the field of transportation that Congress has most frequently granted employers exemption from the anti-trust laws ; ;
A plea of nolo contendere , followed by a nominal fine , after all is a small price to pay for this untrammeled license .
The Wagner Act , the Taft-Hartley Act and the Landrum-Griffin Act all endorse the principle of collective bargaining .
If a union cannot perform this function , then collective bargaining is being palmed off by organizers as a gigantic fraud .
`` Without any officious and improper interference on the subject , the price of labor or the wages of mechanics will be regulated by the demand for the manufactured article and the value of that which is paid for it ; ;
If a substitute mechanism is needed for the control of a fictitious impersonal market , quite obviously some method must be devised for representing the public interest .
)
Paradoxically , the same week in which Senator McClellan was attempting to extend the anti-trust act to labor in transportation , the Civil Aeronautics Board was assuring the airlines that if they met in concert to eliminate many costly features of air travel , the action would not be deemed a violation of the anti-trust act .
Naturally , enterprises of the size of General Electric are in a position to structure their prices in such a way that the relatively small competitors can be forced to the wall in a very short time .
In other words , the anti-trust laws , designed to reduce prices to the consumer on Monday , Wednesday and Friday , become a tool to protect the marginal manufacturer on Tuesday , Thursday and Saturday .
The committee remains unresponsive .
The basic purpose of an effective collective-bargaining system is the removal of wages from competition .
The problem becomes even more complex where an enterprise is engaged in the manufacture of a wide variety of other goods in addition to the heavy electrical equipment .
( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event , it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known , held together by some of the most fantastic ideas , all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government '' .
The company has billed the United States Government for $7,500,000 of these expenses under the Defense Department regulation allowing costs of a type generally recognized as ordinary and necessary for the conduct of the contractor's business .
Engaging in such a conspiracy was an act of mercy by the giants .
The fact is that any business that wants to operate successfully cannot follow the law .
Neither has Congressman Martin nor Senator McClellan been heard from on the matter ; ;
If laborers are merely commodities competing against each other in a market place like so many bags of wheat and corn ( unsupported , by the way , by any agricultural subsidy ) , then they may be pardoned for reacting with complete antagonism to a system that imposes such status upon them .
Those who favor placing trade unions under anti-trust laws imply that they are advocating a brand new reform .
In 1922 , the United Mine Workers struck the Coronado Coal Company .
In 1825 , the Boston house carpenters' strike for a ten-hour day was denounced by the organized employers , who declared : `` It is considered that all combinations by any classes of citizens intended to effect the value of labor tend to convert all its branches into monopolies '' .
This escape from control has led to management's evaluating the risk of occasional irrational prosecution as worth while .
Or , in the words of Anatole France , `` The law in its majestic equality must forbid the rich , as well as the poor , from begging in the streets and sleeping under bridges '' .
Hypocrisy thus becomes the answer to a foolish public policy .
Under the circumstances , the only protection for the relatively small manufacturers is to engage in exactly the kind of conspiracy with the giants for which the latter were convicted .
The acceptance of collective bargaining as a national policy in 1934 , implicit in the writing of Section 7A of the National Industrial Recovery Act , has made it impolitic to oppose collective bargaining in principle .
Quite clearly the anti-trust laws are neither effective nor rational -- and yet the argument goes that they should be extended to the labor union .
but many against combining to raise it '' .
The problem must be faced squarely .
The recent publicity attending the successful federal prosecution of a conspiracy indictment against a number of electrical manufacturers has evoked a new respect for the anti-trust laws that is justified neither by their rationale nor by the results they have obtained .
In this manner , every scheme for direct control broke to pieces on the great protective rock of the anti-trust laws .
Why did they engage in a flood of mea culpas , throw a few scapegoats to the dogs and promise to be good boys thereafter , expressing their complete confidence in the laws '' ? ?
( The penalties handed out in the electrical case , which included jail sentences , were unprecedented in anti-trust prosecutions , perhaps because the conspirators had displayed unusual ineptness in their pricing activities .
for example , the organization of steamship conferences to set freight rates and the encouragement of railroads to seek mergers .
Once more the fallacious equation is advanced to argue that since business is restricted under the anti-monopoly laws , there must be a corresponding restriction against labor unions : the law must treat everybody equally .
The courts shared the opinion of the employers .
The passage of the Sherman Act was aimed at giant monopolies .
It was most effective against trade unions .
The company sued under the anti-trust laws , alleging that the union's activity interfered with the movement of interstate commerce .
In 1914 , the Clayton Act attempted to take labor out from under the anti-trust legislation by stating that human labor was not to be considered a commodity .
A secret conspiracy of manufacturers is hardly such a vehicle .
The paradox implicit in the whole affair is shown by the demand of the government , after the conviction , that General Electric sign a wide-open consent decree that it would not reduce prices so low as to compete seriously with its fellows .
The anti-trust laws inform a business that it must compete , but along completely undefined lines ; ;
Accounting procedures can be varied to provide a rationale for almost any price .
Before 1933 , individuals who opposed trade unions and collective bargaining said so in plain English .
The company incurred some $10 million of expenses attributable to four factors : advertising to attract new employees , hiring and training them , extra overtime , and defective work performed by the new workers .
The Senator was shocked by stoppages over allegedly trivial disputes that delayed our missile program .
( What other purpose could a striking union have but to interrupt the flow of commerce from the struck enterprise ? ?
they are preoccupied with ending labor abuses by extending the anti-monopoly laws to the unions .
His bill , allegedly aimed at Hoffa , would amend the Sherman , Clayton and Norris-LaGuardia acts to authorize the issuance of federal injunctions in any transportation strike and would make it illegal for any union to act in concert with any other union -- even a sister local in the same international .
There were no pious hypocrisies then about being for collective bargaining , but against labor monopoly .
But if they show self-restraint , they don't get the orders .
In addition , disclosures that missile workers were earning sums far in excess of what is paid for equivalent work elsewhere provoked his indignation on behalf of the American taxpayer who was footing the bill .
The law could not suspend economics .
) The court first ruled that the strike constituted only an indirect interference with commerce .
Human labor was exactly that -- a commodity -- in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America .
And which theory would govern the enforcers of the law on Sunday ? ?

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I had just the same as delivered him into the hands of the Devil ! !
`` You wouldn't '' .
Strange faces , most of them , and I wasn't even sure all of them had come from the League meeting .
After the meeting , there was going to be a party at someone's house .
`` Or I could visit Lucille Warren '' .
I wasn't in the habit of batting my eyes at delivery men , but the moment I saw Johnnie , I knew he was different .
`` And never show my face or my truck around here again '' .
`` I -- I don't think so , Ronald .
And I've been told that just about every town , no matter what its size , has its Lucille Warren .
It was all my doing -- his seeing her .
He shrugged noncommittally .
No price is too high when true love is at stake .
I could hardly believe such good luck was mine .
And if I could contribute to that , I'd do it .
`` Uh-huh .
Of course I enjoyed 'most anything if I did it with Johnnie .
He'd just admitted it to me .
A couple of the girls were laughing rather shrilly and I realized they were drinking .
But by the time the first crackling of spring came around , we both knew we were hopelessly in love .
`` Always and always , Johnnie '' ? ?
I had mixed emotions about going .
My folks and my faith protected me from things like that .
`` Who drinks far too much '' .
I wanted him , with a terrifying fierceness .
A chill wind in the air and the narrow streets packed with snow .
I didn't like it one bit .
But at least come along while I get lubricated '' .
They even talked about Lucille down at the Young Christians' League where I spent a lot of time in Bible classes and helping out with the office work for our foreign mission .
`` I always imagined I would probably end up marrying a minister or somebody like that .
You wouldn't '' .
The cost didn't matter .
He wasn't only different -- he was it .
My cousin Alma , at whose home I was staying during the convention , introduced me to a group of young people from Rhode Island .
I assumed Alma would get me there , but in the confusion of the meeting breaking up , we were separated .
And I had no doubts about how true this love was .
I was desperate to hold him , to give him whatever in this world he wanted or needed , and to keep him from the clutches of Lucille Warren .
Of course he would .
`` Look , Sue baby '' , he'd said .
Wouldn't Johnnie do practically anything in the world to insure my happiness ? ?
So one week later , I surrendered to him in the little motel on Route 10 .
He was too honorable to leave his wife penniless and leave those helpless children without their daddy .
And hadn't I rescued him from Lucille Warren ? ?
The kitchen was jammed .
Love you '' .
`` Johnnie ? ?
`` And smokes too much '' .
But what could I do ? ?
But I had looked forward so much to being with this church group .
But when Johnnie disguised the taste with ginger ale , I enjoyed it .
Johnnie rose on one elbow .
`` I don't see Alma anywhere '' , I said .
Astonishingly enough , it was my own voice I heard there in the darkness , begging this man to make love to me .
I had driven him into the arms of that scheming woman .
I asked him about it one night while we were sitting in his truck .
By the time we arrived , the party was already going strong .
`` Love me '' ? ?
`` Don't you dare '' .
It wasn't , I was sure , a difference in age that came between people , but a difference in maturity .
And now he was seeing her .
I couldn't help laughing with him .
But it didn't seem fair .
Not really '' .
Johnnie I suddenly realized he'd been totally out of my thoughts all evening .
He had an easy masculine grace about him , the kind that kids don't have , but that I had sometimes admired in other older men .
And now Lucille Warren had gotten a look at him .
Always '' .
But then he had said , `` All right , kid , if that's how you want it , that's how it'll be '' .
You can't keep that kind of information quiet in a town of only 4000-plus .
I had also thought a lot about how God must look on true love , and so in a way I was keeping my promise to God , my promise to remain pure until I was married .
`` Well , I should find Alma '' -- I began .
`` Need a pumpkin to get to the party '' ? ?
It was as blissful and fulfilling a night as any bride ever experienced .
I drew back .
She wouldn't have , even if he'd asked her .
surely he was still resting snugly in my heart .
I'd never even petted with a boy , and after I met Johnnie he never touched me for the longest while , not until I all but threw myself at him .
At first , Johnnie hadn't understood -- how could he , not being a religious person like me ? ?
Somebody with no vices .
From the entire eastern half of the nation they'd be coming , members of the Young Christians' League , and I'd been chosen to represent our chapter .
He gave me a straight , honest answer .
Neither was his wife .
I was practically a bride , after all .
But he wouldn't ask her -- he wasn't the kind of man who would force his wife to submit to him against her will .
One of them was a very friendly , lovely fellow named Ronald , a boy about my age with slick , blond hair and dancing blue eyes .
His smile was quick , and his eyes held some promised secret that made my knees go limp .
`` I might '' .
It's never wrong if love is real '' .
`` Always '' .
It was a vivid , sharp February morning that Johnnie first made his appearance in my back yard , bringing some stuff Dad had ordered .
So I went to Boston .
`` Alma , Schmalma .
`` Mmm '' .
Johnnie was a trucker with a small lumber outfit in a town about twenty miles away , and he was also pretty good at anything in the carpentry line .
Susan Dolan , that's me .
My very first time .
`` Will you always love me this way '' ? ?
It wasn't Johnnie's fault that he was hopelessly tied down to that frightful woman who did her best to make his life unbearable .
My folks wouldn't dream of having alcohol in the house , so my first taste of it had been -- of course -- with Johnnie .
`` Okay .
I thought so , and he mentioned it , and Alma said so too .
Against my folks' wishes , we'd been seeing each other for short rides in the truck .
`` Stop worrying .
Johnnie and I had been innocent in our love , and that was the way I wanted to keep it .
I never heard my folks talk about her , though .
You know '' .
Please ! !
And he wouldn't leave her either -- he'd told me that .
And so I was really upset the first time I discovered that my boy friend Johnnie was seeing Mrs. Warren .
Just because he was honorable enough to want to continue supporting his two children , as any decent man would , that was no reason he should be denied his own small share of happiness too .
`` You wouldn't .
`` Hey , there , beautiful twin of mine '' , Ronald said .
I had always resisted the passes made at me by other kids , and many times I had thought about my love for Johnnie who , being thirty , brought a maturity to love that the kids around town could know nothing about .
But I'd been a good girl and now God was blessing me with the gift of this magnificent man and the wondrous love we shared .
He looked very different from Johnnie -- in fact , he looked sort of like me .
C'mon , let's find out where they're keeping the glasses '' .
Even if they ever did say anything about people like Lucille Warren , I know they wouldn't have dreamed of saying it in front of me .
Yet even then we did nothing much but talk , and maybe neck a little .
It was only fitting that we seek out whatever joy our union might bring .
He was plenty attentive , all right , but he behaved like a gentleman , and I figured that , emotionally , I was closer to his age than to my own eighteen and a half .
My love for Johnnie was young and clean -- how could I possibly compete with a woman like that , who didn't hesitate to use her sex .
Convention time in Boston .
He examined his nails carefully .
I asked him if it was true .
I had had no wedding ceremony , no witnesses , no certificate of marriage , but I had all the joy that goes with them .
After all , Lucille Warren was a husband-stealer from way back .
But that was only natural , I decided ; ;
`` It can't be wrong , can it ? ?
I went .
`` No -- really '' .
But the only love I was giving him was the pure kind .
`` And '' , I was ticking off the items on my fingers , `` swears too much and goes out with the boys , whoever they are , too much , and who ever goes to church and won't even listen when I try to persuade him to come back to the fold '' .
Honest , kitten , that's all it is -- I don't even like Lucille much '' .
I hadn't liked it at first -- it was bitter and burning .
I'd been seeing Johnnie almost a year now , but I still didn't want to leave him for five whole days .
And , though at the time I blushed to admit it even to myself , there was in me a growing desire , a sexual awareness , that Johnnie had set in motion , an awareness that no other man had ever triggered .
I huddled miserably beside him in the truck .
I guess she was between affairs or something , but anyway , she had set her sights on Johnnie , my Johnnie .
Come along with me '' .
`` Love me , Johnnie '' .
Just as it has its Susan Dolan , though nobody'd ever bothered to tell me that .
The most unbelievable thing about the chance meeting was that he seemed interested in me , too .
I hadn't been doing as much work as I used to in Westfield and I felt funny about that and wanted to work harder than ever .
I took great comfort from his words , and smiled to myself in the darkness .
Not for me '' .
I felt no conflict between what I was doing and my strict religious upbringing .
I wanted to just throw myself into the good works of this fine group .
It was weeks before we even kissed for the first time .
Johnnie loved me and wanted me .
`` It's so crazy '' , I told him once .
A man had to have his release -- at least that's what the boys used to say in high school -- and I wasn't providing it for Johnnie .
Of this , I had no doubt .
He shrugged .
Outside , in the summertime fields behind the motel , a thousand crickets serenaded us .
`` And you fall for a lumber jockey '' .
Outside the hall , I anxiously looked around for her , then all at once there was a hand on my elbow .
`` I could walk out the door '' .
Idiot's delight , I later discovered .
`` Mmm '' .
I knew it as surely as everybody in Westfield -- that Lucille was a husband stealer .
I guess it was at that moment that I realized what I was up against in the person of Lucille Warren .
What could a mere twelve years matter ? ?
`` She's invisible tonight .
`` Uh huh .
Infinite peace , complete contentment .
He'd not only told me so , he'd proved it .
There would have been a ceremony if it had been possible .
The first meeting was held in Faneuil Hall , a great big place where we were able to meet members from all the other states .
They were good-living religious people , and I can truthfully say I never heard them spread any gossip about anybody .
`` Aw , come on '' .
The rides were tame enough -- mostly we talked .
And I snuggled closer to the man I loved .
She'd have gotten him , if I hadn't stopped her .
But what had I done , trying to keep us pure ? ?
Much as I love you -- well , a guy's a guy and Lucille's willing to -- to come across .
`` I will , kitten '' ! !
He still wasn't looking at me .

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he was to try to make no converts ; ;
He found Elizabeth in the parlor and asked her to make sure everything was in order in the residential hall , and then to take charge of the office while the party was here .
`` Oh '' ? ?
He had already been studying the Bible ; ;
His arm had been giving him some trouble and Rector was not enough of a medical expert to determine whether it had healed improperly or whether Hino was simply rebelling against the tedious work in the print shop , using the stiffness in his arm as an excuse .
At two thirty he sent Fujimoto to the top of the wall at the northeast corner of the mission to keep an eye on the ridge road and give a signal when he first glimpsed the approach of Kayabashi's party .
I want to create the impression of a compound full of children .
When the telephone rang on the day after Hino went down to the village , Rector had a hunch it would be Hino with some morsel of information too important to wait until his return , for there were few telephones in the village and the phone in Rector's office rarely rang unless it was important .
Rector had never been able to find out much about Hino's past .
He was surprised to find Kayabashi's secretary on the other end of the line .
`` Arigato gosaimasu '' .
Without exception Hino's brothers turned to either one or both of their father's occupations , but Hino showed a talent for neither and instead spent most of his time on the beach where he repaired nets and proved immensely popular as a storyteller .
He had something more to say .
In all of his experience in the mission field Rector had never seen a convert quite like Hino .
Rector had no doubt that Hino would come back from the village bursting with information , ready to impart it with his customary gusto , liberally embellished with his active imagnation .
No matter how devoted a man was , no matter how fully he gave his life to the Lord , he could never extinguish that one spark of pride that gave him definition as an individual .
At the same time , it was unlikely that any businessmen would spend a day in a Christian mission out of mere curiosity .
It looks pretty efficient and that's the important thing '' .
For the oyabun to make such a trip was either a sign of great weakness or an indication of equally great confidence , and from all the available information it was probably the latter .
`` No , sir '' , Johnson said .
`` No , only fourteen .
'' `` Fine '' , Rector said .
They had never seen one before and had expressed a curiosity about it .
In any event Rector sent him to the local hospital to have it checked , telling him to keep his ears open while he was in the village to see if he could find out what Kayabashi was planning .
often tempted to ask questions but he never did .
No , Kayabashi was bringing his associates here for a specific purpose and Rector would not be able to fathom it until they arrived .
Rector said .
He did not wish to deceive Kayabashi exactly , just to display the mission activities in a graphic and impressive manner .
It was only natural that Fletcher would strive for a position in which he could make the decisions .
`` I would like them to appear very busy today , not busy exactly , but joyous , exuberant , full of life .
`` You are about to become a first-class surveyor '' , Rector said .
`` I should say about a hundred thousand '' , Fletcher said .
If he wanted to know anything , he would end up asking about it point-blank , but in this guileless manner he would probably receive more truthful answers than if he tried to get them by indirection .
`` I guess it will be all right .
Even Rector himself was prey to this spirit of competition and he knew it , not for a more exalted office in the hierarchy of the church -- his ambitions for the bishopry had died very early in his career -- but for the one clear victory he had talked about to the colonel .
`` I will be expecting them '' .
If and when Hino decided to tell him about his experiences , he would do so unasked .
Rector laughed despite himself .
She looked back toward the schoolroom .
The altercation in the coffee house had done little to dampen his spirits , but he was still a little wary around Rector for they had not yet discussed the incident .
All of the jobs in the mission might be equal in the eyes of the Lord , but they were certainly not equal in the eyes of the Lord's servants .
The air was cooler here , and the lacy pattern of the trees threw a dappled shadow on the grass , an effect which he found pleasant .
It was rather a childish game , all in all , but everybody seemed to be getting into the spirit of the thing and he could not remember when he had enjoyed planning anything quite so much .
The glass is out of it , but that won't matter .
He beckoned to her from the door and she slipped quietly outside .
A good initial impression would be important now .
When he had given the call a few moments thought , he went into the kitchen to ask Mrs. Yamata to prepare tea and sushi for the visitors , using the formal English china and the silver tea service which had been donated to the mission , then he went outside to inspect the grounds .
He sighed .
He was to get involved in no arguments ; ;
he was simply to listen and report back what he heard .
`` How many pamphlets do we have in stock '' ? ?
He looked out over the expanse of the compound .
He was allowed to spend his nights at an inn near the hospital and he was given some extra money to go to the pachinko parlor -- an excellent place to make contact with the enemy .
`` When Konishi gets back with the jeep , I want you to round up two or three Japanese boys .
`` At three o'clock if it will be of convenience to you at that time '' .
He told her of the visitors and then of his plans .
Mavis smiled .
He said .
Rector asked him to move it for the time being ; ;
He went into the print shop , where Fletcher had just finished cleaning the press .
He was not sure what effect it would have , but that was really beside the point when you got right down to it .
Kayabashi must feel fairly certain of his victory in order to make a visit like this , a trip which could be so easily misinterpreted by the people in the village .
The little Ito girl had had to go home .
Konishi can help you .
The secretary sighed with relief and then the telephone clicked in Rector's hand .
`` I beg to inquire if the back is now safe for travelers '' , he said .
From the moment that Hino had first walked into the mission to ask for a job , any job -- his qualifications neatly written on a piece of paper in a precise hand -- he had been ready to become a Christian .
Rector had no idea why Kayabashi wanted to visit the mission .
He went on to explain what he had in mind .
`` Fifteen '' , she said .
He was not sure how much of this desire was due to his devotion to the church and how much was his own ego , demanding to be satisfied , for the two were intertwined and could not be separated .
Do you think you can manage it '' ? ?
But perhaps this was a part of the eternal plan , that man's ambition when linked with God would be a driving , indefatigable force for good in the world .
Rector was often curious ; ;
As long as there were two human beings working together on the same project , there would be competition and you could no more escape it than you could expect to escape the grave .
He left with all the joyous spirit of a child going on a holiday , nodding attentively as Rector gave him his final instructions .
Fujimoto had a pile of cuttings near one side of the lawn .
Rector was warming to his over-all strategy by the time he got back to the residential hall .
He had gone into the Japanese navy , had been trained as an officer , had participated in one or two battles -- he never went into detail regarding his military experience -- and at the age of twenty-five , quite as a bolt out of the blue , he had walked into the mission as if he belonged here and had become a Christian .
`` I'll try '' .
He was about to hang up the phone , but a note of hesitancy in the secretary's voice left the conversation open .
Rector's next stop was at the schoolroom , where Mavis was monitoring a test .
He was not going to lose the mission by default , and whatever reason Kayabashi had for bringing his little sight-seeing group to the mission , he was going to be in for a surprise .
`` Why '' ? ?
He said he could do it .
`` I would like to enact a little tableau this afternoon '' , Rector said , He explained about the visit and the effect he wished to create , the picture of a very busy mission .
He would have to work without questioning the motives which made him work and content himself with the thought that the eventual victory , however it was brought about , would be sweet indeed .
He wanted desperately to see Kayabashi defeated , the Communists in the village rooted out , the mission standing triumphant , for in the triumph of the Lord he himself would be triumphant , too .
Hino was the fourth son of an elderly farmer who lived on the coast , in Chiba , and divided his life between the land and the sea , supplementing the marginal livelihood on his small rented farm with seasonal employment on a fishing boat .
he knew the fundamentals , and after studying with Fletcher for a time he approached Rector , announced that he wanted to be baptized and that was that .
`` I think I've fixed the pump so we won't have to worry about it for a long time '' , he said .
He said .
How foolish it was to try to fathom the truth in an area where only faith would suffice .
`` Unless the oyabun has been working on it '' , he said , then checked himself and added : `` You can tell Kayabashi-san that the back road is in very good condition and will be quite safe for his party to use '' .
Fletcher nodded as he listened to the instructions and said he would arrange the things Rector requested .
You'll find an old transit in the basement .
There was one fact which Rector could not overlook , one truth which he could not deny .
When would the oyabun like to bring his guests up here '' ? ?
His first move was to send Hino to the village to spend a few days .
She has a pretty bad cold '' .
`` This afternoon '' , the secretary said .
Putting the pieces of this mosaic together , Rector had the vague outlines of a biography .
Then Rector , attired in his best blue serge suit , sat in a chair out on the lawn , in the shade of a tree , smoking a cigarette and waiting .
`` Have you ever operated a transit '' ? ?
As Rector was walking back toward the residential hall , Johnson came out of the basement and bounded up to him .
`` How many children do you have present today '' ? ?
He was even more startled when he heard what Kayabashi wanted .
Johnson nodded .
The oyabun was entertaining a group of dignitaries , the secretary said , businessmen from Tokyo for the most part , and Kayabashi wished to show them the mission .
When everything had been done , Rector went back to his desk to occupy himself with his monthly report until three o'clock .
Hino talked very little about himself except for the infrequent times when he used a personal illustration in connection with another subject .
It was a ridiculous situation and Rector knew it , for Hino , frankly partisan , openly gregarious , would make a poor espionage agent .
he wanted the mission compound to be effortlessly spotless .
Rector said .
`` I've adjusted the gauge so that the pump cuts out before the water gets too low .
It was going to take a lot of activity to fill it .
Hino was elated at the prospect .
`` All right '' , Rector said .

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it was visiting University of North Carolina alumni in New York to ask them for contributions to the Graham Memorial Building fund .
`` Dr. Glenn , I've got a lot of blood '' , Fred spoke up , `` plenty of it .
After they had paid all his debts and the funeral costs , Ralph and Fred had some fourteen thousand dollars , as I remember , with which to pay the bequests .
Instead , he went down to New York and submitted Welcome To Our City to the Theatre Guild , which had asked him to let them have a look at it after Professor Baker had recommended it highly .
Tom had received four years of education at the University of North Carolina and two at Harvard , and Fred had been in and out of Georgia Tech and Carneigie Tech and part of the time had been a self-help student .
It ran two nights , and though it was generally praised , there was considerable criticism of its length .
Getting out again , seeing old friends , had given his spirits a lift .
But they would reconsider it , they assured him , if he would rewrite it .
On returning to New York he had a job for several weeks ; ;
He was a big man , and he wanted nothing little , squeezed ; ;
And he didn't , by a long shot ! !
The public , Tom said the man told him , wanted realism , and his play wasn't that .
That summer Tom attended the summer session at Harvard , but he did not ask Mama to send him back in the fall .
`` He has lost much blood '' , he said .
He's as good as gone '' .
But he was happy to tell her that his finances were now in such condition that he could go back to Harvard for a third year with Professor Baker .
So what Fred and Ralph did was to attempt to prorate the money fairly by taking into account what each of the five had received , if anything , from the estate before Papa's death .
he was given the difference between that amount and $5000 .
The date was June 20 , 1922 .
Papa was still elated over his afternoon visit downtown .
He said he would do it , though probably nobody would produce it , for his own `` soul's ease and comfort '' .
by now it was perhaps two days or longer after Papa had begun hemorrhaging .
To give a patient the wrong type of blood , said the doctor , would likely kill him .
For years Papa and Mama had been large taxpayers .
The hemorrhage was in the prostate region ; ;
And that's how Papa's estate was divided .
I recall that several years their taxes exceeded $800 .
35 .
That spring Welcome To Our City was selected for production by the 47 Workshop and it was staged in the middle of May .
But he had succeeded well , we agreed .
That was in the days before blood banks , of course , and transfusions had to be given directly from donor to patient .
Fred demanded .
It was fantastic writing , beautiful writing , the man declared , but the public , he insisted , wanted realism .
In those years of lower property valuations and lower tax rates , that payment represented ownership of much property .
This man , Tom said , had the play shut up in his desk , I believe , and when Tom sat down , he pulled it out and apologetically told Tom that they wouldn't be able to use it .
They had to take blood samples to the laboratory to test them , for one thing , and there was much required preliminary procedure .
In this play there were so many characters and so much detail .
It's too late now .
That fall he submitted to Professor Baker the first acts and outlines of the following acts of several plays , six of them , according to some of his associates , and he also worked on a play that he first called Niggertown , the material for which he had collected during the summer at home .
Beloved Dr. R. F. Campbell , our First Presbyterian Church pastor , was in charge .
The doctor agreed , but explained that it would be necessary first to check Fred's blood to ascertain whether or not it was of the same type as Papa's .
Tom was not willing to revise the play according to the plan the man suggested .
`` Baby , I saw a lot of old friends I hadn't seen in a long time '' , he told me , his eyes bright .
He wanted to go back to Harvard for another year of playwriting .
I have known Papa to exclaim on getting his tax bill , `` we're going to the dogs '' ! !
`` But why in the name of God can't I give my father blood '' ? ?
`` I've been cooped up so long '' , he added .
Funeral services were held Thursday afternoon at four o'clock at the home .
He was always concerned with life , and he tried to picture it whole ; ;
And then it took considerably longer to make preparations for giving transfusions .
`` It'll take a lot to replace it '' .
`` It was mighty good for the old man to get out again '' .
We got Dr. Glenn to him as quickly as we could , and we wired Tom of Papa's desperate condition .
When Fred wheeled him back into his room , the big one looking out on the back porch , and put him to bed , Papa told him he was very tired but that he had enjoyed greatly the trip downtown .
Tom told me about it , how one evening he went over to see the Theatre Guild man .
And he threatened someday to write a play `` with fifty , eighty , a hundred people -- a whole town , a whole race , a whole epoch '' .
This , manifestly , would not provide $5000 to each of the surviving five children .
He had left us a legacy far more valuable than houses and lands and stocks and bonds .
`` Why can't I , Doctor '' ? ?
It began in the morning , and very quickly the hemorrhage was a massive one .
So , because he had received less than Tom , it was felt proper that Fred should receive the few hundred dollars that remained .
In the spring , it must have been , he began working on the play that he called The House , which later would be Mannerhouse .
`` Mr. Wolfe had been in declining health for many years and death was not unexpected '' .
But things were worked out in the family and late in August he wrote Miss McCrady an explanatory letter in which he told her that matters at home had been in an unsettled condition after Papa's death and he had not known whether he would stay at home with Mama , accept the Northwestern job , or return to Harvard .
But he had delayed accepting this job , and as he was leaving to come home to Papa in response to our telegram , he dropped a postcard to Miss McCrady , head of the Harvard Appointment Office , asking her please to write Northwestern authorities and explain the circumstances .
`` Merciful God , Julia '' ! !
And in a few minutes Papa was dead .
In describing it to Professor Baker after it had been chosen for production , he defended his great array of characters by declaring that he had included that many not because `` I didn't know how to save paint '' , but because the play required them .
In fact , he didn't want to teach anywhere .
It was well past midnight .
Well , the Theatre Guild kept that play , and kept it , and finally in December they turned it down .
he despised parsimony , and particularly of words .
In this play there were some thirty or more named characters and I don't know how many more unnamed .
In the spring of his second year at Harvard , Tom had been offered a job at Northwestern University as an instructor in the English Department .
`` Fred , your blood matches your father's , all right '' , Dr. Glenn said .
The man , Tom said , explained that it was not only too long and detailed but that as it stood it wasn't the sort of thing the public wanted .
Fred and Ralph qualified as executors and paid off what debts were currently due , and they were all current , since Papa was never one to allow bills to go unpaid .
A few years before his death Papa had agreed with Mama to make a joint will with her in which it would be provided that in the event of the death of either of them an accounting would be made to their children whereby each child would receive a bequest of $5000 cash .
Such a revision , he said , would ruin it , would change his whole conception of the play as well as the treatment .
At his death Fred and Ralph , my husband , were named executors of the estate under the terms of the will .
Tom never knew how to condense , to boil down .
Tom said he almost burst into tears , he was so disappointed and put out .
A biographical sketch followed .
The Graham Memorial would be the campus student union honoring the late and much beloved Edward Kidder Graham , who had been president when Tom entered the university .
Actually Tom had been postponing giving them an answer , I'm confident , because he did not want to go out there to teach .
All about him stood tombstones his own sensitive great hands had fashioned .
The next day he seemed to be in fairly good shape and still in excellent spirits .
The bills were principally for hospitalization and doctors' fees during the last years of his life , and when he died he owed in the main only current doctor's bills .
it was demonstrated , many critics would later point out , in the length of his novels .
That night after supper I went back over to 48 Spruce Street -- Ralph and I at that time were living at 168 Chestnut -- and Ralph went with me .
Papa had left us about the same hour of the night that Ben had passed on .
I believe there are seventeen short plays by Tom now housed in the Houghton Library at Harvard ; ;
And that's what he did .
That was Tom's weakness ; ;
Frank had been given about half his legacy to use in a business venture before Papa's death ; ;
he wanted nothing compressed , tight .
Had he been able to escape this long siege of invalidism , I'm convinced , Papa would have left a sizable estate .
One had to find a donor , and usually very quickly , whose blood corresponded with the patient's .
The burial was out in Riverside Cemetery .
Let me give Papa blood '' .
He thought about it and he told the man he just couldn't do it over in accordance with the suggestions he had made .
He hung around New York , waiting to hear whether they would accept it for production and in that time came down to Asheville and also paid a short visit to Chapel Hill , where with almost childish delight he visited old friends and favorite campus spots .
his hospital and doctor bills had been large and his income had been cut until he was receiving little except small rentals on some properties he still owned .
But he never expected to do that .
`` W. O. Wolfe , prominent business man and pioneer resident of this section , died shortly after midnight Tuesday at his home 48 Spruce Street '' , the Asheville Times of Wednesday , June 21 , announced .
Consequently , Fred and Tom , the two who had been provided college educations , signed statements to the effect that each had received his bequest in full , and Effie and I were each allotted $5000 .
Later this play would be called Welcome To Our City .
I think I'm right in that figure .
That third year he wrote plays with a fury .
`` But we aren't going to let you give him any '' .
Papa , I should emphasize , had been an invalid the last several years of his life ; ;
Dr. Glenn saw at once what had happened .
It ran until past one o'clock .
But a few days after Fred's return he began hemorrhaging and that was the beginning of early and complete disintegration .
But Papa's death had further complicated the financing of Tom's hoped-for third year , and for the weeks following it Tom did not know whether his return to Harvard could be arranged .
`` Because , Fred , it could do him no good .
He's past helping .
They made the tests and came to Fred ; ;

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Paced by the continuing rapid growth of electronic data processing , sales of industrial and commercial electronic equipment totalled $1.8 billion compared to $1.6 billion in 1959 .
The outlook for entertainment electronics in 1961 is certainly far from clear at present , but recent surveys have shown a desire on the part of consumers to step up their buying plans for durable goods .
Both home and auto radios were in excellent demand , with retail sales of home sets ahead of 1959 in every month of the first eleven ; ;
Among the items scheduled for acceleration in the near future are the Polaris and B70 programs , strengthening of the airborne alert system of the Strategic Air Command , and improved battlefield surveillance systems .
sales should slightly exceed 1960 , however , and reach $1.9 billion .
and on continued growth in the applications of electronics to the complex problems of manufacturing and trade in the expanding but competitive economy of the 1960's .
It has been correctly pointed out by well-informed people in the industry that it is probably unrealistic to expect a continuation of the yearly growth of 15% or better that characterized the decade of the 1950's , and that our military markets may be entering upon a new phase in which procurement of multiple weapons systems will give way to concentration of still undeveloped areas of our defense capability .
For the near term , however , it must be realized that the industrial and commercial market is somewhat more sensitive to general business conditions than is the military market , and for this reason I would expect that any gain in 1961 may be somewhat smaller than those of recent years ; ;
In sum , I look for another good year for the electronics industry in 1961 , with total sales increasing about 7% to $10.8 billion , despite the uncertainties in the business outlook generally .
In the military field , incoming orders turned down early in the year , and remained rather slow until late fall when the upturn in procurement of equipment began to make itself felt in rising orders for components .
chief engineer of the radio set division of Electric and Musical Industries , Ltd. , the largest electronic equipment manufacturer in Great Britain ; ;
1960 witnessed another substantial increase in our industry's shipments of military electronics , which totalled about $5.4 billion compared to $4.9 billion in 1959 .
The appointment was made in a move to expand the engineering services offered to the designers of electronic systems through assistance in electro-magnetic compatability problems .
The market for computers and other data-handling continues to expand at the rate of about 30% annually , reaching some $450 million in 1960 .
This is now a $1.0 billion business , up from $0.9 billion in 1959 , and should reach $1.1 billion in 1961 .
While this may well be true in general , I believe it is also important to keep in mind that some recent developments suggest that over the next year or so military electronics may be one of the most strongly growing areas in an economy which is not expanding rapidly in other directions .
As I have indicated above , I base this feeling on a belief that current weakness in the market for consumer durable goods may continue through the early months of the year , but will give way to a sufficiently strong recovery later on to bring the full-year figures close to those of 1960 ; ;
Separate phonographs also had a good year , reflecting the growing popularity of stereo sound and the same tendency on the part of the consumer to upgrade that characterized the radio-TV market .
The promotion of Robert E. Swift to the position of Assistant Manager of the Interference Control Field Service Department was announced early in December by Frederick S. Scarborough , Manager of Interference Control Field Service .
Mr. Brown , well-known , English-born inventor , prior to founding VecTrol was at various times section leader in radio research at Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Co. , Ltd. ; ;
Sales of transistors in 1960 exceeded $300 million , compared to $222 million in 1959 despite substantial price reductions in virtually all types .
Demand for parts for home entertainment was strong in the first half , but purchases were cut back to lower levels during the fall as set manufacturers reduced their own operating rates .
In contrast to the lower turnout of TV , total radio production increased from 15.4 million sets to 16.7 million ( excluding export ) .
Mr. Devey is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and attended the United States Naval Academy Post-Graduate School specializing in electronic engineering .
It is interesting to note that the present level of military electronics procurement is greater than the industry's total sales to all markets in 1950-1953 , which were good years for our industry with television enjoying its initial period of rapid consumer acceptance .
it has been estimated that spending by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will rise from less than $500 million in fiscal 1960 to more than $2 billion by 1967 , and that the electronic industry's share of these expenditures will be closer to 50% than the current 20% .
In addition to the three major original equipment segments of the electronics business , the steady growth in the market for replacement parts continues year by year .
Sales of TV sets at retail ran ahead of the like months of 1959 through July ; ;
Research and development expenditures connected with the reconnaissance satellite SAMOS and the future development of ballistic missile defense systems such as Nike-Zeus are expected to increase substantially .
I look for TV sales and production to be approximately equal at 5.7 million sets for the year , but I look for some decline in radios from the high rate in 1961 to more nearly the 1959 level of 15.0 - 15.5 million sets .
I believe a further gain is in prospect for 1961 .
Mr. Devey is a member of the Institute of Radio Engineers , and is chairman of the Electronic Industries Association Committee on Printed and Modular Components .
Home entertainment sales up
Mr. Devey's new responsibilities are in addition to those of his present post as marketing manager of Sprague's Special Products Group , which manufactures a wide line of digital electronic components , packaged component assemblies , and high temperature magnet wires .
For the year as a whole , retail sales of TV sets probably came to 5.8 million against 5.7 million in 1959 ; ;
In the industrial field , prospects for higher expenditures on electronic testing and measuring equipment are also quite bright .
set production ( excluding those destined for the export market ) also ran ahead in the early months , but was curtailed after the usual vacation shutdowns in the face of growing evidence that some of the early production plans had been overly optimistic .
Mr. Brown will at the same time undertake expansion of VecTrol's custom design program for electronic control users with a greatly increased engineering staff .
on prospects for continued increases in defense spending ; ;
This caution has been particularly noticeable in a tendency of retailers and distributors to shift the inventory burden back on the supplier , and the fact stocks at retail are low in many lines has escaped attention because of the presence of higher stocks at the manufacturing level .
In the electronics industry , this tendency is well illustrated by inventories of TV sets .
Still later , the realm of space technology will show substantial gains ; ;
He was named Product Manager of the Special Products Division of Sprague when it was founded in 1958 , and was later promoted to his present post .
The markets for electronic parts in 1960 have reflected the changing patterns of the various end equipment segments of the industry .
The shift in sentiment from excessive optimism early in the year to the present mood of caution has probably been a good thing , in that it has prevented the accumulation of the burdensome inventories that have characterized many previous swings in the business cycle .
The appointment of Gilbert B. Devey as General Manager of VecTrol Engineering , Inc. , of Stamford , Connecticut , a leading manufacturer of thyratron and silicon controlled rectifier electrical controls , has been announced by David B. Peck , Vice President , Special Products .
The stepped-up defense procurement called for in the 1961 Budget has already begun to make itself felt in an upturn in orders for military electronic equipment and the components that go into it , and it has been suggested that an additional $2 billion increase in total defense spending may be requested for fiscal 1962 .
Mr. Brown presently has over 130 patents to his credit dating back to 1923 .
Production totalled about 123 million units against 82 million in 1959 , and I look for a further gain to 188 million units worth approximately $380 million in 1961 .
During World War 2 , , he was a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy .
Research , development test and evaluation funds , devoted to missiles in 1960 were 3 to 4 times as large as those devoted to aircraft , and actual missile procurement is expected to exceed aircraft procurement by 1963 .
Factory stocks in recent months have been the highest they have been in three years , while those at retail are below 1959 .
And yet , despite some disappointment with the performance of this first year of the new decade , 1960 has been a good year in many ways , with many overall measures of business having reached new peaks for the year as a whole .
Auto set production came to about 6.3 million compared to 5.6 million in 1959 .
Sales of passive components , such as capacitors and resistors , although not growing as fast as those of semi-conductors were ahead of 1959 this year , and should increase again in 1961 .
In recent months , much attention has been given to the probable extent of the current downtrend in business and economists are somewhat divided as to the outlook for the near future .
sales and production of home sets were about equal at 10.4 million units .
director of engineering at Philco of Great Britain , Ltd. , and vice president in charge of production and assistant to the president at The Brush Development Co. , Cleveland , Ohio .
Replacement parts
I would expect that sales at retail in the first half of 1961 might be below 1960 by some 10 - 15% but that second-half levels should show a favorable comparison , with a possibility of quite strong demand late in the year if business conditions recover as some recent forecasts suggest they will .
Reflecting the largest percentage of high-end sets such as consoles and combinations since 1953 , dollar value of home entertainment electronics in 1960 was about $1.9 billion , compared to $1.7 billion in 1959 .
Informed estimates look for this market to approximately quadruple by the late 1960's , under the stimulus of new applications in the fields of banking and retailing , industrial process control , and information storage and retrieval .
Industrial electronic equipment
Mr. Devey first came to Sprague in 1953 as a Product Specialist in the Field Engineering Department , coming from the Office of Naval Research in Washington , D. C. , where he was an electronic scientist engaged in undersea warfare studies .
He is a member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers , London , a registered professional engineer in Connecticut and Ohio , and a chartered electrical engineer in Great Britain .
however , production came to only 5.6 million compared to 6.2 million .
Mr. Devey will be responsible for the commercial expansion of VecTrol's line of electronic and electrical power control components as furnished to end equipment manufacturers , working closely with Walter J. Brown , President and Director of Engineering of the recently acquired Sprague subsidiary .
He is a fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers , and a senior member of the Institute of Radio Engineers .
Although the impact of these increases on our industry's shipments will be gradual , on balance I look for another good increase in shipments in the coming year , to at least $6 billion .
He has a Bachelor of Science from the University of Manchester , England .
I therefore believe it is realistic to assume a modest drop in the total value of home entertainment electronics to about $1.8 million , slightly below 1960 , but above 1959 .
Military electronics to grow
The total value of our industry's shipments , at factory prices , increased from $9.2 billion in 1959 to approximately $10.1 billion as a result of increases in all of the major segments of our business -- home entertainment , military , industrial , and replacement .

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The question was `` Where to land '' ? ?
And once medicine , food , clothing and shelter had been provided for the flood's victims , communications and the mail were the next top problems .
At a nod of his head they let go , turning to cup their ears against the icy slipstream .
Usually back in Concord by noon , there was just time to get partially thawed out , refuel , and grab a bit of Mrs. Fogg's hot broth before starting the second trip .
Anticipating delivery of medicines and yeast by plane , Granite City citizens formed an airfield committee and with the aid of quarrymen and the 172nd Infantry , Vermont National Guard , laid out runways on Wilson flat , high on Millstone Hill .
The flyer had his share of near-misses .
Burlington aviator John J. Burns suggested the parade ground southwest of Fort Ethan Allen , and soon a dozen hastily-summoned National Guard pilots were bringing their wide-winged `` Jenny '' and DeHaviland two-seaters to rest on the frozen sod of the military base .
The girders of a shattered Dog River bridge lay strewn for half a mile downstream .
The nearest undisrupted end of track from Boston was at Concord , N. H. .
Each time in , the unhappy pilot , pushing his luck , begged the postal officials that met him to find a safer landing place , preferably on the flat-topped hills across the Winooski River .
Buffeted by swirling winds , the little green biplane struggled northward between the mountains beyond Northfield Gulf .
During the second week of operations , Fogg received a telegram from the Post Office Department , asking him to `` put on two airplanes and make two flights daily , plus one Sunday trip '' .
His work began just six days after the flood .
With these aids , and a pair of skiis substituting for wheels on the Waco , Bob Fogg made the first landing on what is now part of the Barre-Montpelier Airport on November 21 , 1927 .
In Concord , Bob Fogg was the most prominent New Hampshire boy with wings .
A sheep-lined leather flying suit , plus helmet , goggles and mittens completed his attire for the rigors of the open cockpit .
Became `` Yes , the first half hour is tough , but by then I'm so numb I don't notice it '' ! !
Public-spirited backers staked him to a brand-new airplane , aimed at putting their city and state on the flying map .
The state's railroad system counted miles of broken bridges and missing rights-of-way : it would obviously remain out of commission for weeks .
A long flat known as the St. John field seemed to answer their purpose , and since the Winooski bridges were at last passable , they decided to use it .
Sometimes , on a return trip , the aviator would `` go upstairs '' high over the clouds .
There was no such thing as an airport in Vermont .
Concord learned to set its clocks by the rackety bark of the Whirlwind's exhaust overhead .
He peered ahead and grinned as the railroad tracks came into view again below .
Plane radios were not yet available , and once in the air , Fogg flew his ship by compass , a good memory for landmarks as seen from above , and a capacity for dead reckoning and quick computation .
Always troubled by poor circulation in his feet , he experimented with various combinations of socks and shoes before finally adopting old-style felt farmer's boots with his sheepskin flying boots pulled over them .
Once the soldiers from the barracks had to hold the ship from blowing away while Fogg revved the engine and got the tail up .
With the field a blur of white the unfortunate pilot had simply flown into the hillside .
When Governor Al Smith offered New York National Guard planes to fly the mail in and out of the state , it seemed a likely temporary solution , easing Burlington's bottleneck and that at Montpelier too .
A trim green and silver-painted craft only 22-1/2 feet long , the Waco was entered to compete in the `` On-to-Spokane '' Air Derby of 1927 .
They had to act fast , for letters were clogging the terminals .
By airline from Concord to Burlington is a distance of about 150 miles , counting a slight deviation for the stop at either Barre or Montpelier .
Since Fogg's was a one-man , one-plane flying service , this meant that he would have to do both trips , flying alone 600 miles a day , under sub-freezing temperature conditions .
After a week of precarious uphill landings and downwind takeoffs , Fogg one day looked down at the shattered yellow wreckage of an Army plane strewn across snow-covered Towne field .
At Fort Ethan Allen the ever-present wind off Lake Champlain could readily flip a puny man-made thing like an airplane if the pilot miscalculated .
Tall , wiry , dark-haired Bob Fogg had already racked up one historical first in air mail history .
Shaw could also give the flyer a pretty good idea of area visibility by a visual check of the mountains to be seen from his station .
It took a tragedy to bring things to a head .
Between the unsafe Towne field and the long roundabout back road haul that was necessary to gain access to Wilson flat , arrangements at the state capital were far from satisfactory .
Bob Fogg didn't have today's advantages of Instrument Flight and Ground Control Approach systems .
The `` Barre Aviation Field '' was set to receive its first aircraft the Sunday following the flood .
Clerks and postmasters shoveled muck out of their offices -- those who still had offices -- and wondered how to move the mail .
There he'd take a compass reading , figure his air speed , and deduce that in a certain number of minutes he'd be over the broad meadows of the Merrimack Valley where it would be safe to let down through the overcast and see the ground before it hit him .
Faced with this situation , Postmaster Charles F. McKenna of Montpelier went with Fogg on a Burlington trip , and together they scouted the terrain on the heights of Berlin .
Down in Concord , New Hampshire , was a flier in the right place at the right time : Robert S. Fogg , a native New Englander , had been a World War 1 , flying instructor , barnstormer , and one of the original planners of the Concord Airport .
And in the dark days after the Great Flood of 1927 -- the worst natural disaster in the state's history -- the little plane was its sole replacement in carrying the United States mails .
Piloting a Curtiss Navy MF flying boat off Lake Winnipesaukee in 1925 , he had inaugurated the original Rural Delivery air service in America .
One afternoon during a cold , powdery snowstorm , Fogg took off for Concord from the St. John field .
Over in Barre the streets had been deep in swirling water , and bridges were crumpled and gone .
During the excitement following Lindbergh's flight to Paris earlier in 1927 , dare devil aviators overnight became legendary heroes .
Tracks in the snow showed the plane was airborne in less than a hundred feet .
But what came in was piling up .
As a wind direction indicator , they tied a cotton rag to a sapling .
) Wishing to show that aviation was dependable and here to stay , Bob Fogg always made a point of taking off each morning on the dot of seven , disregarding rain , snow and sleet in true postal tradition .
Each morning at five Fogg crawled out of bed to bundle into flying togs over the furnace register of his home .
Sent to Montpelier by Secretary Herbert Hoover , Red Cross Aide Reuben Sleight had been killed , and his pilot , Lt. Franklin Wolfe , badly injured .
As a matter of fact , Fogg and his plane didn't get beyond Pennsylvania in the race -- an engine oil leak forced him down -- but the flying service and school he started subsequently were first steps in paying off his wry-faced backers .
They had courage but their meager training consisted of weekend hops in good weather , in and out of established airports , And the increasingly cold weather soon raised hob with the water cooled engines of their World War 1 , planes .
Rain of near cloudburst proportions had fallen for three full days and it was still raining on the morning of Friday , November 4 , 1927 , when officials of the Post Office Department's Railway Mail Service realized that their distribution system for Vermont had been almost totally destroyed overnight .
Though the makeshift airports were ready , the York State Guard flyers proved unable to keep any kind of mail schedule .
From Burlington , outgoing mail could be ferried across Lake Champlain to the railroad at Port Kent , N. Y. .
So with all this experience , Bob Fogg was a natural choice to receive the first Emergency Air Mail Star Route contract .
Later on in the day Fogg could get a better weather picture from the Burlington Weather Bureau supervised by Frank E. Hartwell .
Often , threading through the overcast , he was forced to fly close to the ground by a low ceiling , skimming above the Winooski or the White River along the line of the broken railroad .
The only available field that could be used near flood-ravaged Montpelier was on the Towne farm off upper Main Street , a narrow hillside where takeoffs and landings could be safely made only under light wind conditions .
He thought .
`` Good old iron compass '' ! !
`` Ceilings '' were judged by comparison with known mountain heights and cloud positions .
It ticked over smoothly , idling while Fogg exchanged mails with the armed messenger from Burlington at Fort Ethan Allen , and one from Montpelier and Barre at the St. John field .
Vermont's main railroad line was prostrate .
`` But Fogg '' , they countered , `` we can't get over there .
The airman's stock answer to `` Weren't you cold '' ? ?
Day after day Fogg shuttled back and forth on his one-man air mail route , until the farmers in their snowy barnyards and the road repairmen came to recognize the stubby plane as their link with the rest of the country .
The first few days Bob Fogg set his plane down on Towne field back of the State House when the wind was right , and used Wilson flat above Barre when it wasn't .
Sometimes the pilot had to turn back if fully blocked by fog , but 85% of his trips were completed .
Over the weeks , America's first Star Route Air Mail settled into a routine pattern despite the vagaries of weather and the lack of ground facilities and aids to navigation .
With a wary eye on the farmer's bull , Fred Somers of Montpelier and Mr. St. John marked the field with a red table cloth .
As daylight began to show through the frosty windows , Fogg would place a call to William A. Shaw at the U. S. Weather Station at Northfield , Vermont , for temperature and wind-velocity readings .
The ship was a Waco biplane , one of the first two of its type to be fitted with the air cooled , 225/hp Wright radial engine known as the Whirlwind .
When driving rain or mist socked in one valley , Fogg would chandelle up and over to reverse course and try another one , ranging from the Ottauquechee up to Danville in search of safe passage through the mountain passes .
The dependable Wright engine was never stopped on these trips .
It seemed like a good time for officials to use a recently-passed law empowering the post office department to contract for the transport of first class mail by air .
A plume of smoke rose from a Central Vermont locomotive which idled behind a string of gravel cars , and little figures that were workmen labored to set the ruptured roadbed to rights .
And besides you seem to make it all right here '' .
Each trip saw the front cockpit filled higher with mail pouches .
Wires whined as a cold November blast rocked the silver wings , but the engine roar was reassuring to the pilot bundled in the open cockpit .
( He'd get the engine oil flowing with an electric heater under a big canvas cover .
Out at the airport each morning , Fogg's skilled mechanic Caleb Marston would have the Waco warmed up and running in the drafty hangar .
At the end of the calculated time he'd nose the Waco down through the cloud bank and hope to break through where some feature of the winter landscape would be recognizable .

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Citizens of the United States who , on April 15 , are not in the United States or Puerto Rico , are allowed an extension of time until June 15 for filing the return for the preceding calendar year .
See Chapter 5 .
If your computation on Form 1040 or Form 1040A shows you owe additional tax , it should be remitted with your return unless you owe less than $1 , in which case it is forgiven .
Example .
If you are unable to sign the request , because of illness or other good cause , another person who stands in close personal or business relationship to you may sign the request on your behalf , stating the reason why you are unable to sign .
)
( See Chapter 24 .
Rents or royalties .
You spent $800 for his support .
Generally , the refund may be obtained by filing Form 1040A accompanied by the withholding statement ( Form W-2 ) .
This bill should be paid within 30 days .
To compute your adjusted gross income you total all items of income .
Returns of estates or trusts are due on or before the 15th day of the 4th month after the close of the tax year .
Since April 15 , 1962 , is on Sunday your return for the calendar year 1961 will be timely filed if it is filed on or before Monday , April 16 , 1962 .
If your principal place of abode for the tax year is outside the United States ( including Alaska and Hawaii ) , Puerto Rico , or the Virgin Islands and you have no legal residence or principal place of business in any Internal Revenue district in the United States , you should file your return with the Office of International Operations , Internal Revenue Service , Washington 25 , D.C. .
Suppose John Jones , who , for 1960 , filed on the basis of a calendar year , died June 20 , 1961 .
It is the amount you enter on line 9 , page 1 of Form 1040 .
If payment is by cash , you should ask for a receipt .
Refunds of less than $1 will not be made unless you attach a separate application to your return requesting such a refund .
2 .
If your child works for you , you may deduct reasonable wages you paid to him for services he rendered in your business .
If you have neither a legal residence nor a principal place of business in any Internal Revenue district , your return should be filed with the District Director of Internal Revenue , Baltimore 2 , Md. .
His income is not required to be included in the return of his parent .
If A taxpayer dies , the executor , administrator , or legal representative must file the final return for the decedent on or before the 15th day of the 4th month following the close of the deceased taxpayer's normal tax year .
See also Interest On Unpaid Taxes , below .
( See Chapter 9 .
Outside salesmen deduct all expenses attributable to earning a salary , commission , or other compensation .
The return for a decedent may also serve as a claim for refund of an overpayment of tax .
Such interest must be paid even though an extension of time for filing is granted .
If you file a Form 1040 , you should indicate in the place provided that there is an overpayment of tax and the amount you want refunded and the amount you want credited against your estimated tax .
Any failure to file timely returns or make estimated tax payments when due must be fully explained .
Interest at the rate of 6% a year must be paid on taxes that are not paid on or before their due date .
Since you contributed more than half of his support , you may also claim an exemption for him on your return .
The words amended return should be plainly written across the top of such return .
If he had income other than wages subject to withholding , he may be required to file Form 1040 .
A minor child is allowed A personal exemption of $600 on his own return regardless of how much money he may earn .
Adjusted gross income
Interest on unpaid taxes .
If you mail A return or tax payment , you must place it in the mails in ample time to reach the district director on or before the due date .
Refunds .
Businessmen deduct all ordinary and necessary expenses attributable to a trade or business .
If your sick pay is not included in your Gross Income , you may not deduct it .
If you hold property for the production of rents or royalties you subtract , in computing Adjusted Gross Income , ordinary and necessary expenses and certain other deductions attributable to the property .
If you file Form 1040A and the District Director computes your tax , you will be sent a bill if additional tax is due .
( See Chapter 10 .
Nonresident aliens living in Canada or Mexico who earn wages in the United States may be subject to withholding of tax on their wages , the same as if they were citizens of the United States .
If your child is under 19 or is a student you may also claim an exemption for him if he qualifies as your dependent , even though he earns $600 or more .
)
These deductions may not be claimed if you elect to use the Standard Deduction or Tax Table .
Sick pay , if included in your Gross Income , is deducted in arriving at Adjusted Gross Income .
Extensions while abroad .
Exemption also allowed parent .
An overpayment of income and social security taxes entitles you to a refund unless you indicate on the return that the overpayment should be applied to your succeeding year's estimated tax .
You should make any request for an extension early so that if it is refused , your return may still be on time .
) other deductions .
Alaska and Hawaii .
You may deduct these payments even though your child uses the money to purchase his own clothing or other necessities which you are normally obligated to furnish him , and even though you may be entitled to his services .
When payment is due .
( See Chapter 15 .
) 50% of capital gains .
The deductions allowed in determining Adjusted Gross Income put all taxpayers on a comparable basis .
Minors minors must also file returns if they earn $600 or more during the year .
A minor is subject to tax on his own earnings even though his parent may , under local law , have the right to them and might actually have received the money .
Extensions of time for filing .
If you elect to use the Standard Deduction or the Tax Table , and later find you should have itemized your deductions , you may do so by filing an amended return within the time prescribed for filing a claim for refund .
) income from estates and trusts .
Your 16 year old son earned $720 in 1961 .
If you are a life tenant , you deduct allowable depreciation and depletion .
Farmers , for these purposes , have until February 15 , 1962 , to file Form 1040 and pay the tax in full for the calendar year 1961 .
( See Chapter 10 .
This form may be obtained from the local office of your district director .
Where to file .
They also deduct transportation expenses incurred in connection with the performance of services as employees even though they are not away from home .
If the check is not good and the April 15 or other due date deadline elapses , additions to the tax may be incurred .
He may get a tax refund .
A minor who has gross income of less than $600 is entitled to a refund if income tax was withheld from his wages .
When and where to file
See Chapter 1 .
See Chapter 38 .
( See Chapter 6 .
)
His return for the period January 1 to June 20 , 1961 , is due April 16 , 1962 .
Send your return to the Director of Internal Revenue for the district in which you have your legal residence or principal place of business .
)
If the last day ( due date ) for performing any act for tax purposes , such as filing a return or making a tax payment , etc. , falls on Saturday , Sunday , or a legal holiday , you may perform that act on the next succeeding day which is not a Saturday , Sunday , or legal holiday .
You also deduct 50% of the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital losses in determining Adjusted Gross Income .
Their United States tax returns are due April 16 , 1962 .
Fiscal year taxpayers have until the last day of the first month following the close of the fiscal year ( farmers until the 15th day of the 2d month ) .
( See Chapters 30 through 37 .
Furthermore , a bad check may subject the maker to certain penalties .
All checks and money orders should be made payable to Internal Revenue Service .
Under unusual circumstances a resident individual may be granted an extension of time to file a return .
They may be claimed only by itemizing them on page 2 of Form 1040 .
However , if their United States income is not subject to the withholding of tax on wages , their returns are due June 15 , 1962 , if they use a calendar year , or the 15th day of the 6th month after the close of their fiscal year .
Since he had gross income of $600 or more , he must file a return in which he may claim an exemption deduction of $600 .
Employees deduct expenses of travel , meals and lodging while away from home in connection with the performance of their services as employees .
Whether the check is certified or uncertified , the tax is not paid until the check is paid .
Other deductions are subtracted only from Adjusted Gross Income in arriving at Taxable Income .
If you file Form 1040A and the District Director computes your tax , any refund to which you are entitled will be mailed to you .
If you use a fiscal year , a year ending on the last day of any month other than December , your return is due on or before the 15th day of the 4th month after the close of your tax year .
( See Chapter 20 .
Payment by check or money order .
.
( See Chapter 12 .
Nonresident aliens in Puerto Rico .
If you were required to file a declaration of estimated tax for the calendar year 1961 , it is not necessary to pay the fourth installment otherwise due on January 15 , 1962 , if you file your income tax return Form 1040 , and pay your tax in full for the calendar year 1961 by January 31 , 1962 .
If you are an income beneficiary of property held in trust or an heir , legatee , or devisee , you may deduct allowable depreciation and depletion , if not deductible by the estate or trust .
Deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable in determining your Adjusted Gross Income .
Declaration of estimated tax .
Extensions are not granted as a matter of course , and the reasons for your request must be substantial .
Your application must include the following information : ( 1 ) your reasons for requesting an extension , ( 2 ) whether you filed timely income tax returns for the 3 preceding years , and ( 3 ) whether you were required to file an estimated return for the year , and if so whether you did file and have paid the estimated tax payments on or before the due dates .
Taxpayers residing or traveling in Alaska are also allowed this extension of time for filing , but those residing or traveling in Hawaii are not allowed this automatic extension .
The same is true if you have itemized your deductions and later decide you should have used the Standard Deduction or Tax Table .
Military or Naval Personnel on duty in Alaska or outside the United States and Puerto Rico are also allowed this automatic extension of time for filing their returns .
In such a case , Form 1310 should be completed and attached to the return .
Saturday , Sunday , or holiday .
See You May Claim A Refund , Page 135 .
The filing of an original or amended declaration , otherwise due on January 15 , 1962 , is also waived , if you file your Form 1040 for 1961 and pay the full tax by January 31 , 1962 .
You must attach a statement to your return , if you take advantage of this automatic extension , showing that you were in Alaska or were outside the United States or Puerto Rico on April 15 or other due date .
An extension of 2 months beyond the regular due date for filing is also available to taxpayers making returns for a fiscal year .
Certain other deductions are not allowed in determining Adjusted Gross Income .
Some deductions are subtracted from Gross Income to determine Adjusted Gross Income .
) From this amount deduct the items indicated below .
April 15 is usually the final date for filing income tax returns for most people because they use the calendar year ending on December 31 .
If you are a nonresident alien and a resident of Puerto Rico , your return is also due June 15 , 1962 , or the 15th day of the 6th month after the close of your fiscal year .
You may apply for such an extension by filing Form 2688 , Application For Extension Of Time To File , with the District Director of Internal Revenue for your district , or you may make your application in a letter .
) If your employer reimburses you for expenses incurred , you deduct such expenses if they otherwise qualify .

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Walker said he was considering filing a motion for a new trial which would contend that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence and that there were several errors in trial procedure .
The broadcast said Anderson , a Seattle ex-marine and Havana businessman , and McNair , of Miami , were condemned on charges of smuggling arms to Cuban rebels .
He said Britain also proposed that the international truce commission should be reconvened , sent to New Delhi and from there to Laos to verify the cease-fire .
At least 20 other Americans were reported to have been arrested in a mass political roundup .
-- A jury of seven men and five women found 21-year-old Richard Pohl guilty of manslaughter yesterday in the bludgeon slaying of Mrs. Anna Hengesbach .
Students help out
More than 1,000 were said to have been arrested -- 100 of them Roman Catholic priests .
The minister , describing the attacks which led up to the appeal , said that 60,000 Communist North Vietnamese were fighting royal army troops on one front -- near Thakhek , in southern-central Laos .
A135 donated
The motorist later was identified as Richard Sarkees , 17 , of 2433 McClellan , currently on probation and under court order not to drive .
In the past such government claims have been found exaggerated .
Some 30 spectators remained in the court during the day and were on hand to hear the verdict read .
The jury , which was locked up in a motel overnight , was canvassed at the request of Walker after the verdict was announced .
Pohl received the verdict without visible emotion .
The Laos government plea for help was made by Foreign Minister Tiao Sopsaisana .
Locked in motel
Christine's twin sister , Patricia , and Darlene Kowalski , 8 , escaped with minor burns .
Britain announced that it is asking the Soviet Union to agree tomorrow to an immediate cease-fire .
There was no confirmation of such massive assaults from independent sources .
So many Cubans were reported being swept into the Castro dragnet that the massive Sports Palace auditorium and at least one hotel were converted into makeshift jails .
Commandeering a passing car , Kimmell pursued the fleeing vehicle , but lost it in traffic .
When the verdict came in against his young neighbor , Hengesbach said :
Kimmell ordered the driver to back up , watched the children safely across and was approaching the car when it suddenly `` took off at high speed '' , he said , narrowly missing him .
Heavy support
The jail sentence is to begin the day after Sarkees graduates from Eastern High School in June .
Kowalski has spoken but little since the fire last Saturday .
She said the jurors agreed that Pohl's confession was valid .
Britain's plans to press Russia for a definite cease-fire timetable was announced in London by Foreign Secretary Lord Home .
The verdict brought vindication to the dead woman's stepson , Vincent Hengesbach , 54 , who was tried for the same crime in December , 1958 , and released when the jury failed to reach a verdict .
He said contributions also could be mailed to Post Office Box 553 , Warren Village Station .
Report others held
Vicky Kowalski meanwhile learned that several of her fellow students had collected almost $25 for her family during the lunch hour yesterday at Fuhrmann Junior High School , 5155 Fourteen Mile road east .
Havana , April 19 .
Returning to the school crossing , the officer was informed by the Sisk boy that he recognized the driver , a neighbor , and had obtained the license number .
and Bernardine , 1 .
A Havana radio broadcast identified the Americans as Howard Anderson and August Jack McNair .
`` I am very pleased to have the doubt of suspicion removed .
-- Two Americans and seven Cubans were executed by firing squads today as Castro military tribunals began decreeing the death penalty for captured invasion forces and suspected collaborators .
Among them were a number of newsmen , including Henry Raymont , of United Press International , and Robert Berrellez , of Associated Press .
An alert 10-year-old safety patrol boy was congratulated by police today for his part in obtaining a reckless driving conviction against a youthful motorist .
A verdict against Pohl came at 4:05 p.m. after almost 13-1/2 hours of deliberation .
Kimmell said he and Ralph were helping children across Belvidere at Kercheval Monday afternoon when a car heading north on Belvidere stopped belatedly inside the pedestrian crosswalk .
He also admitted killing Mrs. Hengesbach .
Neighbor women , such as Mrs. Sidney Baker , 2269 Serra , Sterling Township , have been supplying the family with meals and handling household chores with Kowalski's sister-in-law , Mrs. Anna Kowalski , 22111 David , East Detroit .
The verdict came three hours later .
The trial had packed the large courtroom for more than a week .
Mrs. Eleanor Kowalski , 42 , died yesterday afternoon in Holy Cross Hospital of burns suffered in a fire that followed a bottled gas explosion Saturday night at the flat of her widowed mother , Mrs. Mary Pankowski , in the adjoining suburb of Warren .
Mrs. Hengesbach was killed on Aug. 31 , 1958 .
Kowalski , a roofer who seldom worked last winter , already was in arrears on their recently purchased split-level home when the tragedy staggered him with medical and funeral bills .
While neighbor women assumed some of the dead mother's duties , fund-raising events were being planned by a homeowners association and a student council for the hard-hit Henry Kowalski family , 34220 Viceroy .
But today he wanted to make a public statement .
The Laos government said four major Pathet Lao rebel attacks had been launched , heavily supported by troops from Communist North Viet Nam .
Mrs. Pankowski , 61 , remained in Holy Cross Hospital as a result of the explosion , which occurred while Mrs. Kowalski fueled a cook stove in the grandmother's small upstairs flat at 2274 Eight Mile Road East .
Assistant Prosecutor Fred Lewis , who tried both the Hengesbach and Pohl cases , said he did not know what would be done about two arson charges pending against Pohl .
Dennis , 6 ; ;
St. Johns , Mich. , April 19 .
The jury foreman , Mrs. Olive Heideman , of rural Elsie , said that a ballot was not even taken until yesterday morning and that the first day of deliberation was spent in going over the evidence .
Plea for arms
Pohl could receive from 1 to 15 years in prison or probation .
There also were reports of a collection at the County Line Elementary School , 3505o Dequindre , which has been attended this year by four of the Kowalski children including Christine .
He returned to his cell in the county jail , where he has been held since his arrest last July , without a word to his court-appointed attorney , Jack Walker , or his guard .
Gets car number
Circuit Judge Paul R. Cash did not set a date for sentencing .
They are home now with the other Kowalski children , Vicky , 14 ; ;
The mother and daughter , who will be buried side by side in Mt. Olivet Cemetery , rested together today in closed caskets at the Lyle Elliott Funeral Home , 31730 Mound , Warren .
Pohl confessed the arson while being questioned about several fires in the Westphalia area by State Police .
Funds from dances
Hengesbach has been living in Grand Ledge since his house and barn were burned down after his release in 1958 .
`` All we have left in the world is one another , and we must stay together the way Mother wanted '' , Kowalski said in telling his children of their mother's death yesterday afternoon .
The long crisis in Laos appeared nearing a showdown today .
Charges in doubt
Hengesbach has been living under a cloud ever since .
Lives on welfare
M. Kegham -- the name is a pseudynom -- was a teacher in Bucharest and a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ( ARF ) -- two reasons the Communists put him away when they arrived in 1945 .
In Vientiane , the royal Laotian government decided today to ask its `` friends and neighbors '' for help in fighting what it called a new rebel offensive threatening the southeast Asian kingdom .
Principal Clayton W. Pohly said he would allow a further collection between classes today , and revealed that Y-Teen Club past surpluses had been used to provide a private hospital nurse Monday for Mrs. Kowalski .
I'll need more than a single day to find the words to properly express my thanks to them '' .
He indicated that requests would be made for more U.S. arms and more U.S. military advisers .
The executions took place at dawn only a few hours after Havana radio announced their conviction by a revolutionary tribunal at Pinar Del Rio , where the executions took place .
Assistant Fire Chief Chester Cornell said gas fumes apparently were ignited by a candle which one of the three Kowalski girls present held for her mother , because the flat lacked electricity .
However , the confession , which was the only evidence against him , was retracted before the trial .
Patrolman George Kimmell , of McClellan Station , said he would recommend a special safety citation for Ralph Sisk , 9230 Vernor east , a third grader at the Scripps School , for his assistance in the case .
McNair , 25 , was seized March 20 with four Cubans and accused of trying to land a boatload of rifles in Pinar Del Rio , about 35 miles from Havana .
Anderson's wife and four children live in Miami .
Held candle
Funeral services for Mrs. Kowalski and her daughter , Christine , 11 , who died of burns at the same hospital Monday , have been scheduled for 10 a.m. tomorrow in St. Anne's Catholic Church , 31978 Mound , in Warren .
He was found guilty of reckless driving yesterday by Traffic Judge George T. Murphy , who continued his no-driving probation for another year and ordered him to spend 15 days in the Detroit House of Correction .
One of the first moves made after a cabinet decision was to request the United States to establish a full-fledged military assistance group instead of the current civilian body .
A note making the request was handed to U.S. Ambassador Winthrop G. Brown .
He declared the government is thinking of asking for foreign troops if the situation worsens .
A 14-power conference on Laos should then meet on May 5 , he said .
`` I never knew there were such neighbors and friends around me and my family .
Arms plot charged
Still , I don't wish to appear happy at somebody else's misfortune '' .
The jury asked Judge Cash to send in his written definition of the difference between first and second-degree murder and manslaughter .
Of the millions who have served time in concentration camps in Siberia as political prisoners of the Soviet state , few emerge in the West to tell about it .
Anderson operated three Havana automobile service stations and was commander of the Havana American Legion post before it disbanded since the start of Fidel Castro's regime .
Another neighbor , Mrs. Frank C. Smith , 2731 Pall Mall , Sterling Township , surprised Kowalski by coming to the home yesterday with $135 collected locally toward the $400 funeral costs .
A Sterling Township family of six surviving children , whose mother died yesterday as the aftermath to a fire that also killed one of the children , found today they had the help of hundreds of neighbors and school friends .
Houghton said 6 p.m. Friday had been set for a canvass of all 480 homes in the subdivision , which is located northeast of Dequindre and 14 Mile Road East .
`` Furhmann's faculty is proud that this has been a spontaneous effort , started largely among the students themselves , because of fondness for Vicky and sympathy for her entire family , Pohly said .
Expresses thanks
Eleanor , 2 ; ;
Given 15 days
Today , M. Kegham was in Detroit , en route to join his wife and children in California .
Services tomorrow
Student Council officers announced today the Kowalski family would be given the combined proceeds from a school dance held two weeks ago , and another dance for Fuhrmann's 770 students this Friday night .
Hengesbach , who has been living on welfare recently , said he hopes to rebuild the farm which was settled by his grandfather in Westphalia , 27 miles southwest of here .
John C. Houghton , president of the Tareytown Acres Homeowners Association , followed that by announcing plans last night for a door-to-door fund drive throughout their subdivision on behalf of the Kowalski family .
I wasn't sure there were such people anywhere in the world .
Stepson vindicated
Help asked

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One of the outstanding assets of the present production is the restoration of the St. Basil's scene , usually omitted from performances and rarely included in a published score .
`` Hey , Mityukh '' , asks one group , `` what are we shouting about '' ? ?
Curiously , this scene is a close parallel to one that Verdi was writing at the same time , the scene between Amonasro and Aida .
Even then , the flexibility of the phrasing suggests that the word comes first in importance .
Even those who appear in only one or two scenes are full personalities , defined with economical precision .
Now Rangoni comes to the point , and we hear , for the first time , a long , downward chromatic scale that will become the characteristic motif of his sinister power .
this final reminder of his guilt is the fatal one .
In addition , it is an important link in the plot , giving us a revealing glimpse of the people's attitude toward Boris and the false Dimitri .
He addresses Marina with great deference , calling her `` Princess '' at first ; ;
Mussorgsky makes this quite clear by the extent to which choral scenes propel the action .
For the only time in the opera , words are not set according to their natural inflection ; ;
Rangoni and Amonasro have the same purpose -- forcing the girl to charm the man she loves into serving her country's cause -- and their tactics are much the same .
Apparently their origin is humble , their approach to life direct and unsophisticated .
The living as well as the dead now accuse him ; ;
then the people strike up their song with even more fervor than before , ending it with a wail of despair .
Varlaam is loud , rowdy , uninhibited in his pleasures and impatient with anyone who is not the same .
And Mityukh , apparently the intellectual leader of the crowd , replies that he has no notion .
The service is over , and a number of people come from the church with their spokesman Mityukh in the lead .
Her pride is as much at stake as her virtue ; ;
she is the unattainable beauty , the princess who turns away suitors by the dozen .
A quiet but sturdy theme , somewhat folklike in character , appears whenever the old monk speaks of the history he is recording or of his own past life :
An imaginative storyteller , Pimen takes on the character he describes , as if he were experiencing the old shepherd's blindness and miraculous cure .
There is a quick change from the plaintive song to a conversational tone .
Indignantly she denounces Rangoni for his evil thoughts and orders him to leave her .
such composers as Monteverdi , Lully and Purcell , with the same goal in mind , had developed styles of recitative sensitively attuned to their own languages .
Under no circumstances could we mistake one for the other ; ;
The combined threat of hell-fire and ugliness is too much for her , and she falls terrified at his feet .
this brings a reaction of distress from Marina .
Rangoni begins by describing the sad state of the Church ; ;
Coming from a priest , the music sounds as odd as the advice :
it is only after he has involved her emotions in his scheme that he uses her given name , placing himself by implication in the position of a solicitous father .
( We can imagine how they startled audiences of the 1870's .
In this he followed a path that led back to the very source of opera ; ;
Even in its most conventional appearance , the guests' song of praise to Marina , there are a few female dissenters criticizing the princess for her coldness .
With another sudden change of mood , he is again calm and protective , exhorting her to trust and obey him as God's spokesman -- and the chromatic scale descends in ominous contradiction .
The Song Of Kazan , in which this figure becomes a wild-sounding accompaniment , fills in the picture of undisciplined high spirits .
They echo the words with which he has described his own vision of the dying child who `` trembles and begs for mercy -- and there is no mercy '' .
it introduces Pimen when he comes before Boris in the last act .
in spite of the Italian name , he sounds French .
If one characteristic distinguishes Boris Godunov , it is the consistency with which every person on the stage -- including the chorus -- comes alive in the music .
Otherwise Mussorgsky reserves his vocal melodies for prolonged expressions of emotion -- Boris' first monologue , for example .
He speaks quietly , concealing his authority beneath a smooth humility , just as the shifting harmonies that accompany him all but hide the firm pedal point beneath them .
As if in a trance , she repeats his words -- then realizes , with a shock , her own audacity .
The mayhem in the forest of Kromy is a natural sequel .
His personality appears more striking by contrast with Marina , who is -- perhaps purposely -- rather superficially characterized .
to do so would have spoiled the dramatic point of the scene .
The St. Basil's scene opens with little groups of beggars milling around the square , the ever present police keeping them under scrutiny .
The moments of sung melody , in the usual sense , come most often when the character is actually supposed to be singing , as in folk songs and liturgical chants .
Through long experimentation in his songs , Mussorgsky developed a Russian recitative as different from others as the language itself .
Giving most of his musical continuity to the orchestra , he lets the speech fall into place as if by coincidence , but controlling the pace and emphasis of the words .
Once he has been identified , however , a new melody is used to accompany his narrative , a bleak motif with barren octaves creating a rather ancient effect :
Consider the four monks who figure prominently in the action : Pimen , Varlaam , Missail and the Jesuit Rangoni .
Another theme , sinuously chromatic , appears as he directs her to gain power over Grigori by any means , even at the cost of her honor .
The music becomes ethereal as he calls up a vision of her own sainthood : it is she , he tells her , who can bring the truth to Russia and convert the heretics .
Pimen is an old man , weak in body -- his voice rarely rises to a full forte -- but firm and clear of mind .
The most unusual feature of Boris , however , is the use of the greatest character of all , the chorus .
This is especially striking between Pimen's quiet exit and Grigori's vehement outburst against Boris .
As the knack gradually comes back to him , his rhythm becomes steadier , with the rigid monotony of an unskilled reader .
Musically and dramatically , Rangoni is as far removed from the conventional monk as Varlaam .
Mussorgsky paints a telling picture of the common people , those who must suffer the effects of their rulers' struggle for power without understanding the causes .
To music of a menacing darkness , he describes the powers of Satan gaining control of the girl , poisoning her soul with pride and destroying her beauty .
The opening scene shows this method at its most individual .
Again , as Boris feels himself nearing death , a procession files into the hall singing a hymn , its modal harmonies adding a churchly touch to the grim atmosphere : The words are hardly calculated to put the Tsar's mind at ease .
) There is still more news , Mityukh announces : they have prayed for the soul of the Tsarevich .
A rough ostinato figure , heard first in the introduction to the inn scene , characterizes him amusingly and reappears whenever he comes into the action :
The same could be said for the song to which they make their entrance in the final scene .
Rangoni's first entrance is a musical shock , a sudden open fifth in a key totally unrelated to what has preceded it .
It rarely speaks as a unit .
Though brief , it has a sharp dramatic edge and great poignancy .
As the child addresses the shepherd in a dream , light -- in the form of the major mode -- begins to appear , and at the moment of the miracle we hear a clear and shining D major .
His music shows a sensuality coupled with an eerie quality that suggest somehow a blood-kinship with Dappertutto in Offenbach's Hoffman .
Boris' first entrance seems almost a footnote to the splendor of the Coronation Scene , with its dazzling confusion of tonalities .
This is the real protagonist of the drama ; ;
Whatever the source of Rangoni's power , Marina is his captive now ; ;
the conflict is not Boris versus Grigori or Shuiski or even the ghost of the murdered child , but Boris versus the Russian people .
Both monks respond to the guard's challenge with a few phrases of their begging song ; ;
In many passages -- for example , the council of boyars -- each section of the chorus becomes a character group with a particular opinion .
this is met with scorn by the hearers , who claim that Mityukh is lying or drunk .
Much of this lifelike quality results from Mussorgsky's care in basing his vocal line on natural speech inflections .
Hot arguments arise between tenors and basses , who will sing in harmony only when they agree on an idea .
Missail is the straight man , not very talkative , mild-mannered when he does speak .
Here the composer uses a favorite device of his , the intensification of the mood through key relationships .
Their begging song might easily be a folk melody :
His speech shows none of the native accent of the Russian characters ; ;
We have a brief glimpse of the Tsar's public personality , the `` official Boris '' , but our real focus is on the excitement of the crowd -- a significant contrast with its halfhearted acclamation in the opening scene , its bitter resentment and fury in the final act .
Mussorgsky frequently uses liturgical music with considerable dramatic force .
Varlaam and Missail always appear together and often sing together , in a straightforward , rhythmically vigorous idiom that distinguishes them from the more subtle and well-educated Pimen .
Marina rebels at this suggestion .
The jokes and arguments grow louder until the police return ; ;
This is no assignment for a frivolous girl , she assures him .
Whatever learning they may have had in their order doesn't disturb them now .
They are held in control by force , but barely .
At once the Jesuit pulls out all the stops .
In Pimen's cell the soft prayers of the monks , heard from offstage , not only help to set the scene but emphasize the contrast between young Grigori's thoughts and his situation .
They will kneel and plead for Boris' leadership in a strangely intense song , its phrases irregularly broken as if gasping for breath , but when the police with their cudgels move away , they mock and grumble and fight among themselves .
we are reminded of this at the end of the next scene , when his theme cuts through the warmth of the love duet , again throwing a chill over the atmosphere .
One reason for the unique vitality of the chorus is its great variety in expression .
The original D minor seems to symbolize blindness , inescapable in spite of all attempts to move away from it .
It changes and develops according to the text ; ;
The effect is as if he had materialized out of nowhere .
Varlaam's music begins to ramble as he feels the effects of the wine , but he pulls himself together when the need arises .
( Mussorgsky cleverly contrasts the two groups by their orchestral accompaniment , solemn chords or mocking staccatos .
His calmness offers contrast to Grigori's youthful excitement .
In the orchestra we hear first a hushed , hesitant pizzicato figure , then the insistent `` police '' motif as it appeared in the opening scene .
a clever naturalistic touch is Varlaam's labored reading of the warrant .
It is a phrase as arresting as a magician's gesture , with a piquant turn of harmony giving an effect of strangeness .
This theme comes to represent the outer world , the realm of battles and banquets -- seen from a distance , quite distinct from the quieter spiritual life in the monastery .
Aside from Boris himself , one need but examine the secondary roles to place Mussorgsky among the masters of musical portraiture .
The phrasing is irregular , and the abrupt key changes have a primitive forcefulness .
each musical setting has an individual touch .
)
They bring the news that the Pretender has been excommunicated ; ;

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There was one time , however , when his face clouded and he suddenly blurted , `` Why did my brother commit suicide '' ? ?
He supported his mother and his brother , who afterwards committed suicide .
Mr. Herford's appearance was that of a frustrated gnome .
Mr. Hearst's telegraphic code word for Victor Watson was `` fatboy '' .
He was busy , he said , in having someone submit to a monkey-gland operation .
Whatever the Hetman's ambitions , his colleagues were kept ill at ease .
He campaigned successfully for the riddance of `` Death Avenue '' and also brought about the ending of pollution of metropolitan beaches by sewage .
The colonel grunted , then made a remark which might be construed in either of two ways .
In the jakes , after Robbie and his crutches were properly stowed , Mr. Herford went to the adjoining facility .
Something occurred on the morning of the children's party which may illustrate the kind of trouble our restricted toilet facilities caused us .
I worked for a day on this plainly ridiculous assignment and consulted several of my own well-informed sources .
It's bigger than the Armistice '' .
Robinson asked Herford to escort him to the club's lavatory before they sat down for a highball and a game of cards .
The unrelieved stranger eventually turned away from the place of his -- shall we dare say his Waterloo ? ?
Governor Alfred E. Smith was the official host at the children's party .
He paused for a moment to look at me , then went on to the city desk to deliver his `` Today '' column .
Even earlier than that he had resented the fact that I had been chosen to edit the club's Reporter .
I explained my state of mind to artist Winsor McCay and to `` Bugs '' Baer .
Mr. Herford touched the fat man's arm .
Among the outstanding members of the Hearst cabinet whom he successfully opposed for a time were the great Arthur Brisbane , Bradford Merrill , S.S. Carvalho , and Colonel Van Hamm .
When I returned to make my report , the Hetman did not remember having sent me on the secret mission .
The Hetman's `` ideas '' for news stories or editorial campaigns were by no means always fruitless or lacking in merit .
Not long after Colonel Van Hamm had foisted me on the Watson staff I received a salary raise and a contract on the Hetman's recommendation .
It was here that the terror-stricken Dennis Moon played an unrehearsed role during the children's party .
I had had difficulties from the very first day .
One day I tired of following the Hetman's advice of `` shadowing '' and of the `` ring-around-the-rosie '' approach to a report that Enrico Caruso had pinched a lady's hip while visiting the Central Park monkey house .
`` Don't bother to look any further .
In the conduct of these and many other campaigns , the Hetman proved to be a much abler journalist than his critics allowed .
He had a purring voice and poker player's immobility of features which somehow conveyed the feeling that he knew where all the bodies were buried .
' And would you believe it ' , Vic added , ' she likes him better than she does me .
I used to go with Watson to call on the eminent neurologist at his apartment , to sit among the doctor's excellent collection of statues , paintings , and books and drink Oriental coffee while Watson seemed to thaw out and become almost affable .
That word was withheld when the need of it seemed the measure of his despair .
He had barely assumed his stance there when a fat fellow charged through the doorway .
City editor Victor Watson of the New York American was a man of brooding suspicions and mysterious shifts of mood .
Robbie was a war veteran with battle-shattered knees .
As for myself , I had on an enormous black `` muff '' .
-- to go to the door .
the Honorable Robert Wagner , Sr. , at that time a justice of the New York Supreme Court , was on the reception committee .
He was the son of a Scottish father and an American Jewish mother , long widowed , with whom he lived in a comfortable home in Flushing .
That unused room was large enough for -- well , say an elephant could get into it and , as a matter of fact , an elephant did .
`` Where to , sir '' ? ?
He waited a long time .
We fashioned beards , put them on , and reported to the Hetman at the city desk .
I cannot ''
Dr. Menas S. Gregory was another .
This , together with a derby hat and horn-rim eyeglasses , gave me the appearance of a Russian nihilist .
While I was sitting at one of the rewrite telephones with my derby and my great beard , Arthur Brisbane whizzed in with some editorial copy in his hand .
He said that his information was so secret that he would not be able to confide in me the origin of his pipeline tip .
About the only time the Hetman seemed excited was when one of his own pet ideas was born .
Runyon , for his part , had a contemptuous regard for Mr. Watson .
The Hetman had a strong liking for a story , any story which was to be had by means of much sleuthing or by roundabout methods .
We already have the only one of its kind '' .
Then he wrinkled his huge brow and went slowly out of the room .
Nor were his manners barbaric .
A much larger room , adjacent to the lavatory , served as a passageway to and from the skimpy toilet .
He stood there staring with disbelief at the vacant desk .
He was ghost writer for Babe Ruth , whose main talent for literary composition was the signing of his autograph .
He arrived on crutches at the Newspaper Club with one of his great pals , Oliver Herford , artist , author , and foe of stupidity .
and also to change telephones .
Watson showed this wire to Colonel Van Hamm .
I shall tell of it later on .
It so happened that sports writer Arthur Robinson got out of the hospital that morning after promising his doctor that he be back in an hour or two to continue his convalescence .
Arthur `` Bugs '' Baer wrote to me just recently , `` Vic wanted to die in harness , with his head towards the wagon .
I thought it expedient to take off my derby , my glasses , and the beard ; ;
One finds it difficult to pass censure on the lonely figure who waited for days for a saving word from his zealously served idol , W.R. Hearst .
He had a somewhat goggle-eyed expression .
that is , until I became an editor , hence , in his eyes , a rival .
The artist-author said nothing , but stood to one side .
When , in my enthusiasm , I proposed the party , my city editor ( who disliked the club and many of its members ) tried to block my participation in the gala event .
It was said that the Hetman plotted to take over the entire Hearst newspaper empire one day by means of various coups : the destruction of editors who tried to halt his course , the unfrocking of publishers whose mistakes of judgment might be magnified in secret reports to Mr. Hearst .
It was a somewhat unusual thing for a reporter to have a contract in those days before the epidemic of syndicated columnists .
Some of the Hetman's `` ideas '' were dream-ridden , vaguely imparted , and at times preposterous .
United States Senator Royal S. Copeland was wearing the robes of Santa Claus and a great white beard ; ;
Sergeant Mike Donaldson , Congressional Medal of Honor soldier , was one of them .
Somehow I think that Watson paid more attention to me than he otherwise might have because his foe , Colonel Van Hamm , wouldn't touch me with a ten-foot blue pencil .
`` Pardon me , sir .
During the next years he gave me the second of the five contracts I would sign with the Hearst Service .
One day he assigned me to lay bare a `` plot '' by the Duponts to supply munitions to a wholly fictitious revolution he said was about to occur in Cuba .
And I was to go to work on that odd matter .
Mr. McCay had on a sort of Emperor Maximilian beard and mustache .
The staff saw in him the qualities of a Don Cossack , hence , as mentioned before , his nickname `` the Hetman '' .
Without any regard for rest-room protocol , the hulking stranger almost knocked Herford off his pins .
Much to Damon Runyon's amazement , as well as my own , I got along splendidly with the Hetman ; ;
He had worked in the newspaper business since he was nineteen years old , always for the Hearst service .
I was in charge of the arrangements -- which were soon enough disarranged .
It seems to me now , in a long backward glance , that many of the Hetman's conceits and odd actions -- together with his grim posture when brandishing the hatchet in the name of Mr. Hearst -- were keyed with the tragedy which was to close over him one day .
From the very first he regarded himself as Mr. Hearst's disciple , defender , and afterward his prime minister , self-ordained .
Why ' '' ? ?
Indeed , he looked more like a well-fleshed lay brother of the Hospice of St. Bernard .
I managed to do this by the time the great A.B. returned to the place where he last had seen the fierce nihilist .
Arthur Robinson traveled with the baseball clubs as staff correspondent for the American .
I cannot remember Dr. Gregory's reply , if , indeed , he made one .
He exposed the bucket-shop racket with the able assistance of two excellent reporters , Nat Ferber and Carl Helm .
The Hetman told me to take the story over the phone and to write it .
Nothing was said , nothing accomplished .
The Hetman did have friends , but they were mostly outside the newspaper profession .
I would like to believe that my ability warranted this advancement .
It had a single porcelain stall and but one cabinet for the chairing of the bards .
May I say that you have just demonstrated the truth of an old proverb -- the younger Pliny's , if memory serves me -- which , translated freely from the archaic Latin , says , ' The more haste , the less peed ' '' .
Then he would get to his feet , as though rising in honor of his own remarkable powers , and say almost invariably , `` Gentlemen , this is an amazing story ! !
`` I can tell you this much '' , he said .
He seemed timid ( at first , ) wore nose glasses from which a black ribbon dangled , and was no bigger than a jockey .
`` We are ready for your next mysterious assignment '' , said Mr. Baer to the Hetman .
Mr. Baer had an auburn beard , like Longfellow's .
Most of my stories were obtained by simply seeking out the person who could give me the facts , and not as a rule by playing clever tricks .
It's bigger than the Armistice '' .
I remember one day when Mr. Hearst ( and I never knew why he liked me , either ) sent the Hetman a telegram : `` Please find some more reporters like that young man from Denver '' .
He had been `` seeing things '' .
Just then a reporter telephoned in from the Bronx to give the rewrite desk an account of a murder .
Then I spent the next two days at the baseball park and at Jack Doyle's pool parlors .
I feel obliged to describe this cubbyhole .
The Hetman's physical aspects were not those of a savage rider of the steppes .
`` He's a wrong-o '' , said Runyon , `` and I wouldn't trust him as far as I could throw the Statue of Liberty '' .
Alone , rejected on every hand , divorced , and in financial trouble , he leaped from an eleventh-floor window of the Abbey Hotel in 1937 .
Watson told me that his brother always sent roses to his mother , blossoms bought with Vic's allowance to him .
The unfinished note , written in pencil upon the back of a used envelope , and addressed to the coroner , makes one wonder about many things : `` God forgive me for everything .
He also disliked Runyon , for no good reason other than the fact that the Demon's talent was so marked as to put him well beyond the Hetman's say-so or his supervision .
Mr. Watson did not have much humor in his make-up , but he managed a mirthless smile .
Mr. Baer obtained a supply of crepe hair and spirit-gum from an actor at the Friars .

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So many times I have wondered why veterinarians do not wipe the table clean before each new canine patient is placed on it for examination .
Aids sounds more like a Pony Club , or horsemanship classes -- riding a horse and showing a dog are very similar ! !
A Junior who won two or more wins in the Open Class was eligible .
Not only were the contestants pleased with the Class , but it aroused the interest of all in attendance that day .
Superintendents at dog shows state it is becoming more difficult to obtain a licensed Handler to Judge Junior Showmanship Competition .
Each year these shows have increased in entries .
This thoughtful gesture was well received by the Juniors as the Class had an entry of 46 Juniors and it took approximately one hour , 45 minutes to judge the Class .
This Class can be just as successful in the dog world if it is given a chance .
When you and your dog step into the Junior ring , it should be just what the dog wants to do as much as what you want him to do .
hands to guide or restrain ; ;
Mrs. William H. Long , Jr. speaks
At the Westminster KC Dog Show in Madison Square Garden , New York on the second day , the Finals of the Junior Class brought out the most competitive competition in the history of this Class .
Next year 1962 , at Westminster , the Bench Show Committee has raised the requirements so that a junior must win 3 or more Junior Classes in the open division only to qualify for Westminster .
Sydney Le Blanc , age 15 , Staten Island , N.Y. , showing a Doberman Pinscher , was 2nd .
At the recent horse show convention in New York it was stated that this Intermediate Judging Class is meeting with great success and will be a great help to future judges in the horse world .
If you walk into the ring because it is fun to show your dog , he will feel it and give you a good performance ! !
( The purpose of the Junior Showmanship Competition is to teach and encourage Juniors to become good sportsmen .
Or a bored dog because you are more interested in something else -- maybe the way you look , or the date you have after the Class , or you are just doing this to please the parents .
A large number of these Juniors have 7 and 8 wins to their credit and are seasoned campaigners .
The Kansas City and the Topeka KCs are arranging that Juniors who win at their shows will be qualified to win points for Westminster .
Is one of Mr. Barcus' strong beliefs .
Percy Roberts , a leading judge will not be at the International Show this year for the Junior Judging Contest as he has been invited to judge in Australia in March .
Dogs have a way of sensing our feelings ! !
Mrs. Long still feels the same unique spirit of Westminster which she stated the present Juniors will experience today but probably will not appreciate in full for a number of years .
)
We suggested this Class in the horse world and it was accepted immediately and included in the programs of horse shows .
Judging class for intermediates proposed
Entries increasing -- requirements raised
Betty is 16 years of age and had several wins to her credit last year .
By recognizing and helping Juniors get interested in the dog world , all will be helping to create future dog owners .
Susan Hackmann , age 14 , from Baltimore , Md. , showing a Dachshund , was 3rd .
)
Some years ago this Class was judged by celebrities who knew nothing of what was required of a Junior's ability to show a dog .
We've never been refused ! !
This year Anne Hone Rogers , outstanding Handler , judged the Class .
I know because this is my 37th year with hardly a break .
The second speaker was Harvey Barcus , President of the Dog Writers Ass'n of America .
And may you all continue to show at Westminster in the years to come '' ! !
For some time this writer has been suggesting a Junior Judging Class for Intermediates over 16 and under 20 years of age who are ineligible to compete in the Junior Class .
In the morning we leave the room looking as neat as a pin ! !
It has been suggested many times that a Class be set up for the Juniors who are overage and cannot enter the Junior Classes .
Last year Susan also placed 3rd in the Finals at Westminster .
Over 60 Juniors , parents and guests attended .
`` The reason you are in the ring today is to show your ability to present to any judge the most attractive picture of your dog that the skillful use of your aids can produce .
Traveling through the South -- over 16,000 miles -- with two Great Danes , an Afghan , and a Persian kitten , we've worked up a regular routine for acceptance at motels .
`` No '' , he replies , `` full grown , adult show dogs , housebroken , and obedience-trained '' .
International Champion of the year
The Rio Grande KC is also considering having their Junior Classes set up so that Juniors can qualify with points for Westminster .
legs to produce motion and rate of speed .
Many adults showing at Westminster today are products of this Class .
As the Juniors entered the ring , Mr. Spring , the announcer , stated over the public-address system that this was the 28th year that Westminster has held the Finals of the Junior Competition .
The Class had entries from as far west as Wisconsin and as far south as Kentucky .
`` Take away your attitude '' , said Mrs. Long , `` and what have you left ? ?
In addition to showing an Irish Setter throughout the year , she also scored with an Afghan .
More volunteer handlers needed to judge
From there on , each Junior was going to be judged individually .
The Intermediates in the Class with the Judge were asked to pick 4 winners and give their reasons but their decisions did not affect the choice of the Judge .
Other awards for Juniors
No sooner had Betsey come out of the ring than Mrs. Long walked into the Working Competition with Ch. Cadet or Noranda , another home-bred product , and won ! !
This gave the Juniors the use of the entire ring at the show -- a great advantage to them ! !
It was interesting to note that many of these Juniors were showing dogs in various other classes at the show prior to the Finals of the Junior Class .
Right attitude essential ! !
It seemed an almost impossible job for Miss Rogers to select 4 winners from the 46 Juniors entered .
He gave a resume of the steps taken in order for the boy he sponsored to win the scholarship .
Karen Marcmann , age 16 , Trapp , Penna. , showing a Keeshond was 4th .
Once settled , we're careful to walk the dogs in an out of the way spot , keep them under control in the room , and feed and bench them where they can't do any harm to the furnishings or the furniture .
Instead of 3 a.m. in the past , the Juniors Class at Westminster was held at 4:45 p.m. .
`` Your aids are your attitude , which comes through your voice , your hands and legs -- voice to encourage , discourage or whatever the need may be ; ;
He feels very forcibly that the American Kennel Club should take a more active part in encouraging the Junior Division ! !
Without right attitude the other aids just do not work right '' .
Other winners
She then went over them thoroughly giving each a strenuous test in showmanship .
Westminster Show Notes
Either a nervous dog because you are livid with rage -- a sure sign that you are taking things too seriously and had better stop ! !
Such a Class was tried out successfully at the Westchester KC Show recently .
The Airedale Terrier Club of America and the Kerry Blue Terrier Club of America have under consideration donating trophies to the boys or girls who win with their breeds in Junior Showmanship Competition at any Show .
The founder of the Junior Showmanship Competition the late Leonard Brumby , Sr. ( for whom the trophy is named after at Westminster ) was an outstanding Handler and believed a Junior should have an opportunity to exhibit in a dog show starting with the Junior Showmanship Division .
Last year a boy he knows and helped in Journalism won the Thoroughbred Racing Ass'n Scholarship which is worth $10,000 .
Juniors who attend this Chicago show should make a point to enter this Class as it would be of great help to them .
In closing , Mr. Barcus also wished all the Juniors luck in their Class .
He knows your signals , what is expected of him and the way the Class is conducted , right up through the flash-bulbs of the photographers '' .
My husband enters the motel office , signs up for a room , and then solemnly asks the proprieter if he accepts pets .
`` Junior Showmanship is an extremely worthy project and should be earnestly encouraged '' ! !
In 1960 , there were 7287 entries in the Junior Classes .
As has been the custom for the past several years , John Cross , Jr. , Bench Show Chmn. of Westminster , arranged for the Juniors' meeting before the Class , and invited two speakers from the dog world to address them .
To overcome this unfair judging , the A.K.C. requires that a licensed Handler be present to judge the Class .
After the judge moved all the dogs individually , she selected several from the group and placed them in the center of the ring .
Mrs. Long wished all the Juniors luck in the Class and stated , `` Have fun ! !
This year several entries from Canada were entered which made the Junior Class International .
Mr. Barcus spoke on the subject of scholarships for Juniors -- with which he is very familiar .
The American Pointer Club is still continuing to donate trophies to Juniors who win at Junior Showmanship Classes with Pointers .
Anne Hone Rogers judges 28th finals
Before the Juniors entered the ring the Steward announced that after all Juniors had moved their dogs around the ring and set them up , they could relax with their dogs .
Harvey Barcus , second speaker
Speaking from long years of experience , Mrs. Long advised the Juniors : `` When showing dogs ceases to be fun and excitement , stop ! !
From the records we keep -- Susan is the only Junior who has placed in the Junior Classes in both United States and Canada .
Betty Lou Ham , age 16 , Holyoke , Mass. , showing an Irish Setter , was chosen as International Champion of the year .
In her opening remarks Mrs. Long also welcomed the Juniors and stated , `` There isn't any other show quite like Westminster .
This is the third time in 28 years of Junior Showmanship at Westminster that a lady Handler has judged the Class .
Juniors competed last year at American Kennel Club and Canadian Kennel Club , recognized shows to be eligible to compete in this Class -- the Finals for the year .
Forty-six of the 53 Juniors who mailed in entries were present .
Last year Robert Harris , a leading Junior Handler entered the Dog Judging Contest ( Junior ) at the International KC of Chicago show and had the highest score in judging of any Junior since the Class' inception .
Is it that they don't care ? ?
Twenty years ago her daughter Betsey Long , then 13 years of age , won the Grand Challenge Trophy , Children's Handling Class ( as they were called then ) at Westminster .
Most Juniors who were entered in the Finals are seasoned campaigners and not only show and win in Junior Classes but score in the Breed Classes as well .
Are they indifferent to the fact that the dog can easily pick up germs from the preceding patient ? ?
`` Puppies '' ? ?
After the Juniors were welcomed and congratulated for qualifying for the Finals of the Junior Class , Mrs. William H. Long , Jr. was introduced as the first speaker .
If the superintendents do not receive more cooperation from Handlers , it has been suggested that licensed Judges also be qualified to judge this Class .
She was awarded the Professional Handlers' Ass'ns' Leonard Brumby , Sr. Memorial Trophy ( named for the founder-originator of the Junior Classes .
Comes the suspicious question .
Many a motel owner -- when we've stopped there again -- has remembered us and has said he preferred our dogs to most children .

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The scarred , disfigured wrists of Mr. Jaggers' housekeeper are the tell-tale marks of her sinister past , for her master , coolly exhibiting them to his dinner guests , makes a point of the `` force of grip there is in these hands '' .
Magwitch terrifies Pip into stealing a pork pie for him by creating the image in the boy's imagination of a bogy man who may `` softly creep his way to him and tear him open '' , `` imbruing his hands '' in him .
The respectability which money confers implies a different etiquette , and , upon taking up the life of a London gentleman , Pip must learn from Herbert Pocket that `` the spoon is not generally used over-hand , but under '' .
when , on the journey to London that immediately follows , he pauses nostalgically to lay his hand upon the finger-post at the end of the village , the wooden pointer symbolically designates a spiritual frontier between innocence and the corruption of worldly vanity .
Since they commonly translate thoughts and feelings into deeds , hands naturally represent action , and since nearly half the characters in Great Expectations are of the underworld or closely allied to it , the linking of hands with crime or violence is not to be wondered at .
later he flees in panic from the family table just as his theft is about to be discovered and is blocked at the front door by a soldier who accusingly holds out a pair of handcuffs which he has brought to Gargery's forge for mending .
Held upside down in the graveyard , Pip clings in terror `` with both hands '' to his convict ; ;
Almost the first step in the corruption of Pip's values is the unworthy shame he feels when Estella cruelly remarks the coarseness of his hands : `` They had never troubled me before , but they troubled me now , as vulgar appendages '' .
Since a gentleman must , if possible , avoid sullying them by work , his hands , as importantly as his accent , become the index of social status .
Jaggers' iron control over her ( `` she would remove her hands from any dish she put before him , hesitatingly , as if she dreaded his calling her back ) '' ) rests on his having once got her acquitted of a murder charge by cleverly contriving her sleeves at the trial to conceal her strength and by passing off the lacerations on the backs of her hands as the scratches of brambles rather than of human fingernails .
In Great Expectations the hands become almost an obsession .
Pumblechook's `` signature '' is the perpetually extended glad hand .
So it is with Great Expectations , whether the hands be Orlick's as he strikes down Mrs. Gargery or Pip's as he steals a pie from her pantry .
But only in one of its aspects is Great Expectations a tale of violence , revenge , and retribution .
Pip's abject leave-taking of Miss Havisham , during which he kneels to kiss her hand , signalizes his homage to a supposed patroness who seems to be opening up for him a new world of glamour ; ;
Pip imagines how Estella would look down upon Joe's hands , roughened by work in the smithy , and the deliberate contrast between her white hands and his blackened ones is made to symbolize the opposition of values between which Pip struggles -- idleness and work , artificiality and naturalness , gentility and commonness , coldness and affection -- in fact , between Satis House and the forge .
When the snobbery that alienates Pip from Joe finally gives way before the deeper and stronger force of love , the reunion is marked by an embarrassed handshake at which Pip exclaims : `` No , don't wipe it off -- for God's sake , give me your blackened hand '' ! !
Miss Havisham's withered hands , heavy as if her unhappiness were somehow concentrated in them , move in restless self-pity between her broken heart and her walking stick .
Dickens lays great emphasis on the hands in this scene .
Dickens suggests the economic evils of such a society on the first page of his novel in the description of Pip's five little dead brothers `` who gave up trying to get a living exceedingly early in that universal struggle '' , who seemed to have `` all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets , and had never taken them out in this state of existence '' .
Magwitch's hand here ironically becomes the agent of justice .
As Pip agonizes over the theft that his own hands have committed , his guilty conscience projects itself upon the wooden finger of a local signpost , transforming it into `` a phantom devoting me to the Hulks '' .
The vulture-like attendance of the Pocket family upon Miss Havisham is summed up in the hypocritical gestures of Miss Camilla Pocket , who puts her hand to her throat in a feigned spasm of grief-stricken choking , then lays it `` upon her heaving bosom '' with `` an unnatural fortitude of manner '' , and finally kisses it to Miss Havisham in a parody of the lady's own mannerism toward Estella .
Old Mr. Pocket's frantic response to life imprisonment with a useless , social-climbing wife is to `` put his two hands into his disturbed hair '' and `` make an extraordinary effort to lift himself up by it '' , whereas Joe Gargery endures the shrewish onslaughts of Mrs. Joe by apologetically drawing `` the back of his hand across and across his nose '' .
Wemmick reveals his self-satisfaction by regularly rubbing his hands together .
Orlick slouches about the forge `` like Cain '' with `` his hands in his pockets '' , and when he shouts abuse at Mrs. Joe for objecting to his holiday , she claps her hands in a tantrum , beats them `` upon her bosom and upon her knees '' , and clenches them in her husband's hair .
We have only to think of Lady Macbeth or the policeman-murderer in Thomas Burke's famous story , `` The Hands Of Mr. Ottermole '' , to realize that hands often call up ideas of crime and punishment .
Orlick might almost be Magwitch's bogy man come alive , a figure of nemesis from Pip's phantasy of guilt .
) in effusive congratulation to Pip on his expectations .
Pip's great expectations , his progress through illusion and disillusionment , turn , somewhat as they do for the naive hero of Dreiser's American Tragedy , upon the lure of genteel prosperity through unearned income -- what Wemmick calls `` portable property '' and what Jaggers reproaches Pip for letting `` slip through ( his ) fingers '' .
In both cases the finger-post represents Pip's heightened awareness of contrary magnetisms .
We first see him shaking Mrs. Joe's hand on discovering the sizable amount of the premium paid to her husband for Pip's indenture as an apprentice and later pumping Pip's hands `` for the hundredth time at least '' ( `` May I -- may I -- '' ? ?
Orlick shakes his hand at Pip , bangs the table with his fist , draws his unclenched hand `` across his mouth as if his mouth watered '' for his victim , lets his hands hang `` loose and heavy at his sides '' , and Pip observes him so intensely that he knows `` of the slightest action of his fingers '' .
Pumblechook's hands throughout the novel serve to travesty greed and hypocritical self-aggrandizement .
Finally , Magwitch's pursuit of Compeyson , his archenemy and betrayer , begins by his holding him in a vicelike grip on the river flats to frustrate his escape and culminates in his `` laying his hand on his cloak to identify him '' , thus precipitating the death-locked struggle in the water during which Compeyson drowns .
It is hardly accidental , therefore , that many of his most vivid figures do suggestive or eccentric things with their hands .
It is the similarity between Estella's hands and Molly's ( `` The action of her fingers was like the action of knitting '' ) that provides Pip with a vital clue to the real identity of both and establishes a symbolic connection between the underworld of crime and the genteel cruelty of Satis House .
Recent criticism of Great Expectations has tended to emphasize its symbolic and mythic content , to show , as M. D. Zabel has said of Dickens generally , that much of the novel's impact resides in its `` allegoric insight and moral metaphor '' .
The novel opens with a fugitive convict frantically trying to avoid the nemesis of being `` laid hands on '' -- a mysterious figure who looks into Pip's frightened eyes in the churchyard `` as if he were eluding the hands of the dead people , stretching up cautiously out of their graves , to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in '' .
Money , so important a theme elsewhere in Dickens , is here central , and hands are often associated in some way with the false values -- acquisitiveness , snobbery , self-interest , hypocrisy , toadyism , irresponsibility , injustice -- that attach to a society based upon the pursuit of wealth .
A variety of hand movements helps dramatize the moral climate of the fallen world Pip encounters beyond the forge .
In his analysis , however , he touches upon but fails to explore an idea , generally neglected in discussions of the book , which I believe is central to its art -- the importance of human hands as a recurring feature of the narrative .
Pip himself is to feel the terror of Orlick's `` murderous hand '' in his secret rendezvous at the sluicehouse on the marshes .
Mr. Jaggers habitually bites his forefinger , a gesture which conveys both contempt and the inscrutable abstractedness that half fascinates , half terrifies all who have dealings with him .
Through such details Dickens indicates at the outset that guilt is a part of the ironic bond between Pip and Magwitch which is so unpredictably to alter both their lives .
This essay seeks to make that exploration .
J. H. Miller's excellent chapter on Great Expectations has lately illustrated how fruitfully that novel can be read from such a perspective .
Dickens was not for nothing the most theatrical of the great Victorian writers .
Such mannerisms would be less worthy of remark , were it not that in Great Expectations , as in no other of Dickens' novels , hands serve as a leitmotif of plot and theme -- a kind of unifying symbol or natural metaphor for the book's complex of human interrelationships and the values and attitudes that motivate them .
He knew instinctively that next to voice and face an actor's hands are his most useful possession -- that in fiction as in the theatre , gesture is an indispensable shorthand for individualizing character and dramatizing action and response .
This last `` rampage '' is only the prelude to the vicious blow upon her head , `` dealt by some unknown hand '' whose identity is later revealed not verbally but through a manual action -- the tracing of Orlick's hammer upon a slate .
We take leave of Pumblechook as he gloats over Pip's loss of fortune , extending his hand `` with a magnificently forgiving air '' and exhibiting `` the same fat five fingers '' , one of which he identifies with `` the finger of Providence '' and shakes at Pip in a canting imputation of the latter's `` ingratitoode '' and his own generosity as Pip's `` earliest benefactor '' .
Pip first learns `` the stupendous power of money '' from the sycophantic tailor , Mr. Trabb , whose brutality to his boy helper exactly matches the financial resource of each new customer , and whose fawning hands touch `` the outside of each elbow '' and `` rub '' Pip out of the shop .
Dickens , for excellent psychological reasons , never fully reveals Magwitch's felonious past , but Pip , at the convict's climactic reappearance in London , shrinks from clasping a hand which he fears `` might be stained with blood '' .
Incidentally , one cannot miss the significance of this gesture , for Dickens reintroduces it associatively in Pip's mind at another moral and psychological crisis -- his painful recognition , in a talk with Herbert Pocket , that his hopeless attachment to Estella is as self-destructive as it is romantic .
Dickens not only reveals character through gesture , he makes hands a crucial element of the plot , a means of clarifying the structure of the novel by helping to define the hero's relations with all the major characters , and a device for ordering such diverse themes as guilt , pursuit , crime , greed , education , materialism , enslavement ( by both people and institutions ) , friendship , romantic love , forgiveness , and redemption .
Such associations suit well with the gothic or mystery-story aspects of Dickens' novel , but , on a deeper plane , they relate to the themes of sin , guilt , and pursuit that have recently been analyzed by other critics .

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The league workers search out the pros and cons of the most complex issues and make them available to the public .
These women whose organization grew out of the old suffrage movement are dedicated to Thomas Jefferson's dictum that one must cherish the people's spirit but `` Keep alive their attention '' .
that theory was and is sound .
In all the turmoil , some good legislation was passed .
This session , for instance , may have insured a financial crisis two years from now .
Such a twist would be a tragedy for the Dominican people , who deserve to breathe without fear .
Assembly session brought much good
It's a good use of money .
Georgia's mental health program received a badly needed boost from the General Assembly in the form of a $1,750,000 budget increase for the Milledgeville State Hospital .
Patients deserve more attention than they are getting .
The Dominican Republic could turn toward Communist-type authoritarianism as easily as toward Western freedom .
Trujillo's dictatorship had been along conservative , right-wing lines .
Touring Africa , the new U.S. Assistant Secretary of State observed `` Africa should be for the Africans '' and the British promptly denounced him .
That such expansion can be obtained without a raise in taxes is due to growth of the tax digest and sound fiscal planning on the part of the board of commissioners , headed by Chairman Charles O. Emmerich who is demonstrating that the public trust he was given was well placed , and other county officials .
What comes after Trujillo is now the puzzle .
But exactly how far it will go toward improving conditions is another question because there is so much that needs doing .
And the league takes a stand , with great regularity , on the side of right .
In the interim between now and next year , we trust the House and Senate will put their minds to studying Georgia's very real economic , fiscal and social problems and come up with answers without all the political heroics .
The final decision went to the executive but a way has been opened for strengthening budgeting procedures and to provide legislators information they need .
No action has been taken , however , on such major problems as ending the fee system , penal reform , modification of the county unit system and in outright banning of fireworks sales .
The danger lay not in believing that our own A-bombs would deter Russia's use of hers ; ;
Tardily the Government here came to understand how this country's own reputation was tarnished by the association with repression .
Then a full-time planning office will be established in Rome to work with a five-member Georgia Tech research staff for development of an area planning and industrial development program .
Unquestionably Trujillo did some good things for his country : he improved public facilities such as roads and sanitation , attracted industry and investment and raised the standard of living notably .
The harder the choice , the more willing the league is to wade in .
Perhaps the army will be able to maintain stability , but the vacuum of free institutions creates a great danger .
It was a sort of poetic justice that at the time of his own demise a new plot to overthrow the Venezuelan government , reportedly involving the use of Dominican arms by former Venezuelan Dictator Marcos Perez Jimenez , has been uncovered and quashed .
The firm does a large amount of research and its forecasts have meaning .
In presenting plans for such express buses before the Montgomery County Council , the administrator of the NCTA , C. Darwin Stolzenbach , was frankly seeking support for the projects his agency will soon be launching .
The practice of charging employes for meals whether they eat at the hospital or not should be abolished .
DeKalb budget shows county is on beam
For that reason any democratic reform and effort to bring genuine representative government to the Dominican Republic will need the greatest sympathy and help .
More attendants , nurses and doctors should be hired .
Only a token start was made in attacking the tax reappraisal question and its companion issue of attracting industry to the state .
Power company backs confidence with dollars
It is good to know that Georgia will continue to have sufficient electrical power not only to meet the demands of normal growth but to encourage a more rapid rate of industrialization .
Cities and counties interested in industrial development would do well in the months ahead to keep their eyes peeled toward the 13 northwest Georgia counties that are members of the Coosa Valley Area Planning and Development Commission .
This strategy heightened the possibility that we would have a nuclear war .
Actually it amounts to $1,250,000 above what the institution already is receiving , considering the additional half-million dollars Gov. Vandiver allocated last year from the state surplus .
There followed the historic appropriations and budget fight , in which the General Assembly decided to tackle executive powers .
Rafael Trujillo , the often blood-thirsty dictator of the Dominican Republic for 31 years , perhaps deserved his fate in an even-handed appraisal of history .
The work week of attendants who are on duty 65 hours and more per week should be reduced .
The recent history of the Dominican Republic is an almost classical study of the way in which even a professedly benevolent dictatorship tends to become oppressive .
He had been involved in countless schemes to do away with democratic leaders in neighboring countries such as President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela .
Until the last year or so the profession of friendship with the United States had been an article of faith with Trujillo , and altogether too often this profession was accepted here as evidence of his good character .
The undertaking has abundant promise .
The Rusk belief in balanced defense , replacing the Dulles theory of massive retaliation , removes a grave danger that has existed .
The end of Trujillo
Kansas , regarded as tops in the nation in its treatment of the mentally ill , spends $9 per day per patient .
Certainly all can applaud passage of an auto title law , the school bills , the increase in teacher pensions , the ban on drag racing , acceptance by the state of responsibility for maintenance of state roads in municipalities at the same rate as outside city limits , repeal of the college age limit law and the road maintenance bond issue .
It also weakened our diplomatic stance , because Russia could easily guess we did not desire a nuclear war except in the ultimate extremity .
He maintained amply financed lobbies in the United States and elsewhere which sycophantically chanted his praise , and his influence extended even to Congress .
The NCTA is well advised to seek funds for this purpose from the present session of Congress .
Rusk idea strengthens United States defense
Either way it sounds like a sizable hunk of money and is .
G. Mennen Williams is learning the difficulties of diplomacy rapidly .
League regularly stands on the side of right
The jails were filled to overflowing with political prisoners who had incurred his displeasure .
Coupling its own budget of $83,750 with a $30,000 state grant authorized by Gov. Vandiver , the group expects to sign a contract in March with Georgia Tech. .
High-speed buses on the George Washington Memorial Parkway , operating between downtown Washington and Cabin John , Glen Echo and Brookmont , would constitute an alluring sample of what the new National Capital Transportation Agency can do for this city .
Long-range planning of programs and ways to finance them have become musts if the state in the next few years is to avoid crisis-to-crisis government .
But whether the murder of El Benefactor in Ciudad Trujillo means freedom for the people of the Caribbean fiefdom is a question that cannot now be answered .
The General Assembly , which adjourns today , has performed in an atmosphere of crisis and struggle from the day it convened .
But after the censure he and his propaganda started mouthing Communist slogans .
Because the buses would not stop on the parkway , land for bus stations and for parking areas nearby will be needed .
But the price was the silence of the grave for all criticism or opposition .
Confidence in the state's economic future is reflected in the Georgia Power Company's record construction budget for this year .
Chin up , Soapy .
The League of Women Voters , 40 now and admitting it proudly , is inviting financial contributions in the windup of its fund drive .
By maintaining the nuclear deterrent , but gearing American military forces to fight conventional wars too , Secretary of State Rusk junks bluff and nuclear brinkmanship and builds more muscle and greater safety into our military position .
The responsibility for scores of deaths , including the abduction and murder of Jesus Maria Galindez , a professor at Columbia University in New York , has been laid at his door .
The intensive treatment program is working well .
Somewhere , somebody is bound to love us
Thereupon followed a demonstration that tyranny knows no ideological confines .
The national average is more than $4 and that figure is considered by experts in the mental health field to be too low .
Trujillo knew a great deal about assassination .
DeKalb's budget for 1961 is a record one and carries with it the promise of no tax increase to make it balance .
The danger lay in the American delusion that nuclear deterrence was enough .
But in so many other areas we still are dragging .
Fortunately it spared us from the usual spate of silly resolutions which in the past have made Georgia look like anything but `` the empire state of the South '' .
Start on rapid transit
It was faced immediately with a showdown on the schools , an issue which was met squarely in conjunction with the governor with a decision not to risk abandoning public education .
Some other good bills were lost in the shuffle and await future action .
`` If once they become inattentive to the public affairs '' , Jefferson said , `` you and I , and Congress and assemblies , judges and governors , shall all become wolves '' .
There was considerable evidence of a tacit rapprochement with Castro in Cuba , previously a bete noire to Trujillo -- thus illustrating the way in which totalitarianism of the right and left coalesces .
By limiting American strength too much to nuclear strength , this country limited its ability to fight any kind of war besides a nuclear war .
It includes a raise in the county minimum wage , creation of several new jobs at the executive level , financing of beefed-up industrial development efforts , and increased expenditures for essential services such as health and welfare , fire protection , sanitation and road maintenance .
We congratulate the entire membership on its record of good legislation .
Even with the increase in funds for the next fiscal year , Georgia will be spending only around $3.15 per day per patient .
Last year , after Trujillo had been cited for numerous aggressions in the Caribbean , the United States and many other members of the Organization of American States broke diplomatic relations with him .
El Benefactor's vanity grew with his personal wealth .
Georgia has made some reforms , true .
The boost is helpful but inadequate .
It recognizes the fact that what helps one county helps its neighbors and that by banding together in an area-wide effort better results can be accomplished than through the go-it-alone approach .
This left the Soviets plenty of leeway to start low-grade brushfire aggressions with considerable impunity .
Considering what is being done compared to what needs to be done , it behooves the hospital management to do some mighty careful planning toward making the best possible use of the increase granted .
Assassination , even of a tyrant , is repulsive to men of good conscience .
Look to Coosa Valley for industrial progress
The legislature expended most of its time on the schools and appropriations questions .
Then he arrived in Zanzibar and found Africans carrying signs saying `` American imperialists , go home '' .
Such support should not be difficult to come by if all the plans to be presented by the NCTA are as attractive as this outline of express buses coming into the downtown area .
Newspapermen and politicians especially are aware of the penetrating attention and expert analysis the league gives to public affairs .
The Dominican people have known no democratic institutions and precious little freedom for a generation , and all alternative leadership has been suppressed .

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The process of social control is operative insofar as sanctions play a part in the individual's behavior , as well as the group's behavior .
In turn , higher fertility rates for this population provide a means of increasing the numerical quantity of the population , allowing for the possibility of greater stability and unity .
2 .
Systemic linkage
Yet , the object of the element of achieving through the process of goal attaining for this population appears to have been changed by circumstances brought about by the war .
The present study relates to the theory of functional systems .
By means of geographical isolation and high fertility rates , inbreeding can be fostered and the pattern of isolation from the greater society maintained .
The element of status-roles and associated processes have not been sufficiently investigated for this population to permit any type of conjectures about them .
This provides the necessary contact with the larger society , while supporting a type of control over members in terms of social contacts .
The elements and processes become evident in a study of mate selection in this population .
The process of evaluation assigns varying positive and negative priorities or values to elements .
Systemic linkage .
Urbanization appears to be an important factor in the disintegration of this group .
It is hypothesized that fertility is a function of the social system when the population as a whole is considered and a function of the subsystems when the two-fold division of core families and marginal families is considered .
Power .
Institutionalization Though undoubtedly all six processes are operative within the whole social system and its subsystems , two processes that are of crucial importance to this study will be singled out for particular emphasis .
To some extent the system can be considered a Gemeinschaft in which `` social-role occupancies are determined by birth , by attributes such as sex or caste , which are biologically or socially immutable '' .
Social control .
However , it cannot be presumed , informal though the structure of the population seems , that there are not well-defined roles within the system .
The negative sanctions applied to core - Negro marriages for core members act as indicators of expected adherence to group norms .
1 .
Intense interaction is easier where segregated living and occupational segregation mark off a group from the rest of the community , as in the case of this population .
Cultural values .
core - marginal marriages still belong in the category of permissive unions ; ;
Of particular utility in the analysis of the development , persistence , and change of social systems has been the use of the master or comprehensive processes .
4 .
The norms , as elements , refer to `` all criteria for judging the character or conduct of both individual and group actions in any social system '' .
The supportive relations can apparently be achieved in geographical and social isolation .
In the urban area , in other words , they , unlike some urban ethnic groups , do not concentrate in ghetto colonies .
The preferential mating of this particular population has been analyzed in a separate study .
Additionally , the proscription of core - Negro marriages for core families , discussed above , would seem to act as a regulative norm governing subgroups and roles .
As Loomis remarks , `` In the internal pattern the chief reason for interacting is to communicate liking , friendship , and love among those who stand in supporting relations to one another and corresponding negative sentiments to those who stand in antagonistic relations '' .
In the study of marriage patterns for this group , consanguinity produces the structural system -- a system of affinities -- which , in turn , maintains the system of consanguinity .
Interviews with members of the Brandywine population were attempted in order to discover the ranking of the various families in the population .
By their pattern of endogamy and exogamy , the core families and the marginal families show distinct limits to the intergroup contact they maintain .
Loomis considers ranking a product of the evaluation process .
A cursory survey of available material indicates a high rate of illegitimate births occurring to parents who have a close consanguineous relationship .
Regulative norms governing subgroups and roles .
Ranking .
The scope of this study does not provide for the study of roles of various types within the larger system or within the subgroups .
Tension management and communication of sentiment are the processes involved in the functioning of the element of sentiment or feeling .
Despite the increasing rate of exogamous marriages , the population has been able to sustain , at least to some degree , the consciousness of its intermediate status in society .
5 .
Again , size of the group may have some influence on the strength of group controls .
Sentiment .
From the evidence `` it may be conjectured that core - core marriages are the preferred unions for core males and females ; ;
Communication may be facilitated by means of the high visibility within the larger community .
The four functional problems of a social system are , to some extent , solved by the subsystems within this population .
The fact of Indian ancestry and `` free '' status during the days of slavery , are important distinctions made by members of the group .
It is also expressed in the proscription against deviants in the matter of endogamy , particularly in rural areas .
The values placed by the Brandywine population , upon maintaining a certain homogeneity , a certain separate racial identity , and therefore a certain separate social status , are important for the morale of the system .
As mentioned above , where families are concentrated in larger numbers , group controls seem strongest and most effective .
Roles of various types , within the larger system and within the subgroups 3 .
The relative geographical isolation of the Brandywine population makes for a limited choice in mating .
The population can thereby replenish itself and actually grow larger .
A more realistic analysis must take into account the fact that Brandywine people in the urban-fringe area are , in general , less segregated locally than group members in rural areas .
Communication .
Confused and divided though this tradition may be , it is an important part of the social and cultural heritage of the group , and acts as a means of socialization , particularly for members of the rural community .
Status-roles .
`` Increased boundary maintenance may be achieved , for example , by assigning a higher primacy or evaluation to activities characteristic of the external pattern .
Adaptation to the social and non-social environment through the economy has been met to a degree through a type of occupational segregation .
'' The external pattern or external system can be considered as `` group behavior that enables the group to survive in its environment .
It is conceived that one of the means to attain this social distance is that of physical and social isolation .
Communication
Integration `` has to do with the inter-relation of parts '' .
Achieving .
The newlyweds building homes on the same land with either set of parents , and the almost exclusive use of members of the population as sponsors for baptisms and weddings illustrate this supportive relationship .
Subsystems
By means of this social control , deviance is either eliminated or somehow made compatible with the function of the social group .
4 .
The comprehensive or master processes activate all or some of the elements within the social system and subsystems .
and core - Negro marriages are proscribed for core members '' .
Boundary maintenance .
The fertility rate pattern would seem to be a function , though a latent one , of the process of maintaining the boundary .
To the extent that urban life contributes to the breakdown of the group patterns of residential isolation , to that extent it contributes directly to increased exogamy '' .
3 .
Socialization
One of the devices for tension management is preferential mating .
The structural subsystem , consisting of relatively stable inter-relationships among its parts , includes : 1 .
Each family line can be considered a substructure .
Social control
Maintenance of the status quo might seem to be the appropriate goal or objective of this population today .
However , the factor of physical isolation is not a static situation .
To maintain their intermediate position in the larger society , it is not only necessary that members of this population be `` visible '' , but that their numbers be great enough to be recognized as a separate , distinct grouping or system in society .
The process of boundary maintenance identifies and preserves the social system or subsystems , and the characteristic interaction is maintained .
In this respect it would seem that the greater the social distance between the Brandywine population and the white and Negro populations within the same general locality , the greater the possibility for higher morale and solidarity within the Brandywine population .
Where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group , systemic linkage is defined `` as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit .
Although the Brandywine population is still predominantly rural , `` there are indications of a consistent and a statistically significant trend away from the older and relatively isolated rural communities .
6 .
Since morale is closely related to pattern maintenance and integration , the higher the morale and solidarity , the better the system can solve the problems of the system .
However , because of Church laws , lately more stringently enforced , which forbid the marriage of cousins closely related consanguineously , a means of facilitating the goal of in-group relations may be that of recourse to illegitimate unions .
Master processes
Subgroups of various types , interconnected by relational norms .
In order to attain the goal of group solidarity and to relieve tension , the high fertility rate provides more group members for mate selection , and the clustering of members in groups fosters acceptance of group controls .
There seems to be an implied cultural value attached to the fact of core status within the group .
The large majority of the interviewees placed core families in the upper positions .
This conclusion is , however , an over-simplification .
There is some indication from a limited number of interviews with members of the population that the element of power , primarily the voluntary influence of non-authoritative power , has been exerted on actors in the system , particularly in regard to mate selection .
In discussing the process of communication , Loomis defines it as `` the process by which information , decisions , and directives are transmitted among actors and the ways in which knowledge , opinions , and attitudes are formed , or modified by interaction '' .
Within the larger social system are the structural and functional subsystems .
Norms .
Sanctions .
As the threat of encroachment on the system increases , the `` probability of applied boundary maintenance mechanisms increases '' .
`` The standing or rank of an actor in a given social system is determined by the evaluation placed upon the actor and his acts in accordance with the norms and standards of the system '' .
Prior to World War 2 , there was a higher percentage of endogamous marriages than after World War 2 .
There is an oral tradition among the members of the population in regard to the origin and subsequent separate status of the group in the larger society .
The problem of solidarity and morale again involves the concept of values .
This would seem to vary from family to family , depending somewhat on the core or marginal `` status '' of that family .
'' Boundary maintenance for this group would seem to be primarily social , as is the preference for endogamy .
Loomis considers six such processes in his paradigm .
Subgroups of various types have been found within this system .
The adherence of many in the population to the Indian background in their pedigree , and emphasis upon the fact that their ancestors had never been slaves , becomes of prime interest in determining how far these elements promote the self-image of the intermediate status of the group in society .
Socialization .
Group pressures toward conformity are slight or non-existent , and deviant behavior in mate selection incurs few if any social sanctions .
Boundary maintenance
`` Culturally induced social cohesion resulting from common norms and values internalized by members of the group '' is operative in the boundary maintenance of the group as well as in the process of socialization .
In such a setting social contacts and associations are likely to be heterogamous , resulting in a change of values and , almost necessarily , in mate selection behavior .
It would seem necessary that members of this population provide support for one another since it is not provided by the larger society .
Examples from this population indicate that deviance seems to be sanctioned by ostracism from the group .
2 .

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Out cold , if not dead ; ;
I looked back over my shoulder while I went to join him ; ;
`` We can't take a chance on that .
A fire wouldn't have mattered except that it would cause Pops to be found sooner .
He seemed as drunk as when I'd first talked to him , but no drunker .
`` Listen , I got a buddy I travel with , real nice guy named Larry .
There was a sound like the one you produce by flicking a watermelon with your finger , only louder , and Pops fell forward from the waist and then over sidewise .
`` floor level's about three feet down , so don't fall '' .
A moment later he struck a match and lighted a candle , and I could see .
it was not quite six o'clock when we finished and Charlie said , `` Well , I guess that's it .
We shook hands on it .
Besides , I doubt if the cops will even try dusting .
He gave me equivalent and even more detailed dope on Radic , including diagrams -- one of the apartment building Radic lived in and one of the apartment itself .
You can work on this one while I'm gone , kill it if you want '' .
Now '' -- He looked around .
Jist stay where you are '' .
He grinned and clapped me on the shoulder .
His `` sure-sure '' was enthusiastic this time .
The second bottle passed a few times .
The thunk was louder , anyway , and I thought I heard bone crack .
`` You first '' , I said .
it made sense .
Shall we take them all with us , or leave one '' ? ?
`` Solid '' , I said .
I'll pull the boards back and then get us a light .
I'd brought along the virgin pint from last night , but we were going to kill that only when we were through talking .
Being picked up for questioning by a cop on the way out seemed to be the only possible remaining danger , and we weren't picked up by a cop .
I introduced my friend Larry to Pops and we made ourselves comfortable .
there was no hurry .
It was a lead pipe cinch .
We went once more over every point , then triple-checked .
he'd hung another half of a blanket over the boarded window so no light would show through .
And he'd have taken the weapon with him too , so we take that .
Here's the picture we want to leave for the fuzz -- whenever the body gets found .
I took the piece of pipe from Charlie's hand and used it , harder than he had .
Our hypothetical other bum who killed him would have turned out his pockets .
`` In that case , let's not draw .
Could he join the party and sleep here tonight too ? ?
`` If we left one we'd have to wipe it for fingerprints .
Then , after I'm back , another fifty so you can put some mileage on yourself and have a solid alibi somewhere while I take care of your seat cover boy '' .
`` Same .
But let's not talk about it abstractly until we're out of here .
But I wouldn't have suggested it .
And , in case , I brought the money with me '' .
Now , first question : the bottles .
He'd been there several times , back when , while he and Radic had been friends , or at least not enemies .
Charlie would get there early because he had the key .
And a blaring final chord from the jazz group .
`` Wait a minute , Charlie '' , I said .
We discussed the candle and decided the hypothetical other bum would have left it burning to light his way to the window and because he'd have no reason to blow it out .
He put the bottle down .
They find dead winos every day , maybe they won't even autopsy him for the cause of death '' .
We straightened Pops up and I made sure there was no trace of a heartbeat .
A couple of hundred .
`` Perfect set-up '' , I told him .
Charlie had brought food and we'd decided on no drinks .
Charlie was waiting , leaning against a building front .
`` I was hoping you'd say that , Willy .
We did that and found a dirty handkerchief , some matches and fourteen cents in change .
-- and said it sharply , not as in the Patchen bit , but as an order -- so I stopped my hand and looked at him .
I'd tell him everything I'd learned about Seaton's habits and habitat , and he'd tell me the score on Radic .
He might not be found for days , even weeks , otherwise .
About halfway back Pops groped against a wall and stopped , pulled away two loosely nailed wide boards at one end , and went through .
He hesitated a second , looking at the bottle , before he said `` Sure-sure '' , and I reassured him .
`` Nice place '' , I told him .
I'll go to bat first .
That did it , if mine didn't .
We did that .
When he handed it back and I had hold of it safely , Pops was looking toward me and I said `` Now '' , to Charlie and he swung the short length of lead pipe he'd meanwhile taken from his pocket , once .
But we could wait all right ; ;
We planned ahead only one step , a rendezvous for tomorrow when we could swap notes .
An hour later we were back in my unpadded pad , killing what had been left of the second pint .
That way we'll never know which of us really killed him and which was just the accomplice .
How about you '' ? ?
On the way I gave him the scoop .
Charlie said , `` Good boy .
He sighed .
He had a capacity ; ;
`` I've been careful about fingerprints .
It's a more natural position '' .
`` Nothing .
if we'd really been trying to get him dead drunk we'd have had to go out for more wine .
It had gone like clockwork .
We'll need some at least , if only bus fare to the scene of the crime .
he memorized them thoroughly and then we tore them into tiny pieces and flushed them down .
We've got to assume they'll decide he was murdered and we've got to keep the picture consistent .
This happened in the middle of a drinking bout with another bum .
`` How do you feel '' ? ?
Pops was taking long ones , but not showing the effect yet .
Or would you rather deal a hand of show-down poker or play a game of gin rummy , or what '' ? ?
I talked first , telling him everything I knew about Seaton and his house and domestic arrangements .
I jist stayed where I was while he fumbled around and then walked away .
I nodded to Charlie .
So it wouldn't be for days or even a week before you could do anything .
But your friend Manny can go any time '' .
Well maybe I'm exaggerating .
`` C'mon '' , he whispered ; ;
Almost too smoothly , I found myself thinking , and then told myself that was ridiculous .
But we were really going to do it .
`` Cool '' , I told him .
Winsett is a quiet street with no taverns and was completely deserted at that hour .
It was a kick , but not a big enough one for me to want to take the chance again , except for stakes .
On the way I'll give you the scoop '' .
He said , `` Jist stay still .
We'd heard the record together once .
`` Take them '' , I said .
Charlie asked me .
There was still a little , not much , left in the first bottle and we passed it around once and killed it , and Charlie opened his .
The candle had been stuck on a tin lid so it wouldn't set fire to the crate when it guttered out .
To kayo him and maybe or maybe not kill .
We made the date for two o'clock in the afternoon at Maxine Wells's pad .
`` We don't want to know whether he's dead , yet .
I bought another pint of sherry and when we got back Pops let us in in the dark , put back the blanket and then lighted the candle again .
We took the matches -- they were book matches and once they'd been touched might retain fingerprints -- and the change .
`` But we got to go back to Fifth and get another bottle or two .
Shall we flip a coin to see which of us goes first ? ?
I took a short swallow from it myself and handed it to him .
I drew diagrams and floor plans ; ;
Let's do that '' .
I know where he is , right near here .
There are the boards over the window , of course , but they're not painted and too rough to take prints .
Which , if it matters , was one A.M. .
It didn't take us as long as we'd thought it might ; ;
This was the same , except that it was the murder of one man by two men and neither of us was wearing gloves .
I dug him , I saw his point ; ;
If they'd been working on a bottle or a jug he'd have taken it with him '' .
If you draw the short straw I'll lend you some bread , like fifty bucks , before I take off to visit my sister in Frisco .
Thinking like that can get you into a padded pad .
We'll both be blowing town tomorrow so we won't be moving in on you '' .
You'd have to wait till Seaton's back from Mexico City and also while I set it up with Doris to have her have an alibi for D-night .
We met at Maxine's and decided we were set to stay as long as it took , into or even through the evening , to talk things out .
He was holding the piece of lead pipe out to me .
In fact , nobody saw us , cop or citizen .
I went through and down , into pitch darkness .
All right , now I'll give you a hand '' .
`` Let's put him down again the way he was .
and he'd never known what hit him -- he'd never known that anything had hit him .
The poem consisted of only two words , the word `` Wait '' , repeated over and over at irregular intervals and with different inflections , and then the word `` Now '' ! !
Well -- in that case , I take off tomorrow morning for Frisco .
`` All right , I'll come clean .
I was reminded , amusedly , by a poem of Kenneth Patchen's called The Murder of Two Men by a Young Kid Wearing Lemon Colored Gloves , which Patchen himself read on a record against jazz background .
It was a big room , empty except for a few things of Pops's at the far end -- a wooden crate on which stood the candle , a spread out blanket , and an unrolled bindle .
`` Git over by the window while there's light , an' I'll put th' candle out .
From here on in , the less Charlie and I were seen together in public , or visited one another's rooms , the better .
I was dead tired and slept soundly , as far as I know dreamlessly .
`` One thing we haven't discussed , expense money .
I gauged that blow to be borderline .
Dig '' ? ?
When yuh come back I'll put it out agin till you're both inside '' .
`` Right .
Also our plans for me to commit Charlie's murder and for him to commit mine .
`` He'll bring a bottle too , and I'll get another one or maybe two while I'm out .
You hit again about twice that hard before we know whether he's dead or not .
We decided to leave the third one intact for tomorrow .
I said , `` Wait '' , and handed the bottle to Pops for his final drink .
He drank and handed it back .
I've got a little stashed for a rainy day , and I guess this is rainy enough .
How safe is too safe ? ?
I reached my hand toward him to put it inside his shirt to feel for a heartbeat , but Charlie said `` Wait '' ! !
About halfway through the second bottle , Charlie looked at me across Pops , who was sitting between us and asked `` Now '' ? ?
Same goes for the rough cement of the ledge .
`` What do you feel '' ? ?
Less than three hours ago we'd decided , in Maxine Wells's pad on Cosmo , to commit a trial murder .
I took a deep breath , and the plunge .
And if you're as flat broke as I am , I think we'll have to take the added risk of knocking over a filling station or something before we split for one of us to set up an alibi while the other does his dirty work '' .
And we'll never know which .
I took the pint bottle from my pocket and handed it over as I sat down beside him on the spread blanket .
I said , `` Wait wait '' to Charlie and he grinned , digging the reference .

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Dealers' stocks down
Nearly all of the farm equipment manufacturers and dealers say the upturn in sales has resulted chiefly from the recent improvement in crop prospects .
The Court upheld the taxpayer's contention that these `` kickbacks '' were not his income though they passed through his hands .
The Revenue Service disallowed the claim , invoking a law provision that generally bars deductions for expenses incurred in connection with what it said was tax-exempt income .
Peace Corps volunteers are assured a tax benefit under the law creating the agency .
The Service has not said what its next step will be .
The company , in figuring its taxable earnings , deducted a percentage of the revenue it received for its finished products .
With cash receipts from marketings expected to be slightly above 1960 , farmers' gross income is estimated at $39.5 billion , $1.5 billion above 1960's record high .
The Court limited its decision to the tax issue involved , commenting : `` It is not our province to pass judgment on the morality of the transaction '' .
In such an instance , revenuers stressed , the deduction must be reduced by the value of the benefit received .
For example , farm equipment shipments of International Harvester in August climbed about 5% above a year earlier , Mr. Keeler reports .
A rule on the Federal deductibility of state taxes is contested .
Kennedy opposes any widespread relief from a High Court depletion ruling .
The Government also is aiding farmers' income prospects .
Two of three report gains
Possible upshots : The company could be denied a deduction for its pension payments , or those payments for the wife and other employes could be ruled taxable to them in the year made .
Total farm output for this year is officially forecast at 129% of the 1947-49 average , three points higher than the July 1 estimate and exactly equal to the final figure for 1960 .
It said the tax-freedom of the gain in this case stemmed not from the exempt status of the income but from a special rule on corporate liquidations .
The corporation , in filing its final Federal income return , claimed the state tax payment as a deductible expense , as permitted under U.S. tax law .
Colorado has a 2% sales tax .
Farmers are so eager for new machinery that they're haggling less over prices than they did a year ago , dealers report .
The Revenue Service said the addition of the attachment does not keep the range from coming under the Federal manufacturers' excise tax on household-type appliances .
Farmers spend more of their income on tractors and implements than on any other group of products .
Requests for substantiation , the Service indicated , can be especially expected in cases where it suspects the donor received some material benefit in return , such as tickets to a show .
Price support loans may total another $1 billion this year .
With the lower dealer inventories and the stepped-up demand some manufacturers believe there could be shortages of some implements .
Not all sections are showing an upswing , however ; ;
Gus Ehlers , competitor of Mr. Houtz in this farm community , says his business since August 1 is running 50% above a year earlier .
`` Before then , my sales during much of the year had lagged behind 1960 by 20% '' , he says .
A frequent pitfall in this sort of arrangement , experts warn , is a tendency to pay the wife more than her job is worth and to set aside an excessive amount for her as retirement income .
`` In August our dealers sold 13% more farm machinery than a year earlier and in September retail sales were 14% higher than last year '' , says Mark V. Keeler , farm equipment vice president of International Harvester Co. .
President Kennedy , in signing the relief measure into law , stressed he regarded it as an exception .
Seven of the eight companies that turn out full lines of farm machinery say sales by their dealers since the start of August have shown gains averaging nearly 10% above last year .
Among individual dealers questioned in nearly a score of states , two out of three report their sales since August 1 show sizable gains from a year earlier , with the increases ranging from 5% to 50% .
Paradoxically , the sales rise is due in large measure to Government efforts to slash farm output .
The state's occupation tax is computed on gross sales .
April sales also were 5% below those of April last year , when volume reached a record for any month , $18.9 billion ( see chart on Page One ) .
The Tax Court decision and a similar earlier finding by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals challenges a year-old I.R.S. ruling on the subject .
The Government reported last week that the index of prices received by farmers rose in the month ended at mid-September for the third consecutive month , reaching 242% of the 1910-14 average compared with 237% at mid-July .
It provides that the $1,800 termination payment each cadet is to get , after serving a two-year hitch without pay , will be spread over both years , not taxed in its entirety at a possibly higher rate in the year received .
The demand for farm machinery is regarded as a yardstick of rural buying generally .
For the year to date , sales of the company's farm equipment dealers still lag about 5% behind 1960 .
`` Farmers aren't as price conscious as last year so we can get more money on a sale '' , says Jack Martin , who sells J. I. Case tractors and implements in Sioux City , Iowa .
`` This morning , we allowed a farmer $600 on the old picker he traded in on a new $2,700 model .
The Supreme Court decision in mid-1960 was in the case of a company making sewer pipe from clay which it mined .
The taxpayer testified that in order to retain the account he had to pad his invoices and pay the excess to the manager .
In that event , they note , the Revenue Service might declare the pension plan is discriminatory and deny it tax privileges under the law .
the program resulted in a cutback of around 20% in planted acreage and , as a result , reduced the immediate need for machines .
the drought-seared North Central states are the most notable exceptions to the uptrend .
Last year , we probably would have given him $700 for a comparable machine '' .
Washington
The owner of a public relations firm owed no income tax on payments he received from a client company and `` kicked back '' to the company's advertising manager , the Tax Court ruled .
The court held that the tax applied to non-profit sales because the corporations realized economic benefits by doing business as two separate entities .
The Commerce Department said seasonally adjusted sales of retail stores dropped to slightly under $18 billion in April , down 1% from the March level of more than $18.2 billion .
With dealer stocks of new equipment averaging about 25% below a year ago , the affects of the rural recovery are being felt almost immediately by the country's farm equipment manufacturers .
Adjusted sales that month were up a relatively steep 2.5% from those of the month before , which in turn were slightly higher than the January low of $17.8 billion .
in August of 1960 , he sold seven .
The measure allows such companies in those years to apply their mineral depletion allowances to 50% of the value of the finished products rather than the lower value of raw clay alone .
Hiring the wife for one's company may win her tax-aided retirement income .
The Washington state supreme court ruled that the state's occupation tax applied to sales , made at cost to an oil company , by a wholly-owned subsidiary set up to purchase certain supplies without divulging the identity of the parent .
Although the Administration's program cut crop acreage to the lowest point since 1934 , farmers , with the help of extra fertilizer and good weather , are getting such high yields per acre that many are being forced to buy new harvesting machines .
`` My approval of this bill should not be viewed as establishing a precedent for the enactment of similar legislation for other mineral industries '' , the President said .
The seasonal adjustment takes into account such factors as Easter was on April 2 this year , two weeks earlier than in 1960 , and pre-Easter buying was pushed into March .
The significance of the pickup in farm machinery sales extends beyond the farm equipment industry .
More than 20 million people live on farms and they own a fourth of the nation's trucks , buy more gasoline than any other industry and provide a major market for home appliances , chemicals and other products .
The Service announced that taxpayers making such claims may be called on to furnish a statement from the recipient organization showing the date , purpose , amount and other particulars of the contribution .
Agriculture Department economists estimate the Government this year will hand farmers $1.4 billion in special subsidies and incentive payments , well above the record $1.1 billion of 1958 and about double the $639 million of 1960 .
The higher price supports provided by the new legislation , together with rising prices for farm products , are pushing up farm income , making it possible for farmers to afford the new machinery .
A portable kerosene range designed for use aboard boats is sold with a special railing to keep it from moving with the motion of the vessel .
We sold only four pickers all last year '' .
Though the sales gains these two dealers are experiencing are above average for their business , farm equipment sales are climbing in most rural areas .
Mr. Martin sold 21 tractors in August ; ;
The Tax Court rejected this view .
State briefs : Voters in four counties containing and bordering Denver authorized the imposition of an additional 2% sales tax within that area .
Except for a few months in late 1960 and early 1961 , retail farm equipment sales have trailed year-earlier levels since the latter part of 1959 .
A realty corporation in Louisiana owed no tax , under Federal law , on its gain from the sale of property disposed of in line with a plan of liquidation .
Tractor production at Massey-Ferguson , Ltd. , of Toronto in July and August rose to 2,418 units from 869 in the like period a year earlier , says John Staiger , vice president .
The rise in sales last winter was checked when the Government's new feed grain program was adopted ; ;
Commerce Department officials were inclined to explain the April sales decline as a reaction from a surge of consumer buying in March .
Such `` depletion allowances '' , in the form of percentages of sales are authorized by tax law for specified raw materials producers using up their assets .
Louisiana , however , collected an income tax on the profits from the sale .
Denver itself collects a 1% sales tax which is to be absorbed in the higher area tax .
A spouse employed by a corporation her husband controls , for example , may be entitled to distributions under the company's pension plan as well as to her own Social Security coverage .
Fields of corn and some other crops in many cases are so dense that older equipment cannot handle them efficiently .
-- Consumer spending edged down in April after rising for two consecutive months , the Government reported .
She would be taxed on the pensions when received , of course , but the company's contributions would be tax-free .
-- Farm machinery dealer Bob Houtz tilts back in a battered chair and tells of a sharp pickup in sales : `` We've sold four corn pickers since Labor Day and have good prospects for 10 more .
Net income may reach $12.7 billion , up $1 billion from 1960 and the highest since 1953 .
Merritt D. Hill , Ford Motor Co. vice president , says his company is starting to get calls daily from dealers demanding immediate delivery or wanting earlier shipping dates on orders for corn pickers .
Elburn , Ill.
The High Court held that the company must apply its percentage allowance to the value of the raw materials removed from the ground , not to the revenue from finished products .
A measure passed by Congress just before adjourning softened the ruling's impact , on prior-year returns still under review , for clay-mining companies that make brick and tile products .
Charitable deductions come in for closer scrutiny by the I.R.S. .

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The New York mind is two parts abstraction and one part misinformation about the rest of the country and in fact the world .
the combination of the Jewish intellectual tradition and the sensibility needed to be a writer created in my circle the most potent and incredible intellectual-literary ambition I have ever seen or could ever have imagined .
They did not worry about `` experience '' , because experience thrust itself upon them .
The work for Commonweal was more satisfying than work for Commentary `` because of the staff's tiptoeing fear of making a booboo '' .
Sociological jargon , Germano-Slavic approximations to English , third-rate but modish fiction , and outrages to common sense have often disfigured Partisan , and in lesser degree , the other magazines on the list .
In their stupidity and arrogance they believe they are called upon to remind the gentile continually of pogroms and ghettos .
we were also literary ; ;
He mentions the beats only once '' , when he refers to their having revived through mere power and abandonment and the unwillingness to , commit death in life some idea of a decent equivalent between verbal expression and actual experience , , but the entire narrative , is written in the tiresome vocabulary `` of '' that lost `` and '' dying cause , `` and in the '' `` sprung syntax that is supposed to supplant , our mother , tongue .
Krim says , in short , that he is a suffering Jew .
if it had never printed a word of literature its contribution to the politico-sociological area would still be historic .
But I've got news for Krim : he's not typical , he's pretty special .
Krim came to believe that `` the novel as a form had outlived its vital meaning '' .
More important is the simple human point that all men suffer , and that it is a kind of anthropological-religious pride on the part of the Jew to believe that his suffering is more poignant than mine or anyone else's .
I do not want to quibble about typicality ; ;
He indicates that he has none of the , disciplines that criticism requires , including education ; ;
His `` articulate Jewish friends '' convinced him that education ( read `` reading '' ) was `` a must '' .
they did not fall into pseudo-glamorous jobs on pseudo-glamorous magazines , but they did whatever nasty thing they could get in order to eat ; ;
And again , `` how can you write when you haven't yet read ' Bartleby The Scrivener ' '' ? ?
It was `` the creation of a monstrous historical period wherein it thought it had to synthesize literature and politics and avant-garde art of every kind with its writers crazily trying to outdo each other in Spenglerian inclusiveness .
But it did print good verse and good fiction .
It is a fact of life that magazines are edited by groups : they have to be or they wouldn't be published at all .
their example caused Krim and his friends to put on `` Englishy airs , affect all sorts of impressive scholarship and social-register unnaturalness in order to slip through their narrow transoms and get into their pages '' .
God knows that Partisan and the rest often were , and remain , guilty of intellectual flatulence .
The highly intellectual minds that Krim says he encountered , in the Village did their work in spite of , , not because of , any Village atmosphere .
Through all this raving , Krim is performing a traditional and by now boring rite , the attack on intelligence , upon the largely successful attempt of the magazines he castigates to liberate American writing from local color and other varieties of romantic corn .
But Krim's complaint is important because not only in New York , but in other cities and in universities throughout this country , young and not , so young men at
they sweated out some kind of formal education ; ;
'' Partisan has failed , Krim says , for being `` snob-clannish , overcerebral , Europeanish , aristocratically alienated '' from the U.S. .
Krim's typicality consists only in his New Yorker's view that New York is the world ; ;
they read widely and eclectically ; ;
fear .
He alludes to something called direct writing , and he finds that criticism gets in the way of his truer , realer , imaginative bounce .
It is a publishing and public relations center , but these very facts prevent it from being a literary center because writers dislike provincialism and untruth .
He moved in a `` highly intellectual '' group in Greenwich Village in the late forties , becoming `` internationalized '' overnight .
The most appalling aspect of Krim's piece is his reflection of the beat aesthetic .
Both magazines were `` rigid with reactionary what-will-T. S. Eliot-or-Martin Buber-think ? ?
( there are no ) literary movements , `` there are only writers doing their work .
The most obvious characteristic of contemporary American writing , apart from the beat nonsense , is its cosmopolitanism .
That these magazines also deluded the Krims of the world is unfortunate but inevitable .
Qui s'excuse s'accuse , as the French Jewish intellectuals used to say .
he displays what outlanders call the New York mind , a state that the subject is necessarily unable to perceive in himself .
the '' , rest will turn beat , or into dentists , or into beat , dentists .
'' At other points in his narrative , Krim associates Jewishness with unappeasable literary ambition , with abstraction , with his personal turning aside from the good , the true , and the beautiful of fiction in the manner of James T. Farrell to the international , the false , and the inflated .
They did not `` duck the war '' but they fought in it , however reluctantly ; ;
`` I had natural sock '' , he says , ' as a storyteller and was precociously good at description , dialogue , and most of the other staples of the fiction-writer's trade but I was bugged by a mammoth complex of thoughts and feelings that prevented me from doing more than just diddling the surface of sustained fiction-writing '' .
Krim's main attack is upon the aesthetic and the publishing apparatus of American literary culture in our day .
the result was his inevitable bedazzlement through , ignorance .
Closely related to his illusions about his typicality is Krim's complicated feeling about his Jewishness .
Literary movements are the '' , creation of pimps who live off writers .
This Partisan above all did ; ;
in a certain sense , one manner of experience will be typical of any given group while another will not .
Partisan Review and the other literary magazines helped to educate , in the best sense , an entire generation .
He is New York-born and Jewish .
And it is also a fact of life that there will always ( be youngish half-educated people around , who will be dazzled by the glitter of what looks like a literary movement .
Men of Krim's age , aspirations , and level of sophistication were typically involved in politics before the war .
they found out who they were and what they could do , then within the limits of their talent they did it .
'' Kenyon , Sewanee , and Hudson operated in an `` Anglo-Protestant New Critical chill '' ; ;
Screwed , stewed , and tattooed , as Krim might say after reading a book about sailors .
Let us see just how typical Krim is .
Saul Bellow and Bernard Malamud , through intellectual toughness , perception , through experience in fact , have obviously liberated themselves from any sentimental Krim self-indulgence they might have been tempted to .
Commentary was a mere suburb of Partisan Review , the arch-enemy .
If , the editors sometimes , dozed and printed pretentious , New , York-mind , dross , they , also printed , Malraux , , Silone , , Chiaromonte , , Gide , Bellow , , Robert Lowell , Francis Fergusson , Mary McCarthy , Delmore Schwartz , Mailer , Elizabeth Hardwick , Eleanor Clark , , and a host of , other good writers .
Then followed a period in which he wrote reviews for The New York Times Book Review , The Commonweal , Commentary , had a small piece in Partisan Review , and moved on to Hudson , The Village Voice , and Exodus .
Only a native New Yorker could believe that New York is now or ever was a literary center .
My `` touchstones , had , been strictly '' literature and , humanly enough , American literature ( because that was what I wanted to write ) .
Those who have quality will outgrow `` the experience ; ;
When Partisan and Kenyon set up shop , Mencken was still accepted as an arbiter of taste ( remember Hergesheimer ? ?
Without the good magazines , without their book reviews , their hospitality to European writers , without above all their awareness of literary standards , we might very well have had a generation of Krim's heroes -- Wolfes , Farrells , Dreisers , and I might add , Sandburgs and Frosts and MacLeishes in verse -- and then where would we be ? ?
What Krim ignores , in his contempt for history and for accuracy , is that these magazines , Partisan foremost , brought about a genuine revolution in the American mind from the mid-thirties to approximately 1950 .
This is not to deny the existence of pogroms and ghettos , but only to assert that these horrors have had an effect on the nerves of people who did not experience them , that among the various side effects is the local hysteria of Jewish writers and intellectuals who cry out from confusion , which they call oppression and pain .
Within themselves , just as people , my friends were often tortured and unappeasably bitter about being the offspring of this unhappily unique-ingrown-screwedup breed ; ;
) , George Jean Nathan and Alexander Woollcott were honored in odd quarters , and the whole Booth Tarkington , Willa Catheter ( sic ) , ) Pearl , Buck , , Amy Lowell , William Lyon Phelps atmosphere lay thick as Los Angeles smog
Krim was able to get an advance for a novel , and time and opportunity to write at Yaddo , but it was no good .
this moment are being bedazzled by half-digested ideas .
Some of us have imagination and sensibility too .
Finally , there is the undeniable fact that some of the finest American fiction is being written by Jews , but it is not Jewish fiction ; ;
Ideas are the thruway to nowhere .
Had Krim gone farther from New York than Chapel Hill , he might have discovered that large numbers of American Jews do not find his New York version of the Jews' lot remotely recognizable .
For the sad truth is that while one might write well without having read Bartleby The Scrivener , one is more likely , to write well if one has `` read it , and much else .
Krim's ( aesthetic combines anti-intellectualism , conscious and unconscious naivete ) '' , and a winsome reliance `` upon the '' , natural and upon experience .
over , the , country -- .
their reading and thinking gave an extension to their normal blushes about appearing ' Jewish ' in subway , bus , racetrack , movie house , any of the public places that used to make the Jew of my generation self-conscious ( heavy thinkers walking across Seventh Avenue without their glasses on , willing to dare the trucks as long as they didn't look like the ikey-kikey caricature of the Yiddish intellectual ) .
He wasn't being , `` educated in '' those Village bull-sessions , as he claims .
He returned to New York to work for The New Yorker , to edit a Western pulp , to `` duck the war in the OWI '' , to write publicity for Paramount Pictures and commentary for a newsreel , then he began his career as critic for various magazines .
The universities certainly were not doing it , nor were the popular magazines of the day .
Only '' a New York hick would expect to find the literary life in Greenwich Village , at any point , later than Walt Whitman's day .
The only possible answer to that is , I am a suffering Franco-Irishman .
And they traveled out of New York .
Politics , economics , sociology -- the entire area of life that lies `` between '' -- literature and what Krim calls experience -- urgently needed to be dug into .
) when Krim says mine was as severe a critical-intellectual , environment as can be imagined , he is off his rocker .
In his fulminating against the literary world , Krim is really struggling with the New Yorker in himself , but it's a losing battle .
He spent one year at the University of North Carolina because Thomas Wolfe went there .
Now he has abandoned all that to be A Writer .
He writes , `` Most of my friends and I were Jewish ; ;
In any case , who ever thought that New York is typical of anything ? ?
No one was ever educated through bull-sessions in anything other than , to quote him again , `` perfumed bullshit .
The process of cosmopolitanism had begun in earnest about 1912 , but the First War and the depression virtually stalled that process in its tracks .
His may typify a certain kind of postwar New York experience , but his experience is certainly not typical of his `` generation's '' .
We all love to suffer , but some of us love to suffer more than others .

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Rachel faced me .
She passed by him .
Rachel steered me along toward a school for young boys beginning to study the Torah .
Little boys crowded together on long wooden benches , and in the center of the room sat the teacher .
She led me into a twisting side alley .
The old man in the baggy clothes waited at the foot of the steps .
The boys were tiny .
He loved the son and was always glad to be sent back to him .
She was pale and skinny ; ;
His front teeth were missing .
They bent over yellowed prayerbooks and looked up only to watch the teacher .
Here they did not need to be in ghettos .
Rachel clicked her tongue behind her teeth .
For one whole week he never let her stay alone .
Since they did not glance curiously at us once , I guessed that there was a penalty for distraction .
They singsonged the portion at the teacher , who accompanied them in an off-key baritone and spurred them on with the stick .
He did not let her talk to people ; ;
`` Most of our Sabras think it's horrible .
Rachel gave me a direct , bright-eyed look .
`` Yes '' , I said .
I resented them .
With his head erect , he approached , not glancing at us , and passed by with his clear eyes raised and fixed straight ahead .
Your mother hated this way of life .
She said , `` Sometimes I think they are keeping religion for us while we play around .
An old man with a white beard and dressed in a long shabby coat , baggy trousers , and a black skullcap greeted us .
I could not keep my eyes away from the boy with the red hair .
The tapping defined the rhythm and kept the boys awake .
I rubbed my hands together .
She let him lead her around .
He did not return my interest .
It was silent in the stone alley .
Her bright eyes were twinkling .
All his family was dead , except for his son .
She worked very hard .
At first I thought they were relatives of your mother , but it was not so .
He complained to me once that I must talk to her .
She stayed here to work for Aliah .
Nothing was too impossible for her to do when she wanted .
Your mother would always retrieve him when he wandered off , and she would send him home to his son .
she did not care .
I stared at him for a long time .
He had known when he first helped her to meet the right people and work with them that she did not intend to marry him .
His black beard dripped down over the front of his coat .
One white hand poised a stick above his desk .
`` Here , nothing .
They chanted a fixed tune in time to the report of the stick .
She came to me one day .
She set out to make sure that no Jewish child anyplace in the world had to live in a place such as this '' .
They had large bright eyes , the small upturned noses of all babies everywhere , and hair cropped short except for the long ringlets of paot framing their little white faces .
Rachel paused .
This refugee was a middle-aged man , a big , handsome man with a strut to his walk as I have never before seen .
His hands were swinging at his sides , and he passed through the dingy market place with his back straight and , pivoting on his heel , he entered an old stone building .
His body pitched back and forth on the bench .
Rapping the stick against the desk .
From behind us came the rapping of the stick and the high-pitched voices of the boys who would grow to devote their lives to rigid study and prayer .
It was an impulse when she was here in Me'a She'arim -- I was with her -- that led her to stay in Israel .
You had to be stupid or crazy or immortal .
Your mother wanted to bring children to Israel so that they could leave their ghettos .
I asked her if she would , and she said she would not .
Ready to follow her impulse .
I was American .
She said , `` Reuveni wanted your mother to give up her deep interest in this refugee .
I reached into the pocket of my skirt , fingered ten pruta , and dropped the coin .
Rachel clasped her hands together and slowed her pace .
She was a strange woman , your mother .
Sometimes it was dangerous for her '' .
She smiled .
I'd like to know that very much '' .
He nodded , clasping and unclasping his hands over his paunch , and flicked glances at me .
She wished to change much for the children here '' .
And she said that after this man had been dead for a week she had gone to Reuveni and accepted his proposal .
I shuddered and backed out of the room .
He helped her meet people so she could go out and do the work she wanted .
A young man appeared out of a side alley and walked toward us with quick strides .
I didn't look at him .
If she could not take the children out of this section , at least she could take other children out of their countries and put them on the farms .
Each boy opened his small mouth wide and rocked back and forth on the bench in the way his grandfather and great-grandfather had studied and prayed in the ghettos of Europe .
He had a pinkish-white complexion , a small straight nose , a short black beard , and tightly curled paot .
`` I know him '' .
You had to have convictions to lie down in the road in all those clothes and appear as though you might wish to turn yourself out of your own home .
But she sighed and her face relaxed .
She went to the father and found he had hanged himself '' .
When I did , she shrugged her shoulders and said that Reuveni wanted her to marry him .
We were sitting together , talking .
She was most strange woman .
But now he was happy she would let him straighten out her life and take care of her .
No one saw her except the man Reuveni '' .
But when she saw the children you have just visited , she wanted to take them away and put them out in the country , in the kibbutzim .
she chose it .
`` But she loved danger .
Then she continued with energy , `` I myself did not see her until a week after she had run off to find the father .
Who loved her .
He came with his son .
She had good friends here , people who liked her .
Rachel followed , looked at me , and clucked with her tongue .
He stopped in front of a door , placed a finger on his lips , and , still peering down into his beard , pushed open the door to a classroom .
In the center of his brilliant curls sat a small black skullcap .
He had the black numerals on his arm , so he had been branded in a concentration camp .
I grinned at Rachel .
You had to know , also , that you were going to fail .
The little boys shrilled out a Yiddish translation or interpretation of the Five Books of Moses , which they had previously chanted in Hebrew .
Anyway , I did not see her until two weeks after the refugee hanged himself .
Reuveni took her with him wherever he went .
The air smelled warmish and foul .
I was suddenly conscious of my bare arms .
She ran from a little group of us .
His tightly curled paot hung down to his narrow shoulders .
She smiled to herself .
I said quietly , gaining nerve , ready to ask any question at all , no matter how intimate , ready to be rebuffed , `` Then why did she leave Israel ? ?
All of it might have been heroic , but they had done it in the wrong place .
She pursed her lips , then clamped them together so tightly that I thought she was angry with me .
We stepped inside .
He would never let her harm herself again .
Rachel talked to him .
I said .
There was a refugee who was able to come here because of her .
`` Trouble came into her life .
`` Does this bother you '' ? ?
He glanced down into his beard and muttered something in Yiddish .
`` When your mother was here he must have been a young boy .
Bits of trash lay in the roadway .
The dirty , discolored buildings looked boarded up , and their few windows stood high above our heads .
I said , `` How long do they keep that up '' ? ?
When we were fighting , a few of our orthodox people were lying down in the roads so we could not pass .
We walked down the cool hall silently .
He shouted at her and told her he loved her and couldn't understand why she had upset herself .
The teacher plunged the children into a new portion , this time in Hebrew , rapping the stick incessantly .
He turned his surly , half-closed eyes toward us , stared for a second , then shouted in Yiddish , `` One , two , three '' ! !
Yet he walked like a young man .
Then his son did something '' -- Rachel threw up her hands -- `` I don't know what , but something , to an official here -- it was during the Mandate -- and the son was imprisoned .
He took her to a doctor , for she was run down , nervous , did not care where she was .
Then I picked it up again and handed it to the old man .
She loved the children .
I turned and watched him stride down the center of the road .
Like the ones you will see now '' .
A few hours after the son was arrested , your mother was informed .
They said that we must not fight but wait for the Messiah '' .
My eyes traveled over the bare walls and up to the one partially open window high above the little figures and back to the boys .
Rachel grinned slyly .
The soles of her sandals reported sharply on the cobblestones .
The guttural language from the ghetto stopped .
Rachel said , `` He asks for money '' .
he did not let her choose her own food .
`` All day '' , she said .
There was a man here in town .
For many immigrants , for many children , the first thing they knew of Israel and freedom was your mother .
But she had to go out and hurt herself .
Rachel had seen me watching the young man .
I said quietly , respectfully , `` What did she do here ? ?
They had turned numb and prickly in the classroom .
He wore a long double-breasted coat of a heavy material , dark trousers , and black boots with buckles .
He said she would only hurt herself .
I thought he would ask us to leave because Rachel and I were bare-armed , but he looked down into his beard and preceded us down the corridor .
He left us .
She was limp and beaten from her loss ; ;
When she loved , it was with a passion that drove her along and carried along with her those things she loved .
She took it with her wherever she went ; ;
And I think she sought out danger as much as she sought out helping other people .
Then he would walk off for a few days alone in the direction of Europe .
And I wasn't .
He thanked me .
One boy who rocked back and forth over his worn book had bright red hair and freckles .
Some of them ignored the texts and had apparently memorized the words long ago .
I was amazed .
Rachel said that schools and synagogues occupied most of the buildings .
His black hat with its wide brim , high crown , and fur trim rode high .
His toes pointed out toward the walls .
In this section '' ? ?
I swallowed hard and looked down at my feet plodding along beside Rachel .
Often he was terribly despondent and talked to no one .
His head barely rose above the table .
The girls in the market place wore long-sleeved dresses and covered their legs with cloth stockings .
she was terribly alone .
We entered one where the front door stood ajar and climbed a flight of steep steps to the main floor .
`` Except for Shabbat , when they are praying all day '' .

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800 in Southern New England , we have 60 ; ;
By leaving our doors open the United States gives other peoples the opportunity to see us and to compare , he said .
To accomplish this would necessitate some changes in methods , he said .
Many changes involved minor editing and clarification ; ;
Secretary Goldberg and Sen. Morse will hold a joint press conference at the Roosevelt Hotel at 4:30 p.m. Sunday , Blaine Whipple , executive secretary of the Democratic Party of Oregon , reported Tuesday .
-- Arranging for ministerial graduates to spend from 6-12 months as apprentices in well-established churches .
-- His substitutionary work on the cross
Beaverton School District No. 48 board members examined blueprints and specifications for two proposed junior high schools at a Monday night workshop session .
In denying motions for dismissal , Judge Powell stated that mass trials have been upheld as proper in other courts and that `` a person may join a conspiracy without knowing who all of the conspirators are '' .
Incumbent William Brod is opposed in his re-election bid by Barbara Njust , Miles C. Bubenik and Frank Lee .
A bond issue which would have provided some $3.5 million for construction of the two 900-student schools was defeated by district voters in January .
however , the first belief stood for entire revision with a new third point added to the list .
`` In this light we need 1,000 churches in Illinois , where we have 200 ; ;
Church loses pace
The United States must plan to absorb the exported goods of the country , at what he termed a `` social cost '' .
`` In 35 years we have opened 7,000 churches '' , the Rev. Mr. Brandt said , adding that the denomination had a national goal of one church for every 10,000 persons .
`` The church's ability to change her methods is going to determine her ability to meet the challenge of this hour '' .
we need 100 in Rhode Island , we have none '' , he said .
Friday night the delegates heard the need for their forthcoming program , `` Breakthrough '' scheduled to fill the churches for the next two years .
The third belief , in six points , emphasizes the Diety of the Lord Jesus Christ , and :
The board members , after hearing the coordination plea from Mrs. Ralph H. Molvar , 1409 SW Maplecrest Dr. , said they thought they had already been cooperating .
`` Los Angeles has said they would send the children to their homes in case of disaster '' , he said .
-- Encouraging by every means , all existing Assemblies of God churches to start new churches .
-- The statewide meeting of war mothers Tuesday in Salem will hear a greeting from Gov. Mark Hatfield .
Martin called for patience on the part of Americans .
Board members indicated Monday night this would be done by an advisory poll to be taken on Nov. 15 , the same date as a $581,000 bond election for the construction of three new elementary schools .
Insuring that the countries have a freedom of choice , he said , was the biggest detriment to the Soviet Union .
The first of 16 beliefs of the denomination , now reads :
He told some 350 persons that the United States' challenge was to help countries build their own societies their own ways , following their own paths .
Private business is more effective than government aid , he explained , because individuals are able to work with the people themselves .
New point added
Helping foreign countries to build a sound political structure is more important than aiding them economically , E. M. Martin , assistant secretary of state for economic affairs told members of the World Affairs Council Monday night .
Super again elected
Denials were of motions of dismissal , continuance , mistrial , separate trial , acquittal , striking of testimony and directed verdict .
He is married and the father of three children .
Friday afternoon the Rev. T. F. Zimmerman was reelected for his second consecutive two-year term as general superintendent of Assemblies of God .
It was generally agreed that the subject was important and the board should be informed on what was done , is going to be done and what it thought should be done .
On Friday he will go to Portland for the swearing in of Dean Bryson as Multnomah County Circuit Judge .
-- His bodily resurrection from the dead
Oak Grove ( special )
Hatfield also is scheduled to hold a public United Nations Day reception in the state capitol on Tuesday .
Salem ( AP )
`` Surveys show that one out of three Americans has vital contact with the church .
The Rev. R. L. Brandt , national secretary of the home missions department , stressed the need for the first two years' work .
-- Surrounding pioneer pastors with vocational volunteers ( laymen , who will be urged to move into the area of new churches in the interest of lending their support to the new project ) .
Election came on the nominating ballot .
-- emphasizes the Virgin birth
`` Nobody really expects to evacuate .
His offices are in Springfield , Mo. .
The election will be Dec. 4 from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. .
-- and His exaltation to the right hand of God .
In the afternoon , defense attorneys began the presentation of their cases with opening statements , some of which had been deferred until after the government had called witnesses and presented its case .
Five candidates seek the place vacated by Secretary Hugh G. Stout .
A stronger stand on their beliefs and a firmer grasp on their future were taken Friday by delegates to the 29th general council of the Assemblies of God , in session at the Memorial Coliseum .
In his opening address Wednesday the Rev. Mr. Zimmerman , urged the delegates to consider a 10-year expansion program , with `` Breakthrough '' the theme for the first two years .
`` We have no reason to fear failure , but we must be extraordinarily patient '' , the assistant secretary said .
Talking of the rapid population growth ( upwards of 12,000 babies born daily ) with an immigrant entering the United States every 1-1/2 minutes , he said `` our organization has not been keeping pace with this challenge '' .
' church meets change '
Ierulli , 29 , has been practicing in Portland since November , 1959 .
-- the sinless life of Christ
Dr. Barnes said that there seemed to be feeling that evacuation plans , even for a high school where there were lots of cars `` might not be realistic and would not work '' .
Polls will be in the water office .
Attorney Dwight L. Schwab , in behalf of defendant Philip Weinstein , argued there is no evidence linking Weinstein to the conspiracy , but Judge Powell declared this is a matter for the jury to decide .
-- His miracles
He will attend a meeting of the Republican State Central Committee Saturday in Portland and see the Washington-Oregon football game .
At the adoption , the Rev. T. F. Zimmerman , general superintendent , commented , `` The Assemblies of God has been a bulwark for fundamentalism in these modern days and has , without compromise , stood for the great truths of the Bible for which men in the past have been willing to give their lives '' .
Vincent G. Ierulli has been appointed temporary assistant district attorney , it was announced Monday by Charles E. Raymond , District Attorney .
Economically , Martin said , the United States could best help foreign countries by helping them help themselves .
The council revised , in an effort to strengthen , the denomination's 16 basic beliefs adopted in 1966 .
The council agreed it should more firmly state its belief in and dependence on the Bible .
`` The scriptures , both Old and New Testament , are verbally inspired of God and are the revelation of God to man , the infallible , authoritative rule of faith and conduct '' .
Seeking this two-year term are James Culbertson , Dwight M. Steeves , James C. Piersee , W.M. Sexton and Theodore W. Heitschmidt .
He will speak to Willamette University Young Republicans Thursday night in Salem .
-- Three positions on the Oak Lodge Water district board of directors have attracted 11 candidates .
-- Engaging mature , experienced men to pioneer or open new churches in strategic population centers .
Proof lack charged
His schedule calls for a noon speech Monday in Eugene at the Emerald Empire Kiwanis Club .
He cited East Germany where after 15 years of Soviet rule it has become necessary to build a wall to keep the people in , and added , `` so long as people rebel , we must not give up '' .
The changes , unanimously adopted , were felt necessary in the face of modern trends away from the Bible .
The Portland school board was asked Monday to take a positive stand towards developing and coordinating with Portland's civil defense more plans for the city's schools in event of attack .
Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg will speak Sunday night at the Masonic Temple at a $25-a-plate dinner honoring Sen. Wayne L. Morse , Aj .
Dr. Melvin W. Barnes , superintendent , said he thought the schools were waiting for some leadership , perhaps on the national level , to make sure that whatever steps of planning they took would `` be more fruitful '' , and that he had found that other school districts were not as far along in their planning as this district .
Individual help best
The board said it thought it had gone as far as instructed so far and asked for more information to be brought at the next meeting .
Martin , who has been in office in Washington , D. C. , for 13 months spoke at the council's annual meeting at the Multnomah Hotel .
I think everybody is agreed that we need to hear some voice on the national level that would make some sense and in which we would have some confidence in following .
Schwab also declared there is no proof of Weinstein's entering a conspiracy to use the U.S. mails to defraud , to which federal prosecutor A. Lawrence Burbank replied :
Patience needed
Mrs. Molvar , who kept reiterating her request that they `` please take a stand '' , said , `` We must have faith in somebody -- on the local level , and it wouldn't be possible for everyone to rush to a school to get their children '' .
But there seemed to be some difference of opinion as to how far the board should go , and whose advice it should follow .
Mrs. Molvar asked again that the board join in taking a stand in keeping with Jack Lowe's program .
To step up the denomination's program , the Rev. Mr. Brandt suggested the vision of 8,000 new Assemblies of God churches in the next 10 years .
U.S. Dist. Judge Charles L. Powell denied all motions made by defense attorneys Monday in Portland's insurance fraud trial .
`` We must persuade them to enjoy a way of life which , if not identical , is congenial with ours '' , he said but adding that if they do not develop the kind of society they themselves want it will lack ritiuality and loyalty .
Ierulli will replace Desmond D. Connall who has been called to active military service but is expected back on the job by March 31 .
Chairman C. Richard Mears pointed out that perhaps this was not strictly a school board problem , in case of atomic attack , but that the board would cooperate so far as possible to get the children to where the parents wanted them to go .
Incumbent Richard Salter seeks re-election and is opposed by Donald Huffman for the five-year term .
This means that more than 100 million have no vital touch with the church or religious life '' , he told delegates Friday .
`` It is not necessary that a defendant actually have conpired to use the U.S. mails to defraud as long as there is evidence of a conspiracy , and the mails were then used to carry it out '' .
Other speakers for the fund-raising dinner include Reps. Edith Green and Al Ullman , Labor Commissioner Norman Nilsen and Mayor Terry Schrunk , all Democrats .
He is a graduate of Portland University and the Northwestern College of Law .
Last week the board , by a 4 to 3 vote , decided to ask voters whether they prefer the 6-3-3 ( junior high school ) system or the 8-4 system .
`` The countries are trying to build in a decade the kind of society we took a century to build '' , he said .
The dinner is sponsored by organized labor and is scheduled for 7 p.m. .
Martin said the government has been working to establish firmer prices on primary products which may involve the total income of one country .
A capsule view of proposed plans includes :

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Harmful drinks
In order to attract new industries , 15 states or more are issuing tax free bonds to build government owned plants which are leased to private enterprise .
No , we are not greedy .
Questions shelters
What it is trying to do is to protect the little man , too , as well as trying to maintain a flow of fresh meat to all stores , with choice of cut being made by the consumer , not the store .
Copies of this letter were made avaliable to the press and public .
But if we closed the store for a vacation , we would lose our customers to the chain stores in the next block .
My son , who has completed two years in engineering school , has a summer job on a construction project as an unskilled laborer .
My discussion with reference to the resolution was that we should commend those citizens who serve as judges of election and who properly discharge their duty and polling place proprietors who make available their private premises , and not by innuendo criticize them .
Downers Grove , Aug. 8
Rising costs have increased the difficulties of the elderly , and I would be the last to say they should not receive consideration .
The Legion Convention and Sidney Holzman
Masaryk award
-- The Illinois Commission for Handicapped Children wishes to commend the recent announcement by the Catholic charities of the archdiocese of Chicago and DePaul University of the establishment of the Institute for Special Education at the university for the training of teachers for physically handicapped and mentally retarded children .
But no President ever before referred to his as a `` lousy job '' ( as Walter Trohan recently quoted President Kennedy as doing in conversation with Sen. Barry Goldwater ) .
Oak Park , Aug. 8
Chicago , Aug. 7
Judges under the jurisdiction of the Chicago board of election commissioners are instructed to do this .
`` A lousy job ''
It was my desire to advise the membership of the Legion that the majority of polling places are on private property and , without an amendment to the law , we could not enforce this .
The Illinois Commission for Handicapped Children , which for 20 years has had the responsibility of coordinating the services of tax supported and voluntary organizations serving handicapped children , of studying the needs of handicapped children in Illinois , and of promoting more adequate services for them , indeed welcomes this new important resource which will help the people of Illinois toward the goal of providing an education for all of its children .
-- Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara has asked Congress for authority and funds to build fallout shelters costing about 200 million dollars .
My husband's hours away from home for the past years have been from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. the early part of the week , and as late as 8 or 9 on week-ends .
This we can sympathetically understand .
I think we have the hardest working , best representative in Congress .
In these days of serious shortage of properly trained teachers qualified to teach physically handicapped and mentally handicapped children , the establishment of such an institute will be a major contribution to the field .
-- The granting of the Jan Masaryk award August 13 to Senator Paul Douglas is a bitter example of misleading minorities .
Many high school students go past my house every day , and they look like perfect ladies and gentlemen .
Why should Congress even consider allowing such a sum for that which can give no protection ? ?
-- A recent news story reported that Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin delayed 103 airplane passengers 10 minutes in London while they finished their drinks .
Yet your editorial said : `` Now the Attorney General writes that no considerations ' justify any loss of revenue of this proportion ' '' .
The editorial concerned legislative proposals to ease the tax burden on DuPont stockholders , in connection with the United States Supreme Court ruling that DuPont must divest itself of its extensive General Motors stock holdings .
If a customer wishes a special cut , it will not be available .
Had I been granted the floor on a point of personal privilege , the matter she raised would have been clarified .
Minneapolis , Aug. 7
Douglas has consistently voted to aid the people who killed Masaryk , and against principles Masaryk died to uphold .
Education should be uppermost in their minds , but with this attire how can anyone think it is so ? ?
High school students have more sense of the way to dress than college students .
Let us prepare for peace , instead of for a war which would mean the end of civilization .
At no time did I attempt to seek approval or commendation for the members of the Chicago board of election commissioners for the discharge of their duties .
( Editorial comment on this letter appears elsewhere on this page ) .
I am the wife of the owner of a small , independent meat market .
CTA regulars already subsidize transportation for school children , policemen , and firemen .
Chicago , Aug. 9
Also , many working wives have children or husbands who take over the shopping chores for them .
Chicago , Aug. 9
Teaching the handicapped
We are slowly being regimented to having everything packaged , whether we want it or not .
I regret that Bertha Madeira ( Today's `` Voice '' ) obtained incorrect information .
These proposals would reduce the amount of tax that DuPont stockholders might have to pay -- from an estimated 1.1 billion dollars under present law to as little as 192 million dollars .
-- In Today's `` Voice '' , the CTA is urged to reduce fares for senior citizens .
Top scientists have warned that an area hit by an atomic missile of massive power would be engulfed in a suffocating fire storm which would persist for a long time .
What does he think a remark like this `` lousy '' one does to our prestige and morale ? ?
More school , less pay
The welfare of citizens , old and young , is the responsibility of the community , not only of that part of it that rides the Aj .
Wilmette , Aug. 7
No matter how hot the day , they are dressed properly and not in shorts .
Evansville , Ind. , Aug. 5
The Dupont case
The resolution under discussion at the convention was to require the boards of election to instruct judges to properly display the American flag .
This is a step toward overt socialism .
Should she disagree , she explains why in detail .
Chicago , Aug. 9
Engineering graduates of Illinois Institute of Technology are reported receiving the highest average starting salaries in the school's history -- $550 a month .
There is a trend to packaging meat at a central source , freezing it , and shipping it to outlying stores , where meat cutters will not be required .
-- I concur most heartily with today's letter on the futility of writing to Sen. Dirksen and Sen. Douglas .
In covert socialism -- toward which America is moving -- private enterprise retains the ownership title to industries but government thru direct intervention and excessive regulations actually controls them .
The meat cutters' union , which has a history of being one of the fairest and least corrupt in our area , represents the little corner markets as well as the large supermarkets .
-- No doubt there have been moments during every Presidency when the man in the White House has had feelings of frustration , exasperation , exhaustion , and even panic .
Providence , Aug. 5
They do our country great harm by such actions .
Most women , in this age of freezers , shop for the entire week on week-ends , when prices are lower .
The Attorney General responded by letter dated July 19 .
-- Your July 26 editorial regarding the position of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy on prospective tax relief for DuPont stockholders is based on an erroneous statement of fact .
-- I , too , congratulate the American Legion , of which I am proud to have been a member for more than 40 years , on the recent state convention .
Short shorts on the campus
When she agrees , you can rest assured her position will remain unchanged .
The headline is offensive , particularly in view of the total inaccuracy of the editorial .
In this letter , Mr. Kennedy made it clear that he limited his comment only to one consideration -- what effect the legislative proposals might have on future anti-trust judgments .
As a result , your criticism of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and the Department of Justice was inaccurate , unwarranted and unfair .
It looks more like they are going to play at the beach instead of taking lessons on bettering themselves .
and my husband hasn't had a vacation in 14 years .
Marketing meat
During his aggressive campaign to win his present position , Mr. Kennedy was vitriolic about this country's `` prestige '' abroad .
The scientists have also warned that no life above ground or underground , sheltered or unsheltered could be expected to survive in an area at least 50 miles in diameter .
-- I just want to let you know how much I enjoyed your June 25 article on Liberace , and to thank you for it .
-- Overt socialism means government ownership and management of a nation's main industries .
Those in the public eye should be good examples of American citizens while abroad .
Please do put more pictures and articles in about Liberace , as he is truly one of our greatest entertainers and a really wonderful person .
Congresswoman Church
Issuing bonds for plant construction has brought new industries to certain regions .
The editorial , by omitting the words anti-trust enforcement , totally distorted Mr. Kennedy's views .
But when you write to Congresswoman Church , bless her heart , your letter is answered fully and completely .
Douglas has voted for aid to Communists and for the destruction of individual freedom ( public housing , foreign aid , etc. ) .
This sum spent for foreign economic aid , the peace corps , food for peace , or any other program to solve the problems of the underdeveloped countries would be an investment that would pay off in world peace , increased world trade , and prosperity for every country on the globe .
I refer to the attire worn by the students .
Now he is apparently expected to give up his evenings -- and Sundays , too , for this is coming .
At a rate of $3.22 an hour he is now earning approximately $580 a month .
Toward socialism
What Mr. Kennedy , in fact , wrote was : `` It is the Department's view that no anti-trust enforcement considerations justify any loss of revenue of this proportion '' .
Chicago , Aug. 4
Why should CTA regular riders subsidize reduced transportation for old people any more than the people who drive their own cars or walk to work should ? ?
-- Is this , perhaps , one of the things that is wrong with our country ? ?
Subsidies from CTA
From Candlelight Club
Independent market owners work six days a week ; ;
The resolution further asked that polling place proprietors affix an attachment to their premises for the display of the flag .
Washington , Aug. 4
Ironic , is it not , that after completing years of costly scientific training he will receive a cut in pay from what he is receiving as an ordinary unskilled laborer ? ?
There are a number of other considerations besides this one but it is for the Congress , not the Department of Justice , to balance these various considerations and make a judgment about legislation .
-- It seems college isn't what it should be .
Chicago , Aug. 7
Chicago , Aug. 9
But why is it the special responsibility of the CTA to help these people ? ?
-- In reply to a letter in Today's `` Voice '' urging the sale of meat after 6 p.m. , I wish to state the other side of the story .
If the President of the United States really feels he won himself a `` lousy job '' , then heaven help us all .
Is this what our children are to come face to face with when they are ready for college in a few years ? ?
Upon a visit to a local junior college last week , I was shocked to see the young ladies wearing short shorts and the young men wearing Bermuda shorts .
The plane should have started at the scheduled time and left Sinatra and Martin to guzzle .
Congressman Wilbur D. Mills , chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , asked the Department of Justice for its views on these legislative proposals as they related to anti-trust law enforcement .

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Mr. Brown's invention achieved this and , as a byproduct , formed the cornerstone of Brown & Sharpe's position of leadership in the gear making equipment field which lasted until the 1920's when superceded by other methods .
In 1951 , Henry D. Sharpe , Jr. succeeded his father and continued the company's development as a major factor in the metal-working equipment business .
During these early years the repair of watches and clocks and the building of special clocks for church steeples formed an important part of the young man's occupation .
It must have been with some pleasure and relief that on September 12 , 1848 , Joseph Brown made the momentous entry in his job book , in his characteristically cryptic style , `` Lucian Sharpe came to work for me this day as an apprentice '' .
As soon as the time came for re-sharpening , the precise form of the gear tooth was lost and a new cutter had to be made .
Between that year and the buying out of Mr. Darling's interest in 1892 , a large portion of the company's precision tool business was carried out under the name of Darling , Brown & Sharpe , and to this day many old precision tools are in use still bearing that famous trademark .
Curious as to what made it work , he built a crude model of it in wood , and filed a piece of steel until he succeeded in making a metal pickup for the thread , enabling the crude machine to take stitches .
Several efforts were made in this direction , and though not all of them survive to this day , the Brown & Sharpe wire gage system was eventually adopted as the American standard and is still in common use today .
The young apprentice apparently did well by Mr. Brown , for in the third year of his apprenticeship Lucian was offered a full partnership in the firm ; ;
That achievement was his creation of the universal grinding machine , which made its appearance in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition .
In 1838 , a devastating fire gutted their small shop and soon thereafter David Brown moved west to Illinois , settling on a land grant in his declining years .
The micrometer caliper , as a common workshop tool , also owes much to J. R. Brown .
The Machine Tool Division is currently producing Brown & Sharpe single spindle automatic screw machines , grinding machines of many types , and knee and bed-type milling machines .
In the Cutting Tool Division , the principal products include a wide variety of high speed steel milling cutters , end mills and saws .
The years of Joseph's partnership with his father were numbered .
During these years the company's product line followed the basic tenets laid down by Mr. Brown .
The basic significance of this invention helped them to follow it rapidly in 1855 by the development of a unique precision gear cutting and dividing engine .
In the grinding machine field , expansion went far from universal grinders alone and took in cylindrical grinders , surface grinders , and a wide variety of special and semi-special models .
The original machine , bearing its famous serial number , is still on exhibition at the Brown & Sharpe Precision Center in Providence .
When the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company reached its 125th year as a going industrial concern during 1958 , it became an almost unique institution in the mechanical world .
Following Mr. Brown's death , there came forward in the Brown & Sharpe organization many other men who contributed greatly to the development of the company .
This enterprise led to a father-and-son combination beginning in 1833 , under the name D. Brown & Son , a business which eventually grew into the modern corporation we now call Brown & Sharpe .
As one development followed another , the company's reputation for precision in the graduating field brought it broader and broader opportunities for expansion in precision manufacture .
During his presidency , the company's physical plant was enormously expanded , and the length and breadth of the Brown & Sharpe machine tool line became the greatest in the world .
Although Mr. Brown was not himself its inventor ( it was a French idea ) , it is typical that his intuition first conceived the importance of mass producing this basic tool for general use .
As head of the firm Darling & Swartz , Mr. Darling began by challenging Brown & Sharpe to its keenest competition during the 1850's and early 60's .
Recently added is the Brown & Sharpe turret drilling machine which introduces the company to an entirely new field of tool development .
That development , in turn , formed the foundation of still more significant expansions in later years -- in gear cutting , in circular graduating , in index drilling , and in many other fields where accuracy was a paramount requirement .
He was early exposed to the mechanical world , and in his youth often helped his father , David Brown , master clock and watchmaker , as he plied his trade .
The company is still broadening its line and is now active on four major fronts .
Joseph R. Brown grew up in the bustle and enterprise of New England between 1810 and 1830 .
He became particularly interested in graduating and precision measurement during the 1840's , and his thinking along these lines developed considerably during this period .
This machine , like its milling counterpart , was the antecedent of a machine-family used to this very day in precision metalworking shops throughout the world .
Mr. Sharpe's arrival in the business did indeed provide what Mr. Brown had most coveted -- time for `` tinkering '' , and the opportunity of carrying out in the back room those developments in precision graduation which most interested him at that time .
In the Industrial Products Division , the company manufactures and markets a wide line of precision gaging and inspection equipment , machinists' tools -- including micrometers , Vernier calipers , and accessories .
At the age of 17 he became an apprentice machinist at the shop of Walcott & Harris in Valley Falls , Rhode Island , and following two or three other jobs in quick succession after graduation , he went into business for himself in 1831 , making lathes and small tools .
Perhaps the outstanding standard bearer of Mr. Brown's tradition for accuracy was Mr. Oscar J. Beale , whose mechanical genius closely paralleled that of Mr. Brown , and whose particular forte was the development of the exceedingly accurate measuring machinery that enabled Brown & Sharpe to manufacture gages , and therefore its products , with an accuracy exceeding anything then available elsewhere in the world .
The final achievement of Mr. Brown's long and interesting mechanical career runs a close second in importance to his development of the universal milling machine .
By 1853 , the new partnership announced the precision vernier caliper as the first fruit of their joint efforts .
As the story goes , Mr. Gibbs , who originally came from the back counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia , saw an illustration in a magazine of the famous Howe sewing machine .
It expanded from hand screw machines to automatic screw machines , from simple formed-tooth gear cutting machines to gear hobbing machines and a large contract gear manufacturing business , from rudimentary belt-driven universal milling machines to a broad line of elaborately controlled knee-type and manufacturing type milling machines .
At that time , during the Civil War , Union muskets were being manufactured in Providence and the drills to drill them were being hand-filed with rattail files .
The child of this problem was Mr. Brown's famous Serial No. 1 Universal Milling Machine , the archtype from which is descended today's universal knee-type milling machine used throughout the world .
Also important on the Brown & Sharpe scene , at the turn of the century , was Mr. Richmond Viall , Works Superintendent of the company from 1876 to 1910 .
During the Civil War period Mr. Brown also invented the Brown & Sharpe formed tooth gear cutter , a basic invention which ultimately revolutionized the world's gear manufacturing industry by changing its basic economics .
One such man was Samuel Darling .
Throughout their careers , both Mr. Brown and Mr. Sharpe were interested in the problem of setting up standards of measurement for the mechanical trades .
The new work was a boon to the partnership , not only for its own value but particularly for the stimulation it provided to the imagination of J. R. Brown toward yet further developments for production equipment .
With its history standing astride all but the very beginnings of the industrial revolution , Brown & Sharpe has become over the years a singular monument to the mechanical foresight of its founder , Joseph R. Brown , and a world-renowned synonym for precision and progress in metalworking technology .
Along with J. R. Brown's other major developments , the universal grinding machine was profoundly influential in setting the course of Brown & Sharpe for many years to come .
In one sense it can be said that one of the most important Brown & Sharpe products over the years has been the men who began work with the company and subsequently came to places of industrial eminence throughout the nation and even abroad .
He was an ardent champion of the Brown & Sharpe Apprentice Program and personal counselor to countless able men who first developed their industrial talents with the company .
This process neither satisfied the urgent production schedules nor Mr. Brown's imagination of the possibilities in the situation .
In 1861 , Mr. Brown's attention was called to yet another basic production problem -- the manufacture of twist drills .
Much of his genius , of course , sprang from his familiarity with clock movements .
So it was that when Mr. Brown and Mr. Sharpe first saw the French tool on exhibition in Paris in 1868 , they brought a sample with them to the United States and started Brown & Sharpe in yet another field where it retains its leadership to this day .
But his business also grew , and we are told that Mr. Brown found it increasingly difficult to devote as much time to his creative thinking as his inclinations led him to desire .
This process made the economical manufacture of gears questionable until some way could be found to permit the repeated re-sharpening of gear tooth cutters without the loss of the precision form .
Thus was invented the single thread sewing machine , which Mr. Gibbs in partnership with Mr. Willcox decided to bring to Brown & Sharpe with the proposal that the small company undertake its manufacture .
Joseph Brown continued in business by himself , quickly rebuilding the establishment which had been lost in the fire and beginning those first steps which were to establish him as a pioneer in raising the standards of accuracy of machine shop practice throughout the world .
the company became `` J. R. Brown & Sharpe '' , and entered into a new and important period of its development .
When he showed this model as his `` solution '' as to how the Howe sewing machine operated , he was told he was `` wrong '' , and discovered to his amazement that the Howe Machine , which was unknown to him in detail , used two threads while the one that he had perfected used only one .
During the early part of this century , the Brown & Sharpe works in Providence were unchallenged as the largest single manufacturing facility devoted exclusively to precision machinery and tool manufacture anywhere in the world .
Mr. Brown made important additions to the arts in screw machine design by drastically improving the means for revolving the turret , by introducing automatic feeding devices for the stock , and reversible tap and die holders .
Up until that time it had been possible to make cutters for making gear teeth , but they were good for only one sharpening .
In 1858 , the partnership began manufacturing the Willcox & Gibbs sewing machine .
Mr. Viall possessed remarkable talents for the leadership and development of men .
The turret screw machine , now known as the Brown & Sharpe hand screw machine , takes its ancestry directly from Mr. Brown's efforts to introduce equipment to simplify the manufacture of the sewing machine .
Commencing with the death of Lucian Sharpe in 1899 , the name of Henry D. Sharpe was for more than 50 years closely interwoven with the destiny of the company .
In 1868 , however , a truce was called between the companies , and the partnership of Darling , Brown & Sharpe was formed .

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The women's faces had hardened after my statement .
The place is inhabited by several hundred warlike women who are anachronisms of the Twentieth Century -- stone age amazons who live in an all-female , matriarchal society which is self-sufficient '' .
Come , I show you '' .
From L'Turu , I heard that until about 1850 the people of this island -- which was about the size of Guam or smaller -- had been of both sexes , and that the normal family life of Melanesian tribes was observed here with minor variations .
I'd rather keep bailing -- or sink '' .
They were shattered .
I'm sure that males have something to do with that process '' ! !
So , I mustered my few words of the Manu dialect and said , `` We greet you in peace .
We couldn't budge them .
The body may have been two or three weeks' dead .
He sprinted to the rail and leaped overboard into the shark-infested waters .
All my rosy visions of rest and even pleasure on this island vanished at the sight .
It is the last of the three tests of manhood which the women impose , to discover if a male is worthy of survival there .
At first , I thought he was out of his head , talking wildly like this .
You shall have food , water and rest '' .
`` Let's get away fast '' , said Brassnose , shaking water from his mop of bleached hair .
At a nod from Songau , four lithe and muscular girls darted to Frayne's side and seized him by the arms .
Already our leaky lifeboat was filled with five inches of water .
The man must have leaped to his death from the topmost rung of the tultul .
Of course , males play a role there , but believe me when I say you wouldn't enjoy yourself one bit on Eromonga .
This was also a corpse -- a male , judging from the coral arm bands , the tribal scars still discernible on the maggoty face , the painted bone of the warrior caste which still pierced the septum of the rotting nose .
Now , roaring up in great oily clouds of smoke and flames , the fierce heat quickly drove us to the stern where we huddled like suffocating sheep , not knowing what to do .
I felt a queasiness in my own stomach but it wouldn't do to show these girls that we were afraid .
He made a sound of despair deep in his throat .
There was a mound of bleached human bones and skulls at the base of the big wooden derrick .
`` Aaa-ee ! !
Miraculously , Karipo and her women had succeeded in driving a hundred invaders from the isle of Pamasu back to their war canoes , after considerable loss of life on both sides .
`` Tchalo ! !
Brassnose , Max and I leaped into the sea and swam to the boat .
Later , you shall know it better .
In a voice so frightened as to seem not his own , the big bo'sun's mate quavered :
The maku Frayne has inherited this strength from his grandfather '' .
it was perhaps 80 feet high and had been artfully constructed of logs .
We pulled and swore and yanked and wept , scraping our hands until they bled profusely .
The big man with the whitened hair murmured something : his words sounded as if they were in the Manu tongue , which I recognized , having studied the dialect in my Anthropology 6 , class at the University of Chicago .
As if divining my thoughts , the girl Songau smiled warmly and said in the casual tone an American woman might use in describing her rose garden :
)
Sulphur , oil , and copra make the kind of tinder any firebug dreams of .
`` Even when the islands were under German mandate before World War 1 , , Europeans gave Eromonga a wide berth .
Some had been there for years ; ;
This was the worst thing I could have said .
A half-hour passed ; ;
Let's hope we come to a safer place '' .
Many small bones protruded crazily from the shreds of flesh .
`` I know something about Eromonga .
As best as I could determine , we were some 700 miles west of New Guinea , in the Bismark Archipelago .
`` Karipo was great goddess , told our mothers that men were not necessary except to father children '' , the crone told me .
I heard a cry from a stoker as a pillar of flame leaped from a hatch and tongued the man's bare back .
Though I had a great dread of the island and felt I would never leave it alive , I eagerly wrote down everything she told me about its women .
In the hut to which I was assigned -- Max had his own quarters -- my food was brought to me by a wrinkled crone with bare drooping breasts who seemed to enjoy conversing with me in rudimentary phrases .
They had never seen a tultul but they had heard about it from their fathers '' .
`` Sommers , you bale while we row '' , Brassnose commanded .
We are thirsty and hungry ; ;
Brassnose was strangely silent .
But in the middle of the last century an island woman named `` Karipo '' seized a spear in the heat of an inter-tribal battle and rallied the women after their men had fled .
I saw a dozen or so other outriggers moored there .
Brassnose yelled : `` Come on , Sommers , Max step on it , we got a chance now .
The girl in the prow of the outrigger turned a smile like a beacon on me .
The lifeboats were stuck fast .
I looked with revulsion at the legs .
but four Eromonga women are more than a match for the strongest male that ever lived .
`` All men went away from here .
I noted that her full breasts were bare and that she wore a garland of red pandanus fruit in her blue-black hair .
`` Karipo's women then named this place ' Eromonga ' -- manhood -- for just the strongest men could stay here .
the boat's come unstuck '' .
Her stern was down and a sharp list helped us to cut loose the lifeboat which dropped heavily into the water .
Brassnose turned a stricken face toward me and said brokenly , `` Sommers , you meddling Yank , you're a fool ! !
they destroy such men with their damned tests .
She said , `` My name is Songau and these girls are Ponkob and Piwen .
I expected Brassnose -- as a man with a strain of Melanesian in his blood -- to speak to them .
For an anthropologist , loquacious old L'Turu was a mine of information .
`` What is the scaffolding for , Brassnose '' ? ?
There had been classroom guffaws which quickly subsided as Professor Griggs said dryly : `` I see your point , Pauson .
It is Eromonga -- look hard , you can see with your naked eye the wooden scaffolding on the cliff '' .
our muscles were hot wires of pain .
In the shade of a palm tree in front of the squalid dwelling I saw four figures in a semi-circle on the ground .
Karipo was something of a politician as well as a militarist .
It took thirty of our women almost six moons to build this one , which is higher and stronger than the old one .
Often , I heard my uncles and cousins speak of it when I was a small boy growing up in Rabaul .
My people await you on the shore .
( Her account was later confirmed by the Scobee-Frazier Expedition from the University of Manitoba in 1951 .
I clapped the big man with the bleached hair on his shoulder and said heartily , hoping it would make an impression on the women : `` This one is the maku Frayne .
our sore and burned hands and arms need attention '' .
It is their tultul , the ' jumping platform ' of death .
Then the Bonaventure seemed to disintegrate with a roar of live steam , geysers of sparks and flames , and a dense cloud of black-and-orange smoke .
Besides , terror had sapped some of Frayne's vitality and will .
In fact , one important aspect of their very religion is the annihilation of men '' .
Those who stayed had to pass tests .
We'd be in real trouble then .
Within a decade or less , few men were left and a feminist society had sprung up .
I suppose a Lascar sailor had sneaked a cigarette in the hold and touched off the blaze .
Dimly , we heard the voices of men in mortal agony but we couldn't go back into that inferno .
The old woman arose stiffly and led me to a clearing where a small hut stood .
I squinted at the looming shoreline .
They despise males who brag of their strength ; ;
One especially bad detonation shook Lifeboat No. 3 which trembled violently in the davits .
But a glance at Songau and the other women confirmed what Brassnose had blurted out .
Not so soon , anyway .
Now we peered anxiously for any speck of land in the Pacific , for this interminable bailing would have to stop soon .
She quickly exploited the exalted position she now occupied , by harassing the disorganized males and even putting many of them to death .
others still had whitened shreds of decayed flesh sticking to them .
He speaks your language too , for he is the grandson of a chieftain on Taui who made much magic and was strong and cunning .
There were gigantic blisters and rope burns on our hands ; ;
Heave on those ropes ; ;
Our lifeboat was filling rapidly and despite what I had heard of the inhabitants of Eromonga , I was glad to see a long and graceful outrigger manned by three bronzed girls glide out of a lagoon into the open sea and toward our craft .
We are very proud of it '' .
`` This is our tultul , a jumping platform , aku .
But we didn't .
Foster Lukuklu Frayne made a sign over his heart with his two linked thumbs : I recognized it as an ancient Manu gesture intended to propitiate the Devil .
The man was an ox and he put up a creditable struggle ; ;
In ngandlu .
I was puzzled by the remark , then I recalled the voice of mild Professor Howard Griggs three years ago in a university lecture on primitive societies .
`` You have every right to be '' , I replied gravely in the Manu dialect , but my attention was fixed on Brassnose , the biggest and strongest of us .
A fine example of engineering in a primitive society .
There was a wooden tower or derrick there , something like a ski jump ; ;
Our old one blew down in a storm at the time of the pokeneu festival fifteen moons ago .
`` I think I know what you mean , Brassnose '' , I said .
`` That tub is going to explode all at once '' .
we had drifted closer .
He looked as if he was going to keel over .
Indeed , you wouldn't live long , for the females either drive the men they've seized from neighboring islands back to their boats after exploiting them for amatory purposes , or they destroy them by revolting but ingenious methods .
In the Manu tongue , `` eromonga '' means manhood -- a quality which the women derisively toasted in weekly feasts at which great quantities of a brew like kava were imbibed .
He then said something which struck a chord in my memory .
It was embarrassing to see strapping , blonde Brassnose comport himself like a child who talks about bogeymen .
The Bonaventure was quivering and lurching like an old spavined mare .
Thirty minutes later , the outrigger grated on sand and other girls , waiting on shore , rushed forward to pull it up on the beach and make it fast with vine ropes to a large boulder .
My friends and I come from a ship which was destroyed by fire .
Three days previously , we had steamed past barren Rennell Island in the distance .
My last impression as they led him off to a stockade was of his pale face
He had been speaking of this archipelago :
I looked .
Her name was L'Turu and she told me many things .
Three hours later , while we were bailing desperately , a dot of land came into view .
You are welcome to Eromonga .
`` God help us if we're near the island of Eromonga .
Few passed '' .
She cackled with mirth , showing the stumps of betel-stained teeth .
But he had turned a sickly green and appeared tongue-tied or panicked .
You've ruined me , blast you '' ! !
.
Is it not well-made ? ?
There was one object which sickened yet fascinated me .
I remembered , too , the jesting voice of a classmate , Bobby Pauson : `` But how do they reproduce , Dr. Griggs ? ?

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Laudably enough , it is offering classics and off-beat imports , but last week only one U.S. original was on the boards , Robert D. Hock's stunning Civil War work , Borak .
The only other works at least technically original were dreary farces -- Send Me No Flowers ( closed ) , Under The Yum-Yum Tree , Critic's Choice .
The show has been to Boston and Manhattan , will in time reach Pittsburgh and Minneapolis .
That exchange was not only possible but commonplace last week in Manhattan , as more and more New Yorkers were discovering 29th Street and Eighth Avenue , where half a dozen small nightclubs with names like Arabian Nights , Grecian Palace and Egyptian Gardens are the American inpost of belly dancing .
But he painted some of the boldest and most original pictures of his time , and even after nearly half a century , the tense , tormented world he put on canvas has lost none of its fascination .
one of the best dancers , a Turkish girl named Semra , works at a roadhouse outside Bristol , Conn. .
When a dancer does well , she provokes a quiet bombardment of dollar bills -- although the Manhattan clubs prohibit the more cosmopolitan practice of slipping the tips into the dancers' costumes .
Drafted into the Austrian army , he rebelliously rejected discipline , wangled a Vienna billet , went on painting .
The girls sit quietly with the musicians , wearing prim dresses or plain , secretarial shifts , until it is time to go off to a back room and reappear in the spare uniform of the harem .
If a dancer is good , she suggests purely and superbly the fundamental mechanics of ancestry and progeny -- the continuum of mankind .
As the girls come to belly dancing from this and other origins , the melting pot has never bubbled more intriguingly .
The critics' campaign finally inspired the first major U.S. exhibit of Schiele's works .
With tips , the girls average between $150 and $200 a week , depending on basic salary .
And particularly in the musical field , adaptations have long been the rule , from Die Fledermaus and The Merry Widow to Oklahoma! and My Fair Lady .
Among the musicals , Camelot came from T. H. White's The Once And Future King , and novels were the sources of the less than momentous Tenderloin and Do Re Mi .
Off-Broadway , where production is still comparatively cheap , is proving itself only slightly more original .
Last week it opened at the J. B. Speed Museum in Louisville , at the very moment that a second Schiele exhibit was being made ready at the Felix Landau gallery in Los Angeles .
Customers often bring their children ; ;
Broadway
He was obsessed by disease and poverty , by the melancholy of old age and the tyranny of lust .
So far this season , Broadway's premieres have included twice as many adaptations and imports as original American stage plays .
She has the small , highly developed body of a prime athlete , and holds in contempt the `` girls who just move sex '' .
For ten years a small group of European and U.S. critics has been calling attention to the half-forgotten Austrian expressionist Egon Schiele , who died 42 years ago at the age of 28 .
Small , shirt-sleeved orchestras play in 2/4 or 4/4 time , using guitars , violins , and more alien instruments with names that would open Sesame : the oud , grandfather of the lute ; ;
Melancholy obsession .
Some Manhattan examples :
the belly dance leaves more to the imagination .
Originals are not necessarily good and adaptations are not necessarily bad .
Nowadays , more and more , all he needs is someone else's book .
The devil himself .
Gloria ( surname : Ziraldo ) , circa 30 , who was born in Italy and once did `` chorus work '' in Toronto , has been around longer than most of the others , wistfully remembers the old days when `` we used to get the seamen from the ships , you know , with big turtleneck sweaters and handkerchiefs and all .
Each dancer follows the ancient Oriental pattern -- she glides sideways with shoulders motionless while her stomach migrates , and , through breathing and muscle control , she sends ripples across her body to the fingertips and away to the far end of the room .
As Critic Walter Kerr points out : `` Adaptations , so long as they are good , still qualify as creative '' .
All over the country , belly clubs have never been bigger , especially in Detroit , Boston and Chicago , and even in small towns ; ;
between performances , enthusiastic young men from the audience will take the floor to demonstrate their own amateur graces .
The striptease is crass ; ;
Although they are forbidden to sit with the customers , the dancers are sometimes proffered drinks , and most of them can bolt one down in mid-shimmy .
But that explanation is only partly true .
the Cooch Terpers
To get started , he does not scan the world about him ; ;
Nightclubs
Clearly the most provocative plays are all imported originals -- A Taste Of Honey , by Britain's young ( 19 when she wrote it ) Shelagh Delaney ; ;
The son of a railway stationmaster , Schiele lived most of his childhood in the drowsy Danubian town of Tulln , 14 miles northwest of Vienna .
This state of unawareness may not last much longer .
Jemela ( surname : Gerby ) , 23 , seems Hong Kong Oriental but has a Spanish father and an Indian mother , was born in America and educated at Holy Cross Academy and Textile High School , says she learned belly dancing at family picnics .
Marlene ( surname : Adamo ) , 25 , a Brazilian divorcee who learned the dance from Arabic friends in Paris , now lives on Manhattan's West Side , is about the best belly dancer working the Casbah , loves it so much that she dances on her day off .
Some memorable plays have been drawn from books , notably Life With Father and Diary Of Anne Frank .
Best from abroad .
The subject he liked most was the female body , which he painted in every state -- naked , half-dressed , muffled to the ears , sitting primly in a chair , lying tauntingly on a bed or locked in an embrace .
The only original works attempting to reach any stature : Tennessee Williams' disappointing domestic comedy , Period Of Adjustment , and Arthur Laurents' clever but empty Invitation To A March .
But a great many of what Variety calls the `` Cooch Terpers '' are considerably less cosmic than that .
the unoriginals
most modern adapters totally accept the world of a book , squeeze it dry of life , and add only one contribution of their own : stage technique .
When he was 15 , his parents finally allowed him to attend classes at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna .
The Hostage ( closed ) , by Ireland's Brendan Behan .
The belly boites , with their papier-mache palm trees or hand-painted Ionic columns , heretofore existed mainly on the patronage of Greek and Turkish families .
But the ships are very slow now , and we don't get so many sailors any more '' .
Continuum of mankind .
The children he painted were almost always in rags , his portraits were often ruthless to the point of ugliness , and his nudes -- including several self-portraits -- were stringy , contorted and strangely pathetic .
Of straight dramas , there are All The Way Home , which owes much of its poetic power to the James Agee novel , A Death In The Family ; ;
Even there he did not last for long .
She : `` By subway or cab '' ? ?
Wildcat and The Unsinkable Molly Brown were originals , but pretty bad , leaving top honors again to an import -- the jaunty and charmingly French Irma La Douce .
Schiele's paintings are anything but pleasant .
And other defenders invariably argue that , after all , Shakespeare and Moliere were adapters too .
He can offer nine Turkish girls , plans to import at least 15 more .
The real trouble seems to be the failing imagination of U.S. playwrights .
Sometimes they get their initial experience in church haflis , conducted by Lebanese and Syrians in the U.S. , where they dance with just as few veils across their bodies as in nightclubs .
His colors are dark and murky , and his landscapes and cityscapes seem swallowed in gloom .
The melting pot .
Of the handful of painters that Austria has produced in the 20th century , only one , Oskar Kokoschka , is widely known in the U.S. .
It was not until the last year of his life that he had his first moneymaking show .
Gradually Schiele evolved a somber style of his own -- and he had few inhibitions about his subject matter .
The Wall , awkwardly based on the John Hersey novel ; ;
The New York dancers are highly eclectic , varying the pattern with all kinds of personal improvisations , back bends or floor crawls .
The difference is that the masters took the bare frame of a plot and filled it with their own world ; ;
the darbuka , a small drum with the treelike shape of a roemer glass ; ;
A short , tormented span
The girls are kept booked and moving by several agents , notably voluble , black-bearded Murat Somay , a Manhattan Turk who is the Sol Hurok of the central abdomen .
To write a play , the dramatist once needed an idea plus the imagination , the knowledge of life and the craft to develop it .
Daughter of a gypsy mother who taught her to dance , she is one of the few really beautiful girls in the New York Casbah , with dark eyes and dark , waist-length hair , the face of an adolescent patrician and a lithe , glimmering body .
A graduate of Hollywood High School , she likes to imagine herself , as she takes the floor , `` a village girl coming in to a festival '' .
His pictures were roundly denounced as `` the most disgusting things one has ever seen in Vienna '' .
Except for the odd uptown sex maniac or an overeager Greek sailor , the people watch in calm absorption .
For a while his work was influenced deeply by the French impressionists , and by the patterned , mosaic-like paintings of Gustav Klimt , then the dean of Austrian art .
Their burgeoning popularity may be a result of the closing of the 52nd Street burlesque joints , but curiously enough their atmosphere is almost always familial -- neighborhood saloons with a bit of epidermis .
Serene ( Mrs. Wilson ) , 23 , was born in Budapest and raised in Manhattan .
he and his prospective producer just read the bestseller lists .
Advise And Consent , lively but shallow theater drawn from the mountainously detailed bestseller ; ;
But they do not strip .
Many belly dancers are married , but Serene is one of the few who will admit it .
Several more will open soon .
This is done at varying speeds , ranging from the slow and fast Shifte Telli ( a musical term meaning double strings ) to the fastest , ecstatic Karshilama ( meaning greetings or welcome ) .
Becket , by France's Jean Anouilh ; ;
Leila ( Malia Phillips ) , 25 , is a Greenwich Village painter of Persianesque miniatures who has red hair that cascades almost to her ankles .
He himself was once convicted of painting erotica and jailed for 24 days -- the first three of which he spent desperately trying to make paintings on the wall with his own spittle .
the def , a low-pitched tambourine .
For years he wore hand-me-down suits and homemade paper collars , was even driven to scrounging for cigarette butts in Vienna's gutters .
The unabashed sexuality of so many of his paintings was not the only thing that kept the public at bay : his view of the world was one of almost unrelieved tragedy , and it was too much even for morbid-minded Vienna .
In the forthcoming The Conquering Hero and Carnival , Broadway is not even adapting books , but reconverting old movies ( Hail The Conquering Hero and Lili ) .
He : `` Come with me to the Casbah '' .
Face Of A Hero ( closed ) , based on a Pierre Boulle novel .
Cried one professor after a few months of Student Schiele's tantrums and rebellion : `` The devil himself must have defecated you into my classroom '' ! !
Dry of life .
He was an emotional , lonely boy who spent so much time turning out drawings that he did scarcely any schoolwork .
But a great many of the dancers are more or less native .
His people ( see color ) are angular and knobby-knuckled , sometimes painfully stretched , sometimes grotesquely foreshortened .
The most frequent excuse for the prevalence of unoriginals and tested imports is increasing production expense -- producers cannot afford to take chances .
The uptown crowd has moved in , and what girl worth her seventh veil would trade a turtleneck sweater for a button-down collar ? ?

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This girl soon drops the bourgeois pyschiatrist who disapproves of her life .
For this reason , too , their language is more forthright and earthy .
Since the homosexuals widely use marijuana , they do not have to be initiated .
One beatnik got the woman he was living with so involved in drugs and self-analysis and all-night sessions of sex that she was beginning to crack up .
it is sacred .
Carried high on this `` charge '' , he composes `` magical '' poetry that captures the organic rhythms of life in words .
Though sex in some form or other enters into all human activity and it was a good thing that Freud emphasized this aspect of human nature , it is fantastic to explain everything in terms of sex .
Those who are sexually liberated can become creatively alive and free , their instincts put at the service of the imagination .
The beatniks crave a sexual experience in which their whole being participates .
He will not curb his instinctual desires but release the energy within him that makes him feel truly and fully alive , even if it is only for this brief moment before the apocalypse of annihilation explodes on earth .
This confession serves to make clear in part what is behind this sexual revolution : the craving for sensation for its own sake , the need for change , for new experiences .
Boredom is death .
This is the rhetoric of righteousness the beatniks use in defending their way of life , their search for wholeness , though their actual existence fails to reach these `` religious '' heights .
They embrace independent poverty , usually with a `` shack-up '' partner who will help support them .
Even Hemingway , for all his efforts to formulate a naturalistic morality in The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell To Arms never maintained that sex was all .
They are non-conformists on principle .
The professed mission of this disaffiliated generation is to find a new way of life which they can express in poetry and fiction , but what they produce is unfortunately disordered , nourished solely on the hysteria of negation .
That is why the members of the beat generation proudly assume the title of the holy barbarians ; ;
Their work mirrors the mentality of the psychopath , rootless and irresponsible .
How is the beat poet to achieve unity of form when he is at the same time engaged in a systematic derangement of senses .
They feel they are leagued against a hostile , persecutory world , faced with the concerted malevolent opposition of squares and their hirelings , the police .
Instead of giving themselves spontaneously to the orgiastic release that jazz can give them , they undergo psychoanalysis or flirt with mysticism or turn to prostitutes for satisfaction .
The style of life chosen by the beat generation , the rhythm and ritual they have adopted as uniquely their own , is designed to enhance the value of the sexual experience .
If Wilhelm Reich is the Moses who has led them out of the Egypt of sexual slavery , Dylan Thomas is the poet who offers them the Dionysian dialectic of justification for their indulgence in liquor , marijuana , sex , and jazz .
Man is not confined to one outlet for his vital energy .
The new fact the initiates of this cult have to learn is that they must move toward simplicity .
Sex as the creative principle of the universe , the secret of primitive religion , the life of myth .
The creative urge , for example , transcends the body and the self .
The singular uncompromising force of their revolt against the cult of restraint is illustrated by their refusal to dance in a public place .
This is far from the vulgar , leering sexuality of the middle-class square in heat '' .
`` All is not sex '' , declared Lawrence .
It is sex that obsesses them , sex that is at the basis of their aesthetic creed .
This is the Holy Grail these knights of the orgasm pursue , this is the irresistible cosmic urge to which they respond .
they will trust only their physical sensations , the wisdom of the body , the holy promptings of the unconscious .
The mind has betrayed them , reason is the foe of life ; ;
it is a mystique , and their private language is rich in the multivalent ambiguities of sexual reference so that they dwell in a sexualized universe of discourse .
Who are the creative representatives of this movement ? ?
When they express themselves it is incandescent hatred that shines forth , the rage of repudiation , the ecstasy of negation .
The beatnik , seceding from a society that is fatally afflicted with a deathward drive , is concerned with his personal salvation in the living present .
If he thus achieves a lyrical , dreamlike , drugged intensity , he pays the price for his indulgence by producing work -- Allen Ginsberg's `` Howl '' is a striking example of this tendency -- that is disoriented , Dionysian but without depth and without Apollonian control .
Jazz is good not only because it promotes wholeness but because of its decided sexual effect .
And Zen Buddhism , though it is extremely difficult to understand how these internal contradictions are reconciled , helps them in their struggle to achieve personal salvation through sexual release .
He has elevated sex -- not Eros or libido but pure , spontaneous , uninhibited sex -- to the rank of the godhead ; ;
That is reserved for the squares .
`` Most often '' , she says , `` it's the monogamous relationship that is dishonest '' .
Others who are attracted to this Mecca of the beat generation are homosexuals , heroin addicts , and smalltime hoodlums .
Jazz is sex , marijuana is a stimulus to sex , the beat tempo is adjusted to the orgiastic release of the sexual impulse .
Thus , paradoxically , the beat writers resort to `` religious '' metaphors : they are in search of mana , the spiritual , the numinous , but not anything connected with formal religion .
Their writing , born of their experiments in marijuana and untrammeled sexuality , reflects the extremity of their existential alienation .
As Lipton , the prophet of the beat generation , declares : `` In the sexual act , the beat are filled with mana , the divine power .
Those who are sexual deviants are naturally drawn to join the beatniks .
But for the beat generation all is sex .
The mystique of sex , combined with marijuana and jazz , is intended to provide a design for living .
With lyrical intensity they reveal what they hate , but their faith in love , inspired by the revolutionary rhythms of jazz , culminates in the climax of the orgasm .
Jazz , like sex , is a mystique .
If they avoid the use of the pungent , outlawed four-letter word it is because it is taboo ; ;
In his chapter on `` The Loveways Of The Beat Generation '' , Lipton spares the reader none of the sordid details .
Lawrence Lipton , in The Holy Barbarians , stresses that for the beat generation sex is more than a source of pleasure ; ;
If love reflects the nature of man , as Ortega Y Gasset believes , if the person in love betrays decisively what he is by his behavior in love , then the writers of the beat generation are creating a new literary genre .
And D. H. Lawrence , in Fantasia Of The Unconscious , protested vehemently against the overestimation of the sexual motive .
One beat poet composes a poem , `` Lines On A Tijuana John '' , which contains a few happy hints for survival .
Under the influence of marijuana the beatnik comes alive within and experiences a wonderfully enhanced sense of self as if he had discovered the open sesame to the universe of being .
Their rebellion against authoritarian society is not far removed from the violence of revolt characteristic of the juvenile delinquent .
they will destroy the shrines , temples , museums , and churches of the state that is the implacable enemy of the life they believe in .
There is nothing holy in wedlock .
indeed , it is maintained that the sexual element in jazz , by freeing the listener of his inhibitions , can have therapeutic value .
it is Astarte , Ishtar , Venus , Yahwe , Dionysus , Christ , the mysterious and divine orgone energy flowing through the body of the universe .
As Lipton puts it : `` The Eros is felt in the magic circle of marijuana with far greater force , as a unifying principle in human relationships , than at any other time except , perhaps , in the mutual metaphysical orgasms .
Monogamy is the vice from which the abjectly fearful middle class continue to suffer , whereas the beatnik has the courage to break out of that prison of respectability .
Righteous in their denunciation of all that makes for death , the beat prophets bid all men become cool cats ; ;
Their previous legalized marriages do not count , for they hold the laws of the state null and void .
Thus jazz is transmuted into something holy , the sacred road to integration of being .
They are full of contempt for the institution of matrimony .
Unlike the heroes and flappers of the lost generation , they disdain the art of `` necking '' and `` petting '' .
If he is the child of nothingness , if he is the predestined victim of an age of atomic wars , then he will consult only his own organic needs and go beyond good and evil .
some of them are driven over the borderline of sanity and lose contact with reality .
In addition , they have been converted to Zen Buddhism , with its glorification of all that is `` natural '' and mysteriously alive , the sense that everything in the world is flowing .
If it is an honest feeling , then why should she not yield to it ? ?
Nothing is more revealing of the way of life and literary aspirations of this group than their attitude toward sex .
Jazz is the musical language of sex , the vocabulary of the orgasm ; ;
The women who come to West Venice , having forsaken radicalism , are interested in living only for the moment , in being constantly on the move .
It is therefore not surprising that they resist the lure of marriage and the trap of domesticity , for like cats they are determined not to tame their sexual energy .
Apart from the categorical imperative they derive from the metaphysics of the orgasm , the only affirmation they are capable of making is that art is their only refuge .
For the beatnik , like the hipster , is in opposition to a society that is based on the repression of the sex instinct .
let them learn to `` swing '' freely , to let go , to become authentically themselves , and then perhaps civilization will be saved .
What they are after is the beatific vision .
Everything in the final analysis reduced itself to sexual symbolism .
What they discuss with dialectical seriousness is the degree to which sex can inspire the Muse .
The magic circle is , in fact , a symbol of and preparation for the metaphysical orgasm '' .
In the realm of physical sensations , sex reigns supreme .
They withdraw to the underground of the slums where they can defy the precepts of legalized propriety .
Nymphomaniacs , junkies , homosexuals , drug addicts , lesbians , alcoholics , the weak , the frustrated , the irresolute , the despairing , the derelicts and outcasts of society .
Part of the ritual of sex is the use of marijuana .
She finds married life stifling and every prolonged sex relationship unbearably monotonous .
And the life they lead is undisciplined and for the most part unproductive , even though they make a fetish of devoting themselves to some creative pursuit -- writing , painting , music .
Hemingway's fiction is supported by a `` moral '' backbone and in its search for ultimate meaning hints at a religious dimension .
For drugs are in themselves no royal road to creativity .
That is why , the argument runs , the squares are so fearful of jazz and yet perversely fascinated by it .
Hence the beatniks sustain themselves on marijuana , jazz , free swinging poetry , exhausting themselves in orgies of sex ; ;
What obsessions had she picked up during these long nights of talk ? ?
One girl describes her past , her succession of broken marriages , the abortions she has had and finally confesses that she loves sex and sees no reason why she must justify her passion .
It is not a substitute for sex but a dynamic expression of the creative impulse in unfettered man .
The dance is but a disguised ritual for the expression of ungratified sexual desire .
No one asks questions about the free union of the sexes in West Venice so long as the partners share the negative attitudes of the group .

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Student leaders began sporadic efforts to negotiate theater integration several months ago .
A young man was killed and two others injured at midnight Friday when the car they were riding slid into a utility pole on Lake Avenue near Waddell Street , NE , police said .
Corporate existence
As personnel clerk , she handled thousands of entries , ranging from appointments to jobs , to transfers to other employments , to pensions .
Police account
Also being treated are Houston , Bleckley , Tift , Turner and Dodge counties , Blasingame said .
He was a member of the Oakland City Methodist Church and a native of Atlanta .
Georgia's Department of Agriculture is intensifying its fire ant eradication program in an effort to stay ahead of the fast-spreading pest .
Failure to attend the meeting or explain inability to attend , the letters said , would be considered a `` sign of indifference '' .
However , three of the managers did say that they would agree to attend the proposed meeting if all of the other managers decided to attend .
The latest death reported was that of 4-year-old Claude Douglas Maynor of Calvary .
A 24-year-old Atlanta man was arrested Sunday after breaking into the home of relatives in search of his wife , hitting his uncle with a rock and assaulting two police officers who tried to subdue him , police said .
But an official statement adopted by the 33-man Emory board at its annual meeting Friday noted that state taxing requirements at present are a roadblock to accepting Negroes .
`` I have enjoyed it and will feel a bit lost at least for a while '' , she said wistfully Friday .
He was a member of the Baptist church .
Troopers said the child ran into the path of a passing car a half-mile north of Calvary on Georgia 111 in Grady County .
Mr. Kililngsworth was a foreman with S and W Cafeteria .
Besides managers of downtown theaters , the students sent letters to owners of art theaters in the uptown area and Buckhead .
Low-flying planes will spread a granular-type chemical , heptachlor , over 30,000 acres in Troup , 37,000 acres in Pierce and 65,000 acres in Bulloch and Bryan counties .
Several theater operators said , however , that there is little likelihood of the subject being discussed during the three-day affair .
her father , H. T. Simpson , Greenville , S.C. , and three sisters , Mrs. W. E. Little and Mrs. Hal B. Wansley , both of Atlanta , and Mrs. Bill Wallace , Wilmington , N.C. .
Teaching , research and study , according to highest standards , under Christian influence , are paramount in the Emory University policy .
The statement did not mention what steps might be taken to overcome the legal obstacles to desegregation .
Raymond E. Killingsworth , 72 , died Sunday at his home at 357 Venable St. , Aj .
The north-bound entrance to the Expressway at 14th Street will be closed during the afternoon rush traffic hours this week .
After 18 years in the personnel office , she has taken a disability pension on advice of her doctors .
`` From its beginning '' , the trustees' statement said Friday , `` Emory University has assumed as its primary commitment a dedication to excellence in Christian higher learning .
The demands were set forth in letters to seven owners of first-run theaters by the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights .
Mrs. Lola M. Harris , a native of Atlanta , died Sunday at her home in Garland , Tex. .
A hearing was set for 30 a.m. Tuesday .
`` We intend to attend the downtown theaters before the first of the year '' , the identically worded letters said .
Survivors include his sister , Mrs. Emma B. Odom of Atlanta .
Urged in 1954
Over the weekend , Mrs. Self , personnel clerk , was a feted and honored guest of the Atlanta Club , organization of women employes at City Hall .
This is being done so that Georgia Tech can complete the final phase of a traffic survey on the North Expressway .
`` On the other hand , Emory University derives its corporate existence from the State of Georgia .
Mr. Ball was a house painter .
Patrolman G. E. Hammons said the car evidently slid out of control on rain-slick streets and slammed into the pole .
Emory is affiliated with the Methodist Church .
They indicated that stand-ins and picketing would be started if theater owners failed to cooperate .
The dead youth was identified as Robert E. Sims , 19 , of 1688 Oak Knoll Cir. , Aj .
The eradication effort is being pushed in Bibb and Jones counties , over 37,679 acres .
About five minutes later he jumped up , Slate said , and struck the two policemen again .
Bobby Bester Hammett , 21 , of Rte. 3 , Lawrenceville , and Mrs. Lucille Herrington Jones , 23 , of Lawrenceville , died in the flaming car , the patrol said .
Then he attacked the two officers again and was again restrained , Slate related .
Some church leaders , both clerical and lay , have criticized the university for not taking the lead in desegregation .
John William Ball , 68 , of 133 Marietta St. NW , Apartment 101b , died Sunday at his home .
Black said COAHR `` hoped to be able to integrate the theaters without taking direct action , but we are pledged to using every legal and nonviolent means at our disposal ''
The fire ant is thought to infest approximately two million acres of land in Georgia , attacking crops , young wildlife and livestock and can be a serious health menace to humans who are allergic to its venom , Blasingame said .
R. E. Killingsworth
It is followed by Cain Street and Piedmont Avenue , NE ; ;
The COAHR letter comes on the eve of a large gathering of theater managers and owners scheduled to begin here Sunday .
`` As a private institution , supported by generous individuals , Emory University will recognize no obligation and will adopt no policy that would conflict with its purpose to promote excellence in scholarship and Christian education .
Mrs. Mary Self , who knows more than any other person about the 5,000 city employes for whom she has kept personnel records over the years , has closed her desk and retired .
He was then subdued and placed in the police car to be taken to Grady Hospital for treatment of scratches received in the melee .
The letters set a Nov. 15 deadline for the start of negotiations .
two daughters , Mrs. Gene F. Stoll and Miss Nancy Harris , both of Garland ; ;
The department is planning to expand its eradication program soon to four additional counties -- Troup , Pierce , Bryan and Bulloch -- to treat 132,000 acres infested by the ants , according to W. E. Blasingame state entomologist .
The other occupants were James Willard Olvey , 18 , of 963 Ponce De Leon Ave. , NE , and Larry Coleman Barnett , 19 , of 704 Hill St. , SE , both of whom were treated at Grady Hospital for severe lacerations and bruises .
The student newspaper , The Emory Wheel , as early as the fall of 1954 called for desegregation .
Incidentally , 14th Street and the Expressway is the high accident intersection during daylight hours .
Funeral services will be at 2 p.m. Tuesday at Blanchard's Chapel with the Rev. J. H. Hearn officiating .
The officers gave this account :
He attacked one of the officers and was restrained .
Bursts into flames
Downtown and art theater managers and owners , contacted Friday night for comment on the COAHR request , said they had no knowledge of such a letter , and that it was not in the Friday mail .
`` Emory University's charter and by-laws have never required admission or rejection of students on the basis of race '' , board chairman Henry L. Bowden stated .
Survivors include a son , Charles R. Fergeson , Memphis , Tenn. ; ;
Attacks officer
Patrolmen J. W. Slate and A. L. Crawford Jr. said they arrested Ronald M. Thomas , of 1671 Nakoma St. , NW , after he assaulted the officers .
Survivors include two brothers , C. E. Killingsworth , Atlanta , and John Killingsworth , Warren , Ohio ; ;
the junction of the Northeast and Northwest Expressways and Jones Avenue and Marietta Street , Aj .
An auto overturned , skidding into a stopped tractor-trailer and burst into flames near Snellville , the patrol said .
At least two private colleges in the Atlanta area now or in the past have had integrated student bodies , but their tax-exempt status never has been challenged by the state .
The Atlanta Negro student movement renewed its demands for movie theater integration Friday and threatened picketing and `` stand-ins '' if negotiations failed .
A prepared statement released by the student group Friday stated that `` extensive research by COAHR into techniques and methods of theater integration in other cities indicated that the presence of picket lines and stand-ins before segregated theaters causes a drop in profits ''
Thomas early Sunday went to the home of his uncle and aunt , Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Thomas , 511 Blanche St. , NW , looking for his wife , Margaret Lou Thomas , 18 , and their 11-month-old baby .
Four persons died in Georgia weekend traffic crashes , two of them in a fiery crash near Snellville , the State Patrol said Sunday .
John W. Ball
The department has just finished treating 20,000 acres in urban areas of Macon .
Charles A. Black , COAHR chairman , said Friday that three theater representatives had agreed to meet with the students on Oct. 31 but had failed to show up .
That death occurred at 50 p.m. Friday and was reported Sunday , the patrol said .
`` When and if it can do so without jeopardizing constitutional and statutory tax-exemption privileges essential to the maintenance of its educational program and facilities , Emory University will consider applications of persons desiring to study or work at the University without regard to race , color or creed , continuing university policy that all applications shall be considered on the basis of intellectual and moral standards and other criteria designed to assure the orderly and effective conduct of the university and the fulfillment of its mission as an institution of Christian higher education '' .
Gather here
He was born in Pittsboro , Miss. , and was a veteran of World War 1 .
The statement explained that under the Georgia Constitution and state law , tax-exempt status is granted to educational institutions only if they are segregated .
He also struck his aunt and wife , and during the melee the baby also suffered scratches .
Insofar as its own governing documents are concerned , Emory University could now consider applications from prospective students , and others seeking applications from prospective students , and others seeking the opportunity to study or work at the university , irrespective of race , color or creed .
Two counts of assault on an officer , resisting arrest , disturbance and cursing , police said .
and two sisters , Miss Minnie Kililngsworth and Mrs. Bessie Bloom , both of Gettysburg , Pa. .
Perhaps the engineers can find out what causes all the congestion and suggest methods to eliminate it .
' intend to attend '
The younger Thomas ripped a screen door , breaking the latch , and after an argument struck his uncle with a rock , scratching his face .
An Emory spokesman indicated , however , that the university itself did not intend to make any test of the laws .
`` There is not now , nor has there ever been in Emory University's charter or by-laws any requirement that students be admitted or rejected on the basis of race , color or creed .
Friday's letters asked for a Nov. 15 meeting .
Emory University's Board of Trustees announced Friday that it was prepared to accept students of any race as soon as the state's tax laws made such a step possible .
One of the largest crowds in the club's history turned out to pay tribute to Mrs. Self and her service .
Mrs. Lola Harris
Students have been using electric computers and high speed movie cameras during the study .
When police arrived the man was still violent , Slate said .
Thomas was charged with four counts of assault and battery .
The Georgia Constitution gives the Legislature the power to exempt colleges from property taxation if , among other criteria , `` all endowments to institutions established for white people shall be limited to white people , and all endowments to institutions established for colored people shall be limited to colored people '' .
Slate said he and Crawford received cuts and scratches and their uniforms were badly torn .
He declined to name the three .
`` Emory could not continue to operate according to its present standards as an institution of higher learning , of true university grade , and meet its financial obligations , without the tax-exemption privileges which are available to it only so long as it conforms to the aforementioned constitutional and statutory provisions '' , the statement said .

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St. Louis county under its present leadership also has largely closed its eyes to the need for governmental reform , and permitted parochial interests to take priority over area-wide interests .
Metropolitan St. Louis's relatively slow rate of growth ought to be a priority concern of the political , business , civic and other leaders on both sides of the Mississippi .
Using a Batista man to screen refugees represented a total misunderstanding of the democratic forces which alone can effectively oppose Castro .
South Viet Nam's rice surplus for next year -- more than 300,000 tons -- may have been destroyed .
And while he had headed Batista's anti-Communist section , the Batista regime did not disturb the Communists so much as more open opponents who were alleged to be Communists .
Even though headquarters actually have been moved into the Chatham building , do they believe that they can make the new name stick ? ?
His words were the more ungracious to come from a man who lent his name to the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships dedicated to the same goal of international understanding .
Gen. Swing has received public attention before this for abuse of some of the prerogatives of his office .
An excess of zeal
Mr. Eisenhower's New York speech does not encourage respect for that or for his elder statesmanship .
There was good reason for Gen. Taylor to make an inspection trip at this time .
Since 1957 , more and more trans-Atlantic passengers have been crossing by air .
Some reports say he was rescued from timely retirement by his friend , Congressman Walter of Pennsylvania , at a moment when the Kennedy Administration was diligently searching for all the House votes it could get .
In Southern Illinois , the new federal program of help to economically depressed areas ought to provide some stimulus to growth .
Take , for example , the reformers among New York City's Democrats .
The crisis has been renewed since then but the confusion has hardly been compounded .
Mission to Viet Nam
Competition from other steamship lines has cut Cunard's share of sea passengers from one-third to one-fourth and this year the line showed a marked drop of profits on the Atlantic run .
The unstable political situation there represents one reason new plants shy away from the East Side .
Mr. Eisenhower , politician
Nowhere did the speaker recognize the serious purpose of the Corps or its welcome reception abroad .
Gen. Taylor , the President's special military adviser , is a level-headed officer who is not likely to succumb to propaganda or pressure .
Nothing that is likely to happen , however , should prompt the sending of United States soldiers for other than instructional missions .
He may want additional technical help , and this should be forthcoming .
The White House itself has taken steps to remove a former Batista official , Col. Mariano Faget , from his preposterous position as interrogator of Cuban refugees for the Immigration Service .
He and Dean John W. Schwada of the Business School outlined the project at a recent conference .
Ex-Presidents , relieved of accountability for policy , sometimes seem to feel free of accountability for their words .
Reports that the venerable liner , which has been in service since 1936 , was to be retired struck a nostalgic note in many of us .
The decline of the Cunard line from its position of dominance in Atlantic travel is a significant development in the history of transportation .
More industrial acreage lies vacant in St. Clair county than in any other jurisdiction in the St. Louis area .
That is one approach .
Not all St. Louis industries , of course , have a market area confined to the immediate neighborhood .
Gov. John M. Dalton , himself a lawyer and a man of long service in government , spoke with rich background and experience when he said in an address here that lawyers ought to quit sitting in the Missouri General Assembly , or quit accepting fees from individuals and corporations who have controversies with or axes to grind with the government and who are retained , not because of their legal talents , but because of their government influence .
The study of the St. Louis area's economic prospects prepared for the Construction Industry Joint Conference confirms and reinforces both the findings of the Metropolitan St. Louis Survey of 1957 and the easily observed picture of the Missouri-Illinois countryside .
Politics-ridden St. Clair county in Illinois presents another piece of the problem of metropolitan development .
This would be cheaper to operate and could be used for cruises during the lean winter months .
Granted that the Tammany name and the Tammany tiger often were regarded as badges of political shame , the sachems of the Hall also have a few good marks to their credit .
At that point the Administration will have little reason to hang onto Gen. Swing .
The British government , concerned about the threat of unemployment in the shipbuilding industry , had put through a bill to give Cunard loans and grants totaling $50,400,000 toward the $84,000,000 cost of a new 75,000-ton passenger liner .
But for those which do , the slow growth of the area has a retarding effect on the metropolitan core .
Queen of the seas
Some of former President Truman's off-the-cuff discourses have been in that vein .
This was juvenile ridicule .
It was the Eisenhower Administration which produced the largest peacetime deficit .
Without a great acceleration in the metropolitan area's economy , there will not be sufficient jobs for the growing numbers of youngsters , and St. Louis will slip into second-class status .
Gov. Dalton's New Commerce and Industry Commission is moving to create a nine-state regional group in a collective effort to attract new industry .
The Cunard line has under consideration replacing the Queen Mary with a ship smaller than 75,000 tons .
Gen. Taylor will report to President Kennedy in a few days on the results of his visit to South Viet Nam and , judging from some of his remarks to reporters in the Far East , he is likely to urge a more efficient mobilization of Vietnamese military , economic , political and other resources .
This statement recalls the 1959 Berlin crisis , when President Eisenhower first told reporters that Berlin could not be defended with conventional weapons and then added that a nuclear defense was out of the picture too .
Nobody can deny the right of former Chief Executives to take part in politics , but the American people expect them always to remember the obligations of national leadership and to treat issues with a sense of responsibility .
Finally , Mr. Eisenhower found nothing but confusion in Washington .
That might go over .
Slackened regional demand for St. Louis goods and services reflects the region's relative lack of purchasing power .
Instead of attempting the impossible , why not a publicity campaign to prove that all the tiger's stripes are not black ? ?
the Colonel fled to the friendly haven of the Dominican dictatorship as soon as Castro seized power .
After all , it goes back to the days in which sedition was not un-American , the days in which the Sons of St. Tammany conspired to overthrow the government by force and violence -- the British government , that is .
The former President blithely ignored recent history in speaking of `` dollarette '' dollars under Kennedy Administration fiscal policies .
He says the state , in order to proceed with economic development , must develop an understanding of how the various parts of its economy fit together and dovetail into the national economy .
Mr. Eisenhower seized upon the incident of the postcard lost by a Peace Corps girl in Nigeria to attack the entire Corps as a `` juvenile experiment '' and to suggest sending a Corps member to the moon .
A new queen , with the prosaic title of Q3 , had been planned for several years to replace the Queen Mary .
This is a matter of respect for the Presidency .
Also under consideration is an increased investment in Cunard Eagle Airways which has applied to serve New York .
The Faget appointment was preposterous on several grounds .
The Viet Cong , the Communist rebels , may have lost their stored grain and arms factories .
Responsibility for the Faget appointment rests with Gen. J. M. Swing , an Eisenhower appointee as head of the Immigration Service .
Further , do our reforming friends really believe that the cartoonists will consent to the banishment of the tiger from their zoo ? ?
The Kennedy Administration had assured anti-Castro Cubans that it would have nothing to do with associates of Dictator Batista .
The Queen Mary has long been a symbol of speed , luxury , and impeccable British service on the high seas .
As President , Dwight D. Eisenhower often assumed a role aloof from the strife of partisan politics .
His official term expired last summer .
The University can make a valuable contribution to the state's economic development through such a study .
Carbondale is in the Herrin-Murphysboro-West Frankfort labor market , where unemployment has been substantially higher than the national average .
It is probable that his recommendations will be informed and workable , and that they will not lead to involving the United States in an Asian morass .
Another would be to take the advice of Dr. Elmer Ellis , president of the University of Missouri , and provide for an impartial professional analysis of Missouri's economy .
The Indochina struggle was a war to stay out of in 1954 , when Gen. Ridgway estimated it would take a minimum of 10 to 15 divisions at the outset to win a war the French were losing .
St. Louis sits in the center of a relatively slow-growing and in some places stagnant mid-continent region .
The Faget case
And then there is St. Louis county , where the Democratic leadership has shown little appreciation of the need for sound zoning , of the important relationship between proper land use and economic growth .
Communist guerrillas recently have been reported increasing their activities and the great flood of the Mekong River has interposed a new crisis .
They will -- when they give up the donkey and the elephant .
Gen. Maxwell Taylor's statement in Saigon that he is `` very much encouraged '' about the chances of the pro-Western government of Viet Nam turning back Communist guerrilla attacks comes close to an announcement that he will not recommend dispatching United States troops to bolster the Vietnamese Army .
Having whipped Mr. De Sapio in the primaries and thus come into control of Tammany Hall , they have changed the name to Chatham Hall .
The rebels may try to seize what is left of the October harvest when the floods recede and the monsoon ends in November .
The research center of the University's School of Business and Public Administration is prepared to undertake the analysis Dr. Ellis has been talking about .
But the Cunard line , influenced by unpleasant economic facts and not sentiment , has decided to keep the Queen Mary in service until next Spring at least .
The Carbondale Industrial Development Corp. has obtained a $500,000 loan to help defray the cost of remodeling a city-owned factory to accommodate production that will provide 500 new jobs .
Still we must confess that sometimes some of them go too far .
But it is tradition rather than the record which balks at the expunging of the Tammany name .
Many of our very best friends are reformers .
The Faget case was the kind of salvage job the Administration should not have to repeat .
The Federal program eventually should have a favorable impact on Missouri's depressed areas , and in the long run that will benefit St. Louis as well .
Economy class fares and charter flights have attracted almost all new passengers to the airlines .
South Viet Nam has received $1,450,000,000 in United States aid since 1954 and the rate of assistance has been stepped up since Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson's visit last May .
Moreover , Col. Faget's information on Cuba was too outdated to be useful in `` screening '' Castro agents ; ;
As a former President , however , Mr. Eisenhower abandoned this role to engage in partisan sniping during a New York Republican rally , and generally missed his target .
It is a war to stay out of today , especially in view of the fact that President Ngo Dinh Diem apparently does not want United States troops .
Some plant-location specialists take these signs to mean St. Louis county doesn't want industry , and so they avoid the area , and more jobs are lost .
The city has a stake in stimulating growth and purchasing power throughout outstate Missouri and Southern Illinois .
Congressman Walter has been all-powerful in immigration matters , but he has announced plans to retire in 1962 .

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These principles we have now set forth .
This leads to the conclusion that `` the fact is inescapable that America does have a say in whether or not apartheid shall continue '' .
It is also sufficient to show the Christian and any other champion of justice that he needs to make sure not only that his cause is just but also that his conduct is just , i.e. , that , if economic pressure has to be resorted to , this be applied directly against those persons directly in the way of some salutary change in business or institutional practices , while , if injury fall upon others , it fall upon them indirectly and secondarily ( however inevitably ) and not by deliberate intent and direct action against them .
The need that we not give unqualified approval to any but a limited use of economic pressure directed against the actual doers of injustice is clear also in light of the fact that White Citizens' Councils seem resolved to maintain segregation mainly by the use of these same means and not ordinarily by physical violence .
There must also be additional and more fundamental discrimination in the use of means of resistance , violent or non-violent .
Then the boycott would not be secondary , but a primary one .
A technique by which it is proposed to enter with compulsion into the very heart of a man and determine his values may often in fact seem the more unlimited aggression .
In another respect it is dissimilar , for non-violent resistance demoralizes the opponent only to re-establish in him a new morale that is firmer because it is based on sounder values '' .
Economy in the use of power means more than inflicting a barely intolerable pressure upon an opponent and upon the injustice opposed .
Action located where the evil is concentrated will prove most decisive and is most clearly legitimate .
`` Billions of American dollars , not only from capital investors but also from the pockets of U.S. taxpayers '' , this author states , `` are being poured into South Africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression , the persecution , and the almost diabolical exploitation of 12 million people the color of whose skins happens not to be white '' .
Since the will and word of God are for them concentrated in Christ-like love , it seems clear to them that non-violent resistance is quite another thing .
Without agreeing with every phrase in this statement , we must certainly assert the great difference between Christian love and any form of resistance , and then go on beyond the Mennonite position and affirm that Christian love-in-action must first justify and then determine the moral principles limiting resistance .
and in warfare with any means , men commonly disagree over the justice of the cause .
The end or aim of the action , of course , is also important , especially where it is not alone a matter of changing community customs but of the use of deadly economic power to intimidate a person from stepping forward to claim his legal rights , e.g. , against Negroes who register to vote in Fayette County , Tennessee , at the present moment .
In these terms , the `` economic withdrawal '' of the Negroes of Nashville , Tennessee , from trading in the center city , for example , was clearly justified , since these distinctions do not require that only people subjectively guilty be singled out .
Our leadership in a wide economic boycott of South Africa would be not only in accord , it seems , with the moral conscience of America , not to be denied because we also as a people have widespread injustice in the relations of the races in our own country , but also in accord with our law , U.S. Code Title 19 , Section 1307 , which forbids the importation of goods made by forced or convict labor .
That would amount to calculating the means and justifying them wholly in terms of their effectiveness in reaching desired goals .
Here the recourse is in steps to give economic sustenance to those being despoiled , and to legal remedies .
and again , that `` the object of non-violent resistance is partly analogous to this object of war -- namely , to demoralize the opponent , to break his will , to destroy his confidence , enthusiasm , and hope .
and when this is done it will be found that the principles governing Christian resistance cut across the distinction between violent and non-violent means , and apply to both alike , justifying either on occasion and always limiting either action .
One of the sit-in leaders has said : `` Nobody from the top of Heaven to the bottom of Hell can stop the march to freedom .
There may be instances in which , if economic pressure is to be undertaken at all , this would have to be applied without discrimination against a whole people .
This , however , is sufficient to show that more or less non-violent resistance and economic conflict ( if both sides are strong enough ) can be war of all against all no less than if other means are used .
Such a general boycott might still be a blunt or indiscriminating instrument , and therefore of questionable justification .
Moreover , prudence alone would indicate that , unless the local customs are already ready to fall when pushed , the results of direct economic action everywhere upon national chain stores will likely be simply to give undue advantage to local and state stores which conform to these customs , leading to greater decentralization and local autonomy within the company , or even ( as the final self-defeat of an unjust application of economic pressure to correct injustice ) to its going out of business in certain sections of the country ( as , for that matter , the Quakers , who once had many meetings in the pre-Civil War South , largely went out of business in that part of the country over the slavery issue , never to recover a large number of southern adherents ) .
But for it to be just to attain this same result by means of the force of a boycott throughout the nation would require the verification of facts contrary to those assumed in the foregoing case .
But since this is a world in which people disagree about ends and goals and concerning justice and injustice , and since , in a situation where direct action and economic pressure are called for , the justice of the matter has either not been clearly defined by law or the law is not effectively present , there has to be a morality of means applied in every case in which people take it upon themselves to use economic pressures or other forms of force .
Both the conditions and the complicity are documented in considerable detail .
A trial of strength , however , is made quite inevitable by virtue of the fact that anyone engaging in non-violent resistance will be convinced that his action is based on sounder values than those of his opponent ; ;
Here it is relevant to remember that men commonly regard some causes as more important than their lives ; ;
The justification in Christian conscience of the use of any mode of resistance also lays down its limitation -- in the distinction between the persons against whom pressure is primarily directed , those upon whom it may be permitted also to fall , and those who may never be directly repressed for the sake even of achieving some great good .
R. B. Gregg has written that `` non-violence and good will of the victim act like the lack of physical opposition by the user of physical jiu-jitsu , to cause the attacker to lose his moral balance .
It also definitely fashions conduct in the way explained above , and this means far more than in the choice of non-violent means .
However , it is also a Christian insight to know that unless charity interpenetrates justice it is not likely to be freedom that marches forward .
It would be directed against the actual location of the unjust policy which , for love's sake and for the sake of justice , must be removed , and , indivisible from this , to the economic injury of the people directly and objectively a part of this policy .
The present writer certainly agrees with that statement , and would also affirm this -- in the order of justice .
And when charity interpenetrates man's struggle for justice and freedom it does not simply surround this with a sentimental good will .
Perhaps this would be sufficient to justify an economic boycott of an entire national chain in order , by threatening potential injury to its entire economy , to effect an alteration of the policy of its local stores in the matter of segregation .
Everybody in the world today might as well make up their minds to march with freedom or freedom is going to march over them '' .
In any case , anyone who fails to make significant distinction between primary and secondary applications of economic pressure would in principle already have justified that use of economic boycott as a means which broke out a few years ago or was skillfully organized by White Citizens' Councils in the entire state of Mississippi against every local Philco dealer in that state , in protest against a Philco-sponsored program over a national TV network on which was presented a drama showing , it seemed , a `` high yellow gal '' smooching with a white man .
Among Christian groups , the Mennonites have commonly been aware more than others of the fact that the nature of divine charity raises decisively the question of the Christian use of all forms of pressure .
and to them it will seem insignificant that it is proposed to defeat such causes non-violently .
It is clear that non-violent resistance is a mode of action in need of justification and limitation in Christian morality , like any other form of resistance .
The achievement of the desegregation of certain lunch counters not only by wise action by local community leaders but by voluntary action following consultation between Attorney General Rogers and the heads of certain national chain stores should , of course , be applauded .
He suddenly and unexpectedly loses the moral support which the usual violent resistance of most victims would render him '' ; ;
This makes necessary a morality of means , and principles governing the conduct of resistance whenever this is thought to be justified .
Economy in the use of power needs not only to be asserted , but clearly specified ; ;
We may now take up for consideration a hard case which seems to require either no action employing economic pressure or else action that would seem to violate the principles set forth above .
The suppositions in the previous illustration might be sufficiently altered by establishing a connection between general company practice and local practice in the South , and by establishing such direct connection between the practice and the economic well-being of stores located in New York and general company policy .
The language used itself often makes very clear that this is only another form of struggle for victory ( perhaps to be chosen above all others ) .
The question , then , is whether sufficient discrimination in the use of even non-violent means of coercion is to be found in the fact that such conduct demoralizes and overcomes the opponent while re-moralizing and re-establishing him .
Not only should this provision be enforced but other economic and political actions might be taken which , this author believes , `` must surely be supported by every American who values the freedom that has been won for him and whose conscience is not so dominated by the lines in his account books that he can willingly and knowingly contribute to the enslavement of another nation '' .
An excellent article was published recently in the Journal Of The Church Peace Union by a South African journalist on the inhuman economic conditions of the blacks in South Africa , amounting to virtual slavery , and the economic complicity of both the government and the people of the United States in these conditions .
It is true , of course , that the end or objective of this action was different .
`` The primary objective of non-violence '' , writes the outstanding Mennonite ethicist , `` is not peace , or obedience to the divine will , but rather certain desired social changes , for personal , or class , or national advantage '' .
An unlimited use of economic pressures for diametrically opposite causes could devastate the pre-conditions of any fellow humanity as surely as this would be destroyed by the use of more obviously brutal means .

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The cells were then washed three times with saline and resuspended to 2% in saline .
In fact agglutination of Af cells in saline could be produced by the insoluble material from sera containing `` only '' incomplete antibody activity .
Paper electrophoresis was carried out on the concentrated samples in a Spinco model R cell using barbital buffer , pH 8.6 , ionic strength 0.075 , at room temperature on Whatman 3MM filter paper .
During the latter procedure the temperature was maintained at 2-degrees-C by surrounding the apparatus with ice .
One contained complete antibody and had a titer of 1 : 512 in saline .
At the end of the run , the strips in the third and sixth positions in each chamber were dried , stained for 1 hr , washed and dried , while the other strips were maintained in a horizontal position at 1-degree-C .
Serological technique .
Other methods will be described below .
A flow rate of 72 Af was used and 12 ml fractions were collected .
Once again , both anti-A and anti-B activities were found in the insoluble material precipitated during dialysis .
Abelson and Rawson , using a stepwise elution scheme , fractionated whole sera containing ABO and Rh antibodies on diethylaminoethyl DEAE cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose .
Not all these regions exhibited equal agglutinating activity , as evidenced by titer and the extent of the active areas .
A variety of techniques have been directed toward the isolation and study of blood group antibodies .
Successive 1-ml fractions were then drawn off with a hypodermic syringe , starting at the top of the tube , and tested for agglutinin activity .
Because negative pressure dialysis gave better recovery of proteins , permitted detection of proteins concentrated from very dilute solutions and was a gentler procedure , it was used in all but the earliest experiments .
Anti-A and anti-B activities were determined in fractions from the sera of group A , group B or group O donors by the following tube agglutination methods .
Five milliamperes/cell were applied for 18 hr , after which the strips were stained with bromphenol blue and densitometry was carried out using a Spinco Analytrol .
The third , containing the mixed type of complete and incomplete antibodies , had titers of 1 : 256 in saline , 1 : 512 in albumin and 1 : 1024 by the indirect Coombs test .
These have been labeled Regions 1 , 2 , and 4 , respectively , in Fig. 1 .
Ultracentrifugation .
The insoluble material which precipitated during dialysis against starting buffer always showed intense agglutinin activity , regardless of the blood group of the donor .
After dialysis the sample was centrifuged and the supernatant placed on a Af cm column of EEAE-cellulose equilibrated with starting buffer .
The anti-human sera used were prepared by injecting whole human serum into rabbits .
A sample of Fraction Af from group O plasma was dissolved in starting buffer , dialyzed against this buffer and subjected to chromatography using the gradient shown in Fig. 2 .
Approximately 165 fractions were obtained from each column .
The serum was measured volumetrically and subsequently dialyzed in the cold for at least 24 hr against three to four changes , approximately 750 ml each , of `` starting buffer '' .
The cells were washed three times with saline , anti-human serum was added , the cells were resuspended , and the mixture was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 min and examined for agglutination .
With either of the gradients described , chromatography on DEAE-cellulose separated agglutinins of the ABO series into at least three regions ( Figs. 1 and 2 ) : one of extremely low anionic binding capacity , one of low anionic binding capacity and one of high anionic binding capacity .
In 2 of 15 experiments on whole serum a region of agglutinin activity with intermediate anionic binding capacity was detected ( Region 3 , Fig. 1 ) .
The second contained incomplete antibody and showed titers of 1 : 256 in albumin and 1 : 2048 by the indirect Coombs test .
They were then centrifuged at 59,780 Pm for 35 to 80 min at 20-degrees-C in a Spinco model E ultracentrifuge at a protein concentration of 1.00 to 1.25% .
The saline and albumin tests were performed as described for the ABO samples except that the mixture was incubated for 1 hr at 37-degrees-C before centrifugation .
the complete , in the latter part .
The activities of fractions of sera containing Rh antibodies were tested by the saline , albumin and indirect Coombs techniques .
This buffer , pH 8.6 , was 0.005 M in Af and 0.039 M in tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminometha ( Tris ) .
This was particularly noticeable in group A and group B sera , in which cases activity in Regions 1 and 2 was usually not detectable without prior concentration and occasionally could not be detected at all .
The serum containing the mixed type of complete and incomplete antibodies showed activity in both regions ( Fig. 1 ) .
when the insoluble fraction was suspended in a volume of saline equal to that of the original serum sample , no complete antibody activity could be detected .
The deep concave gradient employed ( fig. 2 ) was obtained with a nine-chambered gradient elution device ( `` Varigrad '' , reference ( 8 ) ) and has been described elsewhere .
samples .
These include low-temperature ethanol ( Cohn ) fractionation , electrophoresis , ultracentrifugation and column chromatography on ion exchange celluloses .
Fahey and Morrison used a single , continuous gradient at constant pH for the fractionation of anti-A and anti-B agglutinins from preisolated **yg-globulin samples .
As expected , most of the activity was found in Fraction Af , with slight activity seen in Fraction 4-1 .
All samples were tested by both the saline and albumin methods .
Three of the anti-Rh sera used were taken from recently sensitized individuals .
In addition one serum was obtained from a donor ( R. E. ) who had been sensitized 6 years previously .
Homozygous and heterozygous Af cells , Af and homozygous and heterozygous Af cells were used to test each sample ; ;
In all cases the activity against Af cells was spread over a wider area than that with Af cells , regardless of the type of test ( saline , albumin , indirect Coombs ) used for comparison .
For the albumin method , equal volumes of 30% bovine albumin , sample and 2% cells suspended in saline were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hr and then were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 Aj .
The chromatography was done at 6-degrees-C using gradient elution , essentially according to Sober and Peterson .
Speer and coworkers , in a similar study of blood group antibodies of whole sera , used a series of gradients for elution from Aj .
In all cases , most of the activity lay in the region of high anionic binding capacity .
For protein identification , fractions from the column were concentrated by pervaporation against a stream of air at 5-degrees-C or by negative pressure dialysis in an apparatus which permitted simultaneous concentration of the protein and dialysis against isotonic saline .
Fractions from the column which were to be subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation were concentrated by negative pressure dialysis and dialyzed for 16 hr in the cold against at least 500 volumes of phosphate-buffered saline , pH 7.2 , ionic strength 0.154 .
The small amount of insoluble material which precipitated during dialysis was suspended in approximately 5 ml of starting buffer , centrifuged , resuspended in 2.5 ml of isotonic saline and tested for antibody activity .
The red cells were used within 2 days after donation and were washed with large amounts of saline before use .
The saline tubes were saved and used for the indirect Coombs test in the following manner .
Sedimentation coefficients were computed as Af values and relative amounts of the various components were calculated from the Schlieren patterns .
One drop of each sample was added to one drop of a 2% suspension of group Af or group B red cells in a small Af test tube .
Each initially contained 1700 ml of buffer ; ;
This was later known to be the result of concentrating the minute amount of complete antibody found in these sera ; ;
Ultracentrifugation was then carried out in a Spinco model L ultracentrifuge at 40,000 rpm for 125 to 150 min , refrigeration being used throughout the run .
Experimental and results
Similarly , both types of antibodies were found in three regions of the chromatographic eluate , having extremely low , low , and high anionic binding capacity , respectively ( Fig. 3 ) .
The tubes were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 min and examined macroscopically for agglutination .
There appeared to be no difference in the distribution of anti-A and anti-B activity in group O serum , though in two group O donors ( J. F. and E. M. ) only one type of agglutinin was found in the regions of low anionic binding capacity ( Figs. 1 and 2 ) .
The insoluble material resulting from dialysis against starting buffer always showed strong activity .
Moreover , after concentration using negative pressure dialysis , agglutinin activity could sometimes be detected in the region designated 2a ( donors P. J. , D. A. , and J. F. , Fig. 1 ) .
Blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for 3 hr , centrifuged and the serum was removed .
The latter procedure gave rise to a small active protein peak ( Region 1a ) between Regions 1 and 2 .
Several samples of citrated plasma were fractionated in our laboratory by Method 6 of Cohn et al .
These antibody titers were determined by reaction with homozygous Af red cells .
Paper electrophoresis .
For preparative ultracentrifugation , fractions from the column were concentrated by negative pressure dialysis to volumes of 1 ml or less , transferred to cellulose tubes and diluted to 12 ml with isotonic saline .
These fractions were tested for ABO agglutinin activity , using fractions from group AB plasma as a control .
These cells were thawed at 37-degrees-C for 30 min and were deglycerolized by alternately centrifuging and mixing with descending concentrations of glycerol solutions ( 20 , 18 , 10 , 8 , 4 and 2% ) .
The unstained strips were then marked , using the stained ones as a guide , and cut transversely so as to separate the various protein bands .
The DEAE-cellulose , containing 0.78 mEq of N/g , was prepared in our laboratory by the method of Peterson and Sober ( 7 ) from powdered cellulose , 100 - 230 mesh .
The incomplete antibody activity appeared in the early part of the chromatogram ; ;
in the sphere was starting buffer and in the cone was final buffer , 0.50 M in both Af and Tris , pH 4.1 .
Those antisera shown by immunoelectrophoresis to be of the `` broad spectrum '' type were selected for use in the present study .
These were read at 280 m**ym in a Beckman model DU spectrophotometer and tested for antibody activity as described above .
This serum exhibited titers of 1 : 16 in albumin and 1 : 256 by the indirect Coombs test .
The mixtures of sample plus cell suspension were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 Aj .
The red cells for the Rh antibody tests were used within 3 days after drawing except for the Af cells , which had been glycerolized and stored at -20-degrees-C for approximately 1 year .
When the early part of the gradient was flattened , either by using the gradient shown in Fig. 2 or by allowing the `` cone-sphere '' gradient to become established more slowly , Region 2 activity could sometimes be separated into two areas ( donors P. J. and R. S. , Fig. 1 and E. M. , Fig. 2 ) .
Chromatography of whole sera revealed that the areas of Rh antibody activity were generally continuous and wide .
In the present work whole sera have been fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose using single gradients similar to those described by Sober and Peterson , and certain chemical and serological properties of the fractions containing antibodies of the ABO and Rh systems have been described .
When paper electrophoresis was to be used for preparation , eight strips of a whole serum sample or a chromatographic fraction concentrated by negative pressure dialysis were run/chamber under the conditions described above .
however , in the interest of clarity and conciseness only the results obtained with homozygous Af and homozygous Af cells will be presented here .
The strip sections containing a given protein were pooled , eluted with 0.5 ml of isotonic saline , and the eluates were tested for antibody activity .
Modifications of the last technique have been applied by several groups of investigators .
The other , a shallow concave gradient ( Fig. 1 ) , was produced with a so-called `` cone-sphere '' apparatus , the `` cone '' being a 2-liter Erlenmeyer flask and the `` sphere , '' a 2-liter round-bottom flask .
Serum samples were obtained from normal group A , group B and group O donors .
Materials and methods
In several instances group O cells were also used as controls .
Chromatography .

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The completeness of the connections provide that , for N people , there are Af lines of communication between the pairs , which can become a large number ( 1,225 ) for a party of fifty guests .
As a word of caution , we should be aware that in actual practice no message is purely one of the four types , question , command , statement , or exclamation .
Since the hazards of poor communication are so great , p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes , a mine , or a sugar maple camp .
Since the difficulty of drawing the net is great , we will merely discuss it .
Not discussed here are some military problems of modern times such as undersea warfare , where the surveillance , sending , transmitting , and receiving are all so inadequate that networks and decision making are not the bottlenecks .
are few in number , briefly worded , all different in sound ; ;
For example , suppose a man wearing a $200 watch , driving a 1959 Rolls Royce , stops to ask a man on the sidewalk , `` What time is it '' ? ?
But , for practical purposes , we have people who can be considered as such .
Alexander the Great , who used runners as message carriers , did not have to worry about having every officer in his command hear what he said and having hundreds of them comment at once .
In Figure 2 , the points in the network are designated by a letter accompanied by a number .
The crowd consequently breaks up into temporary groups ranging in size from two to six , with a half-life for the cluster ranging from three to twenty minutes .
Looking at the diagram , we see that Af connection lines come in to each member .
Networks illustrating some special types of organization
The monitoring is the highest and most restrictive of any organization in existence .
So we see that a specialist is a man who knows more and more about less and less as he develops , as contrasted to the generalist , who knows less and less about more and more .
The commands are specified by the military regulations ; ;
The rural community .
Also , since the man questioned feels a strong compulsion to answer ( and thereby avoid the consequences of being thought queer ) the question has assumed some measurable properties of a command .
Military organizations .
We hear equally fervent concern over the belief that we have not enough generalists who can see the over-all picture and combine our national skills and knowledge for useful purposes .
The information is furnished by each of the guests , is sent by oral broadcasting over the air waves , and is received by the ears .
Furthermore , the network in Figure 3 is only the basic net through which other networks pertaining to logistics and the like are interlaced .
This objective is adhered to throughout the duration of the action .
The number of people acting as one body by this scheme gives a surprisingly large army of 55,987 men .
Without monitoring , a military hookup becomes a noisy party .
On the parade ground the net may be similar to that shown in Figure 3 .
On this basis , certain extreme kinds of networks will be discussed for illustrative purposes .
and are combinable into sequences which permit any marching maneuver that could be desired on a parade ground .
And ( D ) all action of a physical kind pertinent to the mission is relegated to the line of men on the lower rank .
( C ) Decisions of a general kind are made by the central command .
We assume for this illustration that the size of the land plots is so great that the distance between dwellings is greater than the voice can carry and that most of the communication is between nearest neighbors only , as shown in Figure 2 .
This monitoring is necessary because , on a parade ground , everyone can hear too much , and without monitoring a confused social event would develop .
Years ago this was true , but with the replacement of wires or runners by radio and radar ( and perhaps television ) , these restrictions have disappeared and now again too much is heard .
Location theorists have given these matters much consideration .
By monitoring , we mean some system of control over the types of information sent from the various centers .
In the extreme and oversimplified example suggested in Figure 3 , the organization is more easily understood and more predictable in behavior .
These assumptions lead to an organization with one man at the top , six directly under him , six under each of these , and so on until there are six levels of personnel .
This is done for simplicity of commands and to bring the hidden redundancy up to where misunderstanding has almost zero possibility .
The same command is repeated as many times as there are levels in rank from general to corporal .
A further regulation is that commands always go down , unaccompanied by statements , and statements always go up , unaccompanied by commands .
The need for monitoring became greater when radio was adopted for military signaling .
Information beyond nearest neighbor is carried second- , third- , and fourth-hand as a distortable rumor .
This organizational network would be of no avail if there were no regulations pertaining to the types of message sent .
Such problems are of extreme interest as well as importance and are so much like fighting in a rain forest or guerrilla warfare at night in tall grass that we might have to re-examine primitive conflicts for what they could teach .
Since the air is a continuum , the network of communication remains intact regardless of the positions or motions of the points ( the people ) in the net .
Thus the cocktail party would appear to be the ideal system , but there is one weakness .
However , for convenience we will stick to the idea that information can be classified according to Table 1 .
A point like p gets information directly from n , but all information beyond n is indirectly relayed through n .
As time has passed and science has progressed , the speed of military vehicles has increased , the range of missiles has been extended , the use of target-hunting noses on the projectiles has been adopted , and the range and breadth of message sending has increased .
This sentence would have most of the characteristics of a question , but it has some of the characteristics of a statement because the questioner has conveyed the fact that he has no faith in his own timepiece or the one attached to his car .
A team for useful research .
For example , there are persons who are in physical science , in the field of mineralogy , trained in crystallography , who use only X-rays , applying only the powder technique of X-ray diffraction , to clay minerals only , and who have spent the last fifteen years concentrating on the montmorillonites ; ;
In spite of the dreams of the host for oneness in the group , the Af incoming messages for each guest overload his receiving system beyond comprehension if N exceeds about six .
A military organization has an objective chosen by the higher command .
All four types of message listed in Table 1 are permitted , although decorum and cocktail tradition require holding the commands to a minimum , while exclamations having complimentary intonations are more than customarily encouraged .
We consider a rural community as an assemblage of inhabited dwellings whose configuration is determined by the location and size of the arable land sites necessary for family subsistence .
This is an unsolved problem which probably has never been seriously investigated , although one frequently hears the comment that we have insufficient specialists of the kind who can compete with the Germans or Swiss , for example , in precision machinery and mathematics , or the Finns in geochemistry .
In any social system in which communications have an importance comparable with that of production and other human factors , a point like f in Figure 2 would ( other things being equal ) be the dwelling place for the community leader , while e and h would house the next most important citizens .
For the occasion on which everyone already knows everyone else and the host wishes them to meet one or a few honored newcomers , then the `` open house '' system is advantageous because the honored guests are fixed connective points and the drifting guests make and break connections at the door .
It will be noted that point f has seven nearest neighbors , h and e have six , and p has only one , while the remaining points have intermediate numbers .
Presumably a cocktail party is expected to fulfill the host's desire to get together a number of people who are inadequately acquainted and thereby arrange for bringing the level of acquaintance up to adequacy for future cooperative endeavors .
With troops dispersed on fields of battle rather than on the parade ground , it may seem that a certain amount of monitoring is automatically enforced by the lines of communication .
The networks for military communications are one of the best examples of networks which not only must be changed with the changes in objectives but also must be changed with the addition of new machines of war .
The party is usually in a room small enough so that all guests are within sight and hearing of one another .
In contrast to cocktail parties , military organizations , even in the field , are more formal .
It will readily be seen that in this suggested network ( not materially different from some of the networks in vogue today ) greater emphasis on monitoring is implied than is usually put into practice .
The assumptions upon which the example shown in Figure 3 is based are : ( A ) One man can direct about six subordinates if the subordinates are chosen carefully so that they do not need too much personal coaching , indoctrinating , etc. .
This , and other qualifications , make the cocktail party the most complete and most chaotic communication system ever dreamed up .
Questions and , particularly , exclamations are usually channeled along informal , horizontal lines not indicated in Figure 3 and seldom are carried beyond the nearest neighbor .
All orders originate with the officer of highest rank and terminate with action of the men in the ranks .
As shown in Figure 1 , there is a connection for communication between every pair of points .
If the man on the sidewalk is surprised at this question , it has served as an exclamation .
Next to the old problem of the slowness of decision making , network structure seems to be paramount , and without monitoring no network has value .
They also furnish proof that , in modern war , message sending must be monitored .
The connective system , or network , is tailored to meet the requirements of the objective , and it is therefore not surprising that a military body acting as a single coordinated unit has a different communication network than a factory , a college , or a rural village .
The dweller at p is last to hear about a new cure , the slowest to announce to his neighbors his urgent distresses , the one who goes the farthest to trade , and the one with the greatest difficulty of all in putting over an idea or getting people to join him in a cooperative effort .
The numbers indicate the number of nearest neighbors .
This problem of the optimum balance in the relative numbers of generalists and specialists can be investigated on a communicative network basis .
( B ) A message runs too great a risk of being distorted if it is to be relayed more than about six consecutive times .
Great stress is placed on the role that the monitoring of information sending plays in maintaining the effectiveness of the network .
or persons in the social sciences in the field of anthropology , studying the lung capacity of seven Andean Indians .
Commands go only from an officer to the man of nearest lower rank .
the cocktail party .
Even the officer in charge , be it a captain ( for small display ) or a general , is restrained by monitoring .
Of types of message listed in Table 1 , commands and statements are the only ones sent through the vertical network shown in Figure 3 .
No questions , statements , or explanations are permitted -- only commands .
It will be shown that the objectives of the cooperative people in an organization determine the type of network required , because the type of network functions according to the characteristics of the messages enumerated in Table 1 .
First , we realize that a pure specialist does not exist .

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It has been stated previously that a minifying electrostatic system yields a lower resolution than a magnifying system or a system with unity magnification .
Theoretical discussion of flux gain
Theoretical discussion of paraxial device resolution
For the further discussion , we shall thus assume an electron optical resolution of 80 Af and phosphor screen resolution of 60 Af .
The same consideration should govern the choice of the second-stage phosphor screen for matching with the spectral sensitivity of the ultimate sensor ( e.g. , photographic emulsion ) .
Basic design of a fiber-coupled , double-stage image intensifier
In general , P is a function of V and the current density , but it shall here be assumed as a constant .
The inner ( anode ) sphere is pierced , elongated into a cup , and terminated by the phosphor screen .
The anode potential codetermines the gain , G , and magnification , M , of the stage .
An electrostatic system suffers generally from image plane curvature leading to defocusing in the peripheral image region if a flat viewing screen ( or interstage coupler ) is utilized , while a magnetic system requires accurate adjustment of the solenoid , which is heavy and bulky .
It has been stated that settled cathodoluminescent phosphor screens may have a limiting resolution of 60 Af at high voltage values of approximately 20 Aj .
Thus , in general , elementary light optical effects , light scatter , and electron scatter determine the obtainable resolution limit .
The second photocathode and both phosphor surfaces are deposited on the fiber plate substrates .
These tubes may differ both in the choice of the electron optical system and in the design of the coupling members .
Image intensifier based upon the `` multipactor '' principle , ( D )
( D )
Electrostatic systems of the pseudo-symmetric type have been tested for resolution capabilities by applying electronography .
Since we are considering here relatively small diameter ( 1 - 1.5 inches ) fiber plates , their average thickness can be kept below 1/4 inch and their internal losses may be assumed as 15 percent ( per plate ) .
The input light distributions considered are P-11 and P-20 phosphor emission and the so-called `` night light '' ( N.L. ) as given by H.W. Babcock and J. J. Johnson .
The following efficiencies obtained from JEDEC and RCA specifications were used : Af
Af is standard visibility function .
It is felt that fiber-coupled double- ( and multi- ) stage image intensifiers will gain considerable importance in the future .
The luminous efficiency Af of a photocathode depends on the maximum radiant sensitivity Af and on the spectral distribution of the incident light Af by the relation : Af where Af is normalized radiant photocathode sensitivity .
( The P-20 input is of interest because it corresponds roughly to the light emission of conventional X-ray fluorescent screens ) .
The electron optical system may be either a magnetic or electrostatic one .
Thus , the combined efficiency of the elements replaced by the two fiber plates ( with a combined efficiency of 0.25 ) is 0.043 or about six times less than that of the two fiber plates .
For the small diameter fibers now technically feasible and required for about 100 Af resolution , Af .
For phosphor to fiber and fiber to air surfaces , and assuming Af , we obtain Af percent .
Gain of fiber coupled image intensifiers
Explicit expressions ( integral averages ) are given in the literature .
If the input light distribution falls beyond the visible range , Af as expected , since Af .
TSEM tubes have been constructed showing high gain and resolution .
The possibility of a space charge blowup of the screen crossover of the elementary electron bundles has been pointed out .
The luminous efficiency and resolution of single stages , fiber couplers , and finally of the composite tube will be computed .
Measured performance characteristics for this experimental tube will be listed .
flux gain of a single stage
The conclusion shall be reached that fiber-coupled , double-stage tubes represent a sensible and practical approach to high-gain image intensification .
( B )
It should be noted , however , that the paraxial resolution is quite similar for both electron optical systems .
As the index of refraction of photosensitive surfaces of the SbCs-type lies around 2 , the Fresnel losses at the fiber-photocathode interface are about 0.5 percent and the Af factor for the interstage coupler is 0.95 .
Channel-type image intensifiers are capable of achieving high-gain values ; ;
The field-flattening property of the biconcave fiber coupler can be utilized to alleviate the peripheral resolution losses resulting with a flat phosphor-screen or coupling member .
end ( Fresnel reflection ) losses ( R ) ; ;
A sufficiently good approximation for determining the end reflection losses R can be obtained from the angle independent Fresnel formula : Af .
This condition can be satisfied , e.g. , with Af and Af or equivalent glass combinations .
The angle Af is measured in the medium of index Af .
Channel-type , secondary emission image intensifier , ( C )
Efficiency of fiber couplers
The resolution limitations for a single stage are given by the inherent resolution of the electron optical system as well as the resolution capabilities of the cathodoluminescent viewing screen .
The numerical aperture should be in general close to unity .
The luminous gain of the discussed tube was calculated from Eq. ( 6 ) for the 16 possible combinations of S-11 and S-20 photocathodes and P-11 and P-20 phosphor screens , for night light and P-20 light input .
Cascaded single stages enclosed by a common envelope have been constructed with high gain and high resolution .
Cascading of single stages , enclosed in one common envelope .
( C )
We have evaluated the `` matching integrals '' for two types of photocathodes ( S-11 and S-20 ) and three types of light input .
Hence , the Af factor for the output fiber coupler is Af .
The packing efficiency , F.R. , of fiber plates did not receive much attention in the literature , probably as it is high for the larger fibers generally used , until rather recently .
Transmission secondary electron multiplication image intensifiers ( TSEM tubes ) , ( E )
After these theoretical considerations , constructional details of a fiber-coupled , double-stage X-ray image intensifier will be discussed .
The luminous flux gain of a single stage is given by : Af .
Furthermore , the chromatic aberrations depend on the chosen high voltage .
The efficiency Af of an Af lens at the magnification Af is : Af .
Both the photocathode and the image plane of such an electrode configuration are curved concave as seen from the anode aperture .
As it will be shown later , the field-flattening properties of the interstage and output fiber coupler comprise indeed the main advantage of such a design .
This value may be reduced to 4.6 percent by means of a ( very thin ) glass layer of index 1.5 .
High-gain , photoelectronic image intensification is applied under conditions of low incident light levels whenever the integration time required by a sensor or recording instrument exceeds the limits of practicability .
The tube design which forms the basis of the theoretical discussion shall be described now .
The efficiency of fiber optics plates depends on four factors : ( A )
The resolution capabilities of an electrostatic system depend on both the choice of magnification and chromatic aberrations .
Both stages are assumed to have unity magnification .
A resolution of 70 - 80 line-pairs per millimeter appears to be feasible .
The internal losses are due to absorption and the small but finite losses suffered in the numerous internal reflections due to deviations from the prescribed , cylindrical fiber cross-section and minute imperfections of the core-jacket interface .
Examples of such situations are ( aerial ) night reconnaissance , the recording of radioactive tracers in live body tissues , special radiography in medical or industrial applications , track recording of high energy particles , etc. .
However , electrostatic focus , important for many applications , has not been realized for these devices .
resolution limitations in a single stage
The inherent resolution of a cathodoluminescent phosphor screen decreases with increasingly aggregate thickness ( with increasing anode voltage ) , decreases with decreasing porosity ( thus the advantage of cathodophoretic phosphor deposition ) and might be impaired by the normally used aluminum mirror .
Settled phosphors , as generally used in image intensifiers , have low optical contact with the substrate surface , hence Af shall be assumed .
Furthermore , the thin film dynodes appear to have a natural diameter limitation wherever a mesh support cannot be tolerated .
The following table ( 14-2 ) lists the ( luminous ) gain values computed according to Eq. ( 6 ) with Af .
Therefore , we shall consider in this paper the theoretical gain and resolution capabilities of such tubes .
It must be remembered that the fiber plates replace a glass window and a ( mica ) membrane , in addition to an optical output lens system .
Cascading single stages by coupling lens systems , ( B )
The cylindrical focusing electrode permits adjustment of the positive lens part by varying the focusing potential .
The numerical aperture of the fibers is given by : Af where Af .
The luminous gain of a single stage with Af ( flux gain ) is , to a first approximation , given by the product of the photocathode sensitivity S ( amp / lumen ) , the anode potential V ( volts ) , and the phosphor conversion efficiency P ( lumen/watt ) .
The photocathode sensitivities S , phosphor efficiencies P , and anode potentials V of the individual stages shall be distinguished by means of subscripts 1 , and 2 , in the text , where required .
As it will be discussed later , peripheral defocusing can be improved on by utilizing curved fiber couplers .
The effect of device and quantum noise , associated with such low input levels , will be described .
The photoelectrons emitted from a circular segment of the cathode sphere are focused by the positive lens action of the two concentric spheres , pass through the ( negative ) lens formed by the anode aperture , and impinge upon the cathodoluminescent viewing screen .
.
Including the brightness gain Af due to the Af area demagnification , the overall gain of a fiber coupled double stage image intensifier is : Af .
It should be noted that photoluminescence , due to `` Bremsstrahlung '' generated within the viewing screen by electron impact , appears to be important only if anode voltages in excess of 30 KV are utilized .
numerical aperture ( N.A. ) ; ;
Cascading single stages by coupling lens systems is rather inefficient as the lens systems limit the obtainable gain quite severely .
Resolution limitations with electrostatic focus might be anticipated due to chromatic aberrations .
The electron optical system ( see fig. 14-1 ) is based in principle on the focusing action of concentric spherical cathode and anode surfaces .
However , the unavoidable low-duty cycle restricts the effective gain .
High-gain photoelectronic image intensification may be achieved by several methods ; ;
some of these are listed below : ( A )
This relatively high value is probably due to the small fiber diameters increasing the number of internal reflections .
In general , a high anode voltage reduces chromatic aberrations and thus increases the obtainable resolution .
Lacking reliable data for some of the variables , we are relying on experimental data of about 20 percent internal losses for 1/4-inch long , small ( 5 - 10 M ) diameter fibers .
The integrals ( in units ) are listed in table 14-1 , below .
Space charge influences will also decrease at increased voltages .
It will be shown theoretically that the high image intensification obtainable with such a tube and contact photography permits the utilization of extremely low incident light levels .
These losses depend on fiber diameter and length , absorption coefficient , the mean value of the loss per internal reflection and last , but not least , on the angular distribution of the incident light .
For circular fibers in a closely packed hexagonal array , the packing efficiency is given by : Af where Af , and 0.906 is the ratio of the area of a circle to that of the circumscribed hexagon .
internal losses ( I.L. ) ; ;
packing efficiency ( F.R. ) .
It might be anticipated that multiple coatings will reduce end reflection losses even further .
Neglecting absorption , the end losses of the coupling membrane and the output window Af would be 6 percent and 8 percent .
It is obvious that the careful choice of photocathode which maximizes Af for a given input E ( in the case of the second stage , for the first phosphor screen emission ) is very important .
It is obvious that such an influence can only be expected in the final stage of an image intensifier at rather high output levels .
Image intensifiers based upon the multipactor principle appear to hold promise as far as obtainable resolution is concerned .
The cladding thickness is about 0.5 M , hence , Af and Af .
For the same reason , the output fiber plate is planoconcave , its exposed flat side permitting contact photography if a permanent record is desired .
The magnification may be smaller , equal , or larger than unity .
Such cases are not considered here .
they suffer , however , from an inherently low resolution .
Thus , the efficiency **yt couplers is given by -- Af or approximately 50 percent each .

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The fighting marshal had walked right into a trap and at any moment six slugs might slam into his hide .
The Colt roared twice and two men dropped , writhing .
Can't seem to locate landmarks in this snow '' .
And projecting wickedly through these curtains were the gleaming muzzles of six rifles , all trained on Billy Tilghman .
`` That critter will be back tomorrow '' , predicted George Rust , `` and he'll bring fifty of his kind back with him .
Led by Bill Doolin , these mobsters specialized in train robberies but as a sideline they looted stores and robbed banks , making liberal use of their guns .
Another took off his gun belt and flung his weapons to the floor .
Somewhere at the far end of the room a voice yelled , `` You all right , Billy '' ? ?
Leisurely he climbed on to the wagon next to Neal Brown .
He came within an ace of being riddled with bullets during his long fight with the Doolin gang which terrorized Oklahoma in the 1890's .
The deeds of countless western bandits and outlaws have been glorified almost to the point of hero-worship , but because Billy Tilghman remained strictly on the side of the law throughout his action-packed career , his achievements and the appalling risks he took while taming the West have remained almost unsung .
Billy returned with six sticks of dynamite .
Most of the time I get what I ask for '' .
Seated near it with his back to the door was the rancher , Ed Dunn .
In two minutes the body of Tilghman's former comrade , who had been killed by Blue Throat in a gambling brawl the previous night , was carried into the town's funeral parlor to be prepared for decent burial .
He was the lawman who survived more gunfights than any other famous gun-slinging character in the book .
`` Well '' , he announced , `` Guess I'll be going now , Ed , and thanks for the warmup '' .
`` And now '' , said Tilghman with deadly calm , `` I'll repeat what I said .
Within seconds the big barn was blasted into smoking splinters , with every outlaw either dead or injured inside .
He'll shoot up the town '' .
Leaving his rifle in the wagon , Tilghman walked up to the door and hammered on it .
It was snowing hard when they got there and they saw no horses outside .
Chairs scraped back and customers hastily vacated their tables as the tall young buffalo hunter pushed open the swing doors and walked towards the bar .
A third shot doused the light .
Resisting the overwhelming temptation to flng himself out of that bristling death-trap , Tilghman deliberately engaged the nervous rancher in trivial conversation for a good ten minutes .
He asked .
The stranger ignored him .
`` Follow the river for five miles '' , he said hoarsely .
Bill Doolin's ambition , it appeared , was to carve out his name with bullets alongside those of Jesse James and Billy the Kid , and Bill Tilghman had sworn he would stop him .
`` Just dropped in to ask where Jed Hawkins lives .
Tilghman closed the door behind him and walked towards the fire .
The two lawmen halted their wagon about twenty yards from the door .
I've come for Pat Conyers' body '' .
He leered at the stranger as the distance between them closed .
`` And me '' , said another Blue Throat henchman .
For fifty years his guns and ham-like fists shot holes through and battered the daylights out of the enemies of law and order in the frontier towns of the West .
He fired again , and somewhere in the gloom a man screamed .
`` OK , Tilghman , I'm quitting '' .
That place is crawling with Bill Doolin and his gang '' .
Blue Throat winked at his six cronies .
Tilghman knew that some ranchers were hand-in-glove with the Doolin gang .
The law-abiding citizens of Petrie had gathered inside Kaster's Store , halfway down the street .
`` Just get out of here without it looking as though we're in a hurry .
Suddenly he saw something which made his big heart give a sickening lurch and caused the hairs to bristle on the back of his neck .
`` And what makes you think you're going to get it , pretty boy '' ? ?
He didn't stop till he was within three feet of Blue Throat and by that time the gang leader's right hand was on the butt of his revolver .
`` You'll stay right here '' , commanded Bill Doolin , covering Red with his rifle .
He called the store owner and together they went into the stockroom .
Fifty yards away from the barn he dodged inside a barber's shop and came out at the back .
But he knew well enough that those guns would still be trained on his back as he walked towards the wagon .
`` Hello , Ed '' , said Tilghman .
Blue Throat was slumped with his back against the bar , elbows supporting his massive frame .
Citizens took the view that a lawman was expected to risk his life on the odd occasion anyway , but this fighting fury of a man risked it regularly over a period of half a century .
Blue Throat won't stand for this .
Along each side of the room were six tiered bunks , each one screened off with a curtain .
`` I don't aim to have minors breathing down my neck when I'm a-drinking '' :
`` Jed's homestead is on the south bank '' .
All that time rifle barrels were pointing unwaveringly at his head and body .
He straightened up , alert now as the buffalo hunter came closer .
His gun was half drawn when he asked the question , but the weapon never left its holster .
But the fighting marshal's fifty-year run of immunity from violent death came to a full and final stop one night in a street at Cromwell , Oklahoma , where he had been sent to clean up the gambling and vice rackets .
Wiley Lynn , a self-styled prohibition officer , had hit town the previous day and had been drinking ever since .
Any posse riding down the street to demand Blue Throat's surrender would be wiped out with one deadly burst of fire .
Tilghman leapt on to him , dragged him upright and hit him again , this time sending him careening against the bar .
All he had to do was light the fuses of the dynamite sticks , run to within ten yards of an open window in the barn and hurl the sticks through .
He slipped outside , hugging the walls of buildings and dodging into doorways .
Only Blue Throat and his gang stayed where they were .
`` Since when did they allow beardless kids into the saloon bars of this town , boys '' ? ?
Blue Throat , who had ruled the town with his six-shooter for the last six months , certainly had no intention of relinquishing his profitable dictatorship .
The rancher was trembling .
`` I'm gonna drop these into Blue Throat's lap '' , he announced , `` and I'd like every gun to be firing into that barn while I get near enough to toss 'em through the window '' .
He strolled back to the door , whistling softly , hands still clasped behind him .
His head snapped round and he reeled back , crashing into the table where his buddies were sprawling .
`` I'm Billy Tilghman '' , said the stranger , `` and I've come for Pat Conyers' body '' .
The entire length of the street could be raked with rifle fire from this barn .
The only evidence of occupation came from the chimney , which was belching out thick smoke .
To Tilghman the incident was just one of a long list of hair-raising , smash-'em-down adventures on the side of the law which started in 1872 when he was only eighteen years old , and did not end till fifty years later when he was shot dead after warning a drunk to be quiet .
`` Because I'm asking .
There was no reply so he shoved it open with his foot and stepped inside .
Even as he spoke those words Billy Tilghman's life hung on a thread .
On a bitterly cold day in January , 1895 , accompanied only by Neal Brown as his deputy , Tilghman left the township of Guthrie and headed for Rock Fort and Dunn's ranch .
If he showed signs of collecting his rifle and going back with his deputy to the ranch he would be shot down instantly .
He sized up the situation and shook his head .
`` Billy Tilghman is too good a man to shoot in the back .
Billy Tilghman did just that .
That night he reeled out of Ma Murphy's dance hall and proceeded to disturb the peace by shooting off his revolver .
`` Stay right here where you are , kid '' , he called .
Shall we teach him some '' ? ?
Billy decided to set an example by arresting one of the ranchers , named Ed Dunn , who lived at Rock Fort .
Tilghman flung himself aside , dropped on one knee and pulled his own gun .
`` If Blue Throat has his way he'll keep us all cooped up in here for days '' , he said .
Several were firing into the barn when Billy Tilghman arrived .
He saw the most action , beat up more badmen with his bare fists , broke up the most gangs and sent more murderers to the gallows than any other U.S. marshal who lived before or after him .
`` Seems to me I don't remember altering any law about that '' .
Tilghman and his partner , George Rust , herded the men into a corner .
`` Amen '' , said the Reverend Doran , grabbing his rifle propped up against a tombstone , `` and now my brethren , it would seem that our presence is required elsewhere '' .
A bullet gouged into the bar top an inch from Tilghman's stomach as Blue Throat's henchmen started shooting .
Billy Tilghman and his comrades rode off to the battle .
Blue Throat's men spotted him and a hail of bullets splintered the store fronts and board walk as he passed .
Back in the house a hoodlum named Red Buck , sore because Billy had been allowed to leave unscathed , jumped from a bunk and swore he was going after him to kill him right then .
It was the abrupt end of Blue Throat's dictatorship in Petrie .
`` Cold day '' , said Tilghman , placing his hands behind him and casually presenting his backside to the fire .
`` If I don't come out within half an hour ride back to town and bring out a posse '' .
He walked right up to the fire as though blissfully unaware of the guns covering him .
The men behind them were Bill Doolin and five of his gang -- every man a killer .
Here he couldn't be seen by Blue Throat and his gang .
The prediction was correct .
Directly opposite the door was a roaring log fire , a welcome sight on that bitterly cold day .
Though only slightly injured himself the big hoodlum never returned to those parts .
`` Wait here , Neal '' , said Tilghman .
`` The kid has no manners , boys .
Somebody brought a light .
`` Yes , George , but I ain't got poor old Pat's body yet .
Tilghman's clenched fist swept over in a terrific right cross and clipped the big gunfighter on the side of his chin .
It was essential that he should restore his formidable reputation as a rip-roaring , ruthless gun-slinger , and this was the time-honored Wild West method of doing it .
Thinking fast , Tilghman never hesitated for one instant .
`` There's only one thing to move him fast , and we have it right here in this very store '' .
They bought rustled cattle from the outlaw , kept him supplied with guns and ammunition , harbored his men in their houses .
One false move on his part and he would be a dead man .
He wouldn't look Tilghman in the face .
Blue Throat , nursing an aching jaw and a collosal dose of wounded pride , rode out of town with the survivors of the fight .
We'll let him go '' .
He left the house and almost certain death without even increasing his pace and wondered by what remarkable stroke of Providence he had been allowed to come out alive .
`` Don't say or do anything '' , he said softly .
The rancher grunted an acknowledgement but didn't move .
And I aim to have it '' .
The Reverend James Doran had scarcely completed Pat Conyers' last rites on Boot Hill in the township of Petrie , when shots were heard in the distance .
Of all the rip-roaring two-fisted tough boys of the Old West , `` Uncle Billy Tilghman '' stands out head and shoulders .
He rode in at the head of sixty trigger-happy and liquor-crazed desperadoes and took over a livery barn at the entrance to Main Street .

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Woman's place is in the home : man must attend to matters of the yard .
She traced it to a storage room .
Her effort to put the home of living Presidents on the same basis as Mount Vernon and Monticello recognizes no party lines .
) Mrs. Arthur Goldberg , wife of the Secretary of Labor , paints professionally and helps sponsor the Associated Artists' Gallery in the District of Columbia .
Then he called in his friend Walton and turned over the problem to him , with instructions to work out what was best -- provided it didn't pile unnecessary burdens on the President .
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara , former President of the Ford Motor Company , comes from a generation different from that of Eisenhower's own first Secretary of Defense , Charles Wilson , who had been head of General Motors .
The press releases emanating from the White House give a clue to the activity within .
A man of great talent , he will continue to serve as a sort of Presidential trouble-shooter , strictly ex officio , for culture .
But it soon became clear that the search for eighteenth-century furniture ( which Mrs. Kennedy feels is the proper period for the White House ) must be pursued in places other than government storage rooms .
Mrs. Kennedy shows a determination to change all this .
But even while sparring furiously with Republican politicians , he displays a deep and awesome veneration for anyone with cultural attainments .
McNamara is the scholar-businessman .
But certainly the New Frontier has brought to Washington a group more varied in background and interest .
Walton , who soon made a break from journalism to become one of the capital's leading semi-abstract painters , vows that he and Kennedy never once discussed art in those days .
What to do about it now that he was President ? ?
At last count , sixteen former Rhodes Scholars ( see box on page 13 ) had been appointed to the Administration , second in number only to its Harvard graduates .
But his credentials are impeccable .
Postmaster General J. Edward Day , who must deal with matters of postal censorship , is himself author of a novel , Bartholf Street , albeit one he was obliged to publish at his own expense .
He is not likely to win this battle easily .
Udall argues that Interior affairs should cover a great deal more than dams and wildlife preserves .
The American Institute of Interior Designers is redecorating the White House library .
Spokesmen for the nation's tradition-minded sculptors promptly claimed that Udall was exiling the statue because of his own hostility to this art form .
During last year's campaign , Kennedy asked Walton , an utter novice in organization politics , to assist him .
The event was so successful that the Interior Secretary plans to serve as impresario for similar ones from time to time , hoping thereby to add to the cultural enrichment of the Administration .
)
They dug up a speech he had made two years earlier as a Congressman , decrying the more than two hundred statues , monuments , and memorials which `` dot the Washington landscape as patriotic societies and zealous friends are constantly hatching new plans '' .
Two men show promise of playing prominent roles :
And part of a fabulous collection of vermeil hollowware , bequeathed to the White House by the late Mrs. Margaret Thompson Biddle , has been taken out of its locked cases and put on display in the State dining room .
The First Lady appointed a Fine Arts Advisory Committee for the White House , to locate authentic pieces as well as to arrange ways to acquire them .
He selected as Comptroller of Defense , not a veteran accountant , but a former Rhodes Scholar , Charles Hitch , who is author of a study on The Economics Of Defense In The Nuclear Age .
One of his initial acts in office was to appoint Philip Coombs of the Ford Foundation as the first Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs .
By rough estimate her Committee , headed by Henry Francis Du Pont , contains three times as many Republicans as Democrats .
( `` In the late forties and fifties '' , Coombs has declared in defining his role , `` two strong new arms were added to reinforce United States foreign policy economic assistance and military assistance .
A valuable pencil-and-sepia allegorical drawing of Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Honore Fragonard has been donated by the art dealer Georges Wildenstein and now hangs in the Blue Room .
A more official representative is the Secretary of the Interior .
Besides Schlesinger , the Justice Department's Information Director , Edwin Guthman , has won a Pulitzer Prize ( for national reporting ) .
Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon owns a prize Monet , Femmes dans un Jardin .
( `` It is always of sorrow to me when I find people who neither know nor understand music '' , he declared not long ago in proposing that White House prizes be awarded for music and art .
Ever since the fire of 1812 destroyed the beautiful furniture assembled by President Thomas Jefferson , the White House has collected a hodgepodge of period pieces , few of them authentic or aesthetic .
Walton , who served as a correspondent with General James Gavin's paratroopers during the invasion of France , combines the soul of an artist with the lingo of a tough guy .
There were aesthetic problems as well as political .
Ambassador-at-Large Averell Harriman has returned to the capital with a collection of paintings that include Renoir , Cezanne , Gauguin , Van Gogh , Toulouse-Lautrec , Degas , Matisse , Picasso , and Walt Kuhn .
The Dolley Madison House , Walton concluded , was scarcely worth preserving .
As we embark upon the sixties we have an opportunity to build a third strong arm , aimed at the development of people , at the fuller realization of their creative human potential , and a better understanding among them '' .
He provoked outraged editorials when , after a post-Inaugural inspection of the White House with Mrs. Kennedy , he remarked to reporters , `` We just cased the joint to see what was there '' .
eleven others were introduced .
There have been indications that he hopes to redress that situation , commencing with the White House .
More importantly , he also happens to be the brother-in-law of Sam Rayburn , Speaker of the House .
Walton , after a wartime stint with Time-Life , to become bureau chief for The New Republic .
While a Senator , Kennedy had unsuccessfully pushed a bill to preserve the Belasco Theater , as well as the Dolley Madison and the Benjamin Taylor houses , all scheduled for razing .
Logically , it should be moved downtown .
`` The attempt to save the Square's historic value '' , he declares , `` came half a century too late '' .
The Director of the Peace Corps , R. Sargent Shriver , Jr. , a Kennedy brother-in-law , collects heavily among the moderns , including Kenzo Okada and Josef Albers .
Not long after moving in she turned up a richly carved desk , hewed from the timbers of the British ship H.M.S. Resolute and presented to President Hayes by Queen Victoria .
One tempest was stirred up last March when Udall announced that an eight-and-a-half-foot bronze statue of William Jennings Bryan , sculpted by the late Gutzon Borglum , would be sent `` on indefinite loan '' to Salem , Illinois , Bryan's birthplace .
The last Congress adopted seven bills for memorials , including one to Taras Shevchenko , the Ukrainian poet laureate ; ;
Walton dropped everything to serve as a district co-ordinator in the hard-fought Wisconsin primary and proved so useful that he was promoted to be liaison officer to critically important New York City .
( `` Artists are always at a new frontier '' , she claims .
The old Belasco Theater , over which many people had grown sentimental , was only a shell of its former self after arduous years as a USO Center .
They arrived in Washington about the same time during the early postwar years : Kennedy as the young Congressman from Massachusetts ; ;
Only a few days after moving into the White House .
It now serves the President in his oval office .
Both lived in Georgetown , were unattached , and shared an active social life .
`` In fact , the search is almost more important than the find '' .
With its coating of gold radiator paint removed -- a gaucherie of some earlier tenant -- it will now occupy its rightful place in the oval Blue Room on the first floor of the White House .
His Ideas in this respect , however , sometimes arouse critical response .
The hotly debated plan for the capital's Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial , a circle of huge tablets engraved with his speeches ( and promptly dubbed by one of its critics , `` Instant Stonehenge '' ) , is another of Udall's headaches , since as supervisor of the National Parks Commission he will share in the responsibility for building it .
Secretary of State Dean Rusk , a former Rhodes Scholar and Mills College dean , has headed the Rockefeller Foundation and in that role expended large sums for international cultural exchange .
Another , Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. , has won a Pulitzer Prize in history ; ;
Kennedy made a midnight inspection of the Square .
One of Mrs. Kennedy's initial concerns as First Lady was the sad state of the furnishings in a building which is supposed to be a national shrine .
Nonetheless , they found common interests .
The list goes on .
One of the President's special assistants , the Harvard dean McGeorge Bundy , was co-author with Henry L. Stimson of the latter's classic memoir , On Active Service .
Active warfare is raging between the forces pressing for a monument to the first Roosevelt on Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac , and TR.'s own living children , who wish to preserve the island as a wildlife sanctuary .
Secretary and Mrs. Dillon have contributed enough pieces of Empire furniture , including Dolley Madison's own sofa , to furnish a room in that style .
In the case of the Borglum statue an Interior aide was obliged to announce that there had been a misunderstanding and that the Secretary had no desire to `` hustle '' it out of Washington .
Later , browsing in an old issue of the Gazette Des Beaux-Arts , she found a description of a handsome gilt pier-table purchased in 1817 by President James Monroe .
His private dining room has become a way station for visiting intellectuals such as C. P. Snow , Arnold Toynbee , and Aaron Copland .
William Walton , a writer-turned-painter , has been a long-time friend of the President .
One of the vexatious problems to first confront President Kennedy was the property lying just across Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House .
Already the President and the First Lady have deputized him to advise on matters ranging from the furnishing of the White House to the renovation of Lafayette Square .
Many of the new appointees are art collectors .
The Press Secretary , Pierre Salinger , was a child prodigy as a pianist .
A curator has been appointed .
But Judge Marvin Jones , senior member of the Court , is an elderly gentleman who lives at the nearby Metropolitan Club and desires to walk to work .
The situation involved some political perils .
Congress had already appropriated money , and plans were well along to tear down the buildings flanking Lafayette Square and replace them with what one critic calls the `` marble monumentality '' of government office buildings .
An inveterate reader of books , he chose while working in Detroit to live in the University community of Ann Arbor , almost forty miles away .
`` Washington '' , President Kennedy has been heard to remark ironically , `` is a city of southern efficiency and northern charm '' .
his wife , Marion , is a portrait painter .
Hoping to cut down on such works , Udall had proposed that a politician be at least fifty years departed before he is memorialized .
Udall , who comes from one of the Mormon first-families of Arizona , is a bluff , plain-spoken man with a lust for politics and a habit of landing right in the middle of the fight .
) Mrs. Henry Labouisse , wife of the new director of the foreign aid program , is the writer and lecturer Eve Curie .
On delving deeper , Walton discovered that most of the buildings fronting the Square could be classified as `` early nondescript '' .
After promoting Frost's appearance at the Inauguration , he persuaded the poet to return several months later to give a reading to a select audience of Cabinet members , members of Congress , and other Washington notables gathered in the State Department auditorium .
Unlike Wilson , who at times seemed almost anti-intellectual in his earthy pragmatism .
One of the offices slated for reconstruction is the aged Court of Claims , diagonally across the street from the White House .

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